WO2002057397A2 - Two-cycle lubricating oil with reduced smoke generation - Google Patents
Two-cycle lubricating oil with reduced smoke generation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002057397A2 WO2002057397A2 PCT/IB2001/002838 IB0102838W WO02057397A2 WO 2002057397 A2 WO2002057397 A2 WO 2002057397A2 IB 0102838 W IB0102838 W IB 0102838W WO 02057397 A2 WO02057397 A2 WO 02057397A2
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- composition
- cst
- lubricating oil
- viscosity
- Prior art date
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
- C10M169/048—Mixtures of base-materials and additives the additives being a mixture of compounds of unknown or incompletely defined constitution, non-macromolecular and macromolecular compounds
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- C10M101/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a mineral or fatty oil
- C10M101/02—Petroleum fractions
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- C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
- C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M129/04—Hydroxy compounds
- C10M129/10—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
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- C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
- C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M129/26—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof
- C10M129/48—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
- C10M129/54—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring containing hydroxy groups
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- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M133/16—Amides; Imides
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- C10M133/52—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of 30 or more atoms
- C10M133/56—Amides; Imides
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- C10M135/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
- C10M135/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium containing a sulfur-to-oxygen bond
- C10M135/10—Sulfonic acids or derivatives thereof
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- C10M143/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation
- C10M143/06—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation containing butene
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- C10M159/04—Petroleum fractions, e.g. tars, solvents
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- C10M2203/1006—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen used as base material
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- C10N2040/26—Two-strokes or two-cycle engines
Definitions
- This invention relates to a lubricant composition useful as a two-cycle oil. More particularly the invention relates to two-cycle oil characterized in that it contains a relatively low amount of polyisobutylene, but provides an oil which complies with certain smoke generation test standards and viscosity requirements for land equipment, gasoline fueled, two-cycle engines, such as motorcycle engines, moped engines, snowmobile engines, lawn mower engines and the like. Two-stroke-cycle gasoline engines now range from small, less than 50 cc engines, to higher performance engines exceeding 500 cc. The development of such high performance engines has created the need for new two-cycle oil standards and test procedures.
- Two-cycle engines are lubricated by mixing the fuel and lubricant and allowing the mixed composition to pass through the engine.
- Narious types of two- cycle oils, compatible with fuel, have been described in the art.
- such oils typically contain a variety of additive components in order for the oil to pass industry standard tests to permit use in two-cycle engines.
- the present invention is based on the discovery that the proper balance of a polybutene polymer, solvent and lubricating oil basestock can provide a two-cycle engine oil of suitable viscosity properties which exceeds the JASO (Japan Automobile Standards Organization) M342 Smoke Index test.
- JASO Japanese Automobile Standards Organization
- composition having a kinematic viscosity of at least 6.5 mm 2 /s (cSt) at 100°C and a JASO M342 Smoke Index of at least 85 comprising an admixture of:
- a polybutene polymer being a polybutene, polyisobutylene or a mixture of polybutenes and polyisobutylenes having a number average molecular weight of about 400 to 2200;
- a normally liquid hydrocarbon or mineral oil solvent having a viscosity of 2 to 12 mm 2 /s (cSt) at 40°C;
- the mixture of polybutenes preferably useful in the lubricating oil compositions of this invention is a mixture of poly-n-butenes and polyisobutylene which normally results from the polymerization of C4 olefins and generally will have a number average molecular weight of about 400 to 2200 with a polyisobutylene or polybutene having a number average molecular weight of about 400 to 1300 being particularly preferred, most preferable is a mixture of polybutene and polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight of about 950. Number average molecular weight (Mn) is measured by gel permeation chromatography. Polymers composed of
- 100% polyisobutylene or 100% poly-n-butene are also within the scope of this invention and within the meaning of the term "a polybutene polymer".
- a polybutene polymer Preferably there is employed 10 to 20%, most preferably 12 to 15% by weight of the polybutene polymer.
- a preferred polybutene polymer is a mixture of polybutenes and polyisobutylene prepared from a C4 olefin refinery stream containing about 6 wt.% to 50 wt.% isobutylene with the balance a mixture of butene (cis- and trans-) isobutylene and less than 1 wt%. butadiene.
- Particularly, preferred is a polymer prepared from a C4 stream composed of 6-45 wt.% isobutylene, 25-35 wt.% saturated butenes and 15- 50 wt.% 1- and 2-butenes.
- the polymer is prepared by Lewis acid catalysis.
- the solvents useful in the present invention may generally be characterized as being normally liquid natural or synthetic hydrocarbon or mineral oil solvents having a viscosity of 2 to 12, preferably 3 to 5 mm 2 /s (cSt) at 40°C. Such a solvent must also have a flash point in the range of about 60-120°C such that the flash point of the two- cycle oil of this invention is greater than 70°C.
- Typical examples include paraffinic, isoparaffinic and naphthenic aliphatic hydrocarbon or mineral oil solvents.
- Such solvents may contain functional groups other than carbon and hydrogen provided such groups do not adversely affect performance of the two-cycle oil.
- cSt paraffinic mineral oil solvent having a viscosity of 3.5 to 4.0 mm 2 /s (cSt) at 40°C sold as "Sun HPO 40" by Sun Oil Company.
- kinematic viscosity which must be 6.5 mm 2 /s (cSt) or higher at 100°C to meet JASO requirements for a commercially useful product.
- KN kinematic viscosity
- the formulation of this invention which is kerosene-free, and free of solvents having viscosity less than 2.0 mm /s (cSt) at 40°C, preferably less than 3.0 mm 2 /s (cSt) at 40°C, achieves a cost reduction by minimizing the amount of the polybutene polymer, an expensive ingredient, but at the same time satisfying the KV and JASO Smoke Index requirements.
- the invention further comprises as a third component the presence of 0-10%, preferably 1-7%, by weight of an additive package which contains one or more conventional two-cycle lubricating oil additives, and these may be any additive normally included in such lubricating oils for a particular purpose.
- additives for the additive package component which may be present in the composition of this invention include corrosion inhibitors, oxidation inhibitors, friction modifiers, dispersants, antifoaming agents, antiwear agents, pour point depressants, metal detergents, rust inhibitors, lubricity agents, which are preferred, and the like. All percentages are by weight on an active ingredient (a.i.) basis.
- a preferred additive package will comprise (i) polyisobutenyl (Mn 400-2500, preferably Mn 950) succinimide or another oil soluble, acylated, nitrogen containing lubricating oil dispersant present in such amount to provide 0.2-5 wt.%, preferably 1-3 wt.% dispersant in the lubricating oil and (ii) a metal phenate, sulfonate or salicylate oil soluble detergent additive, which is a neutral metal detergent or overbased such that the Total Base Number is 200 or less, present in such amount so as to provide 0.1-2 wt.%, preferably 0.2-1 wt.% metal detergent additive in the lubricating oil.
- the metal is preferably calcium, barium or magnesium. Neutral calcium salicylates are preferred present in amounts of about 0.5 to 1.5 wt.% in the lubricating oil.
- Corrosion inhibitors are present in the oil in amounts of 0.01-3 wt.%, preferably 0.01-1.5 wt.%, and are illustrated by phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons and the products obtained by reacting a phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon with an alkaline earth metal oxide or hydroxide.
- Benzotriazole 35 wt.% active ingredient in propylene glycol is preferred for use in this invention.
- Oxidation inhibitors are present in the oil in amounts of 0.01-5 wt.%, preferably 0.01-1.5 wt.% and are antioxidants exemplified by alkaline earth metal salts of alkylphenol thioesters having preferably C 5 - 2 alkyl side chain such as calcium nonylphenol sulfide, barium t-octylphenol sulfide, dioctylphenylamines as well as sulfurized or phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons. Also included are oil soluble antioxidant copper compounds such as copper salts of C 10 to C 18 oil soluble fatty acids.
- Friction modifiers are present in the oil in amounts of 0.01-3 wt.%, preferably 0.01-1.5 wt.%, and include fatty acid esters and amides, glycerol esters of dimerized fatty acids and succinate esters or metal salts thereof.
- Pour point depressants also known as lube oil flow improvers, are used in the oil in amounts of 0.01-2 wt.%, preferably 0.01-1.5 wt.%, and can lower the temperature at which the fluid will flow and typical of these additives are C 8 -C 18 or C 14 dialkyl fumarate vinyl acetate copolymers, which are preferred, polymethacrylates and wax naphthalene.
- Foam control can also be provided by an anti-foamant of the polysiloxane type such as silicone oil and polydimethyl siloxane; acrylate polymers are also suitable. These are used in the oil in amounts of 0.01-5 wt.%, preferably 0.01-1.5 wt.%.
- Anti-wear agents reduce wear of metal parts and representative materials are zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, zinc diaryl diphosphate, and sulfurized isobutylene. These are used in the oil in amounts of 0.01-5 wt.%.
- Lubricity agents useful in this invention may be selected from a wide variety of oil soluble materials. Generally, they are used in the oil in an amount of 1-20 wt.%, preferably 1-7% by weight. Lubricity agents include polyol ethers and polyol esters such as polyol esters of C 5 - 5 monocarboxylic acids, particularly pentaerythritol trimethylol propane and neopentyl glycol synlube esters of such acids, wherein the ester has a viscosity of at least 9 mm /s (cSt) at 100°C, natural oils such as bright stock which is preferred and is the highly viscous mineral oil fraction derived from the distillation residues formed as a result of the preparation of lubricating oil fractions from petroleum.
- polyol ethers and polyol esters such as polyol esters of C 5 - 5 monocarboxylic acids, particularly pentaerythritol trimethylol propane and neopenty
- the fourth component of the lubricating compositions of this invention is an oil of lubricating viscosity, that is, a viscosity of about 20-180, preferably 55-180 mm 2 /s (cSt) at 40°C, to provide a finished two-cycle oil having a KN in the range of 6.5-14 mm 2 /s (cSt) at 100°C.
- oils of lubricating viscosity for this invention. can be natural or synthetic oils. Mixtures of such oils are also often useful. Blends of oils may also be used so long as the final viscosity is 20-180 mm 2 /s (cSt) at 40°C.
- Natural oils include mineral lubricating oils, which are preferred, such as liquid petroleum oils and solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types. Oils of lubricating viscosity derived from coal or shale are also useful base oils.
- Synthetic lubricating oils include hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and the derivatives, analogs and homologs thereof.
- Oils made by polymerizing olefins of less than 5 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof are typical synthetic polymer oils. Methods of preparing such polymer oils are well known to those skilled in the art as is shown by U.S. Patent Nos. 2,278,445; 2,301,052; 2,318,719; 2,329,714; 2,345,574; and 2,422,443.
- Alkylene oxide polymers i.e., homopolymers, interpolymers, and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by esterification, etherification, etc. constitute a preferred class of known synthetic lubricating oils for the purpose of this invention, especially for use in combination with alkanol fuels.
- oils prepared through polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide the alkyl and aryl ethers of these polyoxyalkylene polymers (e.g., methyl polypropylene glycol ether having an average molecular weight of 1000, diphenyl ether of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 500-1000, diethyl ether of polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of 1000-1500, etc.) or mono- and polycarboxylic esters thereof, for example, the acetic acid esters mixed C3 ⁇ Cg fatty acid esters, or the C 13 Oxo acid diester of tetraethylene glycol.
- the alkyl and aryl ethers of these polyoxyalkylene polymers e.g., methyl polypropylene glycol ether having an average molecular weight of 1000, diphenyl ether of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 500-1000, diethyl ether of polypropylene glycol having a mole
- Another suitable class of synthetic lubricating oils comprises the esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids, alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acids, alkenyl malonic acids, etc.) with a variety of alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, octyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, tridecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol, etc.).
- dicarboxylic acids e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids, alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid,
- esters include dioctyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid and the like.
- Esters useful as synthetic oils also include those made from C5 to Cjg monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, etc.
- Unrefined, refined and rerefined oils either natural or synthetic (as well as mixtures of two or more of any of these) of the type disclosed hereinabove can be used in the lubricant compositions of the present invention.
- Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source without further purification treatment.
- a shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations a petroleum oil obtained directly from primary distillation or an ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process and used without further treatment would be an unrefined oil.
- Refined oils are similar to the unrefined oils except they have been further treated in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties.
- lubricating oil compositions of the present invention will mix freely with the fuels used in such two-cycle engines. Admixtures of such lubricating oils with fuels comprise a further embodiment of this invention.
- the fuels useful in two-cycle engines are well known to those skilled in the art and usually contain a major portion of a normally liquid fuel such as a hydrocarbonaceous petroleum distillate fuel, e.g., motor gasoline is defined by ASTM specification D-439-73.
- a normally liquid fuel such as a hydrocarbonaceous petroleum distillate fuel, e.g., motor gasoline is defined by ASTM specification D-439-73.
- Such fuels can also contain non-hydrocarbonaceous materials such as alcohols, ethers, organo nitro compounds and the like, e.g., methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, methylethyl ether, nitro methane and such fuels are within the scope of this invention as are liquid fuels derived from vegetable and mineral sources such as corn, alpha shale and coal.
- Examples of such fuel mixtures are combinations of gasoline and ethanol, diesel fuel and ether, gasoline and nitro methane, etc.
- Gasoline is preferred, i.e., mixture of hydrocarbons having an ASTM boiling point of 60°C at the 10% distillation point to about 205°C at the 90% distillation point.
- Lead-free gasoline is particularly preferred.
- the lubricants of this invention are used in admixture with fuels in amounts of about 20 to 250 parts by weight of fuel per 1 part by weight of lubricating oil, more typically about 30-100 parts by weight of fuel per 1 part by weight of oil.
- Active ingredient or "a.i.” refers to a solution of the additive in mineral oil, or other carrier where indicated. Percentages are by weight.
- the Dispersant Adpack comprises 49% (50.5 wt.% active ingredient) of a Mn 950 polyisobutenyl succinimide dispersant, and 48.8% (40% active ingredient) of a neutral calcium salicylate detergent of TBN 58 and the balance a diluent mineral oil.
- POB polyisobutylene
- the solvent is a paraffinic mineral oil and has a viscosity (KN) of 3.5 - 4.0 mm 2 /s
- the antioxidant is a 30% a.i. solution of 4,4-methylene-bis-2,6-di-t-butyl phenol.
- the rust inhibitor is a 62% a.i. mineral oil solution of the reaction product of tetrapropyl succinic anhydride, propylene glycol and water.
- the basestock is "Sun C ⁇ 725" which has a viscosity of 127 mm 2 /s (cSt) at 40°C.
- the brightstock is Sun Brightstock, a lubricity agent.
- Another oil was prepared having the same composition as the oil of Example 1 except that the SUN HPO-40 solvent was replaced with kerosene.
- This oil was unsatisfactory as a commercial product since it had a viscosity of 4.38 mm /s (cSt) at 100°C, which is below the KN minimum of 6.5 mm 2 /s (cSt) at 100°C.
- Another oil was prepared which was the same as the oil of Example 1 except that it contained 45% of a paraffinic mineral oil solvent having a KV of 13 mm 2 /s (cSt) at 40°C, 7.0% of brightstock and 29.9% of "Exxon 600 ⁇ " basestock, a basestock having a viscosity of 129 mm 2 /s (cSt) at 40°C.
- This oil was unsatisfactory since it was tested and found to have a JASO Smoke Index of 60. It had a KV of 9.07 mm 2 /s (cSt) at 100°C.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/734,231 US6455477B1 (en) | 2000-12-11 | 2000-12-11 | Two-cycle lubricating oil with reduced smoke generation |
US09/734,231 | 2000-12-11 |
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WO2002057397A2 true WO2002057397A2 (en) | 2002-07-25 |
WO2002057397A3 WO2002057397A3 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
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PCT/IB2001/002838 WO2002057397A2 (en) | 2000-12-11 | 2001-12-03 | Two-cycle lubricating oil with reduced smoke generation |
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US (1) | US6455477B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1261551C (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002057397A2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2006348297A (en) * | 2005-06-15 | 2006-12-28 | Infineum Internatl Ltd | Two-cycle lubrication oil with low or no ash content for reducing formation of exhaust smoke |
WO2007050352A1 (en) | 2005-10-21 | 2007-05-03 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Improvements in two-stroke lubricating oils |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20050070447A1 (en) * | 2003-09-25 | 2005-03-31 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Ashless stationary gas engine lubricant |
US7732390B2 (en) * | 2004-11-24 | 2010-06-08 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Phenolic dimers, the process of preparing same and the use thereof |
US20080096778A1 (en) * | 2004-12-22 | 2008-04-24 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Method Of Viscosity Control |
US8048833B2 (en) * | 2007-08-17 | 2011-11-01 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Catalytic antioxidants |
CN114479997A (en) * | 2021-12-17 | 2022-05-13 | 东莞市耐斯润滑科技有限公司 | Method and process for producing environment-friendly trace lubricating oil based on renewable resource material |
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EP0612838A1 (en) * | 1993-02-26 | 1994-08-31 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Lubricant composition for two-cycle internal combustion engines |
WO1996030466A1 (en) * | 1995-03-29 | 1996-10-03 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Two-cycle lubricating oil |
WO2000014185A1 (en) * | 1998-09-08 | 2000-03-16 | Infineum Usa Lp | Lubricating oil compositins and fuels for two-cycle engines |
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US5663125A (en) * | 1993-01-20 | 1997-09-02 | Nippon Oil Co., Ltd. | Lubricating oil for two-cycle engines |
US5498353A (en) * | 1994-11-22 | 1996-03-12 | Chinese Petroleum Corp. | Semi-synthetic two-stroke engine oil formulation |
CN1069918C (en) * | 1995-08-22 | 2001-08-22 | 亨凯尔公司 | Smokeless two-cycle engine lubricants |
GB9523916D0 (en) * | 1995-11-22 | 1996-01-24 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Two-cycle ester based synthetic lubricating oil (pt-1041) |
US5741764A (en) * | 1996-10-15 | 1998-04-21 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Two-cycle lubricant containing solvent and high molecular weight polymer |
US5888948A (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 1999-03-30 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Two-cycle lubricating oil |
US6080212A (en) * | 1996-11-13 | 2000-06-27 | Henkel Corporation | Lubricants for diesel fuel |
-
2000
- 2000-12-11 US US09/734,231 patent/US6455477B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-12-03 CN CNB018203965A patent/CN1261551C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-12-03 WO PCT/IB2001/002838 patent/WO2002057397A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP0612838A1 (en) * | 1993-02-26 | 1994-08-31 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Lubricant composition for two-cycle internal combustion engines |
WO1996030466A1 (en) * | 1995-03-29 | 1996-10-03 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Two-cycle lubricating oil |
WO2000014185A1 (en) * | 1998-09-08 | 2000-03-16 | Infineum Usa Lp | Lubricating oil compositins and fuels for two-cycle engines |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2006348297A (en) * | 2005-06-15 | 2006-12-28 | Infineum Internatl Ltd | Two-cycle lubrication oil with low or no ash content for reducing formation of exhaust smoke |
EP1743932A3 (en) * | 2005-06-15 | 2007-09-05 | Infineum International Limited | Low ash or ashless two-cycle lubricating oil with reduced smoke generation |
CN1880420B (en) * | 2005-06-15 | 2011-04-20 | 英菲诺姆国际有限公司 | Low ash or ashless two-cycle lubricating oil with reduced smoke generation |
AU2006202573B2 (en) * | 2005-06-15 | 2011-11-03 | Infineum International Limited | Low ash or ashless two-cycle lubricating oil with reduced smoke generation |
WO2007050352A1 (en) | 2005-10-21 | 2007-05-03 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Improvements in two-stroke lubricating oils |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN1261551C (en) | 2006-06-28 |
US6455477B1 (en) | 2002-09-24 |
CN1539005A (en) | 2004-10-20 |
WO2002057397A3 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
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