WO2002098804A1 - System zur herstellung von ultrareinem wasser mit laborqualität - Google Patents
System zur herstellung von ultrareinem wasser mit laborqualität Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002098804A1 WO2002098804A1 PCT/EP2001/014085 EP0114085W WO02098804A1 WO 2002098804 A1 WO2002098804 A1 WO 2002098804A1 EP 0114085 W EP0114085 W EP 0114085W WO 02098804 A1 WO02098804 A1 WO 02098804A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- activated carbon
- chamber
- water
- media
- acid
- Prior art date
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 154
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 159
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 31
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 claims description 24
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 20
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- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910021642 ultra pure water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012498 ultrapure water Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001297 Zn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011294 coal tar pitch Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
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- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
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- 239000012500 ion exchange media Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 16
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 12
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- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 10
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
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- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 8
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- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 7
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002242 deionisation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002957 persistent organic pollutant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002158 endotoxin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZXQYGBMAQZUVMI-GCMPRSNUSA-N gamma-cyhalothrin Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@@H](\C=C(/Cl)C(F)(F)F)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@H](C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 ZXQYGBMAQZUVMI-GCMPRSNUSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000011045 prefiltration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 description 2
- GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical compound [Na]OP1(=O)OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])O1 GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004696 Poly ether ether ketone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920012266 Poly(ether sulfone) PES Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011001 backwashing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003385 bacteriostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002802 bituminous coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000008280 chlorinated hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000249 desinfective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000816 ethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002070 germicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003077 lignite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006008 lipopolysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003956 methylamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012264 purified product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004007 reversed phase HPLC Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- MKWYFZFMAMBPQK-UHFFFAOYSA-J sodium feredetate Chemical compound [Na+].[Fe+3].[O-]C(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O MKWYFZFMAMBPQK-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F9/20—Portable or detachable small-scale multistage treatment devices, e.g. point of use or laboratory water purification systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
- C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
- C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/42—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/444—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by ultrafiltration or microfiltration
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/70—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by reduction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/02—Non-contaminated water, e.g. for industrial water supply
- C02F2103/04—Non-contaminated water, e.g. for industrial water supply for obtaining ultra-pure water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/002—Construction details of the apparatus
- C02F2201/006—Cartridges
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/05—Conductivity or salinity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/20—Total organic carbon [TOC]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S210/00—Liquid purification or separation
- Y10S210/90—Ultra pure water, e.g. conductivity water
Definitions
- a minority of contaminants in drinking water include organic pollutants that typically do not carry ionic charges. Accordingly, such organic pollutants are not measurable in the same way as organic contaminants.
- a preferred level of total organic content (TOC) in laboratory grade ultrapure water is no more than a few parts per billion (ppb).
- the present invention encompasses a system for the production of laboratory grade ultrapure water, which is a unique combination of cleaning media contained in a series of double housings, preferably associated with ultraviolet (UV) and ultrafiltration (UF) treatment, and a new arrangement of the distribution, of solenoid valves, control valves and sensor devices.
- UV ultraviolet
- UPF ultrafiltration
- Figures 1 to 4 are schematic representations showing four exemplary embodiments of the invention.
- Figures 5 to 7 are perspective, cross-sectional and exploded views of the preferred housings for receiving the cleaning media used in the system of the invention.
- the system is designed to work with feed water that comes from a safe source of drinking water that has been further treated by reverse osmosis (RO), distillation, or electrical (EDI) or conventional deionization (DI).
- the entry water should come from a source that complies with the US Environmental Protection Agency National Primary Drinking Water Regulations or comparable standards of the European Union or Japan.
- the system can be operated directly with potable tap water at sources that contain no more than 500 parts per million (ppm) total dissolved solids as calcium carbonate equivalents, this water, the total level of organic carbon (TOC) over 1.5 ppm, may require additional pretreatment with activated carbon and / or filtration.
- ppm parts per million
- TOC total level of organic carbon
- the preferred housings for accommodating the cleaning media comprise at least two double housings, each double housing having two adjacent chambers which are separated by a common wall in such a way that the chambers are in fluid communication with one another, the flow being from the top to the bottom ,
- Such dual housings are shown in Figures 5 through 7 and are disclosed in greater detail in commonly assigned US Application No. 09 / 733,770, filed December 8, 2000, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- FIG. 5 to 7 show a two-chamber media housing 1, which comprises a housing body 10 with an upper end cap 12 and bottom end cap 14.
- the end caps 12 and 14 are preferably provided with reinforcing ribs 30.
- the upper end cap 12 is provided with a fluid inlet opening 18 and a fluid outlet opening 28.
- the upper end cap 12 may also be provided with a locking hub 13 and receiving hubs 131 for securing an intake and exhaust valve assembly (not shown), which is the subject of commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application No. 09 / 733,588, issued December 8 Was submitted in 2000.
- Housing body 10 and end caps 12 and 14 may be made of any suitable material, such as 316 or 316L stainless steel or thermoplastic polymers, the latter being preferred; and the three components can be secured together by suitable means; in the case of a thermoplastic polymer, the three components are preferably welded together.
- suitable materials include polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, fluorinated ethylene / perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer and polyether ether ketone.
- the housing body 12 comprises a first chamber 20 and a second chamber 24, which are connected to one another by a common wall 20-24. Both ends of both the first chamber 20 and the second chamber 24 are equipped with porous sieves, which serve both as a pre-filter for large particles and also to retain filtration and / or adsorption media, the sieves fitting into these receiving recesses 17, which are embedded in the housing body wall 11 and the common wall 30-24.
- the porous screens or screens in the double housing can be constructed from the same material types as the double housing.
- the fluid that is to be filtered or otherwise treated with media such as activated carbon, ion exchange media or other treatment materials enters through the fluid inlet opening 18 in the upper end cap 12, flows down through the porous strainer 16 and the first chamber 20, then after down through the media contained in the first chamber 20, through the lower screen 16, then meets the flow collector 21 of the first chamber, which carries the permeate from the first chamber up through the collection chamber 22 of the first chamber to the top of the second Chamber 24 leads.
- the fluid permeate from the first chamber meets the flow distributor 23 of the second chamber, which causes the flow to be distributed to be evenly distributed downward through the porous screen 16 and the media of the second chamber 24.
- the permeate flows through sieve 16 and meets the flow collector 25 of the second chamber, which leads the fluid permeate upward through the permeate collection chamber 26 of the second chamber and out through permeate outlet opening 28.
- cleaning media The use of five types of cleaning media is preferred: (1) redox media; (2) acid-washed, bituminous activated carbon; (3) high energy bitumen quality activated carbon or coconut shell activated carbon washed with acid; (4) mixed bed ion exchange resins with semiconductor quality and (5) catalytic activated carbon with a maximum peroxide number of 14.
- the water runs down through all cleaning media to prevent fluidization and separation of the media based on a different particle density. Based on the volume of each chamber in the double housings, virtually any percentage of any of these media that according to the impurities in the feed water. Details of preferred aspects of these cleaning media, including preferred volume percentages used with typical entries, are discussed below in connection with the system shown in FIG. 1.
- the preferred redox media include a granulated Zn / Cu alloy commercially available as KDF 55 from KDF Fluid Treatment, Ine, of Three Rivers, Michigan. Such redox media are designed to remove or reduce free chloride and water soluble heavy metals while providing control of bacteria and algae that may be present in the feed water.
- the redox reaction reduces free chlorides in the feed water to chloride ions, which are removed downstream by the ion exchange resin. Bacteria and other microorganisms are killed by the production of peroxides and free hydroxyl radicals, which are formed as water flows through the media.
- catalytic carbon is added downstream of the redox media to remove the peroxides generated by the media.
- the heavy metal is removed by electrochemical deposition of the heavy metal types on the redox media, while the heavy metal types are in contact with the media.
- the preferred amount of the redox media used in the double chamber housings according to the invention is 1 to 10 vol%, particularly preferably 8 vol% of the contents of a single chamber of the double chamber housings, preferably based on a flow rate of up to 2.5 l / min (0.6 gpm) 1.5 l / min (0.36 gpm).
- Such redox media provide a number of significant advantages, particularly in a laboratory water treatment device, over conventional treatment arrangements.
- the redox media can effectively remove up to 10 to 20 times the capacity of activated carbon typically used for chlorine removal.
- Water supplied by RO systems or distillation systems typically uses a reservoir to hold the treated water.
- Storage containers can provide an important environment for the growth of bacteria and algae due to the stale nature of the vessels. These vessels are usually forgotten or ignored when cleaning and disinfecting.
- a central ion exchange system can also be a source of bacterial contamination that can be transported to the location of the water purification system.
- the redox media When used as the first or one of the first cleaning media in contact with the feed water, the redox media provide bacteriostatic protection at the inlet to the system so that the potential for bacterial contamination of the other downstream cleaning media is reduced. This is a particular advantage for a water product at the point of use, which comes from the feed water that is supplied from a reservoir or from a central ion exchange system.
- As the amount of bacteria is reduced the amount of bacterial endotoxins released in the system is also reduced.
- the requirements for the system's ultrafiltration and final filtration devices are also reduced.
- the redox media In addition to the electrochemical deposition of the heavy metal ions, the redox media also react with divalent cations that can be found in the feed water sources, which causes the ions to precipitate. Heavy metals are chemically bound to the redox media. Divalent cations are precipitated as particles. Depending on the size, the particles can remain suspended or fall out of solution. In this case, the particles can physically accumulate on the media, coal or filters, which prevents water contact and clogs or clogs the media or filter. dirty. Because of the generally low level of heavy metals and divalent cations in the majority of the preferred feed water sources mentioned above, periodic backwashing of the redox media should not be necessary.
- a small amount of "sacrificial" activated carbon can be added upstream of the redox media to To protect the redox media from organic pollution.
- Such activated carbon is "willing to sacrifice” in the sense that it is contaminated by organic substances in order to protect the redox media from organic pollution.
- a high organic carbon load in an entry water source coats the redox media and prevents water contact, which reduces the redox activity; Activated carbon upstream prevents this event.
- the preferred activated carbon for protecting the redox media consists of acid washed, granular activated carbon with bitumen quality, 20 x 50 US mesh size, commercially available from Bamebey & Sutcliffe Corp. in Columbus, Ohio.
- Bitumen quality and other coal-based activated carbons contain a higher degree of larger pore sizes (macropores) that can be better used to remove larger molecular weight organic compounds typically found in drinking water or other high-TOC sources.
- Another preferred cleaning medium is a granular activated carbon specifically designed to remove ozone and low molecular weight organic compounds, including organic acids, preferably (i) high energy bitumen quality activated carbon or (ii) acid washed coconut shell activated carbon, wherein the latter is preferred.
- An example of (i) is Calgon Fitrasorb 600, which is currently used for curative purposes in the removal of low molecular weight organic carbons.
- the Filtrasorb 600 product is only available with a 12 x 40 mesh size.
- Activated carbon media based on coconut shell have been used to remove low molecular weight organic carbon contaminants from water.
- Activated carbons based on coconut shells contain a higher proportion of small pores or micropores, which are important for the removal of organic compounds with a low molecular weight and trace amounts of organic compounds.
- a preferred example of (ii) is 20 x 50 mesh and is available from Barnebey & Sutcliffe Corp. commercially available in Columbus, Ohio.
- Such cleaning media are preferably present in an amount which is between 20 and 80 vol% of the capacity of a single chamber of the double-chamber housing, particularly preferably between 25 and 75 vol%, based on the flow rate mentioned above.
- the feed water will contain a reduced amount of low molecular weight organic carbon.
- RO membranes have a molecular weight retention between 200 and 300 daltons. This generally shows that product water from an RO system contains only about 0.1% of the organic compounds from the feed water source with a molecular weight of or above 200 Daltons. If present, the majority of organic compounds with a molecular weight below 200 daltons will pass through the membrane.
- distilled water will generally only contain organic compounds with a boiling point that is less than or equal to that of water (100 ° C).
- DI water will typically also contain low molecular weight organic carbon compounds due to the pretreatment arrangements and the ability of ion exchange resins to absorb large molecular weight organic pollutants.
- DI water from large central systems systems or service exchange systems occasionally produce noticeable amounts of organic carbon with variable molecular weights and must therefore be monitored more closely for organic contamination than product water from other pretreatment processes because of the sensitivity of the ion exchange resins to oxidation and pretreatment breakthrough.
- Distilled, RO and DI water typically contain levels of organic carbon at ppb or mg / l level. Drinking water normally contains levels of organic carbon at the ppm or mg / l level.
- DI water, although normally containing low molecular weight organic compounds can be problematic. Therefore, it is preferred that sacrificial carbon be provided before the redox media, e.g. B. is shown in Fig. 2.
- newly installed water pretreatment systems can be a source of higher molecular weight organic carbon compounds that are dissolved or suspended in the water stream from the water supply that supplies the water. These compounds can be release lubricants, plasticizers, soldering fluxes, and plastic polymers of the line. These potential pollutants in new installations usually decrease over time. This pollution potential would further recommend the use of sacrificial carbon to protect the redox media.
- Other preferred media consist of high-purity mixed bed ion exchange resin with semiconductor quality.
- This resin comprises chemically equivalent amounts of 40 vol% resin from strong acid cations proportionally mixed with 60 vol% resin from weak base anions.
- the preferred material is commercially available as lonac NM60-SG mixed bed ion exchange resin from Sybron Chemicals of Birmingham, New Jersey.
- This medium is designed to remove substantially all of the ionic pollutants derived from the entry water source and from the ions released by the activated carbon and / or catalytic media located upstream in the system.
- the preferred amount of such mixed bed resin media is generally between 40 and 100% based on the total capacity of a single chamber of the double chamber housing and at the same flow rate mentioned above.
- Such an ion exchange resin can produce water with a specific resistance of 18.2 megohm-cm, corrected to 25 ° C, with trace amounts of easily extractable outflow of organic carbon that separates from the resin.
- Such ion exchange resin media are preferably located in the second chamber of the first double housing A of FIG. 1 and preferably form 100% of the volume in this chamber for most expected applications. This bed also provides a significant portion of the total ion exchange capacity of the system.
- UV ultraviolet radiation
- a fourth bed of catalytic activated carbon is preferably used as the first medium, which is contacted in the second double-chamber housing B from FIG. 1 , used.
- the catalytic activated carbon is designed to remove hydrogen peroxide, thereby protecting the downstream ion exchange resin from oxidation.
- the preferred form of this medium is on 20 x 50 mesh bitumen material which comprises a mixture of oxidized and calcined bituminous coal or coal tar pitch described in U.S. Patent No. 5,356,849, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the medium is commercially available as Centaur® from Calgon Carbon Corporation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- the medium preferably shows a maximum peroxide number of 14.
- the peroxide number is a measure of how quickly the medium breaks down hydrogen peroxide.
- conventional bitumen-based activated carbon shows a peroxide number of 40
- an activated carbon based on lignite shows a peroxide number of 60
- the preferred amount of such a catalytic activated carbon medium is 15 to 30% by volume, particularly preferably 16.6 to 25% by volume, based on the total volume of a single chamber of the double housing and the same flow rate mentioned above.
- the products of the reaction of the catalytic carbon medium and peroxide are water and oxygen, the amount of oxygen generated being stoichiometric to the amount of peroxide destroyed.
- the oxygen produced is forced into solution under the system's preferred operating pressure of 15 psig, but is partially adsorbed by downstream activated carbon media.
- the water moves from the outlet of the first double-chamber housing A to a UV reactor chamber 46 made of 316 L stainless steel.
- the reactor chamber 46 contains a low pressure, high power ultraviolet (UV) lamp which is connected to an electronic ballast.
- the diameter of the UV lamp and the stainless steel chamber are designed so that a thin layer of water is formed between the lamp and the inner chamber wall. This forces the water very close to the UV lamp, resulting in efficient use of the radiation.
- the UV lamp is designed for high power radiation with 185 nm wavelength to reduce the total organic carbon in the water. A substantial part of the emitted radiation is also emitted in the 254 nm range, which provides a germicidal effect in the reaction chamber. This will further reduce the number of viable microbes in the system in addition to the microbial control described for the KDF media.
- the UV reactor is commercially available from Trojan Technologies Ine in Ontario, Canada.
- Water from the UV chamber has a reduced specific resistance due to the production of carbon dioxide due to the oxidation of the organic substances in the chamber.
- the water from the chamber also contains trace amounts of peroxide and ozone due to the effect of UV radiation on oxygen dissolved in water.
- Some intermediate organic acids can incomplete oxidation of organic material may also be present in the reaction chamber.
- the oxidation reaction of organic compounds in water by UV radiation with wavelengths in the 185 nm range is complicated. Extreme technical descriptions of the process of organic destruction by UV oxidation confirm that the main reactants are free hydroxyl radicals that are generated in the reaction chamber.
- the hydroxyl radicals react with organic compounds to form carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which is removed by ion exchange. Hydroxyl radicals that are not consumed during the reaction with organic compounds form hydrogen peroxide.
- FIGS. 1 to 4 represent four exemplary systems, the same letters and numbers relating to the same elements.
- 1 illustrates a basic system configuration for cleaning each of the preferred feed water mentioned above.
- Water from the feed source 40 enters pump 44 via pressure regulator 42, which is preferably maintained at 15 ⁇ 2 psig, then enters the top of chamber 1 of the first double housing A, flows down through the media from chamber 1 and up through the collecting space a ', then down through the media into chamber 2, then leaves chamber 2 through collecting space a ".
- the water is preferably fed to UV reactor 46, where it is exposed to UV light, and then to the top of chamber 1 of the second double housing B, whereupon it flows down through the media of this chamber 1 Upper side of chamber 2 flows through collecting space b ', down through the media from chamber 2 of the double housing B and leaves the housing via collecting space b ".
- the preferred media in the double housings A and B in FIGS. 1 to 4 are identified by the numbers 1 to 5 as follows:
- FIG. 2 illustrates a system that is particularly suitable for the treatment of tap water and water from DI and EDI sources
- FIG. 3 shows a system that is suitable for the treatment of distilled and RO sources
- FIG 4 represents a system that mainly uses ion exchange media and no UV treatment and allows high capacity or high volume throughput.
- the combination of materials shown in Fig. 4 gives the largest volume of ion exchange resin, which consequently gives the largest ion exchange capacity.
- the arrangement shown in Fig. 4 is best used when high ion exchange capacity is extremely desirable for the application and higher TOC values in the effluent are of little or no concern.
- UV is not used due to the lack of treatment with catalytic carbon and activated carbon downstream of the preferred UV site. With this type of treatment, UV would damage the resin in the second double cartridge pack due to the formation of peroxides and / or ozone.
- the present invention contemplates the use of more than two double housings and that if so it is preferred to add them in such a way that they are in series with double housings A and B. and that the flow occurs downstream through the additional media contained therein.
- the treated water is optionally preferably passed through ultrafilter (UF) shut-off / flushing valve 48 and ultrafilter 49.
- Ultrafilter is in fluid communication with UF purge valve 50 and control valve 51 through return line 70 to prevent untreated feed water from flowing back, and finally in communication with pressure regulator 42 and pump 44 for another treatment cycle if required.
- the treated water flows through a resistivity cell 52, where the specific resistance of the water is determined.
- Pressure regulator 42 has four openings, namely inlet inlet 40, an outlet to pump 44 and two inlet openings for return lines 70 and 80 via control valves 51 and 57, respectively.
- Entry inlet 40 provides pressure regulation for the other openings and only then allows water to enter when ultrapure water is withdrawn from the system.
- Recirculated water from the concentrate and permeate from ultrafilter 49 supplies pump 44 when no water is removed from the system.
- the water is passed to the distribution valve 54 and then through the final filter 55 and outlet 56.
- the outlet of the filter is outlet 56 of the system.
- Distribution valve 54 enables untreated treated water to be fed into the system via return line 80. to recycle, whereby the backflow of untreated feed water is prevented by control valve 57.
- the TOC levels of the treated water are monitored by TOC sensor 62, which is in fluid communication with a pre-filter 60.
- the bed of catalytic activated carbon media is preferably followed by another bed of acid-washed coconut shell activated carbon with 20 x 50 mesh (mesh) for removing ozone and organic acids that can be generated in the UV reaction chamber.
- This is preferably followed by another bed of high-purity mixed bed ion exchange resin with semiconductor quality.
- This medium forms the remaining volume of the first chamber in the second double housing B and supplies the system with additional ion exchange capacity, while at the same time removing all carbon dioxide generated by the UV treatment and also ionic material which is detached from the activated carbon.
- Water leaving the bottom of the first chamber of the second double housing B goes up to the top of the second chamber in the second double housing, where it preferably encounters another bed of acid-washed coconut shell activated carbon with 20 x 50 mesh count, the trace amounts organic compounds such as sulfonated styrene, methylamines and chlorinated hydrocarbons, which can be eluted from the upstream ion exchange resin.
- a bed medium reduces the amount of organic pollutants that are present in the feed water at the beginning and during the life of the system.
- the preferred final media bed is made of high purity mixed bed ion exchange resin with semiconductor quality. This bed ensures that the water leaving the last of the double housings has a resistivity of at least 18.2 megohm at 25 ° C with an extremely low TOC in the ppb range.
- a three-way solenoid valve or shut-off valve 48 is arranged downstream of the second double housing B and before the ultrafilter 49, which is used to initially flush the double housing after it has been installed. Water enters valve 48 at inlet (i) and exits via outlet (ii) and flows to the inlet of ultrafilter 49 during normal operation. When new dual media enclosures A and B are installed, outlet (ii) is closed and outlet (iii) is opened for draining.
- Shut-off valve 48 is only activated when flushing a freshly loaded double housing is desired. Under normal operating conditions, the valve allows water to reach ultrafilter 49 and system outlet 56. The purging process is provided upstream of ultrafilter 49 to prevent air and initial rinse water from entering the ultrafilter housing. Because of the ultrafilter's fairly low molecular weight retention ( ⁇ 30 daltons), it is preferred that the initial rinse water and air that would otherwise enter the ultrafilter housing be removed prior to contacting the ultrafilter membrane.
- Some polyether sulfone (PES) ultrafilter membranes are typically supplied in a pre-moistened condition to facilitate fluid flow. When the membranes become dry, the flow is reduced or completely stopped.
- a number of potential pollutants in ultrafilter 49 can increase the time required for the water to reach the desired purity level of 18.2 megahm.
- potential pollutants include trapped air, particles of organic carbon compounds and charged ion exchange particles.
- Organic carbon compounds can adhere to the membranes and cause a premature breakthrough of the pollutants, which increases the TOC of the product water.
- Charged ion exchange particles can also stick to the membranes. Poor quality water from the initial water volume leaving the last double chamber housing can introduce ionic pollutants into the ultrafilter housing, membranes and membrane spacers, which also increases the time to reach a purity level of 18.2 megahertm.
- hollow fiber membranes are not as sensitive as spiral convoluted membranes against problems associated with air contact due to the wetting agents typically used to initiate water permeation, they are nevertheless still of the above potential for particulate, organic and ionic pollutants typically found during the initial commissioning of the cleaning system are determined.
- the three-way solenoid or shutoff valve 48 is preferably formed from an inert material such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polypropylene (PP), or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PP polypropylene
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- a preferred shut-off valve 48 is No. AS2036-S36, available from Precision Dynamics of New England, Connecticut.
- a two-way valve made of the same materials and attached to a T-coupling built into the flow path would also suffice as long as the dead volume created by the coupling is minimized, preferably to no more than six times the inside diameter the flow path line.
- Preferred valves are the solenoid activated valves, which are normally closed, such as those in which one opening is normally open while a second opening is normally closed (three-way) or those in which the valve is normally closed (two-way). All such valves are preferably not turned on before being opened, which minimizes the heat generated by the energy required to open the valve. In contrast, a significant amount of heat would be generated in the system if the valve were continuously energized.
- Ultrafilter 49 is located downstream of the shutoff / purge valve 48 and is used to separate gram negative bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) and other organic molecules.
- ultrafilter 49 can consist of hollow fiber membranes or spiral wound membranes commonly used in the water purification industry. Ultrafilters are typically operated as cross-flow filters, with feed water along the upstream side of the membrane surface to form a concentrate or discharge opening, where it finally flows out of the ultrafilter housing as a concentrate stream. In a spiral wound ultrafiltration membrane, water flowing tangentially through the spiral membrane is collected in a central tube and leaves the housing as product water, commonly referred to as permeate.
- Hollow fiber ultrafilters contain many hollow fibers that allow the water to pass from the inlet of the housing to the concentrate outlet, typically from the lumen or inside of the fibers to the outside and parallel to the fibers. Water is forced tangentially out of each fiber to the permeate side of the membrane.
- the concentrate flow is typically throttled to create a pressure differential that forces the water to the permeate side of the membrane. This throttling can be accomplished with control valve 51 having a cracking pressure of 5 psig or greater that back pressure the flow of water through ultrafilter 49.
- the concentrate flow is about 10% of the total volume of water supplied to the filter ,
- both concentrate and permeate flows are circulated into the system via lines 70 and 80, respectively.
- the concentrate flow can be controlled by means of control valve 51 or by a pressure relief valve or a throttle (not shown, but arranged in the same relative position).
- Concentrate water is returned to the suction side of the system pump 44 via pressure regulator 42 for circulation.
- a magnetically activated UF concentrate flush valve 50 is preferably arranged in the concentrate stream 70, which takes into account periodic high-flow flushing of the concentrate stream for draining. This is done once every 24 to 48 hours to help clean the upstream side of the ultrafilter membranes.
- a preferred purge valve 50 is No. B20371-S2 from Precision Dynamics in New England, Connecticut.
- Resistivity cell 52 Downstream of ultrafilter 49 there is preferably a resistivity cell 52, which is preferably made of the same inert material mentioned above.
- a sensor in the resistivity cell 52 is used to monitor the specific resistance and / or the electrical conductivity of the water, with the temperature standardized to 25 ° C.
- Resistivity cell 52 is connected to a meter controller that indicates the resistivity or conductivity of the water in the system.
- the sensor is preferably equipped with the ability to switch off the temperature correction characteristic in order to enable the specific resistance or the conductivity to be monitored directly via the electronic control of the system.
- the temperature is optionally displayed.
- Water leaving the resistivity cell 52 travels a short distance to a tapping or distribution valve 54 for tapping the purified water with a resistivity of at least 18.2 megohm ⁇ cm at 25 ° C and with a low TOC content.
- the diverting valve 54 is preferably a three-way valve that closes or throttles the flow downstream of the valve when it is opened to withdraw purified water, thereby creating a one-way path for the water that prevents it from returning to the System flows.
- a preferred distribution valve 54 is No. PCT42-14-2 from Entegris Inc. of Chaska, Minnesota.
- a final filter 55 is arranged, which preferably comprises a polyether sulfone membrane (PES membrane), which is located in a polypropylene housing (PP housing).
- PES membrane polyether sulfone membrane
- PP housing polypropylene housing
- Outlet 56 coincides with the outlet of the final filter 55 and preferably contains a bell housing to prevent airborne contamination.
- valve 54 With the system in normal operation and with the distribution valve 54 closed, the water flows through valve 54 to its downstream side and from there via return line 80 back to the suction side of pump 44 by pressure. regulator 42.
- a control valve 57 is disposed between the distribution valve 54 and the suction side of pump 44 to prevent entry water contamination from reaching the distribution valve 54. Control valves 51 and 57 also provide overpressure in the system to promote laminar flow.
- the return line 80 is closed or throttled to force the water to the final filter 55 and outlet 56.
- a TOC sensor for online TOC analysis is provided downstream of the distribution valve 54. This enables the user to monitor TOC and / or TOC development in the purified water produced by the system. By providing a connection to a TOC meter at this point, it can be expected that TOC will be monitored based on the worst case for the system since it is the narrowest point at the point of use and the purified water will provide the largest surface area of the system components before Has contacted removal. In addition, by arranging the TOC sensor at this point, the product water can be prevented from being contaminated by the analyzer if a failure should occur. Any dead zone volume, even the smallest, is eliminated upstream from the point of withdrawal.
- the TOC sample is obtained by a sampling mechanism, preferably in the form of a three-way T-valve, which allows small amounts of water to flow to the TOC sensor 62 for analysis, and which is preferably made of PVDF or PTFE.
- a preferred three-way T valve for this purpose is Parker Hannifin Corp. No. F4TU4. in Ravenna, Ohio.
- a connector is provided that allows connection to a small syringe-like filter 60. Without the use of filter 60, TOC sensor 62 is subject to operational interference from particles and bacteria in the water treatment system.
- Filter 60 is preferably applied with a pore diameter of up to 0.45 micrometers and designed in such a way that particles and bacteria are separated from the water before the water enters the TOC sensor 62.
- the filter is preferably made of PP and PES. However, it has been shown that filters made of polycarbonate and PES or polymade, PVDF and PES or PP and cellulose acetate (CA) are acceptable. (It should be noted that CA filter material may tend to lose more particulates and wetting agent when installed, and therefore requires additional flushing prior to installation and during use.) In addition, fiber optic filtration devices are useful. If filter 60 is of similar construction to filter 55, which is placed in front of outlet 56, the TOC analysis results better reflect what is to be expected from the system outlet.
- a preferred type of filter 60 is the Luer lock syringe type. However, similar small filters that use the National Pip Thread (NPT), hose barb, or other plumbing mechanism are sufficient. Such filters need not be limited to 0.2 or 0.45 micron pore size if a larger pore size has shown that it is sufficient for the intended application.
- NPT National Pip Thread
- a water purification system with essentially the same arrangement shown in Figure 2 was constructed and evaluated using RO entry water.
- the RO system consisted of a double membrane unit with activated carbon and pleated filter pretreatment.
- the RO product water had a resistivity of 85 to 150 Kohnrcm at 25 ° C and a TOC content of 0.5 to 0.8 ppm and was contained in a 40 liter pressure vessel that gave the cleaning system water at about 55 psig delivered over polyethylene pipes.
- the tap water system consisted of a Trojan Technologies UV reaction chamber 46 and a hollow fiber ultrafilter 49, which comprises a polycarbonate housing, a polyurethane embedding and polyamide S hollow fiber membranes.
- Water entering the system flowed through a pressure regulator 42 set at 15 ⁇ 2 psig to a diaphragm pump 44 which pressurized the feed water to 35 psig for delivery to the system.
- Water leaving pump 44 entered the first dual housing A for treatment before flowing to the UV reactor chamber 46.
- Water leaving the UV reactor chamber 46 entered the second double housing B for treatment.
- Water leaking from the second double housing B was drained for approximately 20 minutes for flushing via shut-off / flush valve 48 (Precision Dynamics # AS2036-536) located upstream of ultrafilter 49, indicating a 5 bed volume flush the double case A and B, or just over a 10 bed volume of the ion exchange resin purge in the double case.
- purge valve 50 was closed and water was purged for a further 5 minutes via manifold valve 54 to pressurize the system for normal operation and to aid in purging any remaining air from the system.
- Water flowing to distribution valve 54 also passed through a cell container that contained a conductivity / resistivity cell 52 connected to a meter. Water on the concentrate side of ultrafilter 49 was allowed to flow back to pressure regulator 42.
- a 10 psi control valve 51 located in concentrate stream 70 provided back pressure against ultrafilter 49, allowing the system pressure water to flow to the ultrafiltration module for the final rinse.
- manifold valve 54 was closed, allowing water to be returned to pressure regulator 42 via line 80 in the circuit.
- Diverter valve 54 shut off the flow of water in line 80 downstream of valve 54 when valve 54 was opened to withdraw purified water, thereby preventing product water from being diverted during withdrawal.
- the recirculation line 80 contained a control valve 57, which was sized at 0.5 psig, which helps to balance the system flow during the recycle and provides some back pressure to the system to promote the laminar flow.
- a pre-wetted with detergent 0.2 micrometer PES membrane filter 55 (Sartorius Sartopore ® SP2-150) was attached to the distribution valve 54 by 1/4-NPT Irich. This filter was rinsed with 8 to 10 liters of system water to remove the wetting agents. At this point, treated water was allowed to return to the system for one hour while monitoring the water's resistance using a Thornton 200CR meter and a 0.1 constant cell calibrated to the standards of the National Institute of Standards and Technology , After about 20 minutes of circulation, the specific resistance of the purified water was 18.03 to 18.12 Megohnvcm, corrected to 25 ° C. Various short interim drops below 18.0 megohm were observed. After one hour of circulation, the resistivity stabilizes at about 18.0 megohm.
- the outlet of the same 0.2 micron PES filter used with distribution valve 54 was attached via Teflon tubing to a Sievers Model 800 TOV analyzer for online TOC analysis and the analyzer with water at approximately 3 psig powered.
- the TOC analysis was carried out over several hours in accordance with the device regulations and was between 13.0 and 18.0 ppb. At this point the system was put into a standby mode, turning the system off for 45 minutes and circulating water for 15 minutes every hour.
- the TOC analyzer was separated from the sampling system for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the level of organic compounds in the purified water.
- the water input into the system was switched to municipal tap water. Approximately 10 liters of water flowed out of the system to ensure that the system hold volume was replaced with tap water.
- the tap water had a specific resistance of 4.1 to 4.6 Kohrrvcm.
- Tap water TOC levels ranged from 1.3 to 1.8 ppm. Free chlorine levels ranged from 0.20 to 0.28 ppm.
- the system ran for several days with tap water entry and it was found that the resistivity of the system's purified product water ranged from 18.0 to 18.2 megohms, the TOC was less than 5.0 ppb, and no detectable free Chlorine was found.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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US09/872,664 US6579445B2 (en) | 2001-06-01 | 2001-06-01 | System for the production of laboratory grade ultrapure water |
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- 2001-12-03 WO PCT/EP2001/014085 patent/WO2002098804A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE10196530D2 (de) | 2004-04-15 |
DE10196530B4 (de) | 2015-03-26 |
US6579445B2 (en) | 2003-06-17 |
CN1269746C (zh) | 2006-08-16 |
CN1507419A (zh) | 2004-06-23 |
US20020179508A1 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
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