WO2002056643A9 - Sequential burst mode activation circuit - Google Patents
Sequential burst mode activation circuitInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002056643A9 WO2002056643A9 PCT/US2002/000129 US0200129W WO02056643A9 WO 2002056643 A9 WO2002056643 A9 WO 2002056643A9 US 0200129 W US0200129 W US 0200129W WO 02056643 A9 WO02056643 A9 WO 02056643A9
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- signal
- circuit
- phase
- load
- generating
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/36—Means for starting or stopping converters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/505—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means
- H02M7/515—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only
- H02M7/525—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output waveform or frequency
- H02M7/527—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output waveform or frequency by pulse width modulation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
- H02J1/14—Balancing the load in a network
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/36—Controlling
- H05B41/38—Controlling the intensity of light
- H05B41/39—Controlling the intensity of light continuously
- H05B41/392—Controlling the intensity of light continuously using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor
- H05B41/3921—Controlling the intensity of light continuously using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor with possibility of light intensity variations
- H05B41/3927—Controlling the intensity of light continuously using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor with possibility of light intensity variations by pulse width modulation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
- H02M1/008—Plural converter units for generating at two or more independent and non-parallel outputs, e.g. systems with plural point of load switching regulators
Definitions
- the exemplary system provides a sequential burst mode dimming circuit for a plurality of cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs).
- Customer or software inputs vary the pulse width of a PWM signal, thereby determining the power to be delivered to the lamps.
- a reference signal is doubled to select the frequency of the PWM signal. This selected frequency determines the frequency at_which lamps turn on and off.
- multiple phased burst signals are generated from the above burst signal for the plurality of CCFL's.
- Each phased burst signal is shifted by a constant phase shift such that at least two lamps receive burst signals that are out of phase. Therefore, sequential burst-mode activation of each lamp is generated.
- a phase delay array generates a constant or variable phase delay so that each of the_phased burst signals is delayed by such a phase delay from another of the phased burst signals.
- Phase delay array 16 includes phase delay generator 52 to determine a phase delay value, D, between successive phased burst signals, 50], 50 2 ,.. . 50 n ; load selection circuitry to determine the number of loads n; and circuitry 54 to generate multiple phase-delayed pulse width modulated signals 50 n .
- phase delay generator 52 to determine a phase delay value, D, between successive phased burst signals, 50], 50 2 ,.. . 50 n ; load selection circuitry to determine the number of loads n; and circuitry 54 to generate multiple phase-delayed pulse width modulated signals 50 n .
- load selection circuitry to determine the number of loads n
- circuitry 54 to generate multiple phase-delayed pulse width modulated signals 50 n .
- n also quantifies the number of phased burst signals 50.
- selection circuitry 58 operates as a state machine to generate an appropriate signal to the phase delay generator 52 based on the binary value of input "select" signals.
- Figure 5(a) illustrates "select" signal generation of an exemplary embodiment, where a minimum of 6 CCFLs are utilized.
- This table includes two inputs: SelO and Sell, each generating a binary value indicative of the number of CCFLs.
- the DC signal 30 is superimposed upon the triangular waveform 34.
- a section defined by the intersections of the DC voltage 30 with each of the rise, 25a, and fall, 25b, of each triangular wave 34, determines the leading and falling edges of each pulse, and thereby the pulse width, L, of a pulse width modulated signal 36.
- a higher value of DC signal 30 generates a smaller pulse width, L and a lower value of DC signal 30 generates a larger pulse width, L.
- a section defined by each falling edge, 25b, and the next rising edge, 25c is used to generate the pulse width, L.
- a higher value of DC signal 30 generates a larger pulse width, L
- a lower value of DC signal 30 generates a smaller pulse width, L.
- the polarity selector 28 determines which section of the intersections of the DC signal 30 and triangular waveform 34 is used to generate the pulse width, L.
- the pulse width modulator 12 generates a PWM signal 36 of pulse width, L, determined by the user selection 24.
- Figure 4 is a detailed block diagram and signal representation of phase delay array 16.
- Phase delay array 16 determines a phase delay value, D, and generates phased burst signals 50, as a function of L, T/2 and the number n.
- the first pulse of the first phased burst signal 50 may be generated from clock pulses, t, t+1, t+2, ..., t+(L-l), such that L clock pulses account compose the pulse width L of each phased burst signal pulse, p.
- L should be less than T/2. That is, if L is not less than T/2, each phased burst signal 50 will be a DC signal with no distinguishable pulses.
- Figure 6 summarizes signals discussed in Figures 1-5 above for an exemplary embodiment.
- Signal 34 is the triangular waveform generated by the oscillator 22 ( Figure 3).
- DC signal 30 is superimposed onto signal 34, and shifted up or down, i.e., increased or decreased, to produce a desired dimming.
- the intersections of signal 34 with DC signal 30 determine the rising and falling edge of each pulse of the pulse width modulated signal 36, thereby determining the pulse width, L, of each pulse of the pulse width modulated signal 36.
- Signal 36 follows the frequency of signal 34.
- the pulse width, L, of signal 36 is utilized to generate phased burst signals 50 (i.e., 50 ⁇ to 50 n ), while the frequency of signal 36 is not.
- the frequency of phased burst signals 50 is determined by an independent reference signal, Vsync 38, of period T.
- Vsync 38 is doubled to generate signal 40 of period T/2, i.e., frequency 2/T.
- the phased burst signals 50 are timed by this frequency, 2/T.
- Figure 7 is an exemplary IC (integrated circuit) implementation 60 of the sequential burst mode signal generation system 10 of the present invention.
- the IC 60 comprises a PWM generator 12, Vsync detector & phase shift detector 13, frequency multiplier 14, and a phase delay array 16. Components 12, 14 and 16 are described above with reference to Figures 1-5.
- the exemplary IC 60 also includes a clock 15, an oscillator 22 to generate the triangular waveform 34, buffers 19 to amplify the current driving capacity of phased burst signals, and under voltage lockout protection circuitry 2.
- the PWM generator 12 receives DIM, polarity, LCT, and a clock (lOOKHz Generator) signal as inputs.
- the PWM generator 12 generates a PWM signal 36 as discussed above. Further, as described above, the pulse width of the PWM signal generated by generator 12 is selected using the DIM and polarity inputs.
- LCT of the exemplary IC 60 is the oscillator 22 input generating the aforementioned triangular waveform of predetermined frequency.
- the clock 15 is used to measure time increments such that the variable pulse width may be counted.
- the Vsync detector & phase shift detector 13 receives as inputs, Vsync 38, Sell, SelO, and a clock 15.
- Vsync 38 is an independent reference signal as discussed above.
- the Vsync detector & phase shift detector 13 detects the presence of an independent reference signal, Vsync 38, and calculates a phase delay value, D, as described above. In the exemplary IC, if Vsync 38 is not detected, detector 13 utilizes the frequency of the oscillator 22 to generate a reference signal 38.
- phase delay array 16 When detector 13 detects a Vsync signal 38, the detector 13 abandons the oscillator 22 frequency and adopts the Vsync frequency for signal 38. Detector 13 outputs the phase delay value, D, as well the independent reference signal, 38. Signal 38 along with a clock 15 is fed into a frequency doubler 14, wherein the frequency of Vsync is doubled to generate the burst frequency.
- the inputs of phase delay array 16 include PWM signal 36 from PWM generator 12, a burst frequency value from frequency doubler 14 and a clock 15. As described above, the phase delay array 16 utilizes a counter to generate multiple phase delayed burst signals, wherein each phased burst signal operates to regulate power to a load 18.
- Each phased burst signal is driven through a buffer 19 to amplify its current driving capacity, and then through a respective phase array driver 100. This is discussed further below.
- the protection circuitry 2 is used to sense the voltage level of a power source (Vcc). When Vcc, shown at pin 26 in Figure 6, increases from low to high, the protection circuit 2 resets the entire IC such that the IC is functionally at an initial status. When Vcc goes low, the protection circuit 2 shuts down the IC to prevent possible damage to the IC.
- Figure 8 shows a top-level diagram of exemplary phase array drivers 100. In an exemplary configuration, each phase array driver, Driver 1, Driver 2, ... Driver n 2, receives two phased burst signals as inputs, and outputs power to two respective loads.
- Figure 9 provides an exemplary circuit 200 demonstrating the generation of a load current controlling signal, ICMP, in a phase array driver 100.
- Figure 10 is an accompanying timing diagram to Figure 9. Figures 9 & 10 are considered together in the following discussion. Also, references are made to Figures 1-5.
- Circuit 200 comprises an error amplifier 120 generating the current controlling signal, ICMP, a sense resistor Rsense 138 coupled in series to a load 18, a switch 134 for coupling circuit 200 to the phase delay array 16, and a feedback capacitor CFB 139.
- the duty cycle of the aforementioned phased burst signal 50 is utilized to regulate load current, IL, during the operationally on state of the load 18. That is, in an exemplary embodiment, IL will be proportional to [L/(T/K)]*ILmax, where L is the pulse width of signal 50, T/k is the period of signal 50, and ILmax is the load current when the load is fully powered on. In this manner, a load 18 is dimmed during burst mode. This is discussed further below. Note that soft start mode sequentially precedes burst mode.
- the current controlling signal, ICMP regulates load current, IL, during burst mode, but not during soft start.
- ICMP is monitored to determine when to toggle modes from soft start to burst mode. This is explained further below.
- the error amplifier 120 compares the feedback signal, VIFB, with a reference signal, ADJ, and generates the controlling signal, ICMP.
- error amplifier 120 is a negative feedback operational amplifier.
- ADJ is a predetermined constant reference voltage representing the operational current of the load 18. This is discussed further below.
- ICMP varies to increase or decrease VIFB to equal ADJ. That is, if VIFB is less than ADJ, then the error amplifier 120 increases ICMP. Conversely, if VIFB is greater than ADJ, then the error amplifier 120 decreases ICMP.
- ICMP is a constant to maintain VIFB at ADJ.
- the operations of exemplary circuit 200 during soft start mode and during burst mode are discussed in that order and in greater detail below.
- the load 18 is powered up from an off state to an operationally on state.
- Circuit 200 generates the controlling signal, ICMP, based on the load current, IL, but not based on the respective phased burst signal, PWM 50. That is, during soft start, circuit 200 is decoupled from phase delay array 16 by switch 134. This is discussed further below.
- ILrms and ILrms (spec).
- ILrms refers to the root mean square of the load current, IL at any given moment.
- ILrms ⁇ [
- ' + * (ILpeak* Sin(t)) dt I T ILpeak I 2
- T L is the period of the sinusoid
- ti and t+T L respectively define the start and end points of one period of the sinusoid
- ILpeak is the peak load current.
- Diodes 137 filter out the negative portions of IL, thereby generating a waveform, IL(+), an example of which is illustrated by signal 400 in Figure 9a, which depicts the half- rectified current waveform delivered to the load.
- PWM 50 decoupled from circuit 200
- VIFB is effectively the voltage across Rsense.
- the constant reference voltage, ADJ equals 0.45*ILrms(spec)*Rsense, where ILrms(spec) is generally a constant defined by the load's operational specifications as described above. Therefore, when the load 18 is at full power, i.e., on, as per operational specifications, VIFB will equal ADJ.
- burst mode begins.
- Switch 134 couples circuit 200 to phase delay array 16 during burst mode.
- switch 134 is a PNP transistor 134 with a reference power source, REF, at its source (or emitter) and the respective phased burst mode signal (PWM) 50 at its gate (or base).
- REF reference power source
- the reference power of REF may be derived via a voltage divider circuit (not shown) dividing, for example, an exemplary IC source voltage, VCC (not shown).
- switch 134 couples its drain (or collector) to the REF at its source, transmitting a signal, PWM_52, to circuit 200.
- the switch 134 is triggered by a low signal at its gate, and therefore, PWM_52 is complimentary to PWM 50.
- ICMP lags PWM_52. Since ICMP drives the load 18 during burst mode operation, load current, IL, likewise lags PWM_52.
- Figure 12 provides an exemplary IC implementation 300 of a phase array driver 100. IC 300 comprises a break-before-make circuit 130 with a half-bridge switching topology. This is discussed further below. In alternative IC implementations, switching topologies such as “full bridge,” “forward,” or “push- pull,” can be used without departing from the scope of the present invention.
- Exemplary IC 300 receives two phased burst signals (PWM signals) 50 which are 180 degrees out of phase with each other. Exemplary IC 300 utilizes these phased burst signals 50 to drive two respective loads whose signals are 180 degrees out of phase with each other. Thus, those skilled in the art will recognize duplication of certain components (e.g., selectors 122, 124 and 126) to drive two individual loads. Of course, IC 300 is only an example, and may be readily configured to drive three or more loads (or a single load).
- selectors 122, 124 and 126 which may be constructed from generic comparator circuitry and/or custom circuitry to accomplish the signal detection, as set forth below.
- Exemplary IC 300 comprises an error amplifier 121 for voltage sensing, an error amplifier 120 for current sensing, a current or voltage feedback selector 122, a burst mode or soft start selector 124, and a minimum voltage selector 126.
- Selectors 122, 124, and 126 may be of the same structure, comprising 1 comparator and 2 transmission gates, and may be implemented with multiplexers.
- each error amplifier 120 generates a current controlling signal, ICMP (shown at pin 4 in the exemplary IC 300) by comparing ADJ with feedback, VIFB (shown at pin 3 in the exemplary IC 300), determined by load current, IL, in soft start mode, and by both IL and phased burst signal, PWM 50, in burst mode.
- Figure 13 provides an exemplary circuit 350 showing an error amplifier 121 for generating a voltage controlling signal, VCMP (at pin 5 in the exemplary IC), by comparing a reference voltage (e.g., 2V) with a voltage feedback signal, VFB (at pin 6 in the exemplary IC 300) determined by load voltage.
- VCMP voltage controlling signal
- VFB voltage feedback signal
- selector 122 selects ICMP.
- Selector 122 may utilize alternative comparisons to determine the selection of a controlling signal, for example, selector 122 could be configured to compare ADJ and VIFB to determine if the load has reached operational or predetermined full power. The following discussion proceeds with reference to a controlling signal, CMP, which may either be ICMP or VCMP as described above.
- CMP controlling signal
- selector 122 is coupled to the burst mode or soft start selector 124 (CMP_OR_SST).
- Selector 124 of the exemplary IC 300 determines which of the aforementioned two modes of operation apply, i.e., soft start or burst mode, and toggles from soft start to burst mode when appropriate, as follows.
- the exemplary IC 300 includes two switches used in a half- bridge topology, i.e., as a general-purpose DC/ AC converter, the outputs of the break- before-make circuit 130, NDRI and PDRI, turn on or off an NMOSFET and PMOSFET respectively, thereby switching a transformer 160 to ground or to VCC (power supply) respectively.
- the break-before-make circuit ensures that the NMOSFET and PMOSFET each turn on exclusively as to the other. That is, the NMOSFET and PMOSFET generate a pair of non-overlapped signals.
- FIG. 14(a) and 14(b) are circuit examples of conventional DC/ AC converter topologies using half bridge and full bridge switching schemes, respectively.
- the half bridge topology exemplified by Figure 14(a) is provided in the exemplary IC 300 and described above.
- An alternative embodiment utilizes a full bridge (H-bridge) topology exemplified by Figure 14(b).
- the full bridge topology typically utilizes two NMOSFET and PMOSFET pairs generating two pairs of non-overlapped signals.
- FIG. 15 provides a signal generation example showing the generation of crossed switch signals (i.e., AD and BC signals) in a full-bridge topology of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- oscillator 22 generates the triangular signal 34.
- Signal 34 is inverted to generate signal 34'.
- RESCOMP is the output of selector 126. That is, RESCOMP is one of ICMP, VCMP, SST, or MIN (e.g., 740mV).
- RESCOMP is variable.
- a reference signal, CLK is utilized to independently toggle switches A and B.
- CLK has a 50% duty cycle and follows signal 34.
- a second reference signal, PS_CLK is utilized to independently toggle switches C and D.
- PS_CLK is a CLK signal phased by an adjustable delay, D c i .
- RESCOMP determines D c ik. This is discussed as follows. The positive and negative edge of each pulse of PS CLK are generated by the respective intersection of the rise of signal 34 and RESCOMP and the respective intersection of rise of signal 34' and RESCOMP.
- the break-before-make circuit 130 utilizes "High Voltage Level Shifting". "High voltage level shifting” is explained by the following example. VCC is 5 volts. That is, PMOSFET gate control signal levels vary from ground (0 volts) to VCC (5 volts). If 15 volts are fed into the transformer 160, the break-before-make circuit 130 provides a DC voltage shift of 10 volts to the PDRI output, thereby allowing for the PMOSFET gate control signal to reach 15 volts (10 volts via DC high voltage level shifting + 5 volts VCC). Exemplary IC 300 further includes protection circuitry 140.
- circuitry 140 is an under voltage lock out circuit (UVLO).
- UVLO under voltage lock out circuit
- circuitry 140 senses load current and shuts down IC 300 during burst mode operation if VIFB is lower than ADJ while maximum power is being delivered to the load. Note that when VIFB is lower than ADJ, error amplifier 120 increases output power to the load as discussed above. Therefore, circuitry 140 shuts down the IC upon the above condition in order to prevent damage to components from excessive power delivery. Also, protection circuitry 140 is disabled during the soft start duration described above.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2002557170A JP3758165B2 (en) | 2001-01-09 | 2002-01-04 | Sequential burst mode activation circuit |
KR10-2002-7011835A KR100537534B1 (en) | 2001-01-09 | 2002-01-04 | Sequential burst mode activation circuit |
HK04103268A HK1063130A1 (en) | 2001-01-09 | 2004-05-11 | Sequential burst mode activation circuit |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/757,265 US6501234B2 (en) | 2001-01-09 | 2001-01-09 | Sequential burst mode activation circuit |
US09/757,265 | 2001-01-09 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002056643A1 WO2002056643A1 (en) | 2002-07-18 |
WO2002056643A9 true WO2002056643A9 (en) | 2004-01-15 |
Family
ID=25047114
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2002/000129 WO2002056643A1 (en) | 2001-01-09 | 2002-01-04 | Sequential burst mode activation circuit |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (4) | US6501234B2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3758165B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100537534B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1223239C (en) |
HK (1) | HK1063130A1 (en) |
TW (1) | TW535358B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002056643A1 (en) |
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-
2001
- 2001-01-09 US US09/757,265 patent/US6501234B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-12-28 TW TW090132855A patent/TW535358B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2002
- 2002-01-04 KR KR10-2002-7011835A patent/KR100537534B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-01-04 WO PCT/US2002/000129 patent/WO2002056643A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-01-04 CN CNB028000536A patent/CN1223239C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-01-04 JP JP2002557170A patent/JP3758165B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-11-19 US US10/299,206 patent/US6707264B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-03-16 US US10/802,901 patent/US7477024B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-05-11 HK HK04103268A patent/HK1063130A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2009
- 2009-01-12 US US12/321,092 patent/US7847491B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US6707264B2 (en) | 2004-03-16 |
US6501234B2 (en) | 2002-12-31 |
HK1063130A1 (en) | 2004-12-10 |
JP3758165B2 (en) | 2006-03-22 |
TW535358B (en) | 2003-06-01 |
US7847491B2 (en) | 2010-12-07 |
US20040183469A1 (en) | 2004-09-23 |
US20090218954A1 (en) | 2009-09-03 |
KR100537534B1 (en) | 2005-12-16 |
US20030071586A1 (en) | 2003-04-17 |
US7477024B2 (en) | 2009-01-13 |
WO2002056643A1 (en) | 2002-07-18 |
JP2004519978A (en) | 2004-07-02 |
KR20030025910A (en) | 2003-03-29 |
US20020125863A1 (en) | 2002-09-12 |
CN1456027A (en) | 2003-11-12 |
CN1223239C (en) | 2005-10-12 |
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