WO2002056750A2 - Shielded x-ray source, method of shielding an x-ray source, and magnetic surgical system with shielded x-ray source - Google Patents

Shielded x-ray source, method of shielding an x-ray source, and magnetic surgical system with shielded x-ray source Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002056750A2
WO2002056750A2 PCT/US2002/001292 US0201292W WO02056750A2 WO 2002056750 A2 WO2002056750 A2 WO 2002056750A2 US 0201292 W US0201292 W US 0201292W WO 02056750 A2 WO02056750 A2 WO 02056750A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
shield
cast
ray tube
magnetic
accordmg
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2002/001292
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French (fr)
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WO2002056750A3 (en
Inventor
Torrey Munger
Peter Werp
Original Assignee
Stereotaxis, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Stereotaxis, Inc. filed Critical Stereotaxis, Inc.
Priority to AU2002251775A priority Critical patent/AU2002251775A1/en
Publication of WO2002056750A2 publication Critical patent/WO2002056750A2/en
Publication of WO2002056750A3 publication Critical patent/WO2002056750A3/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05G—X-RAY TECHNIQUE
    • H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
    • H05G1/02—Constructional details
    • H05G1/04—Mounting the X-ray tube within a closed housing

Definitions

  • SHIELDED X-RAY SOURCE METHOD OF SHIELD AN X-RAY SOURCE, AND MAGNETIC SURGICAL SYSTEM WITH SHIELDED X-RAY SOURCE
  • This mvention relates to magnetically shielding x-ray sources, and in particular to magnetically shielded x-ray sources, methods of magnetically shielding x-ray sources, and to a magnetic surgical system with a magnetically shielding x-ray source
  • a second element of magnetic vulnerability occurs m tubes with rotating metal anodes These anodes can have eddy currents which cause a drag that slows the anode rotation
  • the magnetic field levels at which this effect is significant are more variable, depending on field direction and va ⁇ ation in time
  • Slow varying fields of 50 Gauss or so do not result in significant effect on the anode rotation
  • Another effect is the concentration of field caused by sharp curves m a shield surface, resulting in concentration of flux causing a local high field, and/or saturation of the shield
  • a lesser known effect is the geometrical effect of "flux directing" by the shape of the shield
  • This effect there is a dependence on the size and distance of the source field relative to the shield
  • a relatively close source field can saturate the front of a shield before achieving a high field at the rear If the same source field at the location of the center of the shield were caused by a physically large source, this front-rear discrimination would not occur
  • the shape of the shield can be important, and the location of holes should be at the rear (away from the source)
  • the present invention relates to a shielded x-ray source, a method of shielding an x-ray source, and a magnetic surgical system with shielded x-ray source
  • the shielded x-ray source of the present invention has a cast shield of an iron based material substantially enclosing and closely conforming to the x-ray tube to shield the x-ray tube imaging beam from interference from magnetic fields
  • the shield is preferably made of cast iron, but could also be made of cast steel
  • the shield is preferably at least 1/4 inch thick Because the shield is cast, it can be inexpensively made to closely conform to the external shape of the x-ray tube There is preferably less than 1/4 inch gap between the x-ray tube and the shield, and more preferably nor more than 1/16 inch gap between the x-ray tube and the shield
  • the shield is preferably cast in two or more pieces, which are assembled around the x-ray tube and secured together Such a field can be more efficient than others and therefore significantly lighter for mounting on c-arms and other apparatus Moreover, it will have a smaller magnetic moment and less disturbing force on it than less efficient shields
  • the method of the present invention comprises providing a shield cast from an iron- based material in a shape
  • the magnetic surgical system comprising at least one magnetic for magnetically navigating a medical device in an operatmg region in a patient's body, and an imaging apparatus including at least one x-ray tube for imaging the operatmg region, the improvement including a cast shield of an iron-based material substantially enclosing and closely conforming to the at least one x-ray tube
  • the shield is preferably cast iron, but could also be made of cast steel
  • the shield is preferably at least 1/4 inch thick Because the shield is cast, it can be inexpensively made to closely conform to the external shape of the x-ray tube There is preferably less than 1/4 inch gap between the x-ray tube and the shield, and more preferably nor more than 1/16 mch gap between the x-ray tube and the shield
  • the shield is preferably cast in two or more pieces, which are assembled around the x-ray tube and secured together
  • FIG 1 is an end elevation view of a magnetic surgery system with a magnetically shielded x- ray source m accordance with the principles of this mvention
  • Fig 2a is an exploded perspective view of the cast x-ray tube shield and x-ray tube m accordance with the principles of this invention
  • Fig 2b is a perspective view of the cast x-ray tube shield installed around an x-ray tube
  • Fig 3 A is a drawmg of the field lmes created by a magnet from a magnetic surgery system as they would extend through an unshielded x-ray source
  • Fig 3B is a drawing of the field lmes created by a magnet from a magnetic surgery system as they would extend around an x-ray source shielded in accordance with the principles of this invention.
  • Fig 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the thickness of the shield verses magnetic field inside the shield
  • a magnetic surgery system constructed according to the principles of this invention is indicated generally as 20 in Fig 1
  • the magnetic surgery system 20 comprises a patient support 22, a magnet system 24 for generating magnetic fields in an operating region in a patient lying on the patient support, and an imaging system 26 for imaging the operating region in the patient
  • the imagmg system 26 comprises a C-arm 28, and two x-ray sources, such as x-ray tubes 30 and two imaging plates, such as amorphous silicon last plates 32, each aligned with one of the x-ray tubes
  • the imaging system is thus capable of providing bi-planar imaging of the operatmg region of a patient on the patient support 22
  • the imaging system 26 could be of some other design and construction, but would still include at least one x-ray tube 30
  • Fig 3 A shows a cross section of the magnetic field lmes from a representative magnet without a permeable material nearby
  • Fig 3B shows the same cross-section with a permeable shield m a typical close location to it This illustrates how the field lmes are pulled into the permeable shield material both on the outside (where it is only relevant if it leads to saturation) and on the mside, where it reduces the field seen by an x-ray tube in that region
  • Fig 3B illustrates the problem of using an unshielded x-ray tube in the presence of strong magnetic fields, such as those created in the vicinity of the permanent magnets or electromagnets of a magnetic surgery system
  • the field lines from a magnet in the magnetic surgery system 20 pass through the x-ray tube 30, potentially interfering with the generation of an x-ray beam
  • a shield 34 is cast from a highly magnetically permeable ferrous material, such as a low carbon cast iron, or cast steel Castmg the shield 34 allows the shield to be made in a shape that closely conforms to the exterior of the x-ray tube 30
  • the shield 34 is preferably shaped so that the gap between the shield and the x-ray tube is not more that about 1/4 mch, more preferably not more than about 1/16 mch
  • the shield is preferably at least 1/4 inch thick As shown Fig 4, m an applied magnetic field of 0 08 T, a thickness of 1/4 mch is sufficient to keep the magnetic field inside the shield to less than about 50 Gauss
  • Fig 4 shows the results of iterative calculations which deal with the nonlinea ⁇ ties of magnetization characte ⁇ stics of a shielding material having characteristics common to low carbon steels or cast irons
  • the permeability used for these calculations is 1000 and saturation at 13,000 Gauss, which are typical numbers for cast permeable materials
  • the results are most sensitive to permeability, but change only marginally for variations in permeability from a few hundred to a few thousand
  • the figure also shows curves for three different external fields transverse to the shield surface
  • the surface of an infimtely long cylinder represents an effectively closed-end cylinder of ordinary length
  • the shield 32 is preferably cast m at least two pieces 36 and 38.
  • the shield 34 is installed on the x-ray tube 30 by placing the two pieces 36 and 38 around the x-ray tube and securing them Holes for the electrical and coolmg entrances 40 and 42, respectively, are at the rear of the shield 34, I e , away from the part closest to the source field
  • a shield aperture 44 at the front for the x-ray beam exit is designed to have a minimum size which will pass the beam. This has been found experimentally to permit sufficiently small magnetic field penetration, in shield locations where the imagmg c-arm is used.
  • a field USS than 50 Gauss is found at the location of the initial part of the electron beam of the generating tube, when a field of 800 Gauss is present without the shield.
  • This field is created by a coil of 530,000 ampere turns, of radius 8.5 inches, and located 27 inches from the front center of the shield.

Abstract

Generally, the shielded x-ray source of the present invention has a cast shield (36, 38) of an iron based material substantially enclosing and closely conforming to the x-ray tube (30) to shield the x-ray tube imaging beam from interference from magnetic fields. The method of the present invention includes providing a shield (36, 38) cast from an iron-based material in a shape having a cavity to receive and closely conform to the x-ray tube (30), and installing the cast shield around the x-ray tube. The magnetic surgical system comprises at least one magnet for magnetically navigating a medical device in an operating region in a patient's body, and an imaging apparatus including at least one x-ray tube for imaging the operating region.

Description

SHIELDED X-RAY SOURCE, METHOD OF SHIELD AN X-RAY SOURCE, AND MAGNETIC SURGICAL SYSTEM WITH SHIELDED X-RAY SOURCE
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This mvention relates to magnetically shielding x-ray sources, and in particular to magnetically shielded x-ray sources, methods of magnetically shielding x-ray sources, and to a magnetic surgical system with a magnetically shielding x-ray source
Recently magnetic surgery techniques have been developed in which one or more permanent magnets or electromagnets is used to magnetically navigate medical devices and substances m an operating region inside the patient's body To momtor the procedure it is desirable to at least periodically if not continuously image the operating region A widely used method of imaging is x-ray fluoroscopy, however the strong magnetic fields generated by the magnets can mterfere with the operation of the x-ray sources The increasing use of fluoroscopic imaging in the vicinity of significant magnetic fields such as generated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices and magnetic surgery systems (MSS) has resulted in a need for the protection of the tubes which provide the x-ray beam as well as the image intensifiers on the screens which receive the imaged beam Conventional shielding in medical situations most often uses mu-metal or a combination of mu-metal and low-carbon steel formed sheets These are not very useful in shielding of larger magnetic fields in congested regions near x-ray or fluoroscopic equipment
Two elements in the typical x-ray generating tube are vulnerable to magnetic fields significantly stronger than the Earth's field The electron beam which impacts on the anode to create the x-rays is, near its origin, of very low energy, and therefore soft to bending by a magnetic field Such bending can shift an image, twist the image, or change its contrast and brightness The beam can also be defocused and cause a completely washed out image Experience shows that commonly designed x-ray tubes show effects of magnetic fields in the region of 50 Gauss, or so, depending on direction of the field
A second element of magnetic vulnerability occurs m tubes with rotating metal anodes These anodes can have eddy currents which cause a drag that slows the anode rotation The magnetic field levels at which this effect is significant are more variable, depending on field direction and vaπation in time Experience has shown that slowly varying fields of 50 Gauss or so do not result in significant effect on the anode rotation
Prior attempts to shield the x-rays using housing formed from sheet metal have generally been unsatisfactory because of the difficulty and expense of fabricating a shield that closely conforms to the x-ray tube yet does not interfere with the operation of the x-ray tube A powerful x-ray generating tube has several electrical leads as well as coolant tubes connected to it The leads, and other features of the design, cause the design of a magnetic shield for the tube to be a matter totally different from the design of magnetic shields commonly in use in the past Such common shields are used for computer momtors and for sensitive equipment It is known that field penetration of a shield through holes leads to "leakage" to the interior (See Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd Ed , J D Jackson, Wiley and Sons, pages 201-204 and 408 to 411, the latter to be evaluated in the limit of very low frequencies) A larger aperture leads to deeper field penetration Common magnetic shield design for monitors and delicate apparatus uses layered permeable material, sometimes containing "mu-metal" either of several grades or in conjunction with low-carbon steel The high permeability mu-metal is vulnerable to relatively small fields, say of the order of one Gauss, because it draws so much flux into its layer that it saturates In the protection of an x-ray generatmg tube, such high permeability material is not necessary, or even desirable This is because the fields in question, even inside the shield, are at a level at which mu-metal would saturate, at least in layers of commercially feasible thickness
Another effect is the concentration of field caused by sharp curves m a shield surface, resulting in concentration of flux causing a local high field, and/or saturation of the shield
A lesser known effect is the geometrical effect of "flux directing" by the shape of the shield In this effect there is a dependence on the size and distance of the source field relative to the shield A relatively close source field can saturate the front of a shield before achieving a high field at the rear If the same source field at the location of the center of the shield were caused by a physically large source, this front-rear discrimination would not occur In the relatively close case, the shape of the shield can be important, and the location of holes should be at the rear (away from the source)
In the regime of shielding concerned here, layering of any permeable material is ineffective This is because the upper boundary of field within a layer is no more than 25 Tesla due to saturation, and any feasible layer will saturate well before it can remove enough magnetic flux to prevent saturation in the next layer For an ideal enclosed shield the net effect is that n layers of thickness t will have virtually the same interior field as a single layer of thickness n times t
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a shielded x-ray source, a method of shielding an x-ray source, and a magnetic surgical system with shielded x-ray source
Generally, the shielded x-ray source of the present invention has a cast shield of an iron based material substantially enclosing and closely conforming to the x-ray tube to shield the x-ray tube imaging beam from interference from magnetic fields The shield is preferably made of cast iron, but could also be made of cast steel The shield is preferably at least 1/4 inch thick Because the shield is cast, it can be inexpensively made to closely conform to the external shape of the x-ray tube There is preferably less than 1/4 inch gap between the x-ray tube and the shield, and more preferably nor more than 1/16 inch gap between the x-ray tube and the shield The shield is preferably cast in two or more pieces, which are assembled around the x-ray tube and secured together Such a field can be more efficient than others and therefore significantly lighter for mounting on c-arms and other apparatus Moreover, it will have a smaller magnetic moment and less disturbing force on it than less efficient shields Generally, the method of the present invention comprises providing a shield cast from an iron- based material in a shape having a cavity to receive and closely conform to the x-ray tube, and installing the cast shield around the x-ray tube The shield is preferably cast iron, but could also be made of cast steel The shield is preferably at least 1/4 inch thick Because the shield is cast, it can be inexpensively made to closely conform to the external shape of the x-ray tube There is preferably less than 1/4 inch gap between the x-ray tube and the shield, and more preferably nor more than 1/16 mch gap between the x-ray tube and the shield The shield is preferably cast in two or more pieces, which are assembled around the x-ray tube and secured together
Generally, the magnetic surgical system comprising at least one magnetic for magnetically navigating a medical device in an operatmg region in a patient's body, and an imaging apparatus including at least one x-ray tube for imaging the operatmg region, the improvement including a cast shield of an iron-based material substantially enclosing and closely conforming to the at least one x-ray tube The shield is preferably cast iron, but could also be made of cast steel The shield is preferably at least 1/4 inch thick Because the shield is cast, it can be inexpensively made to closely conform to the external shape of the x-ray tube There is preferably less than 1/4 inch gap between the x-ray tube and the shield, and more preferably nor more than 1/16 mch gap between the x-ray tube and the shield The shield is preferably cast in two or more pieces, which are assembled around the x-ray tube and secured together
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig 1 is an end elevation view of a magnetic surgery system with a magnetically shielded x- ray source m accordance with the principles of this mvention,
Fig 2a is an exploded perspective view of the cast x-ray tube shield and x-ray tube m accordance with the principles of this invention,
Fig 2b is a perspective view of the cast x-ray tube shield installed around an x-ray tube,
Fig 3 A is a drawmg of the field lmes created by a magnet from a magnetic surgery system as they would extend through an unshielded x-ray source,
Fig 3B is a drawing of the field lmes created by a magnet from a magnetic surgery system as they would extend around an x-ray source shielded in accordance with the principles of this invention, and
Fig 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the thickness of the shield verses magnetic field inside the shield
Corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A magnetic surgery system constructed according to the principles of this invention is indicated generally as 20 in Fig 1 The magnetic surgery system 20 comprises a patient support 22, a magnet system 24 for generating magnetic fields in an operating region in a patient lying on the patient support, and an imaging system 26 for imaging the operating region in the patient As shown in Fig 1, the imagmg system 26 comprises a C-arm 28, and two x-ray sources, such as x-ray tubes 30 and two imaging plates, such as amorphous silicon last plates 32, each aligned with one of the x-ray tubes The imaging system is thus capable of providing bi-planar imaging of the operatmg region of a patient on the patient support 22 Of course the imaging system 26 could be of some other design and construction, but would still include at least one x-ray tube 30
Fig 3 A shows a cross section of the magnetic field lmes from a representative magnet without a permeable material nearby, and Fig 3B shows the same cross-section with a permeable shield m a typical close location to it This illustrates how the field lmes are pulled into the permeable shield material both on the outside (where it is only relevant if it leads to saturation) and on the mside, where it reduces the field seen by an x-ray tube in that region
Fig 3B illustrates the problem of using an unshielded x-ray tube in the presence of strong magnetic fields, such as those created in the vicinity of the permanent magnets or electromagnets of a magnetic surgery system As shown in Fig 3B, the field lines from a magnet in the magnetic surgery system 20 pass through the x-ray tube 30, potentially interfering with the generation of an x-ray beam
In accordance with the principles of this invention, a shield 34 is cast from a highly magnetically permeable ferrous material, such as a low carbon cast iron, or cast steel Castmg the shield 34 allows the shield to be made in a shape that closely conforms to the exterior of the x-ray tube 30 The shield 34 is preferably shaped so that the gap between the shield and the x-ray tube is not more that about 1/4 mch, more preferably not more than about 1/16 mch The shield is preferably at least 1/4 inch thick As shown Fig 4, m an applied magnetic field of 0 08 T, a thickness of 1/4 mch is sufficient to keep the magnetic field inside the shield to less than about 50 Gauss
Fig 4 shows the results of iterative calculations which deal with the nonlineaπties of magnetization characteπstics of a shielding material having characteristics common to low carbon steels or cast irons The permeability used for these calculations is 1000 and saturation at 13,000 Gauss, which are typical numbers for cast permeable materials The results are most sensitive to permeability, but change only marginally for variations in permeability from a few hundred to a few thousand The figure also shows curves for three different external fields transverse to the shield surface The surface of an infimtely long cylinder represents an effectively closed-end cylinder of ordinary length
It is common in magnetic surgery applications for the imaging tube shield to experience fields of 800 Gauss or somewhat greater From the figure it is apparent that for such fields no shield thinner than VΛ mch will results in interior fields lower than the 50 Gauss determined to be safe with commonly used x-ray tubes If fields as large as 1200 Gauss are present, a shield slightly greater than 5/16 inch thick will be needed Actual shields can have minor apertures m limited size with minimal effect Also, they need to have judiciously located sharp corners in order to not have internal fields which are large near sensitive sections of the x-ray tube inside. The results of the above Fig. 4 have been shown to be representative of such actual shields, providing they are closely fitting around the entrance aperture and necessary holes for cables and coolmg leads.
The shield 32 is preferably cast m at least two pieces 36 and 38. The shield 34 is installed on the x-ray tube 30 by placing the two pieces 36 and 38 around the x-ray tube and securing them Holes for the electrical and coolmg entrances 40 and 42, respectively, are at the rear of the shield 34, I e , away from the part closest to the source field A shield aperture 44 at the front for the x-ray beam exit is designed to have a minimum size which will pass the beam. This has been found experimentally to permit sufficiently small magnetic field penetration, in shield locations where the imagmg c-arm is used.
Over all, a field USS than 50 Gauss is found at the location of the initial part of the electron beam of the generating tube, when a field of 800 Gauss is present without the shield. This field is created by a coil of 530,000 ampere turns, of radius 8.5 inches, and located 27 inches from the front center of the shield.

Claims

What is claimed is
1 In a magnetic surgical system comprising at least one magnetic for magnetically navigating a medical device m an operating region in a patient's body, and an imaging apparatus mcluding at least one x-ray tube for imaging the operatmg region, the improvement including a cast shield of an iron-based material substantially enclosing and closely conforming to the at least one x-ray tube
2 The magnetic surgical system according to claim 1 wherem the cast shield is made of cast
3 The magnetic surgical system accordmg to claim 1 wherem the cast shield is made of cast steel
4 The magnetic surgical system according to claim 1 wherem the cast shield is at least about 1/4 inch thick
5 The magnetic surgical system accordmg to claim 4 wherem the cast shield is at least about 5/8 inch thick
6 The magnetic surgical system according to claim 1 wherem the cast shield so closely conforms to the x-ray tube that there is no more than about a 1/4 inch gap between the cast shield and the x-ray tube
7 The magnetic surgical system accordmg to claim 6 wherem there is no more than about a 1/16 inch gap between the cast shield and the x-ray tube
8 In combination with a x-ray tube, a cast shield of an iron based material substantially enclosing and closely conforming to the x-ray tube to shield the x-ray tube imaging beam from interference from magnetic fields up to at least about 0 08 Tesla
9 The combination according to claim 8 wherein the cast shield is made of cast iron
10 The combmation according to claim 8 wherein the cast shield is made of cast steel
11 The combmation accordmg to claim 8 wherem the cast shield is at least about 1/4 inch thick
12 The combination according to claim 11 wherem the cast shield is at least about 5/8 inch thick
13 The combination accordmg to claim 8 wherein the cast shield so closely conforms to the x-ray tube that there is no more than about a 1/4 inch gap between the cast shield and the x-ray tube
14 The combination according to claim 13 wherein there is no more than about a 1/16 mch gap between the cast shield and the x-ray tube
15 The combmation according to claim 13 wherein the shield is constructed so that in an applied field of 0 08 T, the magnetic field inside the shield is less than about 50 gauss 16 A method of shielding the x-ray tube from a medical imaging device from mterference from magnetic fields generated m the vicinity of the x-ray tube, the method comprising casting a shield from an iron-based material in a shape having a cavity to receive and closely conform to the x- ray tube, and installing the cast shield around the x-ray tube
17 The method accordmg to claim 16 wherein the iron based material is a low carbon iron
18 The method accordmg to claim 16 wherein the iron based material is steel
19 The method accordmg to claim 16 wherein the shield is cast at least % inch thick
20 The method according to claim 19 wherein the shield is cast at least 5/8 inch thick
21 The method accordmg to claim 16 wherein the shield is cast in a shape such that when installed on the x-ray tube there is not more than a 1/4 inch gap between the x-ray tube and the shield
22 The method accordmg to claim 21 wherein the shield is cast in a shape such that when installed on the x-ray tube there is not more than a 1/16 mch gap between the x-ray tube and the shield
23 The method accordmg to claim 16 wherein the shield is formed m two parts, and wherem the step of installing the shield comprises securing the two parts together around the x-ray tube
PCT/US2002/001292 2001-01-16 2002-01-15 Shielded x-ray source, method of shielding an x-ray source, and magnetic surgical system with shielded x-ray source WO2002056750A2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

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US09/761,104 US6352363B1 (en) 2001-01-16 2001-01-16 Shielded x-ray source, method of shielding an x-ray source, and magnetic surgical system with shielded x-ray source
US09/761,104 2001-01-16

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WO2002056750A3 WO2002056750A3 (en) 2003-03-06

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