WO2002069827A1 - Patient frame constructed from composite material - Google Patents
Patient frame constructed from composite material Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002069827A1 WO2002069827A1 PCT/GB2002/000856 GB0200856W WO02069827A1 WO 2002069827 A1 WO2002069827 A1 WO 2002069827A1 GB 0200856 W GB0200856 W GB 0200856W WO 02069827 A1 WO02069827 A1 WO 02069827A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- frame
- stereoguide
- patient
- matrix material
- composite material
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
- B29C35/02—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
- B29C35/0288—Controlling heating or curing of polymers during moulding, e.g. by measuring temperatures or properties of the polymer and regulating the process
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/10—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges for stereotaxic surgery, e.g. frame-based stereotaxis
- A61B90/14—Fixators for body parts, e.g. skull clamps; Constructional details of fixators, e.g. pins
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/753—Medical equipment; Accessories therefor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a frame for attaching to a patient.
- the present invention also relates to a stereoguide and a member for attaching to a patient.
- the present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing the frame, member and stereoguide of the present invention.
- Frames and members are used in a variety of techniques in order to immobilise certain parts of the body or to act as a platform from which to direct instruments to a desired target.
- a neurosurgical stereotactic frame in combination with a stereoguide is used for locating and guiding instruments to specific targets in the brain of a patient identified using diagnostic imaging techniques.
- stereotactic frames are made from aluminium.
- a frame made of carbon fibre composites is also known. While such frames are generally acceptable for ventriculography or x-ray Computerised Tomography (CT) based stereotaxy, because they are conductive, they cause artefacts on magnetic resonance (MR) images due to absorption and distortion of signal with consequent loss of sensitivity, spatial resolution and accuracy.
- CT Computerised Tomography
- frames containing electromagnetic conducting materials produce poor images using high field magnetic resonance imaging such as for functional MRI (FMRI) and Magnetic Resonance Specfroscopy (MRS) as well as when using magneto encephalography (MEG).
- a frame constructed of aluminium or other metal will absorb X-rays and ⁇ rays and will therefore have a deleterious effect on images acquired using Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Computerised Tomography (SPECT), and to some degree X-ray imaging including Computerised Tomography (CT).
- PET Positron Emission Tomography
- SPECT Single Photon Emission Computerised Tomography
- CT Computerised Tomography
- the frame, member or stereoguide is rigid.
- the frame or member acts as a platform from which instruments are directed to a target
- it is essential that the frame or member is sufficiently rigid so as not to bend or flex during the procedure and thereby enabling the accurate placement of the instruments. This is particularly important where the frame is a stereotactic frame used in neurosurgery for accurately targeting instruments to a target site generally only a few millimetres in diameter.
- sterilisation is achieved via autoclaving.
- the present invention overcomes at least some of the problems associated with the prior art frames, members and stereoguides.
- the present invention provides a rigid electromagnetically inert frame for attaching to a patient, wherein the frame is constructed from a composite material comprising a matrix material and electromagnetically inert fibres.
- the frame By ensuring that the frame is non-metallic and electromagnetically inert it will not significantly absorb or distort the electromagnetic waves (e.g. X-rays, ⁇ rays or radiowaves) whose detection facilitates the formation of images in biomedical imagers.
- the images will therefore be sharper and less distorted than those obtained with frames made of conventional materials.
- Neurosurgeons and radiosurgeons can exploit the sharp high resolution images for more accurate and safer surgical procedures, in particular stereotactic procedures.
- the frame is a stereotactic frame used to obtain images under stereotactic conditions, the ability to obtain sharp high resolution and undistorted images is invaluable in planning surgery in eloquent areas and in localising epileptic foci and functional abnormalities for targeted treatment.
- the frame must be sufficiently rigid so that any measurement taken using the frame will consistently identify the same target site with less than +/- 1 mm variability.
- the frame has a rigidity equivalent to aluminium. It is further preferred that the frame at room temperature has a Young's module of at least 20 GPa.
- frame refers to any structure which can be attached to a patient and which acts as a platform from which instruments can be directed to a target of interest or which can be used to support or immobilise a part of a patient's body.
- immobilise a part of a patient's body means preventing or restricting movement of that part of the patient's body in at least one direction.
- non-metallic means that the frame does not comprise metal.
- the frame preferably has a Dielectric constant of less than 4 Dk and/or a Loss Tangent of less than 0.04 Df.
- the matrix material can be any material suitable for forming the rigid electromagnetically inert frame of the present invention.
- the matrix material is an epoxy resin with a cure temperature of about 120°C or more. It is further preferred that the matrix material is any material which has a wet glass transition temperature of greater than 137°C. It is further preferred that the matrix material is an epoxy resin with a cure temperature of about 180°C or more. It is most preferred that the matrix material is a cyanate ester material.
- the cynate ester material has a cure temperature of about 177°C (+/-10°C).
- the frame of the present invention can be desirable to sterilise the frame of the present invention. Sterilisation can be achieved using chemicals but is preferably achieved by autoclaving the frame. Accordingly, and as indicated above, preferably the matrix material has a wet glass transition temperature (the temperature at which the resin becomes soft) of greater than 137°C. By using such a matrix material the frame will maintain its shape on autoclaving.
- the composite material used to construct the frame of the present invention has a moisture absorption value of less than 3% at saturation.
- a low moisture absorption value is also desired when the frame is to be autoclaved.
- the electromagnetically inert fibres can be any electromagnetically inert fibres suitable for producing the rigid frame of the present invention.
- the fibres have dielectric constant of less than 40Dk and/or a loss tangent of less than 0.04 Df.
- the electromagnetically inert fibres are glass fibres or Quartz fibres.
- the composite material used to construct the frame of the present invention comprises the matrix material and the electromagnetically inert fibres at a ratio of 40% + 10% by volume.
- the frame of the present invention is a stereotactic frame.
- the frame of the present invention is constructed from a material that causes no artefact on biomedical images, can be manufactured to acceptable dimensional tolerances, is resistant to distortion from normal use, can be sterilised by autoclaving and/or chemical treatment and remains dimensionally stable. It is also preferred that the stereotactic frame be connected to a stereoguide which is constructed from a composite material comprising the matrix material and electromagnetically inert fibres described above in connection with the frame of the present invention.
- stereotactic frame refers to any frame which can be used to locate a target site within a 3D space.
- the stereotactic frame comprises a base ring and fixing elements for attaching the stereotactic frame to a patient.
- the fixing elements are preferably posts extending substantially perpendicularly away from the plane of the base ring. Both the base ring and the fixing elements are constructed from the composite material.
- Stereotactic frames are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery/The Practice of Neurosurgery Part XLEditors G.T. Tindall, P.R. Cooper, D.L. Barrow: Williams & Wilkins 1996.
- the stereotactic frame holds the desired part of the patient, usually the head, in a CT, MRI, FMRI, MRS, MEG, PET, SPECT or similar scanner.
- the image produced using the stereotactic frame of the present invention is not substantially geometrically distorted, degraded or altered by the presence of the frame.
- the frame is a halo for use with apparatus for immobilising the head of the patient, generally, with respect to the shoulders of the patient.
- Haloes are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in Spinal Orthoses, Chapter 172. The Practice of Neurosurgery/Editors G.T. Tindall, P.R. Cooper, D.L. Barrow: Williams & Wilkins 1996.
- the present invention also provides a rigid electromagnetically inert stereoguide constructed from the composite material used to construct the frame of the present invention.
- Stereoguides are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery/The Practice of Neurosurgery Part XI Editors G.T. Tindall, P.R. Cooper, D.L. Barrow: Williams & Wilkins 1996.
- the stereoguide typically comprises an arc that is fixed to the frame with bars that engage with lockable slides.
- the slides facilitate displacement of the arc in 3 spacial planes (anteroposterior, lateral and vertical) relative to the frame
- the slides are scaled in millimetres and enable the centre of the arc to be positioned at the calculated target co-ordinates.
- the arc can be pivoted 180 degrees and a moveable carriage fixed to its perimeter will guide a probe to its centre thus allowing the surgeon to choose multiple trajectories to the target.
- the stereoguide may be constructed entirely from the composite material of the present invention with the scales laser etched into the material.
- the locking mechanism for the slides and the moveable carriage for the probe are generally constructed from aluminium. Although aluminium is not electromagnetically inert, by considerably reducing the amount of aluminium present significant improvements in the quality of the images are obtained.
- the present invention also provides a rigid electromagnetically inert member for attaching the frame of the present invention to a patient, wherein the member is constructed from the composite material used to construct the frame of the present invention.
- the member does not substantially distort images produced by a magnetic resonance scanner, and preferably has a maximum distortion of 2 mm or 4° once applied to the patient.
- the rigid member can be any member for attaching to a patient.
- the rigid member can be a threaded pin having a main body which engages with the frame and a tip which engages the head of a patient.
- the main body of the threaded pin is constructed from the composite material and the tip is constructed from metal (e.g. titanium) or ceramic.
- the rigid member can also be a rod having a main body for engaging the frame and a reduced diameter end for insertion into a drill hole formed in the skull of a patient.
- the entire rod is made from the composite material.
- the member of the present invention is capable of being attached to a desired part of the patient and is substantially immobilised relative to the desired part of the patient.
- substantially immobilised means that the member can be moved by less than 2 millimetres relative to the part of the patient to which the member is attached.
- the present invention also provides a method for manufacturing the frame, stereoguide or member of the present invention comprising laminating laminate elements comprising the matrix material and electrically inert fibres, into or around a mould and curing the matrix material.
- the mould may be a male tool mould around which are laminated the laminate elements or a female tool mould in which the laminate elements are laminated.
- the male tool mould defines the inner surface of the frame, member or stereoguide.
- the female tool mould defines at least the outer surface of the frame, member or stereoguide.
- the mould is a male tool mould and the laminate elements are laminated around the male tool mould in the shape of a closed loop.
- a vacuum bag may also be used wherein the bag is sealed to the tool mould to isolate the laminate from the atmosphere during processing.
- additional laminate elements can be positioned at sites where additional strength is required.
- the matrix material can be cured using any method such as autoclaving, resin transfer or vacuum moulding techniques.
- the method comprises introducing temperature plateaus early in the curing cycle. It is further preferred that sensors are positioned in or adjacent to the laminated material to sense overheating of the laminated material during the curing cycle. The sensors can feed back to the heating equipment and thereby control the curing temperature. It is further preferred that the mould has a high thermal conductivity and/or a high thermal mass. By ensuring that the mould has a high thermal conductivity and/or a high thermal mass, any excess heat produced during the curing cycle can be "absorbed" via the mould acting as a heat sink without leading to deleterious effects on the composite material.
- recesses or protrusions on the frame, stereoguide or member of the present invention it is preferred that these features are produced by carefully laminating small laminate elements to form the recess or protrusion. By using short laminates initially, it is ensured that the material flows into the recess or protrusion more effectively. Furthermore, debulking operations can be performed while the material is being laminated in order to ensure that good definition of the recess or protrusion can be achieved.
- the method of producing the frame, guide or member may comprise laminating the laminate elements and then performing one curing cycle in order to produce the composite material.
- the frame, stereoguide or member can be built up in stages comprising laminating and curing a number of layers until the frame, stereoguide or member is complete. The advantage of building up the frame, stereoguide or member in stages is that the amount of heat produced during the curing cycle is reduced.
- the method of the present invention preferably further comprises machining the cured composite material to the desired dimensions. Machining processes are well known to those skilled in the art.
- the frame of the present invention may be formed by forming a long tube like structure of the composite material and subsequently machining this tube like structure into a number of individual frames (see Figure 1).
- This has the advantage of simplifying the laminating process by reducing the number of small, difficult to position, individual laminates.
- the machining methods produce a frame, stereoguide or element having the required accuracy as determined by the use of the frame, stereoguide or member.
- the machining methods are accurate to within +/- 0.1mm.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing a diagnostic image of a patient having the frame, stereoguide or member of the present invention attached, comprising taking a diagnostic image of the patient and the frame, stereoguide or member.
- the diagnostic image is produced by CT, MRI, FMRI, MRS, MEG, SPECT or PET scanning.
- the image may also be produced by an x-ray.
- Figure 1 shows schematically the process for producing a stereotactic frame. Please note, mounting details and other features of the frame are not shown in the figure.
- Figure 2 shows the positioning of additional laminate elements at positions within the stereotactic frame which require additional strength.
- Figure 3 shows schematically a method for machining the stereotactic frame.
- Figure 4 shows schematically the positioning of short laminate elements in order to ensure material consolidation in a corner of the mould.
- a composite material is supplied as a prepreg (resin impregnated fibres in an uncured state), also referred to herein as a laminate element (7).
- the prepreg (7) is laminated onto a mould (1) surface, placed in a vacuum environment, pressure applied to the laminate (3) and heated through a cycle to result in curing of the resin.
- the component produced is then removed from the mould and machined to final shape. See Figure 1.
- a male mould tool (1) is used to define the inner profile of the frame (5).
- a female tool may also be used.
- No more that 4 layers or 0.5 mm stacked thickness of prepreg (7) layers are laminated on to the mould tool (1) to the required configuration (fibre orientation).
- a sealing bag is then attached to or wholly encompasses the mould tool (1) and all atmosphere is drawn from the 'vacuum bag' in order to evacuate the laminated assembly.
- the assembly is left in this evacuated state for 30 minutes. This is known as a 'debulking' procedure and is repeated every 4 additional layers or every additional 0.5mm, whichever is soonest. It acts to consolidate the assembly.
- inserts may be used. These are in the form of separately consolidated prepreg (8) assemblies, either layered or rolled in construction. See Figure 2.
- the prepreg layers (7) are staggered to increase the thickness gradually from one area to another. Such stacks are then covered by no less that one final layer to embody them within the bulk of the laminate (3), i.e. none being visible on any surface.
- a consolidation tool be it rubber, elastomer, metallic or composite is placed on the component surface. Breather and bleeder materials are used in the vacuum bag assembly and the final, curing vacuum bag is applied and sealed. Thermocouples are strategically placed, particularly near areas of largest thickness, within the assembly. The assembly is then placed in an autoclave and cured.
- the curing cycle consists of initially attaining full vacuum in the vacuum bag (full vacuum equating to no less than 0.85 atmospheres). Once achieved the autoclave is then pressurised, typically to lOOpsi, but no less that 60psi. On reaching no less than 40psi the vacuum bag is vented to atmosphere. The autoclave is heated at a target of 2°C/minute up to 120°C, starting with the autoclave pressurisation process. The temperature is then maintained at 120°C for no less than 30 minutes. This is in order to avoid 'exotherm', self heating of the component by the exothermic energy produced by the cross-linking action of the matrix material.
- thermocouples sense early exothermic activities and the autoclave temperature cycle is modified by the autoclave control systems to reduce as appropriate, the energy input into the assembly.
- the cure cycle 'dwell' is complete the assembly is heated to the final curing temperature, typically 180°C, where it is held until the component is cured, typically for 1-2 hours.
- the component is then cured to room temperature over a period of no less than 1 hour but typically taking several hours.
- each frame (5) must firstly be machined from the single tube-like moulding.
- the component is painted and graticules marked using standard techniques.
- the mould tool (1) is cleaned and releasing wax or other treatment applied such that the component can be readily removed from the mould (1) post curing.
- the mould tool (1) must be split in order to facilitate removal of the component post cure, or else it must have expanding components which shrink upon cooling (such as elastomeric tooling) to aid release of the cured laminate (3) such as elastomeric tooling.
- a female tool can be used, but consolidation difficulties may occur. This can be overcome with use of an expanding male insert.
- the laminates (7) are laid so that no single laminate (7) forms greater than half of the component circumference. This is to put joints in to the laminate assembly (3) which aids consolidation during the cure cycle. Such 'joints (i.e. an overlap of one laminate (7) with the next) must be no less than 10mm and are generally placed in areas of maximum component thickness.
- the laminate (7) may be unidirectional or woven, i.e. the fibres may all align, or be of a woven form. Once laid successively to a predetermined orientation the frame strength and stiffness is determined in accordance with standard techniques.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE60225120T DE60225120T2 (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2002-02-27 | PATIENT FRAME MANUFACTURED FROM COMPOSITE MATERIAL |
EP02701430A EP1363549B1 (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2002-02-27 | Patient frame constructed from composite material |
JP2002569010A JP4299001B2 (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2002-02-27 | Patient frame made of composite material |
US10/469,729 US8226651B2 (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2002-02-27 | Patient frame constructed from composite material |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0105317A GB2372706B (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2001-03-02 | Frame |
GB0105317.2 | 2001-03-02 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002069827A1 true WO2002069827A1 (en) | 2002-09-12 |
Family
ID=9909934
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB2002/000856 WO2002069827A1 (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2002-02-27 | Patient frame constructed from composite material |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8226651B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1363549B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4299001B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1292718C (en) |
AT (1) | ATE386471T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE60225120T2 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2372706B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002069827A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1522266A1 (en) * | 2003-10-06 | 2005-04-13 | Stryker Trauma SA | External fixation elements |
GB0702601D0 (en) * | 2007-02-09 | 2007-03-21 | Airbus Uk Ltd | Method and apparatus for curing a thermosetting material |
US8282636B2 (en) | 2009-08-10 | 2012-10-09 | Imds Corporation | Orthopedic external fixator and method of use |
DE102011086453A1 (en) * | 2011-11-16 | 2013-05-16 | Wobben Properties Gmbh | Heating device for repair or production of components of a wind turbine and parts thereof and wind turbine |
US9554869B1 (en) | 2016-01-08 | 2017-01-31 | Eped Inc. | Bite tray having fiducial markers for head scan registration and method of use |
PT3333535T (en) * | 2016-01-14 | 2019-02-05 | Everbright Innovations Ltd | Method of measuring the internal volume of an object |
CN105943047B (en) * | 2016-05-31 | 2019-07-19 | 上海联影医疗科技有限公司 | A kind of Medical Devices and its aperture inner wall |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3895896A (en) * | 1972-11-03 | 1975-07-22 | Pultrusions Corp | Apparatus for pultruding hollow objects |
US4612930A (en) * | 1985-03-19 | 1986-09-23 | Bremer Paul W | Head fixation apparatus including crown and skull pin |
US4747400A (en) * | 1984-04-26 | 1988-05-31 | Harrington Arthritis Research Center | External fixation device |
US5302170A (en) * | 1991-01-04 | 1994-04-12 | The Jerome Group, Inc. | External fixation system for the neck |
US5643268A (en) * | 1994-09-27 | 1997-07-01 | Brainlab Med. Computersysteme Gmbh | Fixation pin for fixing a reference system to bony structures |
DE10013409C1 (en) * | 2000-03-17 | 2000-11-23 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Vacuum injection process for manufacturing fiber reinforced composite products involves evacuating second chamber causing resin to flow into preform in adjacent evacuated first chamber |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3876607A (en) * | 1972-09-13 | 1975-04-08 | John B Snell | Epoxy compositions |
US4269759A (en) * | 1979-08-01 | 1981-05-26 | Celanese Corporation | 3,3'-Tetraglycidylsulfonyldianiline thermosetting compositions and polybutadiene rubber modified thermosetting compositions prepared from the same |
US4706665A (en) * | 1984-12-17 | 1987-11-17 | Gouda Kasim I | Frame for stereotactic surgery |
DE3613006A1 (en) * | 1985-04-17 | 1986-10-23 | Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Inc., Tokio/Tokyo | Rigid resin form |
GB8728150D0 (en) * | 1987-12-02 | 1988-01-06 | Inst Of Neurology Queen Square | Head fixation apparatus |
CN1050676A (en) * | 1990-11-03 | 1991-04-17 | 中国人民解放军南京军区福州总医院 | Universal directional multifunctional three dimensional direction finder for brain |
US5337760A (en) * | 1992-11-25 | 1994-08-16 | Nichols Thomas K | Head holder for brain tomography |
SE502723C2 (en) * | 1993-06-15 | 1995-12-18 | Elekta Instr Ab | Stereotactic instrument |
JP2000012428A (en) * | 1998-06-19 | 2000-01-14 | Canon Inc | X-ray mask body structure, method and device for x-ray aligner using the x-ray mask body structure and producing method for semiconductor device using the x-ray mask body structure |
US6419636B1 (en) * | 1998-10-02 | 2002-07-16 | David Ernest Young | System for thermometry-based breast assessment including cancer risk |
WO2000066338A1 (en) * | 1999-04-28 | 2000-11-09 | Kunhyung Co., Ltd. | Fiber reinforced epoxy resin product and method for the manufacture thereof |
DE10029694A1 (en) * | 2000-06-16 | 2001-12-20 | Basf Ag | Use of radically-produced polymers, including block copolymers, in a very wide range of applications, eg coatings, toners, cosmetics, detergents, ink-jets, adhesives, moldings, films and fibers |
-
2001
- 2001-03-02 GB GB0105317A patent/GB2372706B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-02-27 JP JP2002569010A patent/JP4299001B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-27 EP EP02701430A patent/EP1363549B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-27 US US10/469,729 patent/US8226651B2/en active Active
- 2002-02-27 DE DE60225120T patent/DE60225120T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-27 WO PCT/GB2002/000856 patent/WO2002069827A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-02-27 AT AT02701430T patent/ATE386471T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-02-27 CN CNB028058615A patent/CN1292718C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3895896A (en) * | 1972-11-03 | 1975-07-22 | Pultrusions Corp | Apparatus for pultruding hollow objects |
US4747400A (en) * | 1984-04-26 | 1988-05-31 | Harrington Arthritis Research Center | External fixation device |
US4612930A (en) * | 1985-03-19 | 1986-09-23 | Bremer Paul W | Head fixation apparatus including crown and skull pin |
US5302170A (en) * | 1991-01-04 | 1994-04-12 | The Jerome Group, Inc. | External fixation system for the neck |
US5643268A (en) * | 1994-09-27 | 1997-07-01 | Brainlab Med. Computersysteme Gmbh | Fixation pin for fixing a reference system to bony structures |
DE10013409C1 (en) * | 2000-03-17 | 2000-11-23 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Vacuum injection process for manufacturing fiber reinforced composite products involves evacuating second chamber causing resin to flow into preform in adjacent evacuated first chamber |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE60225120T2 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
US8226651B2 (en) | 2012-07-24 |
JP4299001B2 (en) | 2009-07-22 |
CN1292718C (en) | 2007-01-03 |
ATE386471T1 (en) | 2008-03-15 |
JP2004529685A (en) | 2004-09-30 |
GB2372706A (en) | 2002-09-04 |
DE60225120D1 (en) | 2008-04-03 |
EP1363549A1 (en) | 2003-11-26 |
EP1363549B1 (en) | 2008-02-20 |
GB0105317D0 (en) | 2001-04-18 |
CN1494400A (en) | 2004-05-05 |
GB2372706B (en) | 2005-08-17 |
US20040116925A1 (en) | 2004-06-17 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP5531371B2 (en) | Support parts for use in magnetic resonance and X-ray image processing | |
AU2005283072B2 (en) | Method and device for registration and immobilization | |
US6198961B1 (en) | Interventional radio frequency coil assembly for magnetic resonance (MR) guided neurosurgery | |
EP1363549B1 (en) | Patient frame constructed from composite material | |
CA2227275A1 (en) | Versatile stereotactic device and methods of use | |
GB2409279A (en) | A coolant cooled rf body coil and a manufacturing method therefore | |
WO1998055018A9 (en) | Versatile stereotactic device and methods of use | |
EP2750597B1 (en) | Rt table top filler | |
Paštyková et al. | Assessment of MR stereotactic imaging and image co-registration accuracy for 3 different MR scanners by 3 different methods/phantoms: phantom and patient study | |
WO2015105747A1 (en) | Radiofrequency compatible and x-ray translucent carbon fiber and hybrid carbon fiber structures | |
Huang et al. | MRI-guided robot intervention—current state-of-the-art and new challenges | |
US20160067527A1 (en) | Focused ultrasound system for small bore imaging | |
Cardona | A MRI compatible concentric tube continuum robot with pneumatic actuation | |
Gunderman et al. | Towards MR-Guided Robotic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation: Aiming Device Design and Ex Vivo Ovine Head Trial | |
US11540740B2 (en) | System and method for fabricating electromagnetic field enhancing objects for magnetic resonance imaging | |
CN220344962U (en) | Human body fixing device and radiotherapy equipment | |
Arnolli et al. | A precision system for computed tomography-guided needle placement in the thorax and abdomen—technical design and performance analysis | |
Rousseau et al. | A frameless stereotaxic localisation system using MRI, CT and DSA | |
EP3405260B1 (en) | Absorbing device for radiotherapy | |
AU2011224101A1 (en) | Method and Device for Registration and Immobilization |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ OM PH PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VN YU ZA ZM ZW |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
DFPE | Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101) | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2002701430 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 028058615 Country of ref document: CN Ref document number: 2002569010 Country of ref document: JP |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 2002701430 Country of ref document: EP |
|
REG | Reference to national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: 8642 |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 10469729 Country of ref document: US |
|
WWG | Wipo information: grant in national office |
Ref document number: 2002701430 Country of ref document: EP |