WO2003010329A2 - Nucleic acid-associated proteins - Google Patents

Abstract

Various embodiments of the invention provide human nucleicacid-associated proteins (NAAP) and polynucleotides which identify and encode NAAP. Embodiments of the invention also provide expression vectors, host cells, antibodies, agonists, and antagonists. Other embodiments provide methods for diagnosing, treating, or preventing disorders associated with aberrant expression of NAAP.

Description

NUCLEIC ACID-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to novel nucleic acids, nucleic acid-associated proteins encoded by these nucleic acids, and to the use of these nucleic acids and proteins in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cell prohferative, neurological, developmental, and autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, and infections. The invention also relates to the assessment of the effects of exogenous compounds on the expression of nucleic acids and nucleic acid-associated proteins.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Multicellular organisms are comprised of diverse cell types that differ dramatically both in structure and function. The identity of a cell is determined by its characteristic pattern of gene expression, and different cell types express overlapping but distinctive sets of genes throughout development. Spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression is critical for the control of cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and other processes that contribute to organismal development. Furthermore, gene expression is regulated in response to extracellular signals that mediate cell-cell communication and coordinate the activities of different cell types. Appropriate gene regulation also ensures that cells function efficiently by expressing only those genes whose functions are required at a given time. Transcription Factors

Transcriptional regulatory proteins are essential for the control of gene expression. Some of these proteins function as transcription factors that initiate, activate, repress, or terminate gene transcription. Transcription factors generally bind to the promoter, enhancer, and upstream regulatory regions of a gene in a sequence-specific manner, although some factors bind regulatory elements within or downstream of a gene coding region. Transcription factors may bind to a specific region of DNA singly or as a complex with other accessory factors. (Reviewed in Lewin, B. (1990)

Genes IV, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, and Cell Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 554-570.)

The double helix structure and repeated sequences of DNA create topological and chemical features which can be recognized by transcription factors. These features are hydrogen bond donor and acceptor groups, hydrophobic patches, major and minor grooves, and regular, repeated stretches of sequence which induce distinct bends in the helix. Typically, transcription factors recognize specific DNA sequence motifs of about 20 nucleotides in length. Multiple, adjacent transcription factor-binding motifs may be required for gene regulation.

Many transcription factors incorporate DNA-binding structural motifs which comprise either a helices or β sheets that bind to the major groove of DNA. Four well-characterized structural motifs are helix-turn-helix, zinc finger, leucine zipper, and helix-loop-helix. Proteins containing these motifs may act alone as monomers, or they may form homo- or heterodimers that interact with DNA.

The helix-turn-helix motif consists of two α helices connected at a fixed angle by a short chain of amino acids. One of the helices binds to the major groove. Helix-turn-helix motifs are exemplified by the homeobox motif which is present in homeodomain proteins. These proteins are critical for specifying the anterior-posterior body axis during development and are conserved throughout the animal kingdom. The Antennapedia and Ultrabithorax proteins of Drosophila melanogaster are prototypical homeodomain proteins. (Pabo, CO. and R.T. Sauer (1992) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 61: 1053-1095.) The zinc finger motif, which binds zinc ions, generally contains tandem repeats of about 30 amino acids consisting of periodically spaced cysteine and histidine residues. Examples of this sequence pattern, designated C2H2 and C3HC4 ("RING" finger), have been described. (Lewin, supra.) Zinc finger proteins each contain an α helix and an antiparallel β sheet whose proximity and conformation are maintained by the zinc ion. Contact with DNA is made by the arginine preceding the helix and by the second, third, and sixth residues of the α helix. Variants of the zinc finger motif include poorly defined cysteine-rich motifs which bind zinc or other metal ions. These motifs may not contain histidine residues and are generally nonrepetitive. The zinc finger motif may be repeated in a tandem array within a protein, such that the α helix of each zinc finger in the protein makes contact with the major groove of the DNA double helix. This repeated contact between the protein and the DNA produces a strong and specific DNA-protein interaction. The strength and specificity of the interaction can be regulated by the number of zinc finger motifs within the protein. Though originally identified in DNA-binding proteins as regions that interact directly with DNA, zinc fingers occur in a variety of proteins that do not bind DNA (Lodish, H. et al. (1995) Molecular Cell Biology, Scientific American Books, New York, NY, pp. 447-451). For example, Galcheva-Gargova, Z. et al. (1996) Science 272:1797-1802) have identified zinc finger proteins that interact with various cytokine receptors.

The C2H2-type zinc finger signature motif contains a 28 amino acid sequence, including 2 conserved Cys and 2 conserved His residues in a C-2-C-12-H-3-H type motif. The motif generally occurs in multiple tandem repeats. A cysteine-rich domain including the motif Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHC-CRD) has been identified as a distinct subgroup of zinc finger proteins. The DHHC-CRD region has been implicated in growth and development. One DHHC-CRD mutant shows defective function of Ras, a small membrane-associated GTP-binding protein that regulates cell growth and differentiation, while other DHHC-CRD proteins probably function in pathways not involving Ras (Bartels, DJ. et al. (1999) Mol. Cell Biol. 19:6775-6787). Zinc-finger transcription factors are often accompanied by modular sequence motifs such as the Kruppel-associated box (KRAB) and the SCAN domain. For example, the hypoalphalipoproteinemia susceptibility gene ZNF202 encodes a SCAN box and a KRAB domain followed by eight C2H2 zinc-finger motifs (Honer, C. et al. (2001) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1517:441-448). The SCAN domain is a highly conserved, leucine-rich motif of approximately 60 amino acids found at the amino-terminal end of zinc finger transcription factors. SCAN domains are most often linked to C2H2 zinc finger motifs through their carboxyl-terminal end. Biochemical binding studies have established the SCAN domain as a selective hetero- and homotypic oligomerization domain. SCAN domain-mediated protein complexes may function to modulate the biological function of transcription factors (Schumacher, C. et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275: 17173- 17179).

The KRAB (Kruppel-associated box) domain is a conserved amino acid sequence spanning approximately 75 amino acids and is found in almost one-third of the 300 to 700 genes encoding C2H2 zinc fingers. The KRAB domain is found N-terminally with respect to the finger repeats. The KRAB domain is generally encoded by two exons; the KRAB-A region or box is encoded by one exon and the KRAB-B region or box is encoded by a second exon. The function of the KRAB domain is the repression of transcription. Transcription repression is accomplished by recruitment of either the KRAB-associated protein-1, a transcriptional corepressor, or the KRAB-A interacting protein. Proteins containing the KRAB domain are likely to play a regulatory role during development (Williams, A.J. et al. (1999) Mol. Cell Biol. 19:8526-8535). A subgroup of highly related human KRAB zinc finger proteins detectable in all human tissues is highly expressed in human T lymphoid cells (Bellefroid, E.J. et al. (1993) EMBO J. 12: 1363-1374). The ZNF85 KRAB zinc finger gene, a member of the human ZNF91 family, is highly expressed in normal adult testis, in seminomas, and in the NT2/D1 teratocarcinoma cell line (Poncelet, D.A. et al. (1998) DNA Cell Biol.17:931-943). Kruppel-associated box-containing zinc finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs) repress transcription by functional interaction with the corepressor KRAB-associated protein-1 (KAP-1). Additional zinc finger-associated proteins include the sprouty (SPRY) protein, which was first identified in a genetic screen in Drosophila. SPRY proteins are classified by virtue of their characteristic cysteine-rich residues located in their carboxyl termini (Wong, E.S.M., et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276:5866-5875). Zinc-binding B-box motifs are located within the B30.2-like domain, constituting a diverse family of proteins (Seto, M.H., et al. (1999) Proteins 35:235-249). The functions of these domains include regulation of cell growth and differentiation. The SPRY domain has been identified as a subdomain within the B30.2-like domain (Torok, M. and Etkin, L.D. (2001) Differentiation 67:63-71). The B-box domain itself is involved in growth control and transcriptional regulation. These genes possess several conserved motifs that always include a B-box zinc binding motif associated with various other motifs such as the RING zinc finger. The RING finger domain is a zinc-binding Cys-His protein motif found in various proteins involved in signal transduction, gene transcription, differentiation, and morphogenesis. A RING-B-box-coiled-coil (RBCC) subclass of RING-finger proteins contains an NH₂-terminal RING-finger followed by either single or multiple additional B-box zinc finger domains (Spencer, J.A., et al. (2000) J. Cell Biol. 150:771-784). Several RBCC proteins have been implicated in oncogenesis. The RET finger protein (RFP) also belongs to the B-box zinc finger protein family. RFPs possess a tripartite motif consisting of a RING finger, a B-box finger, and a coiled-coil domain. RFP may become oncogenic when its tripartite motif becomes fused with the tyrosine kinase domain of the RET protein (Tezel, G., et al. (1999) Pathol. Int. 49:881-886). The C4 motif is found in hormone-regulated proteins. The C4 motif generally includes only 2 repeats. A number of eukaryotic and viral proteins contain a conserved cysteine-rich domain of 40 to 60 residues (called C3HC4 zinc-finger or RING finger) that binds two atoms of zinc, and is probably involved in mediating protein-protein interactions. The 3D "cross-brace" structure of the zinc ligation system is unique to the RING domain. The spacing of the cysteines in such a domain is C-x(2)-C-x(9 to 39)-C-x( 1 to 3)-H-x(2 to3)-C-x(2)-C-x(4 to 48)-C-x(2)-C. The PHD finger is a

C4HC3 zinc-finger-like motif found in nuclear proteins thought to be involved in chromatin-mediated transcriptional regulation.

GATA-type transcription factors contain one or two zinc finger domains which bind specifically to a region of DNA that contains the consecutive nucleotide sequence GATA. NMR studies indicate that the zinc finger comprises two irregular anti-parallel β sheets and an a helix, followed by a long loop to the C-terminal end of the finger (Ominchinski, J.G. (1993) Science 261:438-446). The helix and the loop connecting the two β-sheets contact the major groove of the DNA, while the C-terminal part, which determines the specificity of binding, wraps around into the minor groove. The LIM motif consists of about 60 amino acid residues and contains seven conserved cysteine residues and a histidine within a consensus sequence (Schmeichel, K.L. and Beckerle, M.C. (1994) Cell 79:211-219). The LIM family includes transcription factors and cytoskeletal proteins which may be involved in development, differentiation, and cell growth. One example is actin- binding LIM protein, which may play roles in regulation of the cytoskeleton and cellular moφhogenesis (Roof, D.J. et al. (1997) J. Cell Biol. 138:575-588). The N-terminal domain of actin- binding LIM protein has four double zinc finger motifs with the LIM consensus sequence. The C- terminal domain of actin-binding LIM protein shows sequence similarity to known actin-binding proteins such as dematin and villin. Actin-binding LIM protein binds to F-actin through its dematin- like C-terminal domain. The LIM domain may mediate protein-protein interactions with other LIM- binding proteins. Myeloid cell development is controlled by tissue-specific transcription factors. Myeloid zinc finger proteins (MZF) include MZF-1 and MZF-2. MZF-1 functions in regulation of the development of neutrophilic granulocytes. A murine homolog MZF-2 is expressed in myeloid cells, .particularly in the cells committed to the neutrophilic lineage. MZF-2 is down-regulated by G-CSF and appears to have a unique function in neutrophil development (Murai, K. et al. (1997) Genes Cells 2:581-591).

The leucine zipper motif comprises a stretch of amino acids rich in leucine which can form an amphipathic a helix. This structure provides the basis for dimerization of two leucine zipper proteins. The region adjacent to the leucine zipper is usually basic, and upon protein dimerization, is optimally positioned for binding to the major groove. Proteins containing such motifs are generally referred to as bZIP transcription factors. The leucine zipper motif is found in the proto-oncogenes Fos and Jun, which comprise the heterodimeric transcription factor API involved in cell growth and the determination of cell lineage (Papavassiliou, A.G. (1995) N. Engl. J. Med. 332:45-47).

The helix-loop-helix motif (HLH) consists of a short helix connected by a loop to a longer α helix. The loop is flexible and allows the two helices to fold back against each other and to bind to DNA. The transcription factor Myc contains a prototypical HLH motif.

The NF-kappa-B/Rel signature defines a family of eukaryotic transcription factors involved in oncogenesis, embryonic development, differentiation and immune response. Most transcription factors containing the Rel homology domain (RHD) bind as dimers to a consensus DNA sequence motif termed kappa-B. Members of the Rel family share a highly conserved 300 amino acid domain termed the Rel homology domain. The characteristic Rel C-terminal domain is involved in gene activation and cytoplasmic anchoring functions. Proteins known to contain the RHD domain include vertebrate nuclear factor NF-kappa-B, which is a heterodimer of a DNA-binding subunit and the transcription factor p65, mammalian transcription factor RelB, and vertebrate proto-oncogene c-rel, a protein associated with differentiation and lymphopoiesis (Kabrun, N. and Enrietto, P.J. (1994) Semin. Cancer Biol. 5: 103-112).

A DNA binding motif termed ARID (AT-rich interactive domain) distinguishes an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins. The approximately 100-residue ARID sequence is present in a series of proteins strongly implicated in the regulation of cell growth, development, and tissue-specific gene expression. ARID proteins include Bright (a regulator of B-cell-specific gene expression), dead ringer (involved in development), and MRF-2 (which represses expression from the cytomegalovirus enhancer) (Dallas, P.B. et al. (2000) Mol. Cell Biol. 20:3137-3146).

The ELM2 (Egl-27 and MTA1 homology 2) domain is found in metastasis-associated protein MTA1 and protein ER1. The Caenorhabditis elegans gene egl-27 is required for embryonic patterning MTA1, a human gene with elevated expression in metastatic carcinomas, is a component of a protein complex with histone deacetylase and nucleosome remodelling activities (Solari, F. et al. (1999) Development 126:2483-2494). The ELM2 domain is usually found to the N terminus of a myb-like DNA binding domain. ELM2 is also found associated with an ARID DNA.

RE1 silencing transcription factor/neural -restrictive silencing factor (REST) mediates repression of neural-specific genes, including ion channels, neurotransmitters, synaptic proteins and cell-adhesion molecules in nonneural tissues. CoREST was identified in a yeast two-hybrid screen as a corepressor of REST (Andres, M.E. et al. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:9873-9878). Human CoREST is 525 amino acids in length and contains two SANT domains separated by 191 amino acids. The SANT domains are similar to the DNA-binding domains of myb oncoproteins. CoREST is required together with REST for repression of the type II sodium channel promoter in nonneural tissues.

Ubinuclein is a nuclear protein that interacts with viral and cellular transcription factors (Aho, S. et al. (2000) J. Cell Biol. 148:1165-1176). Ubinuclein is a basic protein of 1134 amino acids, rich in serine and lysine residues. It also contains five acidic regions that alternate with stretches of basic residues. Ubinuclein directly binds to a basic domain of EB1, a transcription factor of the Epstein-Barr virus. EB 1 belongs to the bZIP family of nuclear proteins and controls genes involved in the initiation of the lytic cycle of Epstein-Barr virus in human epithelial keratinocytes. Ubinuclein also interacts with the c-Jun transcription factor.

The Iroquois (Irx) family of genes are found in nematodes, insects and vertebrates. Irx genes usually occur in one or two genomic clusters of three genes each and encode transcriptional controllers that possess a characteristic homeodomain. The Irx genes function early in development to specify the identity of diverse territories of the body. Later in development in both Drosophila and vertebrates, the Irx genes function again to subdivide those territories into smaller domains. (For a review of Iroquois genes, see Cavodeassi, F. et al. (2001) Development 128:2847-2855.) For example, mouse and human Irx4 proteins are 83% conserved and their 63-aa homeodomain is more than 93% identical to that of the Drosophila Iroquois patterning genes. Irx4 transcripts are predominantly expressed in the cardiac ventricles. The homeobox gene Irx4 mediates ventricular differentiation during cardiac development (Bruneau, B.G. et al. (2000) Dev. Biol. 217:266-77).

Histidine triad (HIT) proteins share residues in distinctive dimeric, 10-stranded half-barrel structures that form two identical purine nucleotide-binding sites. Hint (histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein)-related proteins, found in all forms of life, and fragile histidine triad (Fhit)-related proteins, found in animals and fungi, represent the two main branches of the HIT superfamily. Fhit homologs bind and cleave diadenosine polyphosphates. Fhit-Ap(n)A complexes appear to function in a proapoptotic tumor suppression pathway in epithelial tissues (Brenner C. et al. (1999) J. Cell Physiol.181: 179-187). The kelch repeat is an approximately 50 amino acid motif which is repeated in tandem between 5-7 times in a given kelch repeat protein. This protein was first identified in the Drosophila mutant of the same name (Robinson, D.N. et al. (1994) Development 120:2015-2025). Kelch proteins can form structures called canal rings. Kelch domains organize these structures by associating with the ring canal actin filaments and cross-linking them by dimerization through the BTB domain (Robinson, D.N. and Cooley, L. (1997) Development 124: 1405-1417). Basonuclin is an additional example of a zinc finger protein. This protein is expressed in keratinocytes and reproductive germ cells of the testis and ovary, and is associated with cellular maturation and prohferative ability (Iuchi, S. and Green, H. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:9628-9632; Tseng, H. et al. (1999) Differentiation 65:221-227). Serum response factor (SRF) is a transcription factor that binds a number of growth factor-inducible and muscle-specific promoters. RSRF (related to SRF) proteins bind DNA as dimers and can dimerize with one another but not with SRF. Although the RSRF mRNAs are expressed in many cell types, RSRFR2 mRNA is expressed at elevated levels in several B-cell lines. Oligonucleotides containing RSRF-binding sites function as promoter elements in transfection assays. Like SRF-binding sites, RSRF-binding sites are found in the regulatory sequences of a number of growth factor-inducible and muscle-specific genes (Pollock, R. and Treisman, R. (1991) Genes Dev. 5:2327-2341).

Most transcription factors contain characteristic DNA binding motifs, and variations on the above motifs and new motifs have been and are currently being characterized. (Faisst, S. and S. Meyer (1992) Nucleic Acids Res. 20:3-26.) These include the forkhead motif, found in transcription factors involved in development and oncogenesis (Hacker, U. et al. (1995) EMBO J. 14:5306-5317).

Monocyte nuclear factor (MNF) is a member of the forkhead/winged-helix family of transcription factors (Yang, Q. et al. (1997) Mol Cell. Biol. 17:5236-5243). MNF is 110 amino acids in length and contains an N-terminal forkhead-associated (FHA) domain at its N-terminus and a forkhead-like domain in the middle of the protein. It is expressed selectively in cardiac and skeletal muscle precursor cells during embryonic development. Two isoforms of MNF exist in striated myocytes, MNF-α and MNF-β. MNF-α is expressed in proliferating, undifferentiated myoblasts, whereas MNF-β is up-regulated during myogenic differentiation and cell cycle arrest. MNF may play roles in muscle development and regeneration. Chromatin Associated Proteins

In the nucleus, DNA is packaged into chromatin, the compact organization of which limits the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors and plays a key role in gene regulation. (Lewin, supra, pp. 409-410.) The compact structure of chromatin is determined and influenced by chromatin- associated proteins such as the histones, the high mobility group (HMG) proteins, and the chromodomain proteins. There are five classes of histones, HI, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, all of which are highly basic, low molecular weight proteins. The fundamental unit of chromatin, the nucleosome, consists of 200 base pairs of DNA associated with two copies each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. HI links adjacent nucleosomes. HMG proteins are low molecular weight, non-histone proteins that may play a role in unwinding DNA and stabilizing single-stranded DNA. Chromodomain proteins play a key role in the formation of highly compacted heterochromatin, which is transcriptionally silent. During mitosis, all DNA is compacted into heterochromatin and transcription ceases. Transcription in inteφhase begins with the activation of a region of chromatin. Active chromatin is decondensed. Decondensation appears to be accompanied by changes in the binding coefficient, phosphorylation, and acetylation states of chromatin histones. HMG proteins HMG13 and HMG17 selectively bind activated chromatin. Topoisomerases remove superhelical tension on DNA. The activated region decondenses, allowing gene regulatory proteins and transcription factors to assemble on the DNA.

Replication of eukaryotic chromosomes is integrated into the regulation of the cell division cycle by various proteins. For example, nucleosome assembly on replicating DNA molecules requires the nuclear chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1), which mediates deposition of H3/H4 tetramers onto the DNA. Nucleosome assembly by CAF-1 depends upon reversible phosphorylation by Gl/S phase-specific cycl in-dependent protein kinase 2 and type 1 protein phosphatase (PP1), thus coupling the cell cycle machinery to DNA replication (Keller, C. and Krude, T. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275:35512-35521). The regulatory subunit of PP1, sds22, is required for the completion of mitosis in yeast. The sds22 protein contains 11 leucine-rich repeats which are believed to mediate interactions with PP1 and other proteins (Ceulemans, H. et al. (1999) Eur. J. Biochem. 262:36-42).

The regulator of chromosome condensation (RCC1) is a eukaryotic protein that binds to chromatin and acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the nuclear GTP-binding protein Ran. The loss of RCC1 results in the premature entry of cells into mitosis, suggesting that RCC1 senses the status of the chromatin and couples it to cell cycle progression through Ran (Nishijima, H. et al. (2000) Prog. Cell Cycle Res. 4:145-156).

Patterns of chromatin structure can be stably inherited, producing heritable patterns of gene expression. In mammals, one of the two X chromosomes in each female cell is inactivated by condensation to heterochromatin during zygote development. The inactive state of this chromosome is inherited, so that adult females are mosaics of clusters of paternal-X and maternal-X clonal cell groups. The condensed X chromosome is reactivated in meiosis.

Chromatin is associated with disorders of protein expression such as thalassemia, a genetic anemia resulting from the removal of the locus control region (LCR) required for decondensation of the globin gene locus. Diseases and Disorders Related to Gene Regulation Many neoplastic disorders in humans can be attributed to inappropriate gene expression. Malignant cell growth may result from either excessive expression of tumor promoting genes or insufficient expression of tumor suppressor genes. (Cleary, M.L. (1992) Cancer Surv. 15:89-104.) The zinc finger-type transcriptional regulator WT1 is a tumor-suppressor protein that is inactivated in children with Wilm's tumor. The oncogene bcl-6, which plays an important role in large-cell lymphoma, is also a zinc-finger protein (Papavassiliou, A.G. (1995) N. Engl. J. Med. 332:45-47). Chromosomal translocations may also produce chimeric loci that fuse the coding sequence of one gene with the regulatory regions of a second unrelated gene. Such an arrangement likely results in inappropriate gene transcription, potentially contributing to malignancy. In Burkitt's lymphoma, for example, the transcription factor Myc is translocated to the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, greatly enhancing Myc expression and resulting in rapid cell growth leading to leukemia (Latchman, D.S. (1996) N. Engl. J. Med. 334:28-33).

In addition, the immune system responds to infection or trauma by activating a cascade of events that coordinate the progressive selection, amplification, and mobilization of cellular defense mechanisms. A complex and balanced program of gene activation and repression is involved in this process. However, hyperactivity of the immune system as a result of improper or insufficient regulation of gene expression may result in considerable tissue or organ damage. This damage is well-documented in immunological responses associated with arthritis, allergens, heart attack, stroke, and infections. (Isselbacher et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13/e, McGraw Hill, Inc. and Teton Data Systems Software, 1996.) The causative gene for autoimmune polyendocrinopathy- candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) was recently isolated and found to encode a protein with two PHD-type zinc finger motifs (Bjorses, P. et al. (1998) Hum. Mol. Genet. 7: 1547-1553). Furthermore, the generation of multicellular organisms is based upon the induction and coordination of cell differentiation at the appropriate stages of development. Central to this process is differential gene expression, which confers the distinct identities of cells and tissues throughout the body. Failure to regulate gene expression during development could result in developmental disorders. Human developmental disorders caused by mutations in zinc finger-type transcriptional regulators include: urogenital developmental abnormalities associated with WT1; Greig cephalopolysyndactyly, Pallister-Hall syndrome, and postaxial polydactyly type A (GLI3), and Townes-B rocks syndrome, characterized by anal, renal, limb, and ear abnormalities (SALL1)

(Engelkamp, D. and V. van Heyningen (1996) Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 6:334-342; Kohlhase, J. et al. (1999) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64:435-445).

Impaired transcriptional regulation may lead to Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles containing amyloid beta peptide. These plaques are found in limbic and association cortices of the brain, including hippocampus, temporal cortices, cingulate cortex, amygdala, nucleus basalis and locus caeruleus. Early in Alzheimer's pathology, physiological changes are visible in the cingulate cortex (Minoshima, S. et al. (1997) Annals of Neurology 42:85-94). In subjects with advanced Alzheimer's disease, accumulating plaques damage the neuronal architecture in limbic areas and eventually cripple the memory process.

Zinc -finger domains and a leucine zipper motif are observed in serum SS-A/Ro autoantibodies, commonly found in patients with Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, neonatal lupus, and subacute cutaneous lupus (Chan, E.K. et al. (1991) J. Clin. Invest. 87:68-76). Human acute leukemias involve reciprocal chromosome translocations that fuse the ALL-1 gene located at chromosome region 1 lq23 to a series of partner genes positioned on a variety of human chromosomes. The fused genes encode chimeric proteins. The AF17 gene encodes a protein of 1093 amino acids, containing a leucine-zipper dimerization motif located 3' of the fusion point and a cysteine-rich domain at the N terminus that shows homology to a domain within the protein Brl40 (peregrin) (Prasad, R. et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:8107-8111). SYNTHESIS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS Polvmerases

DNA and RNA replication are critical processes for cell replication and function. DNA and RNA replication are mediated by the enzymes DNA and RNA polymerase, respectively, by a "templating" process in which the nucleotide sequence of a DNA or RNA strand is copied by complementary base-pairing into a complementary nucleic acid sequence of either DNA or RNA. However, there are fundamental differences between the two processes.

DNA polymerase catalyzes the stepwise addition of a deoxyribonucleotide to the 3'-OH end of a polynucleotide strand (the primer strand) that is paired to a second (template) strand. The new DNA strand therefore grows in the 5' to 3' direction (Alberts, B. et al. (1994) The Molecular Biology of the Cell Garland Publishing Inc., New York, NY, pp 251-254). The substrates for the polymerization reaction are the corresponding deoxynucleotide triphosphates which must base-pair with the correct nucleotide on the template strand in order to be recognized by the polymerase. Because DNA exists as a double-stranded helix, each of the two strands may serve as a template for the formation of a new complementary strand. Each of the two daughter cells of a dividing cell therefore inherits a new DNA double helix containing one old and one new strand. Thus, DNA is said to be replicated "semiconservatively" by DNA polymerase. In addition to the synthesis of new DNA, DNA polymerase is also involved in the repair of damaged DNA as discussed below under "Ligases."

In contrast to DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase uses a DNA template strand to "transcribe" DNA into RNA using ribonucleotide triphosphates as substrates. Like DNA polymerization, RNA polymerization proceeds in a 5' to 3' direction by addition of a ribonucleoside monophosphate to the 3 -OH end of a growing RNA chain. DNA transcription generates messenger RNAs (mRNA) that carry information for protein synthesis, as well as the transfer, ribosomal, and other RNAs that have structural or catalytic functions. In eukaryotes, three discrete RNA polymerases synthesize the three different types of RNA (Alberts, supra, pp. 367-368). RNA polymerase I makes the large ribosomal RNAs, RNA polymerase U makes the mRNAs that will be translated into proteins, and RNA polymerase HI makes a variety of small, stable RNAs, including 5S ribosomal RNA and the transfer RNAs (tRNA). In all cases, RNA synthesis is initiated by binding of the RNA polymerase to a promoter region on the DNA and synthesis begins at a start site within the promoter. Synthesis is completed at a stop (termination) signal in the DNA whereupon both the polymerase and the completed RNA chain are released. Ligases

DNA repair is the process by which accidental base changes, such as those produced by oxidative damage, hydrolytic attack, or uncontrolled methylation of DNA, are corrected before replication or transcription of the DNA can occur. Because of the efficiency of the DNA repair process, fewer than one in a thousand accidental base changes causes a mutation (Alberts, supra, pp. 245-249). The three steps common to most types of DNA repair are (1) excision of the damaged or altered base or nucleotide by DNA nucleases, (2) insertion of the correct nucleotide in the gap left by the excised nucleotide by DNA polymerase using the complementary strand as the template and, (3) sealing the break left between the inserted nucleotide(s) and the existing DNA strand by DNA ligase. In the last reaction, DNA ligase uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to activate the 5' end of the broken phosphodiester bond before forming the new bond with the 3 -OH of the DNA strand. In Bloom's syndrome, an inherited human disease, individuals are partially deficient in DNA ligation and consequently have an increased incidence of cancer (Alberts, supra p. 247). Nucleases

Nucleases comprise enzymes that hydrolyze both DNA (DNase) and RNA (Rnase). They serve different puφoses in nucleic acid metabolism. Nucleases hydrolyze the phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides either at internal positions (endonucleases) or at the terminal 3' or 5' nucleotide positions (exonucleases). A DNA exonuclease activity in DNA polymerase, for example, serves to remove improperly paired nucleotides attached to the 3'-OH end of the growing DNA strand by the polymerase and thereby serves a "proofreading" function. As mentioned above, DNA endonuclease activity is involved in the excision step of the DNA repair process.

RNases also serve a variety of functions. For example, RNase P is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme which cleaves the 5' end of pre-tRNAs as part of their maturation process. RNase H digests the RNA strand of an RNA/DNA hybrid. Such hybrids occur in cells invaded by retroviruses, and RNase H is an important enzyme in the retroviral replication cycle. Pancreatic RNase secreted by the pancreas into the intestine hydrolyzes RNA present in ingested foods. RNase activity in serum and cell extracts is elevated in a variety of cancers and infectious diseases (Schein, CH. (1997) Nat. Biotechnol. 15:529-536). Regulation of RNase activity is being investigated as a means to control tumor angiogenesis, allergic reactions, viral infection and replication, and fungal infections. MODIFICATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS Methylases

Methylation of specific nucleotides occurs in both DNA and RNA, and serves different functions in the two macromolecules. Methylation of cytosine residues to form 5-methyl cytosine in DNA occurs specifically in CG sequences which are base-paired with one another in the DNA double-helix. The pattern of methylation is passed from generation to generation during DNA replication by an enzyme called "maintenance methylase" that acts preferentially on those CG sequences that are base-paired with a CG sequence that is already methylated. Such methylation appears to distinguish active from inactive genes by preventing the binding of regulatory proteins that "turn on" the gene, but permiting the binding of proteins that inactivate the gene (Alberts, supra pp. 448-451). In RNA metabolism, "tRNA methylase" produces one of several nucleotide modifications in tRNA that affect the conformation and base-pairing of the molecule and facilitate the recognition of the appropriate mRNA codons by specific tRNAs. The primary methylation pattern is the dimethylation of guanine residues to form N,N-dimethyl guanine. Helicases and Single-stranded Binding Proteins

Helicases are enzymes that destabilize and unwind double helix structures in both DNA and RNA. Since DNA replication occurs more or less simultaneously on both strands, the two strands must first separate to generate a replication "fork" for DNA polymerase to act on. Two types of replication proteins contribute to this process, DNA helicases and single-stranded binding proteins. DNA helicases hydrolyze ATP and use the energy of hydrolysis to separate the DNA strands. Single- stranded binding proteins (SSBs) then bind to the exposed DNA strands, without covering the bases, thereby temporarily stabilizing them for templating by the DNA polymerase (Alberts, supra, pp. 255- 256).

RNA helicases also alter and regulate RNA conformation and secondary structure. Like the DNA helicases, RNA helicases utilize energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to destabilize and unwind RNA duplexes. The most well-characterized and ubiquitous family of RNA helicases is the DEAD- box family, so named for the conserved B-type ATP-binding motif which is diagnostic of proteins in this family. Over 40 DEAD-box helicases have been identified in organisms as diverse as bacteria, insects, yeast, amphibians, mammals, and plants. DEAD-box helicases function in diverse processes such as translation initiation, splicing, ribosome assembly, and RNA editing, transport, and stability. Examples of these RNA helicases include yeast Drsl protein, which is involved in ribosomal RNA processing; yeast TIF1 and TIF2 and mammalian eIF-4A, which are essential to the initiation of RNA translation; and human p68 antigen, which regulates cell growth and division (Ripmaster, T.L. et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 11131-11135; Chang, T.-H. et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1571-1575). These RNA helicases demonstrate strong sequence homology over a stretch of some 420 amino acids. Included among these conserved sequences are the consensus sequence for the A motif of an ATP binding protein; the "DEAD box" sequence, associated with ATPase activity; the sequence SAT, associated with the actual helicase unwinding region; and an octapeptide consensus sequence, required for RNA binding and ATP hydrolysis (Pause, A. et al. (1993) Mol. Cell Biol. 13:6789-6798). Differences outside of these conserved regions are believed to reflect differences in the functional roles of individual proteins (Chang, T.H. et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1571-1575).

Some DEAD-box helicases play tissue- and stage-specific roles in spermatogenesis and embryogenesis. Overexpression of the DEAD-box 1 protein (DDX1) may play a role in the progression of neuroblastoma (Nb) and retinoblastoma (Rb) tumors (Godbout, R. et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:21161-21168). These observations suggest that DDX1 may promote or enhance tumor progression by altering the normal secondary structure and expression levels of RNA in cancer cells. Other DEAD-box helicases have been implicated either directly or indirectly in tumorigenesis. (Discussed in Godbout, supra.) For example, murine p68 is mutated in ultraviolet light-induced tumors, and human DDX6 is located at a chromosomal breakpoint associated with B-cell lymphoma. Similarly, a chimeric protein comprised of DDX10 and NUP98, a nucleoporin protein, may be involved in the pathogenesis of certain myeloid malignancies. Topoisomerases

Besides the need to separate DNA strands prior to replication, the two strands must be "unwound" from one another prior to their separation by DNA helicases. This function is performed by proteins known as DNA topoisomerases. DNA topoisomerase effectively acts as a reversible nuclease that hydrolyzes a phosphodiesterase bond in a DNA strand, permits the two strands to rotate freely about one another to remove the strain of the helix, and then rejoins the original phosphodiester bond between the two strands. Topoisomerases are essential enzymes responsible for the topological rearrangement of DNA brought about by transcription, replication, chromatin formation, recombination, and chromosome segregation. Superhelical coils are introduced into DNA by the passage of processive enzymes such as RNA polymerase, or by the separation of DNA strands by a helicase prior to replication. Knotting and concatenation can occur in the process of DNA synthesis, storage, and repair. All topoisomerases work by breaking a phosphodiester bond in the ribose- phosphate backbone of DNA. A catalytic tyrosine residue on the enzyme makes a nucleophilic attack on the scissile phosphodiester bond, resulting in a reaction intermediate in which a covalent bond is formed between the enzyme and one end of the broken strand. A tyrosine-DNA phosphodiesterase functions in DNA repair by hydrolyzing this bond in occasional dead-end topoisomerase I-DNA intermediates (Pouliot, J.J. et al. (1999) Science 286:552-555). Two types of DNA topoisomerase exist, types I and II. Type I topoisomerases work as monomers, making a break in a single strand of DNA while type U topoisomerases, working as homodimers, cleave both strands. DNA Topoisomerase I causes a single-strand break in a DNA helix to allow the rotation of the two strands of the helix about the remaining phosphodiester bond in the opposite strand. DNA topoisomerase II causes a transient break in both strands of a DNA helix where two double helices cross over one another. This type of topoisomerase can efficiently separate two interlocked DNA circles (Alberts, supra, pp.260-262). Type π topoisomerases are largely confined to proliferating cells in eukaryotes, such as cancer cells. For this reason they are targets for anticancer drugs. Topoisomerase II has been implicated in multi-drug resistance (MDR) as it appears to aid in the repair of DNA damage inflicted by DNA binding agents such as doxorubicin and vincristine.

The topoisomerase I family includes topoisomerases I and III (topo I and topo HI). The crystal structure of human topoisomerase I suggests that rotation about the intact DNA strand is partially controlled by the enzyme. In this "controlled rotation" model, protein-DNA interactions limit the rotation, which is driven by torsional strain in the DNA (Stewart, L. et al. (1998) Science 379: 1534-1541). Structurally, topo I can be recognized by its catalytic tyrosine residue and a number of other conserved residues in the active site region. Topo I is thought to function during transcription. Two topo Ills are known in humans, and they are homologous to prokaryotic topoisomerase I, with a conserved tyrosine and active site signature specific to this family. Topo HJ has been suggested to play a role in meiotic recombination. A mouse topo III is highly expressed in testis tissue and its expression increases with the increase in the number of cells in pachytene (Seki, T. et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:28553-28556).

The topoisomerase II family includes two isozymes (not and Ilβ) encoded by different genes. Topo II cleaves double stranded DNA in a reproducible, nonrandom fashion, preferentially in an AT rich region, but the basis of cleavage site selectivity is not known. Structurally, topo II is made up of four domains, the first two of which are structurally similar and probably distantly homologous to similar domains in eukaryotic topo I. The second domain bears the catalytic tyrosine, as well as a highly conserved pentapeptide. The Uα isoform appears to be responsible for unlinking DNA during chromosome segregation. Cell lines expressing Ilα but not JJβ suggest that JJβ is dispensable in cellular processes; however, JJβ knockout mice died perinatally due to a failure in neural development. That the major abnormalities occurred in predominantly late developmental events (neurogenesis) suggests that JJβ is needed not at mitosis, but rather during DNA repair (Yang, X. et al. (2000) Science 287: 131-134).

Topoisomerases have been implicated in a number of disease states, and topoisomerase poisons have proven to be effective anti-tumor drugs for some human malignancies. Topo I is mislocalized in Fanconi's anemia, and may be involved in the chromosomal breakage seen in this disorder (Wunder, E. (1984) Hum. Genet. 68:276-281). Overexpression of a truncated topo HI in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) cells partially suppresses the A-T phenotype, probably through a dominant negative mechanism. This suggests that topo JJJ is deregulated in A-T (Fritz, E. et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4538-4542). Topo JJJ also interacts with the Bloom's Syndrome gene product, and has been suggested to have a role as a tumor suppressor (Wu, L. et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275:9636-9644). Aberrant topo U activity is often associated with cancer or increased cancer risk. Greatly lowered topo JJ activity has been found in some, but not all A-T cell lines (Mohamed, R. et al. (1987) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 149:233-238). On the other hand, topo II can break DNA in the region of the A-T gene (ATM), which controls all DNA damage-responsive cell cycle checkpoints (Kaufmann, W.K. (1998) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 217:327-334). The ability of topoisomerases to break DNA has been used as the basis of antitumor drugs. Topoisomerase poisons act by increasing the number of dead-end covalent DNA-enzyme complexes in the cell, ultimately triggering cell death pathways (Fortune, J.M. and N. Osheroff (2000) Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 64:221-253; Guichard, S.M. and M.K. Danks (1999) Curr. Opin. Oncol. 11:482-489). Antibodies against topo I are found in the serum of systemic sclerosis patients, and the levels of the antibody may be used as a marker of pulmonary involvement in the disease (Diot, E. et al. (1999) Chest 116:715-720). Finally, the DNA binding region of human topo I has been used as a DNA delivery vehicle for gene therapy (Chen, T.Y. et al. (2000) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 53:558-567). Recombinases Genetic recombination is the process of rearranging DNA sequences within an organism's genome to provide genetic variation for the organism in response to changes in the environment. DNA recombination allows variation in the particular combination of genes present in an individual's genome, as well as the timing and level of expression of these genes. (See Alberts, supra pp. 263- 273.) Two broad classes of genetic recombination are commonly recognized, general recombination and site-specific recombination. General recombination involves genetic exchange between any homologous pair of DNA sequences usually located on two copies of the same chromosome. The process is aided by enzymes, recombinases, that "nick" one strand of a DNA duplex more or less randomly and permit exchange with a complementary strand on another duplex. The process does not normally change the arrangement of genes in a chromosome. In site-specific recombination, the recombinase recognizes specific nucleotide sequences present in one or both of the recombining molecules. Base-pairing is not involved in this form of recombination and therefore it does not require DNA homology between the recombining molecules. Unlike general recombination, this form of recombination can alter the relative positions of nucleotide sequences in chromosomes. RNA METABOLISM Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a linear single-stranded polymer of four nucleotides, ATP, CTP,

UTP, and GTP. In most organisms, RNA is transcribed as a copy of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic material of the organism. In retroviruses RNA rather than DNA serves as the genetic material. RNA copies of the genetic material encode proteins or serve various structural, catalytic, or regulatory roles in organisms. RNA is classified according to its cellular localization and function. Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encode polypeptides. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are assembled, along with ribosomal proteins, into ribosomes, which are cytoplasmic particles that translate mRNA into polypeptides. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are cytosolic adaptor molecules that function in mRNA translation by recognizing both an mRNA codon and the amino acid that matches that codon. Heterogeneous nuclear RNAs (hnRNAs) include mRNA precursors and other nuclear RNAs of various sizes. Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) are a part of the nuclear spliceosome complex that removes intervening, non-coding sequences (introns) and rejoins exons in pre-mRNAs.

Proteins are associated with RNA during its transcription from DNA, RNA processing, and translation of mRNA into protein. Proteins are also associated with RNA as it is used for structural, catalytic, and regulatory puφoses. RNA Processing

Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are assembled, along with ribosomal proteins, into ribosomes, which are cytoplasmic particles that translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptides. The eukaryotic ribosome is composed of a 60S (large) subunit and a 40S (small) subunit, which together form the 80S ribosome. In addition to the 18S, 28S, 5S, and 5.8S rRNAs, ribosomes contain from 50 to over 80 different ribosomal proteins, depending on the organism. Ribosomal proteins are classified according to which subunit they belong (i.e., L, if associated with the large 60S large subunit or S if associated with the small 40S subunit). E. coli ribosomes have been the most thoroughly studied and contain 50 proteins, many of which are conserved in all life forms. The structures of nine ribosomal proteins have been solved to less than 3.0D resolution (i.e., S5, S6, S17, LI, L6, L9, L12, L14, L30), revealing common motifs, such as b-a-b protein folds in addition to acidic and basic RNA-binding motifs positioned between b-strands. Most ribosomal proteins are believed to contact rRNA directly (reviewed in Liljas, A. and Garber, M. (1995) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 5:721-727; see also Woodson, S.A. and Leontis, N.B. (1998) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 8:294-300; Ramakrishnan, V. and White, S.W. (1998) Trends Biochem. Sci. 23:208-212). Ribosomal proteins may undergo post-translational modifications or interact with other ribosome-associated proteins to regulate translation. For example, the highly homologous 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinases (S6K1 and S6K2) play a key role in the regulation of cell growth by controlling the biosynthesis of translational components which make up the protein synthetic apparatus (including the ribosomal proteins). In the case of S6K1, at least eight phosphorylation sites are believed to mediate kinase activation in a hierarchical fashion (Dufner and Thomas (1999) Exp. Cell. Res. 253:100-109). Some of the ribosomal proteins, including LI, also function as translational repressors by binding to polycistronic mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins (reviewed in Liljas, supra and Garber, supra).

Recent evidence suggests that a number of ribosomal proteins have secondary functions independent of their involvement in protein biosynthesis. These proteins function as regulators of cell proliferation and, in some instances, as inducers of cell death. For example, the expression of human ribosomal protein L13a has been shown to induce apoptosis by arresting cell growth in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Inhibition of expression of L13a induces apoptosis in target cells, which suggests that this protein is necessary, in the appropriate amount, for cell survival. Similar results have been obtained in yeast where inactivation of yeast homologues of L13a, φ22 and φ23, results in severe growth retardation and death. A closely related ribosomal protein, L7, arrests cells in Gl and also induces apoptosis. Thus, it appears that a subset of ribosomal proteins may function as cell cycle checkpoints and compose a new family of cell proliferation regulators.

Mapping of individual ribosomal proteins on the surface of intact ribosomes is accomplished using 3D immunocryoelectronmicroscopy, whereby antibodies raised against specific ribosomal proteins are visualized. Progress has been made toward the mapping of LI, L7, and L12 while the structure of the intact ribosome has been solved to only 20-25D resolution and inconsistencies exist among different crude structures (Frank, J. (1997) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 7:266-272).

Three distinct sites have been identified on the ribosome. The aminoacyl-tRNA acceptor site (A site) receives charged tRNAs (with the exception of the initiator-tRNA). The peptidyl-tRNA site (P site) binds the nascent polypeptide as the amino acid from the A site is added to the elongating chain. Deacylated tRNAs bind in the exit site (E site) prior to their release from the ribosome. The structure of the ribosome is reviewed in Stryer, L. (1995) Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York NY, pp. 888-9081; Lodish, H. et al. (1995) Molecular Cell Biology. Scientific American Books, New York NY, pp. 119-138; and Lewin, B (1997) Genes VI, Oxford University Press, Inc. New York, NY).

Various proteins are necessary for processing of transcribed RNAs in the nucleus. Pre- mRNA processing steps include capping at the 5 'end with methylguanosine, polyadenylating the 3' end, and splicing to remove introns. The primary RNA transript from DNA is a faithful copy of the gene containing both exon and intron sequences, and the latter sequences must be cut out of the RNA transcript to produce a mRNA that codes for a protein. This "splicing" of the mRNA sequence takes place in the nucleus with the aid of a large, multicomponent ribonucleoprotein complex known as a spliceosome. The spliceosomal complex is comprised of five small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) designated Ul, U2, U4, U5, and U6. Each snRNP contains a single species of snRNA and about ten proteins. The RNA components of some snRNPs recognize and base-pair with intron consensus sequences. The protein components mediate spliceosome assembly and the splicing reaction. Autoantibodies to snRNP proteins are found in the blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (Stryer, L. (1995) Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York NY, p. 863). Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) have been identified that have roles in splicing, exporting of the mature RNAs to the cytoplasm, and mRNA translation (Biamonti, G. et al. (1998) Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 16:317-326). Some examples of hnRNPs include the yeast proteins Hφlp, involved in cleavage and polyadenylation at the 3' end of the RNA; Cbp80p, involved in capping the 5' end of the RNA; and Npl3p, a homolog of mammalian hnRNP Al, involved in export of mRNA from the nucleus (Shen, E.C. et al. (1998) Genes Dev. 12:679-691). HnRNPs have been shown to be important targets of the autoimmune response in rheumatic diseases (Biamonti, supra). Many snRNP and hnRNP proteins are characterized by an RNA recognition motif (RRM). (Reviewed in Birney, E. et al. (1993) Nucleic Acids Res. 21:5803-5816.) The RRM is about 80 amino acids in length and forms four β-strands and two α-helices arranged in an α /β sandwich. The RRM contains a core RNP-1 octapeptide motif along with surrounding conserved sequences. In addition to snRNP proteins, examples of RNA-binding proteins which contain the above motifs include heteronuclear ribonucleoproteins which stabilize nascent RNA and factors which regulate alternative splicing. Alternative splicing factors include developmentally regulated proteins, specific examples of which have been identified in lower eukaryotes such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. These proteins play key roles in developmental processes such as pattern formation and sex determination, respectively. (See, for example, Hodgkin, J. et al. (1994) Development 120:3681-3689.)

The 3' ends of most eukaryote mRNAs are also posttranscriptionally modified by polyadenylation. Polyadenylation proceeds through two enzymatically distinct steps: (i) the endonucleolytic cleavage of nascent mRNAs at s-acting polyadenylation signals in the 3'-untranslated (non-coding) region and (ii) the addition of a poly(A) tract to the 5' mRNA fragment. The presence of cis-acting RNA sequences is necessary for both steps. These sequences include 5'- AAUAAA-3' located 10-30 nucleotides upstream of the cleavage site and a less well-conserved GU- or U-rich sequence element located 10-30 nucleotides downstream of the cleavage site. Cleavage stimulation factor (CstF), cleavage factor I (CF I), and cleavage factor U (CF U) are involved in the cleavage reaction while cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) and poly(A) polymerase (PAP) are necessary for both cleavage and polyadenylation. An additional enzyme, poly(A)-binding protein II (PAB JJ), promotes poly(A) tract elongation (Ruegsegger, U. et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271:6107-6113; and references within). TRANSLATION Correct translation of the genetic code depends upon each amino acid forming a linkage with the appropriate transfer RNA (tRNA). The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are essential proteins found in all living organisms. The aaRSs are responsible for the activation and correct attachment of an amino acid with its cognate tRNA, as the first step in protein biosynthesis. Prokaryotic organisms have at least twenty different types of aaRSs, one for each different amino acid, while eukaryotes usually have two aaRSs, a cytosolic form and a mitochondrial form, for each different amino acid. The 20 aaRS enzymes can be divided into two structural classes. Class I enzymes add amino acids to the 2' hydroxyl at the 3' end of tRNAs while Class II enzymes add amino acids to the 3' hydroxyl at the 3' end of tRNAs. Each class is characterized by a distinctive topology of the catalytic domain. Class I enzymes contain a catalytic domain based on the nucleotide-binding Rossman 'fold'. In particular, a consensus tetrapeptide motif is highly conserved (Prosite Document PDOC00161, Aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetases class-I signature). Class I enzymes are specific for arginine, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and valine. Class JJ enzymes contain a central catalytic domain, which consists of a seven-stranded antiparallel β-sheet domain, as well as N- and C- terminal regulatory domains. Class II enzymes are separated into two groups based on the heterodimeric or homodimeric structure of the enzyme; the latter group is further subdivided by the structure of the N- and C-terminal regulatory domains (Hartlein, M. and Cusack, S. (1995) J. Mol. Evol. 40:519-530). Class JJ enzymes are specific for alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glycine, histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, and threonine. Certain aaRSs also have editing functions. IleRS, for example, can misactivate valine to form

Val-tRNA"^e, but this product is cleared by a hydrolytic activity that destroys the mischarged product. This editing activity is located within a second catalytic site found in the connective polypeptide 1 region (CP1), a long insertion sequence within the Rossman fold domain of Class I enzymes (Schimmel, P. et al. (1998) FASEB J. 12: 1599-1609). AaRSs also play a role in tRNA processing. It has been shown that mature tRNAs are charged with their respective amino acids in the nucleus before export to the cytoplasm, and charging may serve as a quality control mechanism to insure the tRNAs are functional (Martinis, S.A. et al. (1999) EMBO J. 18:4591-4596).

Under optimal conditions, polypeptide synthesis proceeds at a rate of approximately 40 amino acid residues per second. The rate of misincoφoration during translation in on the order of 10^{" 4} and is primarily the result of aminoacyl-t-RNAs being charged with the incorrect amino acid. Incorrectly charged tRNA are toxic to cells as they result in the incoφoration of incorrect amino acid residues into an elongating polypeptide. The rate of translation is presumed to be a compromise between the optimal rate of elongation and the need for translational fidelity. Mathematical calculations predict that 10^"4 is indeed the maximum acceptable error rate for protein synthesis in a biological system (reviewed in Stryer, supra; and Watson, J. et al. (1987) The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Inc. Menlo Park, CA). A particularly error prone aminoacyl-tRNA charging event is the charging of tRNA^Gln with Gin. A mechanism exits for the correction of this mischarging event which likely has its origins in evolution. Gin was among the last of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids used in polypeptide synthesis to appear in nature. Gram positive eubacteria, cyanobacteria, Archeae, and eukaryotic organelles possess a noncanonical pathway for the synthesis of Gln-tRNA^Gln based on the transformation of Glu-tRNA^Gln (synthesized by Glu-tRNA synthetase, GluRS) using the enzyme Glu-tRNA^Gln amidotransferase (Glu-AdT). The reactions involved in the transamidation pathway are as follows (Curnow, A.W. et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Symposium 36:2-4):

GluRS _tRNA ^Gi„ _{+ Glu + ATp} _ _G]_u._tRNA^Gln + AMP + PP,

Glu-AdT Glu-tRNA^Gln + Gin + ATP -» Gln-tRNA^Gln + Glu + ADP + P A similar enzyme, Asp-tRNA^Asn amidotransferase, exists in Archaea, which transforms Asp- tRNA^Asn to Asn-tRNA^Asn. Formylase, the enzyme that transforms Met-tRNA™" to fMet-tRNA ⁶' in eubacteria, is likely to be a related enzyme. A hydrolytic activity has also been identified that destroys mischarged Val-tRNA^Ile (Schimmel, P. et al. (1998) FASEB J. 12: 1599-1609). One likely scenario for the evolution of Glu-AdT in primitive life forms is the absence of a specific glutaminyl- tRNA synthetase (GlnRS), requiring an alternative pathway for the synthesis of Gln-tRNA^Gln. In fact, deletion of the Glu-AdT operon in Gram positive bacteria is lethal (Curnow, A.W. et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 11819-11826). The existence of GluRS activity in other organisms has been inferred by the high degree of conservation in translation machinery in nature; however, GluRS has not been identified in all organisms, including Homo sapiens. Such an enzyme would be responsible for ensuring translational fidelity and reducing the synthesis of defective polypeptides.

In addition to their function in protein synthesis, specific aminoacyl tRNA synthetases also play roles in cellular fidelity, RNA splicing, RNA trafficking, apoptosis, and transcriptional and translational regulation. For example, human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase can be proteolytically cleaved into two fragments with distinct cytokine activities. The carboxy-terminal domain exhibits monocyte and leukocyte chemotaxis activity as well as stimulating production of myeloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and tissue factor. The N-terminal domain binds to the interleukin-8 type A receptor and functions as an interleukin-8-like cytokine. Human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is secreted from apoptotic tumor cells and may accelerate apoptosis (Wakasugi, K., and Schimmel, P. (1999) Science 284: 147-151). Mitochondrial Neurospora crassa TyrRS and 5. cerevisiae LeuRS are essential factors for certain group I intron splicing activities, and human mitochondrial LeuRS can substitute for the yeast LeuRS in a yeast null strain. Certain bacterial aaRSs are involved in regulating their own transcription or translation (Martinis, supra). Several aaRSs are able to synthesize diadenosine oligophosphates, a class of signalling molecules with roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (Kisselev, L.L et al. (1998) FEBS Lett. 427: 157-163; Vartanian, A. et al. (1999) FEBS Lett. 456: 175-180).

Autoantibodies against aminoacyl-tRNAs are generated by patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatic arthritis, dermatomyositis and polymyositis, and correlate strongly with complicating interstitial lung disease (ILD) (Freist, W. et al. (1999) Biol. Chem. 380:623-646; Freist, W. et al. (1996) Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 377:343-356). These antibodies appear to be generated in response to viral infection, and coxsackie virus has been used to induce experimental viral myositis in animals.

Comparison of aaRS structures between humans and pathogens has been useful in the design of novel antibiotics (Schimmel, supra). Genetically engineered aaRSs have been utilized to allow site-specific incoφoration of unnatural amino acids into proteins in vivo (Liu, D.R. et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 10092-10097). tRNA Modifications

The modified ribonucleoside, pseudouridine (ψ), is present ubiquitously in the anticodon regions of transfer RNAs (tRNAs), large and small ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). y is the most common of the modified nucleosides (i.e., other than G, A, U, and C) present in tRNAs. Only a few yeast tRNAs that are not involved in protein synthesis do not contain ψ (Cortese, R. et al. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249: 1103-1108). The enzyme responsible for the conversion of uridine to ψ, pseudouridine synthase (pseudouridylate synthase), was first isolated from Salmonella typhimurium (Arena, F. et al. (1978) Nucleic Acids Res. 5:4523-4536). The enzyme has since been isolated from a number of mammals, including steer and mice (Green, C.J. et al. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257:3045-52; and Chen, J. and Patton, J.R. (1999) RNA 5:409-419). tRNA pseudouridine synthases have been the most extensively studied members of the family. They require " a thiol donor (e.g., cysteine) and a monovalent cation (e.g., ammonia or potassium) for optimal activity. Additional cofactors or high energy molecules (e.g., ATP or GTP) are not required (Green, supra). Other eukaryotic pseudouridine synthases have been identified that appear to be specific for rRNA (reviewed in Smith, CM. and Steitz, J.A. (1997) Cell 89:669-672) and a dual-specificity enzyme has been identified that uses both tRNA and rRNA substrates (Wrzesinski, J. et al. (1995) RNA 1 : 437-448). The absence of ψ in the anticodon loop of tRNAs results in reduced growth in both bacteria (Singer, C.E. et al. (1972) Nature New Biol. 238:72-74) and yeast (Lecointe, F. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273: 1316-1323), although the genetic defect is not lethal. Another ribonucleoside modification that occurs primarily in eukaryotic cells is the conversion of guanosine to N²,N²-dimethylguanosine (m² ₂G) at position 26 or 10 at the base of the D-stem of cytosolic and mitochondrial tRNAs. This posttranscriptional modification is believed to stabilize tRNA structure by preventing the formation of alternative tRNA secondary and tertiary structures. Yeast tRNA^Asp is unusual in that it does not contain this modification. The modification does not occur in eubacteria, presumably because the structure of tRNAs in these cells and organelles is sequence constrained and does not require posttranscriptional modification to prevent the formation of alternative structures (Steinberg, S. and Cedergren, R. (1995) RNA 1:886-891, and references within). The enzyme responsible for the conversion of guanosine to m² ₂G is a 63 kDa S- adenosyl methionine (SAM)-dependent tRNA N²,N²-dimethyl-guanosine methyltransferase (also referred to as the TRM1 gene product and herein referred to as TRM) (Edqvist, J. (1995) Biochimie 77:54-61). The enzyme localizes to both the nucleus and the mitochondria (Li, J-M. et al. (1989) J. Cell Biol. 109: 1411-1419). Based on studies with TRM from Xenopus laevis, there appears to be a requirement for base pairing at positions Cl 1-G24 and G10-C25 immediately preceding the G26 to be modified, with other structural features of the tRNA also being required for the proper presentation of the G26 substrate (Edqvist. J. et al. (1992) Nucleic Acids Res. 20:6575-6581). Studies in yeast suggest that cells carrying a weak ochre tRNA suppressor (sup3-i) are unable to suppress translation termination in the absence of TRM activity, suggesting a role for TRM in modifying the frequency of suppression in eukaryotic cells (Niederberger, C. et al. (1999) FEBS Lett. 464:67-70), in addition to the more general function of ensuring the proper three-dimensional structures for tRNA. Translation Initiation

Initiation of translation can be divided into three stages. The first stage brings an initiator transfer RNA (Met-tRNA_f) together with the 40S ribosomal subunit to form the 43S preinitiation complex. The second stage binds the 43S preinitiation complex to the mRNA, followed by migration of the complex to the correct AUG initiation codon. The third stage brings the 60S ribosomal subunit to the 40S subunit to generate an 80S ribosome at the inititation codon. Regulation of translation primarily involves the first and second stage in the initiation process (V.M. Pain (1996) Eur. J. Biochem. 236:747-771).

Several initiation factors, many of which contain multiple subunits, are involved in bringing an initiator tRNA and the 40S ribosomal subunit together. eIF2, a guanine nucleotide binding protein, recruits the initiator tRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit. Only when eIF2 is bound to GTP does it associate with the initiator tRNA. eIF2B, a guanine nucleotide exchange protein, is responsible for converting eIF2 from the GDP-bound inactive form to the GTP-bound active form. Two other factors, elFlA and eIF3 bind and stabilize the 40S subunit by interacting with the 18S ribosomal RNA and specific ribosomal structural proteins. eIF3 is also involved in association of the 40S ribosomal subunit with mRNA. The Met-tRNA_f, elFIA, eDF3, and 40S ribosomal subunit together make up the 43S preinitiation complex (Pain, supra).

Additional factors are required for binding of the 43S preinitiation complex to an mRNA molecule, and the process is regulated at several levels. eIF4F is a complex consisting of three proteins: eIF4E, eIF4A, and eIF4G. eIF4E recognizes and binds to the mRNA 5 -terminal m⁷GTP cap, eIF4A is a bidirectional RNA-dependent helicase, and eIF4G is a scaffolding polypeptide. eIF4G has three binding domains. The N-terminal third of eIF4G interacts with eJP4E, the central third interacts with eJF4A, and the C-terminal third interacts with eJF3 bound to the 43S preinitiation complex. Thus, eIF4G acts as a bridge between the 40S ribosomal subunit and the mRNA (M.W. Hentze (1997) Science 275:500-501). The ability of eJF4F to initiate binding of the 43S preinitiation complex is regulated by structural features of the mRNA. The mRNA molecule has an untranslated region (UTR) between the 5 'cap and the AUG start codon. In some mRNAs this region forms secondary structures that impede binding of the 43S preinitiation complex. The helicase activity of eIF4A is thought to function in removing this secondary structure to facilitate binding of the 43S preinitiation complex (Pain, supra).

Translation Elongation

Elongation is the process whereby additional amino acids are joined to the initiator methionine to form the complete polypeptide chain. The elongation factors EFl α, EFl β γ, and EF2 are involved in elongating the polypeptide chain following initiation. EFl α is a GTP-binding protein. In EFl α's GTP-bound form, it brings an aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome' s A site. The amino acid attached to the newly arrived aminoacyl-tRNA forms a peptide bond with the initiatior methionine. The GTP on EFl α is hydrolyzed to GDP, and EFl α -GDP dissociates from the ribosome. EFl β γ binds EFl a -GDP and induces the dissociation of GDP from EFl α, allowing EFl α to bind GTP and a new cycle to begin. As subsequent aminoacyl-tRNAs are brought to the ribosome, EF-G, another GTP-binding protein, catalyzes the translocation of tRNAs from the A site to the P site and finally to the E site of the ribosome. This allows the ribosome and the mRNA to remain attached during translation. Translation Termination

The release factor eRF carries out termination of translation. eRF recognizes stop codons in the mRNA, leading to the release of the polypeptide chain from the ribosome. Expression profiling

Microarrays are analytical tools used in bioanalysis. A microarray has a plurality of molecules spatially distributed over, and stably associated with, the surface of a solid support. Microarrays of polypeptides, polynucleotides, and/or antibodies have been developed and find use in a variety of applications, such as gene sequencing, monitoring gene expression, gene mapping, bacterial identification, drug discovery, and combinatorial chemistry.

One area in particular in which microarrays find use is in gene expression analysis. Array technology can provide a simple way to explore the expression of a single polymoφhic gene or the expression profile of a large number of related or unrelated genes. When the expression of a single gene is examined, arrays are employed to detect the expression of a specific gene or its variants. When an expression profile is examined, arrays provide a platform for identifying genes that are tissue specific, are affected by a substance being tested in a toxicology assay, are part of a signaling cascade, carry out housekeeping functions, or are specifically related to a particular genetic predisposition, condition, disease, or disorder.

There are more than 180,000 new cases of breast cancer diagnosed each year, and the mortality rate for breast cancer approaches 10% of all deaths in females between the ages of 45-54 (K. Gish (1999) AWIS Magazine 28:7-10). However the survival rate based on early diagnosis of localized breast cancer is extremely high (97%), compared with the advanced stage of the disease in which the tumor has spread beyond the breast (22%). Current procedures for clinical breast examination are lacking in sensitivity and specificity, and efforts are underway to develop comprehensive gene expression profiles for breast cancer that may be used in conjunction with conventional screening methods to improve diagnosis and prognosis of this disease (Perou, CM. et al. (2000) Nature 406:747-752). Breast cancer is a genetic disease commonly caused by mutations in cellular DNA.

Mutations in two genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, are known to greatly predispose a woman to breast cancer and may be passed on from parents to children (Gish, supra). However, this type of hereditary breast cancer accounts for only about 5% to 9% of breast cancers, while the vast majority of breast cancer is due to noninherited mutations that occur in breast epithelial cells. A good deal is already known about the expression of specific genes associated with breast cancer. For example, the relationship between expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor, EGFR, to human mammary carcinoma has been particularly well studied. (See Khazaie et al., supra, and references cited therein for a review of this area.) Overexpression of EGFR, particularly coupled with down-regulation of the estrogen receptor, is a marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. In addition, EGFR expression in breast tumor metastases is frequently elevated relative to the primary tumor, suggesting that EGFR is involved in tumor progression and metastasis. This is supported by accumulating evidence that EGF has effects on cell functions related to metastatic potential, such as cell motility, chemotaxis, secretion and differentiation. Changes in expression of other members of the erbB receptor family, of which EGFR is one, have also been implicated in breast cancer. The abundance of erbB receptors, such as HER-2/neu, HER-3, and HER- 4, and their ligands in breast cancer points to their functional importance in the pathogenesis of the disease, and may therefore provide targets for therapy of the disease (Bacus, S.S. et al. (1994) Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 102:S13-S24). Other known markers of breast cancer include a human secreted frizzled protein mRNA that is downregulated in breast tumors; the matrix Gla protein which is overexpressed is human breast carcinoma cells; Drgl or RTP, a gene whose expression is diminished in colon, breast, and prostate tumors; maspin, a tumor suppressor gene downregulated in invasive breast carcinomas; and CaN19, a member of the S100 protein family, all of which are down regulated in mammary carcinoma cells relative to normal mammary epithelial cells (Zhou, Z. et al. (1998) Int. J. Cancer 78:95-99; Chen, L. et al. (1990) Oncogene 5: 1391-1395; Ulrix, W. et al. (1999) FEBS Lett. 455:23-26; Sager, R. et al. (1996) Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 213:51-64; and Lee, S.W. et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2504-2508).

Cell lines derived from human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) at various stages of breast cancer provide a useful model to study the process of malignant transformation and tumor progression as it has been shown that these cell lines retain many of the properties of their parental tumors for lengthy culture periods (Wistuba, LI. et al. (1998) Clin. Cancer Res. 4:2931-2938). Such a model is particularly useful for comparing phenotypic and molecular characteristics of human mammary epithelial cells at various stages of malignant transformation. The cell line MCF-10A is from a patient with fibrocystic breast disease and the cell line MDA-mb-231 is from metastatic breast tumors.

Prostate cancer is a common malignancy in men over the age of 50, and the incidence increases with age. In the US, there are approximately 132,000 newly diagnosed cases of prostate cancer and more than 33,000 deaths from the disorder each year.

Once cancer cells arise in the prostate, they are stimulated by testosterone to a more rapid growth. Thus, removal of the testes can indirectly reduce both rapid growth and metastasis of the cancer. Over 95 percent of prostatic cancers are adenocarcinomas which originate in the prostatic acini. The remaining 5 percent are divided between squamous cell and transitional cell carcinomas, both of which arise in the prostatic ducts or other parts of the prostate gland.

As with most cancers, prostate cancer develops through a multistage progression ultimately resulting in an aggressive, metastatic phenotype. The initial step in tumor progression involves the hypeφroliferation of normal luminal and/or basal epithelial cells that become hypeφlastic and evolve into early-stage tumors. The early-stage tumors are localized in the prostate but eventually may metastasize, particularly to the bone, brain or lung. About 80% of these tumors remain responsive to androgen treatment, an important hormone controlling the growth of prostate epithelial cells. However, in its most advanced state, cancer growth becomes androgen-independent and there is currently no known treatment for this condition.

A primary diagnostic marker for prostate cancer is prostate specific antigen (PSA). PSA is a tissue-specific serine protease almost exclusively produced by prostatic epithelial cells. The quantity of PSA correlates with the number and volume of the prostatic epithelial cells, and consequently, the levels of PSA are an excellent indicator of abnormal prostate growth. Men with prostate cancer exhibit an early linear increase in PSA levels followed by an exponential increase prior to diagnosis. However, since PSA levels are also influenced by factors such as inflammation, androgen and other growth factors, some scientists maintain that changes in PSA levels are not useful in detecting individual cases of prostate cancer.

Current areas of cancer research provide additional prospects for markers as well as potential therapeutic targets for prostate cancer. Several growth factors have been shown to play a critical role in tumor development, growth, and progression. The growth factors Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), and Tumor Growth Factor alpha (TGFα) are important in the growth of normal as well as hypeφroliferative prostate epithelial cells, particularly at early stages of tumor development and progression, and affect signaling pathways in these cells in various ways (Lin J et a (1999) Cancer Res. 59:2891-2897; Putz T et aL (1999) Cancer Res 59:227-233). The TGF-β family of growth factors are generally expressed at increased levels in human cancers and the high expression levels in many cases correlates with advanced stages of malignancy and poor survival (Gold LI (1999) Crit Rev Oncog 10:303-360). Finally, there are human cell lines representing both the androgen-dependent stage of prostate cancer (LNCap) as well as the androgen-independent, hormone refractory stage of the disease (PC3 and DU-145) that have proven useful in studying gene expression patterns associated with the progression of prostate cancer, and the effects of cell treatments on these expressed genes (Chung TD (1999) Prostate 15: 199-207). The effects upon liver metabolism and hormone clearance mechanisms are important to understand the pharmacodynamics and toxicity of a drug. The human C3A cell line is a clonal derivative of HepG2/C3 (hepatoma cell line, isolated from a 15-year-old male with liver tumor), which was selected for strong contact inhibition of growth. The use of a clonal population enhances the reproducibility of the cells. C3A cells have many characteristics of primary human hepatocytes in culture: i) expression of insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor II receptor; ii) secretion of a high ratio of serum albumin compared with α-fetoprotein iii) conversion of ammonia to urea and glutamine; iv) metabolize aromatic amino acids; and v) proliferate in glucose-free and insulin-free medium. The C3A cell line is now well established as an in vitro model of the mature human liver (Mickelson et al. (1995) Hepatology 22:866-875; Nagendra et al. (1997) Am J Physiol 272:G408- G416).

Alzheimer' s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles containing amyloid beta peptide. These plaques are found in limbic and association cortices of the brain, including hippocampus, temporal cortices, cingulate cortex, amygdala, nucleus basalis and locus caeruleus. Early in Alzheimer's pathology, physiological changes are visible in the cingulate cortex (Minoshima, S. et al. (1997) Annals of Neurology 42:85-94). In subjects with advanced Alzheimer's disease, accumulating plaques damage the neuronal architecture in limbic areas and eventually cripple the memory process. Dendritic cells (DC) are antigen presenting cells (APC) that play a key role in the primary immune response because of their unique ability to present antigens to naive T cells. In addition, DC differentiate into separate subsets that sustain and regulate immune responses following initial contact with antigen. DC subsets include those that preferentially induce particular T helper 1 (Thl) or T helper 2 (Th2) responses and those that regulate B cell responses. Moreover, DC are increasingly being used to manipulate immune responses, either to downregulate an aberrant autoimmune response or to enhance vaccination or a tumor-specific response.

DC are functionally specialized in correlation with their particular differentiation state. CD34+ myeloid cells found in the bone marrow mature in response to as yet unclear signals into CD14+ CDl lc+ monocytes. An innate or antigen non-specific response takes place initially when monocytes circulate to nonlymphoid tissues and respond to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterially- derived mitogen, and viruses. Such direct encounter with antigen causes secretion of pro- inflammatory cytokines that attract and regulate natural killer cells, macrophages, and eosinophils in the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Monocytes then mature into DC, which capture antigen highly efficiently through endocytosis and antigen receptor uptake. Antigen processing and presentation trigger activation and differentiation into mature DC that express MHC class II molecules on the cell surface and efficiently activate T cells, initiating antigen-specific T cell and B cell responses. In turn, T cells activate DC through CD40 ligand - CD40 interactions, which stimulate expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, the latter most potent in amplifying T cell responses. DC interaction via CD40 with T cells also stimulates the production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF alpha and IL-1. Engagement of RANK, a member of the TNF receptor family by its ligand, TRANCE, which is expressed on activated T cells, enhances the survival of DC through inhibition of apoptosis, thereby enhancing T cell activation. The maturation and differentiation of monocytes into mature DC links the antigen non-specific innate immune response to the antigen-specific adaptive immune response. The process by which monocytes differentiate into immature dendritic cells in vivo has not been fully elucidated. Incubation of monocytes with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL) -4 in vitro yields cells that exhibit functional and moφhological characteristics equivalent to immature dendritic cells found in vivo. Moreover, incubation in vitro of immature dendritic cells with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), CD40 ligand, LPS, or monocyte-conditioned medium yields mature dendritic cells that are potent activators of naive T cells.

The ability to manipulate DC in vitro and their capacity to mount an effective immune response with small numbers of DC and little antigen has led to potential immunotherapies for diseases such as cancer, AIDS, and infectious diseases; and enhancing vaccine efficacy. Spontaneous remissions of particular cancers such as renal cell carcinomas and melanomas indicate that the immune system can respond to tumor antigens and eliminate tumors. However, tumors escape immune surveillance through a number of means including secretion of DL-10, macrophage colony stimulating factor, IL-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor, all of which inhibit DC activity and promote tolerance of tumor tissue. Delivery of tumor antigen-loaded DC to tumors can induce tumor- specific rejection in animal models. Similarly, pathogens can escape immune surveillance by altering antigen processing and presentation pathways or interfering with maturation of antigen presenting cells. Rather than providing resistance, DC can complicate infection by hosting latent viruses such as Kaposi's virus and cytomegalovirus, complicating infection. HIV-1 and measles virus particles are efficiently produced in DC. Vaccines against tumors or infectious pathogens could be improved by systemic or local administration of DC loaded with tumor antigens or attenuated viral particles or components, respectively.

The expression of killer-inhibitor regulatory molecules, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and proteinases have been identified in DC through sequencing of ESTs. Continuing this search may reveal new lymphocyte-binding and antigen-processing molecules, transmembrane and secretory products, and transcription factors that may help to explain the specialized features of DC and allow manipulation of the immune system.

There is a need in the art for new compositions, including nucleic acids and proteins, for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cell prohferative, neurological, developmental, and autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, and infections. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Various embodiments of the invention provide purified polypeptides, nucleic acid-associated proteins, referred to collectively as 'NAAP' and individually as 'NAAP-1,' 'NAAP-2,' 'NAAP-3,' 'NAAP-4,' 'NAAP-5,' 'NAAP-6,' 'NAAP-7,' 'NAAP-8,' 'NAAP-9,' 'NAAP-10,' 'NAAP-11,' 'NAAP-12,' 'NAAP-13,' 'NAAP-14,' 'NAAP-15,' 'NAAP-16,' 'NAAP-17,' 'NAAP-18,' 'NAAP- 19,' 'NAAP-20,' 'NAAP-21,' 'NAAP-22,' 'NAAP-23,' 'NAAP-24,' 'NAAP-25,' 'NAAP-26,' 'NAAP-27,' 'NAAP-28,' 'NAAP-29,' 'NAAP-30,' 'NAAP-31,' and 'NAAP-32' and methods for using these proteins and their encoding polynucleotides for the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and medical conditions. Embodiments also provide methods for utilizing the purified nucleic acid-associated proteins and/or their encoding polynucleotides for facilitating the drug discovery process, including determination of efficacy, dosage, toxicity, and pharmacology. Related embodiments provide methods for utilizing the purified nucleic acid-associated proteins and/or their encoding polynucleotides for investigating the pathogenesis of diseases and medical conditions.

An embodiment provides an isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ED NO: 1- 32, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical or at least about 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ED NO: 1-32, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32. Another embodiment provides an isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1-32.

Still another embodiment provides an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical or at least about 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32. In an alternative embodiment, the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33-64.

Still another embodiment provides a recombinant polynucleotide comprising a promoter sequence operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical or at least about 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ

ID NO: 1-32. Another embodiment provides a cell transformed with the recombinant polynucleotide.

Yet another embodiment provides a transgenic organism comprising the recombinant polynucleotide.

Another embodiment provides a method for producing a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical or at least about 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD NO: 1-32. The method comprises a) culturing a cell under conditions suitable for expression of the polypeptide, wherein said cell is transformed with a recombinant polynucleotide comprising a promoter sequence operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide, and b) recovering the polypeptide so expressed. Yet another embodiment provides an isolated antibody which specifically binds to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical or at least about 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32.

Still yet another embodiment provides an isolated polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33-64, b) a polynucleotide comprising a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical or at least about 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33-64, c) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of a), d) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of b), and e) an RNA equivalent of a)-d). In other embodiments, the polynucleotide can comprise at least about 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, or 100 contiguous nucleotides.

Yet another embodiment provides a method for detecting a target polynucleotide in a sample, said target polynucleotide being selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33-64, b) a polynucleotide comprising a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical or at least about 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33-64, c) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of a), d) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of b), and e) an RNA equivalent of a)-d). The method comprises a) hybridizing the sample with a probe comprising at least 20 contiguous nucleotides comprising a sequence complementary to said target polynucleotide in the sample, and which probe specifically hybridizes to said target polynucleotide, under conditions whereby a hybridization complex is formed between said probe and said target polynucleotide or fragments thereof, and b) detecting the presence or absence of said hybridization complex. In a related embodiment, the method can include detecting the amount of the hybridization complex. In still other embodiments, the probe can comprise at least about 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, or 100 contiguous nucleotides.

Still yet another embodiment provides a method for detecting a target polynucleotide in a sample, said target polynucleotide being selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33-64, b) a polynucleotide comprising a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical or at least about 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33-64, c) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of a), d) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of b), and e) an RNA equivalent of a)-d). The method comprises a) amplifying said target polynucleotide or fragment thereof using polymerase chain reaction amplification, and b) detecting the presence or absence of said amplified target polynucleotide or fragment thereof. In a related embodiment, the method can include detecting the amount of the amplified target polynucleotide or fragment thereof.

Another embodiment provides a composition comprising an effective amount of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical or at least about 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In one embodiment, the composition can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32. Other embodiments provide a method of treating a disease or condition associated with decreased or abnormal expression of functional NAAP, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment the composition. Yet another embodiment provides a method for screening a compound for effectiveness as an agonist of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical or at least about 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32. The method comprises a) exposing a sample comprising the polypeptide to a compound, and b) detecting agonist activity in the sample. Another embodiment provides a composition comprising an agonist compound identified by the method and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Yet another embodiment provides a method of treating a disease or condition associated with decreased expression of functional NAAP, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment the composition.

Still yet another embodiment provides a method for screening a compound for effectiveness as an antagonist of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical or at least about 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD NO: 1-32, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32. The method comprises a) exposing a sample comprising the polypeptide to a compound, and b) detecting antagonist activity in the sample. Another embodiment provides a composition comprising an antagonist compound identified by the method and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Yet another embodiment provides a method of treating a disease or condition associated with overexpression of functional NAAP, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment the composition.

Another embodiment provides a method of screening for a compound that specifically binds to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ED NO: 1-32, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical or at least about 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ED NO: 1-32, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ED NO: 1-32. The method comprises a) combining the polypeptide with at least one test compound under suitable conditions, and b) detecting binding of the polypeptide to the test compound, thereby identifying a compound that specifically binds to the polypeptide.

Yet another embodiment provides a method of screening for a compound that modulates the activity of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD NO: 1-32, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical or at least about 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD NO: 1-32, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD NO: 1-32. The method comprises a) combining the polypeptide with at least one test compound under conditions permissive for the activity of the polypeptide, b) assessing the activity of the polypeptide in the presence of the test compound, and c) comparing the activity of the polypeptide in the presence of the test compound with the activity of the polypeptide in the absence of the test compound, wherein a change in the activity of the polypeptide in the presence of the test compound is indicative of a compound that modulates the activity of the polypeptide.

Still yet another embodiment provides a method for screening a compound for effectiveness in altering expression of a target polynucleotide, wherein said target polynucleotide comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33-64, the method comprising a) exposing a sample comprising the target polynucleotide to a compound, b) detecting altered expression of the target polynucleotide, and c) comparing the expression of the target polynucleotide in the presence of varying amounts of the compound and in the absence of the compound.

Another embodiment provides a method for assessing toxicity of a test compound, said method comprising a) treating a biological sample containing nucleic acids with the test compound; b) hybridizing the nucleic acids of the treated biological sample with a probe comprising at least 20 contiguous nucleotides of a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of i) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33-64, ii) a polynucleotide comprising a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical or at least about 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 33-64, iii) a polynucleotide having a sequence complementary to i), iv) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of ii), and v) an RNA equivalent of i)-iv). Hybridization occurs under conditions whereby a specific hybridization complex is formed between said probe and a target polynucleotide in the biological sample, said target polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of i) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33-64, ii) a polynucleotide comprising a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical or at least about 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33-64, iii) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of i), iv) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of ii), and v) an RNA equivalent of i)- iv). Alternatively, the target polynucleotide can comprise a fragment of a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of i)-v) above; c) quantifying the amount of hybridization complex; and d) comparing the amount of hybridization complex in the treated biological sample with the amount of hybridization complex in an untreated biological sample, wherein a difference in the amount of hybridization complex in the treated biological sample is indicative of toxicity of the test compound.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES

Table 1 summarizes the nomenclature for full length polynucleotide and polypeptide embodiments of the invention. Table 2 shows the GenBank identification number and annotation of the nearest GenBank homolog, and the PROTEOME database identification numbers and annotations of PROTEOME database homologs, for polypeptide embodiments of the invention. The probability scores for the matches between each polypeptide and its homolog(s) are also shown.

Table 3 shows structural features of polypeptide embodiments, including predicted motifs and domains, along with the methods, algorithms, and searchable databases used for analysis of the polypeptides.

Table 4 lists the cDNA and/or genomic DNA fragments which were used to assemble polynucleotide embodiments, along with selected fragments of the polynucleotides.

Table 5 shows representative cDNA libraries for polynucleotide embodiments. Table 6 provides an appendix which describes the tissues and vectors used for construction of the cDNA libraries shown in Table 5.

Table 7 shows the tools, programs, and algorithms used to analyze polynucleotides and polypeptides, along with applicable descriptions, references, and threshold parameters. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Before the present proteins, nucleic acids, and methods are described, it is understood that embodiments of the invention are not limited to the particular machines, instruments, materials, and methods described, as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the puφose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to "a host cell" includes a plurality of such host cells, and a reference to "an antibody" is a reference to one or more antibodies and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any machines, materials, and methods similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used to practice or test the present invention, the preferred machines, materials and methods are now described. All publications mentioned herein are cited for the puφose of describing and disclosing the cell lines, protocols, reagents and vectors which are reported in the publications and which might be used in connection with various embodiments of the invention. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention. DEFINITIONS

"NAAP" refers to the amino acid sequences of substantially purified NAAP obtained from any species, particularly a mammalian species, including bovine, ovine, porcine, murine, equine, and human, and from any source, whether natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic, or recombinant.

The term "agonist" refers to a molecule which intensifies or mimics the biological activity of NAAP. Agonists may include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, small molecules, or any other compound or composition which modulates the activity of NAAP either by directly interacting with NAAP or by acting on components of the biological pathway in which NAAP participates.

An "allelic variant" is an alternative form of the gene encoding NAAP. Allelic variants may result from at least one mutation in the nucleic acid sequence and may result in altered mRNAs or in polypeptides whose structure or function may or may not be altered. A gene may have none, one, or many allelic variants of its naturally occurring form. Common mutational changes which give rise to allelic variants are generally ascribed to natural deletions, additions, or substitutions of nucleotides. Each of these types of changes may occur alone, or in combination with the others, one or more times in a given sequence. "Altered" nucleic acid sequences encoding NAAP include those sequences with deletions, insertions, or substitutions of different nucleotides, resulting in a polypeptide the same as NAAP or a polypeptide with at least one functional characteristic of NAAP. Included within this definition are polymoφhisms which may or may not be readily detectable using a particular oligonucleotide probe of the polynucleotide encoding NAAP, and improper or unexpected hybridization to allelic variants, with a locus other than the normal chromosomal locus for the polynucleotide encoding NAAP. The encoded protein may also be "altered," and may contain deletions, insertions, or substitutions of amino acid residues which produce a silent change and result in a functionally equivalent NAAP. Deliberate amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of one or more similarities in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophihcity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues, as long as the biological or immunological activity of NAAP is retained. For example, negatively charged amino acids may include aspartic acid and glutamic acid, and positively charged amino acids may include lysine and arginine. Amino acids with uncharged polar side chains having similar hydrophihcity values may include: asparagine and glutamine; and serine and threonine. Amino acids with uncharged side chains having similar hydrophihcity values may include: leucine, isoleucine, and valine; glycine and alanine; and phenylalanine and tyrosine.

The terms "amino acid" and "amino acid sequence" can refer to an oligopeptide, a peptide, a polypeptide, or a protein sequence, or a fragment of any of these, and to naturally occurring or synthetic molecules. Where "amino acid sequence" is recited to refer to a sequence of a naturally occurring protein molecule, "amino acid sequence" and like terms are not meant to limit the amino acid sequence to the complete native amino acid sequence associated with the recited protein molecule.

"Amplification" relates to the production of additional copies of a nucleic acid. Amplification may be carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies or other nucleic acid amplification technologies well known in the art.

The term "antagonist" refers to a molecule which inhibits or attenuates the biological activity of NAAP. Antagonists may include proteins such as antibodies, anticalins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, small molecules, or any other compound or composition which modulates the activity of NAAP either by directly interacting with NAAP or by acting on components of the biological pathway in which NAAP participates.

The term "antibody" refers to intact immunoglobulin molecules as well as to fragments thereof, such as Fab, F(ab')₂, and Fv fragments, which are capable of binding an epitopic determinant. Antibodies that bind NAAP polypeptides can be prepared using intact polypeptides or using fragments containing small peptides of interest as the immunizing antigen. The polypeptide or oligopeptide used to immunize an animal (e.g., a mouse, a rat, or a rabbit) can be derived from the translation of RNA, or synthesized chemically, and can be conjugated to a carrier protein if desired. Commonly used carriers that are chemically coupled to peptides include bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The coupled peptide is then used to immunize the animal.

The term "antigenic determinant" refers to that region of a molecule (i.e., an epitope) that makes contact with a particular antibody. When a protein or a fragment of a protein is used to immunize a host animal, numerous regions of the protein may induce the production of antibodies which bind specifically to antigenic determinants (particular regions or three-dimensional structures on the protein). An antigenic determinant may compete with the intact antigen (i.e., the immunogen used to elicit the immune response) for binding to an antibody.

The term "aptamer" refers to a nucleic acid or oligonucleotide molecule that binds to a specific molecular target. Aptamers are derived from an in vitro evolutionary process (e.g., SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment), described in U.S. Patent No. 5,270,163), which selects for target-specific aptamer sequences from large combinatorial libraries. Aptamer compositions may be double-stranded or single-stranded, and may include deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, nucleotide derivatives, or other nucleotide-like molecules. The nucleotide components of an aptamer may have modified sugar groups (e.g., the 2'-OH group of a ribonucleotide may be replaced by 2'-F or 2'-NH₂), which may improve a desired property, e.g., resistance to nucleases or longer lifetime in blood. Aptamers may be conjugated to other molecules, e.g., a high molecular weight carrier to slow clearance of the aptamer from the circulatory system. Aptamers may be specifically cross-linked to their cognate ligands, e.g., by photo-activation of a cross-linker (Brody, E.N. and L. Gold (2000) J. Biotechnol. 74:5-13).

The term "intramer" refers to an aptamer which is expressed in vivo. For example, a vaccinia virus-based RNA expression system has been used to express specific RNA aptamers at high levels in the cytoplasm of leukocytes (Blind, M. et al. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:3606-3610).

The term "spiegelmer" refers to an aptamer which includes L-DNA, L-RNA, or other left- handed nucleotide derivatives or nucleotide-like molecules. Aptamers containing left-handed nucleotides are resistant to degradation by naturally occurring enzymes, which normally act on substrates containing right-handed nucleotides.

The term "antisense" refers to any composition capable of base-pairing with the "sense" (coding) strand of a polynucleotide having a specific nucleic acid sequence. Antisense compositions may include DNA; RNA; peptide nucleic acid (PNA); oligonucleotides having modified backbone linkages such as phosphorothioates, methylphosphonates, or benzylphosphonates; oligonucleotides having modified sugar groups such as 2'-methoxyethyl sugars or 2 -methoxy ethoxy sugars; or oligonucleotides having modified bases such as 5-methyl cytosine, 2'-deoxyuracil, or 7-deaza-2 - deoxyguanosine. Antisense molecules may be produced by any method including chemical synthesis or transcription. Once introduced into a cell, the complementary antisense molecule base-pairs with a naturally occurring nucleic acid sequence produced by the cell to form duplexes which block either transcription or translation. The designation "negative" or "minus" can refer to the antisense strand, and the designation "positive" or "plus" can refer to the sense strand of a reference DNA molecule.

The term "biologically active" refers to a protein having structural, regulatory, or biochemical functions of a naturally occurring molecule. Likewise, "immunologically active" or "immunogenic" refers to the capability of the natural, recombinant, or synthetic NAAP, or of any oligopeptide thereof, to induce a specific immune response in appropriate animals or cells and to bind with specific antibodies.

"Complementary" describes the relationship between two single-stranded nucleic acid sequences that anneal by base-pairing. For example, 5'-AGT-3' pairs with its complement, 3'-TCA-5'.

A "composition comprising a given polynucleotide" and a "composition comprising a given polypeptide" can refer to any composition containing the given polynucleotide or polypeptide. The composition may comprise a dry formulation or an aqueous solution. Compositions comprising polynucleotides encoding NAAP or fragments of NAAP may be employed as hybridization probes. The probes may be stored in freeze-dried form and may be associated with a stabilizing agent such as a carbohydrate. In hybridizations, the probe may be deployed in an aqueous solution containing salts (e.g., NaCl), detergents (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate; SDS), and other components (e.g., Denhardt's solution, dry milk, salmon sperm DNA, etc.).

"Consensus sequence" refers to a nucleic acid sequence which has been subjected to repeated DNA sequence analysis to resolve uncalled bases, extended using the XL-PCR kit (Applied

Biosystems, Foster City CA) in the 5' and/or the 3' direction, and resequenced, or which has been assembled from one or more overlapping cDNA, EST, or genomic DNA fragments using a computer program for fragment assembly, such as the GEL VIEW fragment assembly system (GCG, Madison WI) or Phrap (University of Washington, Seattle WA). Some sequences have been both extended and assembled to produce the consensus sequence.

"Conservative amino acid substitutions" are those substitutions that are predicted to least interfere with the properties of the original protein, i.e., the structure and especially the function of the protein is conserved and not significantly changed by such substitutions. The table below shows amino acids which may be substituted for an original amino acid in a protein and which are regarded as conservative amino acid substitutions. Original Residue Conservative Substitution

Ala Gly, Ser

Arg His, Lys Asn Asp, Gin, His

Asp Asn, Glu

Cys Ala, Ser

Gin Asn, Glu, His

Glu Asp, Gin, His Gly Ala

His Asn, Arg, Gin, Glu lie Leu, Val

Leu Ue, Val

Lys Arg, Gin, Glu Met Leu, He

Phe His, Met, Leu, Tφ, Tyr

Ser Cys, Thr

Thr Ser, Val

Tφ Phe, Tyr Tyr His, Phe, Tφ Val He, Leu, Thr

Conservative amino acid substitutions generally maintain (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a beta sheet or alpha helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the site of the substitution, and/or (c) the bulk of the side chain.

A "deletion" refers to a change in the amino acid or nucleotide sequence that results in the absence of one or more amino acid residues or nucleotides.

The term "derivative" refers to a chemically modified polynucleotide or polypeptide. Chemical modifications of a polynucleotide can include, for example, replacement of hydrogen by an alkyl, acyl, hydroxyl, or amino group. A derivative polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide which retains at least one biological or immunological function of the natural molecule. A derivative polypeptide is one modified by glycosylation, pegylation, or any similar process that retains at least one biological or immunological function of the polypeptide from which it was derived. A "detectable label" refers to a reporter molecule or enzyme that is capable of generating a measurable signal and is covalently or noncovalently joined to a polynucleotide or polypeptide.

"Differential expression" refers to increased or upregulated; or decreased, downregulated, or absent gene or protein expression, determined by comparing at least two different samples. Such comparisons may be carried out between, for example, a treated and an untreated sample, or a diseased and a normal sample.

"Exon shuffling" refers to the recombination of different coding regions (exons). Since an exon may represent a structural or functional domain of the encoded protein, new proteins may be assembled through the novel reassortment of stable substructures, thus allowing acceleration of the evolution of new protein functions.

A "fragment" is a unique portion of NAAP or a polynucleotide encoding NAAP which can be identical in sequence to, but shorter in length than, the parent sequence. A fragment may comprise up to the entire length of the defined sequence, minus one nucleotide/amino acid residue. For example, a fragment may comprise from about 5 to about 1000 contiguous nucleotides or amino acid residues. A fragment used as a probe, primer, antigen, therapeutic molecule, or for other puφoses, may be at least 5, 10, 15, 16, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 150, 250 or at least 500 contiguous nucleotides or amino acid residues in length. Fragments may be preferentially selected from certain regions of a molecule. For example, a polypeptide fragment may comprise a certain length of contiguous amino acids selected from the first 250 or 500 amino acids (or first 25% or 50%) of a polypeptide as shown in a certain defined sequence. Clearly these lengths are exemplary, and any length that is supported by the specification, including the Sequence Listing, tables, and figures, may be encompassed by the present embodiments.

A fragment of SEQ ID NO:33-64 can comprise a region of unique polynucleotide sequence that specifically identifies SEQ JD NO:33-64, for example, as distinct from any other sequence in the genome from which the fragment was obtained. A fragment of SEQ ID NO:33-64 can be employed in one or more embodiments of methods of the invention, for example, in hybridization and amplification technologies and in analogous methods that distinguish SEQ ED NO:33-64 from related polynucleotides. The precise length of a fragment of SEQ ED NO:33-64 and the region of SEQ JD NO: 33-64 to which the fragment corresponds are routinely determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the intended puφose for the fragment.

A fragment of SEQ ED NO: 1-32 is encoded by a fragment of SEQ ED NO:33-64. A fragment of SEQ ED NO: 1-32 can comprise a region of unique amino acid sequence that specifically identifies SEQ JD NO: 1-32. For example, a fragment of SEQ JD NO: 1-32 can be used as an immunogenic peptide for the development of antibodies that specifically recognize SEQ JD NO: 1-32. The precise length of a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1-32 and the region of SEQ ID NO: 1-32 to which the fragment corresponds can be determined based on the intended puφose for the fragment using one or more analytical methods described herein or otherwise known in the art.

A "full length" polynucleotide is one containing at least a translation initiation codon (e.g., methionine) followed by an open reading frame and a translation termination codon. A "full length" polynucleotide sequence encodes a "full length" polypeptide sequence.

"Homology" refers to sequence similarity or, interchangeably, sequence identity, between two or more polynucleotide sequences or two or more polypeptide sequences.

The terms "percent identity" and "% identity," as applied to polynucleotide sequences, refer to the percentage of residue matches between at least two polynucleotide sequences aligned using a standardized algorithm. Such an algorithm may insert, in a standardized and reproducible way, gaps in the sequences being compared in order to optimize alignment between two sequences, and therefore achieve a more meaningful comparison of the two sequences.

Percent identity between polynucleotide sequences may be determined using one or more computer algorithms or programs known in the art or described herein. For example, percent identity can be determined using the default parameters of the CLUSTAL V algorithm as incoφorated into the MEGALIGN version 3.12e sequence alignment program. This program is part of the

LASERGENE software package, a suite of molecular biological analysis programs (DNASTAR, Madison WI). CLUSTAL V is described in Higgins, D.G. and P.M. Shaφ (1989; CABIOS 5: 151- 153) and in Higgins, D.G. et al. (1992; CABIOS 8:189-191). For pairwise alignments of polynucleotide sequences, the default parameters are set as follows: Ktuple=2, gap penalty=5, window=4, and "diagonals saved"=4. The "weighted" residue weight table is selected as the default. Percent identity is reported by CLUSTAL V as the "percent similarity" between aligned polynucleotide sequences.

Alternatively, a suite of commonly used and freely available sequence comparison algorithms which can be used is provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul, S.F. et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410), which is available from several sources, including the NCBI, Bethesda, MD, and on the Internet at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/. The BLAST software suite includes various sequence analysis programs including "blastn," that is used to align a known polynucleotide sequence with other polynucleotide sequences from a variety of databases. Also available is a tool called "BLAST 2 Sequences" that is used for direct pairwise comparison of two nucleotide sequences. "BLAST 2 Sequences" can be accessed and used interactively at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gorf/bl2.html. The "BLAST 2 Sequences" tool can be used for both blastn and blastp (discussed below). BLAST programs are commonly used with gap and other parameters set to default settings. For example, to compare two nucleotide sequences, one may use blastn with the "BLAST 2 Sequences" tool Version 2.0.12 (April-21-2000) set at default parameters. Such default parameters may be, for example:

Matrix: BLOSUM62

Reward for match: 1

Penalty for mismatch: -2

Open Gap: 5 and Extension Gap: 2 penalties Gap x drop-off: 50

Expect: 10

Word Size: 11

Filter: on Percent identity may be measured over the length of an entire defined sequence, for example, as defined by a particular SEQ ID number, or may be measured over a shorter length, for example, over the length of a fragment taken from a larger, defined sequence, for instance, a fragment of at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 70, at least 100, or at least 200 contiguous nucleotides. Such lengths are exemplary only, and it is understood that any fragment length supported by the sequences shown herein, in the tables, figures, or Sequence Listing, may be used to describe a length over which percentage identity may be measured.

Nucleic acid sequences that do not show a high degree of identity may nevertheless encode similar amino acid sequences due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. It is understood that changes in a nucleic acid sequence can be made using this degeneracy to produce multiple nucleic acid sequences that all encode substantially the same protein.

The phrases "percent identity" and "% identity," as applied to polypeptide sequences, refer to the percentage of residue matches between at least two polypeptide sequences aligned using a standardized algorithm. Methods of polypeptide sequence alignment are well-known. Some alignment methods take into account conservative amino acid substitutions. Such conservative substitutions, explained in more detail above, generally preserve the charge and hydrophobicity at the site of substitution, thus preserving the structure (and therefore function) of the polypeptide.

Percent identity between polypeptide sequences may be determined using the default parameters of the CLUSTAL V algorithm as incoφorated into the MEG ALIGN version 3.12e sequence alignment program (described and referenced above). For pairwise alignments of polypeptide sequences using CLUSTAL V, the default parameters are set as follows: Ktuple=l, gap penalty=3, window=5, and "diagonals saved"=5. The PAM250 matrix is selected as the default residue weight table. As with polynucleotide alignments, the percent identity is reported by CLUSTAL V as the "percent similarity" between aligned polypeptide sequence pairs.

Alternatively the NCBI BLAST software suite may be used. For example, for a pairwise comparison of two polypeptide sequences, one may use the "BLAST 2 Sequences" tool Version 2.0.12 (April-21-2000) with blastp set at default parameters. Such default parameters may be, for example:

Matrix: BLOSUM62

Open Gap: 11 and Extension Gap: 1 penalties Gap x drop-off: 50

Expect: 10

Word Size: 3

Filter: on Percent identity may be measured over the length of an entire defined polypeptide sequence, for example, as defined by a particular SEQ ID number, or may be measured over a shorter length, for example, over the length of a fragment taken from a larger, defined polypeptide sequence, for instance, a fragment of at least 15, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 70 or at least 150 contiguous residues. Such lengths are exemplary only, and it is understood that any fragment length supported by the sequences shown herein, in the tables, figures or Sequence Listing, may be used to describe a length over which percentage identity may be measured.

"Human artificial chromosomes" (HACs) are linear microchromosomes which may contain DNA sequences of about 6 kb to 10 Mb in size and which contain all of the elements required for chromosome replication, segregation and maintenance. The term "humanized antibody" refers to an antibody molecule in which the amino acid sequence in the non-antigen binding regions has been altered so that the antibody more closely resembles a human antibody, and still retains its original binding ability.

"Hybridization" refers to the process by which a polynucleotide strand anneals with a complementary strand through base pairing under defined hybridization conditions. Specific hybridization is an indication that two nucleic acid sequences share a high degree of complementarity. Specific hybridization complexes form under permissive annealing conditions and remain hybridized after the "washing" step(s). The washing step(s) is particularly important in determining the stringency of the hybridization process, with more stringent conditions allowing less non-specific binding, i.e., binding between pairs of nucleic acid strands that are not perfectly matched. Permissive conditions for annealing of nucleic acid sequences are routinely determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art and may be consistent among hybridization experiments, whereas wash conditions may be varied among experiments to achieve the desired stringency, and therefore hybridization specificity. Permissive annealing conditions occur, for example, at 68°C in the presence of about 6 x SSC, about 1% (w/v) SDS, and about 100 μg/ml sheared, denatured salmon sperm DNA.

Generally, stringency of hybridization is expressed, in part, with reference to the temperature under which the wash step is carried out. Such wash temperatures are typically selected to be about 5°C to 20°C lower than the thermal melting point (T_m) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. The T_m is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. An equation for calculating T_m and conditions for nucleic acid hybridization are well known and can be found in Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2^nd ed., vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview NY; specifically see volume 2, chapter 9. High stringency conditions for hybridization between polynucleotides of the present invention include wash conditions of 68°C in the presence of about 0.2 x SSC and about 0.1% SDS, for 1 hour. Alternatively, temperatures of about 65°C, 60°C, 55°C, or 42°C may be used. SSC concentration may be varied from about 0.1 to 2 x SSC, with SDS being present at about 0.1%. Typically, blocking reagents are used to block non-specific hybridization. Such blocking reagents include, for instance, sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA at about 100-200 μg/ml. Organic solvent, such as formamide at a concentration of about 35-50% v/v, may also be used under particular circumstances, such as for RNADNA hybridizations. Useful variations on these wash conditions will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Hybridization, particularly under high stringency conditions, may be suggestive of evolutionary similarity between the nucleotides. Such similarity is strongly indicative of a similar role for the nucleotides and their encoded polypeptides. The term "hybridization complex" refers to a complex formed between two nucleic acids by virtue of the formation of hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. A hybridization complex may be formed in solution (e.g., C₀t or R^t analysis) or formed between one nucleic acid present in solution and another nucleic acid immobilized on a solid support (e.g., paper, membranes, filters, chips, pins or glass slides, or any other appropriate substrate to which cells or their nucleic acids have been fixed).

The words "insertion" and "addition" refer to changes in an amino acid or polynucleotide sequence resulting in the addition of one or more amino acid residues or nucleotides, respectively. "Immune response" can refer to conditions associated with inflammation, trauma, immune disorders, or infectious or genetic disease, etc. These conditions can be characterized by expression of various factors, e.g., cytokines, chemokines, and other signaling molecules, which may affect cellular and systemic defense systems.

An "immunogenic fragment" is a polypeptide or oligopeptide fragment of NAAP which is capable of eliciting an immune response when introduced into a living organism, for example, a mammal. The term "immunogenic fragment" also includes any polypeptide or oligopeptide fragment of NAAP which is useful in any of the antibody production methods disclosed herein or known in the art.

The term "microarray" refers to an arrangement of a plurality of polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, or other chemical compounds on a substrate. The terms "element" and "array element" refer to a polynucleotide, polypeptide, antibody, or other chemical compound having a unique and defined position on a microarray.

The term "modulate" refers to a change in the activity of NAAP. For example, modulation may cause an increase or a decrease in protein activity, binding characteristics, or any other biological, functional, or immunological properties of NAAP.

The phrases "nucleic acid" and "nucleic acid sequence" refer to a nucleotide, oligonucleotide, polynucleotide, or any fragment thereof. These phrases also refer to DNA or RNA of genomic or synthetic origin which may be single-stranded or double-stranded and may represent the sense or the antisense strand, to peptide nucleic acid (PNA), or to any DNA-like or RNA-like material. "Operably linked" refers to the situation in which a first nucleic acid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with a second nucleic acid sequence. For instance, a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if the promoter affects the transcription or expression of the coding sequence. Operably linked DNA sequences may be in close proximity or contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, in the same reading frame. "Peptide nucleic acid" (PNA) refers to an antisense molecule or anti-gene agent which comprises an oligonucleotide of at least about 5 nucleotides in length linked to a peptide backbone of amino acid residues ending in lysine. The terminal lysine confers solubility to the composition. PNAs preferentially bind complementary single stranded DNA or RNA and stop transcript elongation, and may be pegylated to extend their lifespan in the cell. "Post-translational modification" of an NAAP may involve lipidation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, racemization, proteolytic cleavage, and other modifications known in the art. These processes may occur synthetically or biochemically. Biochemical modifications will vary by cell type depending on the enzymatic milieu of NAAP.

"Probe" refers to nucleic acids encoding NAAP, their complements, or fragments thereof, which are used to detect identical, allelic or related nucleic acids. Probes are isolated oligonucleotides or polynucleotides attached to a detectable label or reporter molecule. Typical labels include radioactive isotopes, ligands, chemiluminescent agents, and enzymes. "Primers" are short nucleic acids, usually DNA oligonucleotides, which may be annealed to a target polynucleotide by complementary base-pairing. The primer may then be extended along the target DNA strand by a DNA polymerase enzyme. Primer pairs can be used for amplification (and identification) of a nucleic acid, e.g., by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Probes and primers as used in the present invention typically comprise at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of a known sequence. In order to enhance specificity, longer probes and primers may also be employed, such as probes and primers that comprise at least 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or at least 150 consecutive nucleotides of the disclosed nucleic acid sequences. Probes and primers may be considerably longer than these examples, and it is understood that any length supported by the specification, including the tables, figures, and Sequence Listing, may be used.

Methods for preparing and using probes and primers are described in the references, for example Sambrook, J. et al. (1989; Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2^nd ed., vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview NY), Ausubel, F.M. et al. (1999; Short Protocols in Molecular Biology. 4^th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York NY), and Innis, M. et al. (1990; PCR Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego CA). PCR primer pairs can be derived from a known sequence, for example, by using computer programs intended for that puφose such as Primer (Version 0.5, 1991, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge MA). Oligonucleotides for use as primers are selected using software known in the art for such puφose. For example, OLIGO 4.06 software is useful for the selection of PCR primer pairs of up to 100 nucleotides each, and for the analysis of oligonucleotides and larger polynucleotides of up to 5,000 nucleotides from an input polynucleotide sequence of up to 32 kilobases. Similar primer selection programs have incoφorated additional features for expanded capabilities. For example, the PrimOU primer selection program (available to the public from the Genome Center at University of Texas South West Medical Center, Dallas TX) is capable of choosing specific primers from megabase sequences and is thus useful for designing primers on a genome-wide scope. The Primer3 primer selection program (available to the public from the Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research, Cambridge MA) allows the user to input a "mispriming library," in which sequences to avoid as primer binding sites are user-specified. Primer3 is useful, in particular, for the selection of oligonucleotides for microarrays. (The source code for the latter two primer selection programs may also be obtained from their respective sources and modified to meet the user' s specific needs.) The PrimeGen program (available to the public from the UK Human Genome Mapping Project Resource Centre, Cambridge UK) designs primers based on multiple sequence alignments, thereby allowing selection of primers that hybridize to either the most conserved or least conserved regions of aligned nucleic acid sequences. Hence, this program is useful for identification of both unique and conserved oligonucleotides and polynucleotide fragments. The oligonucleotides and polynucleotide fragments identified by any of the above selection methods are useful in hybridization technologies, for example, as PCR or sequencing primers, microarray elements, or specific probes to identify fully or partially complementary polynucleotides in a sample of nucleic acids. Methods of oligonucleotide selection are not limited to those described above.

A "recombinant nucleic acid" is a nucleic acid that is not naturally occurring or has a sequence that is made by an artificial combination of two or more otherwise separated segments of sequence. This artificial combination is often accomplished by chemical synthesis or, more commonly, by the artificial manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids, e.g., by genetic engineering techniques such as those described in Sambrook, supra. The term recombinant includes nucleic acids that have been altered solely by addition, substitution, or deletion of a portion of the nucleic acid. Frequently, a recombinant nucleic acid may include a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a promoter sequence. Such a recombinant nucleic acid may be part of a vector that is used, for example, to transform a cell.

Alternatively, such recombinant nucleic acids may be part of a viral vector, e.g., based on a vaccinia virus, that could be use to vaccinate a mammal wherein the recombinant nucleic acid is expressed, inducing a protective immunological response in the mammal.

A "regulatory element" refers to a nucleic acid sequence usually derived from untranslated regions of a gene and includes enhancers, promoters, introns, and 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). Regulatory elements interact with host or viral proteins which control transcription, translation, or RNA stability. "Reporter molecules" are chemical or biochemical moieties used for labeling a nucleic acid, amino acid, or antibody. Reporter molecules include radionuclides; enzymes; fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents; substrates; cofactors; inhibitors; magnetic particles; and other moieties known in the art.

An "RNA equivalent," in reference to a DNA molecule, is composed of the same linear sequence of nucleotides as the reference DNA molecule with the exception that all occurrences of the nitrogenous base thymine are replaced with uracil, and the sugar backbone is composed of ribose instead of deoxyribose.

The term "sample" is used in its broadest sense. A sample suspected of containing NAAP, nucleic acids encoding NAAP, or fragments thereof may comprise a bodily fluid; an extract from a cell, chromosome, organelle, or membrane isolated from a cell; a cell; genomic DNA, RNA, or cDNA, in solution or bound to a substrate; a tissue; a tissue print; etc.

The terms "specific binding" and "specifically binding" refer to that interaction between a protein or peptide and an agonist, an antibody, an antagonist, a small molecule, or any natural or synthetic binding composition. The interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure of the protein, e.g., the antigenic determinant or epitope, recognized by the binding molecule. For example, if an antibody is specific for epitope "A," the presence of a polypeptide comprising the epitope A, or the presence of free unlabeled A, in a reaction containing free labeled A and the antibody will reduce the amount of labeled A that binds to the antibody.

The term "substantially purified" refers to nucleic acid or amino acid sequences that are removed from their natural environment and are isolated or separated, and are at least about 60% free, preferably at least about 75% free, and most preferably at least about 90% free from other components with which they are naturally associated.

A "substitution" refers to the replacement of one or more amino acid residues or nucleotides by different amino acid residues or nucleotides, respectively.

"Substrate" refers to any suitable rigid or semi-rigid support including membranes, filters, chips, slides, wafers, fibers, magnetic or nonmagnetic beads, gels, tubing, plates, polymers, microparticles and capillaries. The substrate can have a variety of surface forms, such as wells, trenches, pins, channels and pores, to which polynucleotides or polypeptides are bound. A "transcript image" or "expression profile" refers to the collective pattern of gene expression by a particular cell type or tissue under given conditions at a given time.

"Transformation" describes a process by which exogenous DNA is introduced into a recipient cell. Transformation may occur under natural or artificial conditions according to various methods well known in the art, and may rely on any known method for the insertion of foreign nucleic acid sequences into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell. The method for transformation is selected based on the type of host cell being transformed and may include, but is not limited to, bacteriophage or viral infection, electroporation, heat shock, lipofection, and particle bombardment. The term "transformed cells" includes stably transformed cells in which the inserted DNA is capable of replication either as an autonomously replicating plasmid or as part of the host chromosome, as well as transiently transformed cells which express the inserted DNA or RNA for limited periods of time. A "transgenic organism," as used herein, is any organism, including but not limited to animals and plants, in which one or more of the cells of the organism contains heterologous nucleic acid introduced by way of human intervention, such as by transgenic techniques well known in the art. The nucleic acid is introduced into the cell, directly or indirectly by introduction into a precursor of the cell, by way of deliberate genetic manipulation, such as by microinjection or by infection with a recombinant virus. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid can be introduced by infection with a recombinant viral vector, such as a lentiviral vector (Lois, C. et al. (2002) Science 295:868-872). The term genetic manipulation does not include classical cross-breeding, or in vitro fertilization, but rather is directed to the introduction of a recombinant DNA molecule. The transgenic organisms contemplated in accordance with the present invention include bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, plants and animals. The isolated DNA of the present invention can be introduced into the host by methods known in the art, for example infection, transfection, transformation or transconjugation. Techniques for transferring the DNA of the present invention into such organisms are widely known and provided in references such as Sambrook et al. (1989), supra. A "variant" of a particular nucleic acid sequence is defined as a nucleic acid sequence having at least 40% sequence identity to the particular nucleic acid sequence over a certain length of one of the nucleic acid sequences using blastn with the "BLAST 2 Sequences" tool Version 2.0.9 (May-07- 1999) set at default parameters. Such a pair of nucleic acids may show, for example, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% or greater sequence identity over a certain defined length. A variant may be described as, for example, an "allelic" (as defined above), "splice," "species," or "polymoφhic" variant. A splice variant may have significant identity to a reference molecule, but will generally have a greater or lesser number of polynucleotides due to alternate splicing of exons during mRNA processing. The corresponding polypeptide may possess additional functional domains or lack domains that are present in the reference molecule. Species variants are polynucleotides that vary from one species to another. The resulting polypeptides will generally have significant amino acid identity relative to each other. A polymoφhic variant is a variation in the polynucleotide sequence of a particular gene between individuals of a given species. Polymoφhic variants also may encompass "single nucleotide polymoφhisms" (SNPs) in which the polynucleotide sequence varies by one nucleotide base. The presence of SNPs may be indicative of, for example, a certain population, a disease state, or a propensity for a disease state.

A "variant" of a particular polypeptide sequence is defined as a polypeptide sequence having at least 40% sequence identity to the particular polypeptide sequence over a certain length of one of the polypeptide sequences using blastp with the "BLAST 2 Sequences" tool Version 2.0.9 (May-07- 1999) set at default parameters. Such a pair of polypeptides may show, for example, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% or greater sequence identity over a certain defined length of one of the polypeptides..

THE INVENTION

Various embodiments of the invention include new human nucleic acid-associated proteins (NAAP), the polynucleotides encoding NAAP, and the use of these compositions for the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of cell prohferative, neurological, developmental, and autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, and infections.

Table 1 summarizes the nomenclature for the full length polynucleotide and polypeptide embodiments of the invention. Each polynucleotide and its corresponding polypeptide are correlated to a single Incyte project identification number (Incyte Project ID). Each polypeptide sequence is denoted by both a polypeptide sequence identification number (Polypeptide SEQ JD NO:) and an Incyte polypeptide sequence number (Incyte Polypeptide ID) as shown. Each polynucleotide sequence is denoted by both a polynucleotide sequence identification number (Polynucleotide SEQ JD NO:) and an Incyte polynucleotide consensus sequence number (Incyte Polynucleotide ID) as shown. Column 6 shows the Incyte ID numbers of physical, full length clones corresponding to the polypeptide and polynucleotide sequences of the invention. The full length clones encode polypeptides which have at least 95% sequence identity to the polypeptide sequences shown in column 3.

Table 2 shows sequences with homology to the polypeptides of the invention as identified by BLAST analysis against the GenBank protein (genpept) database and the PROTEOME database. Columns 1 and 2 show the polypeptide sequence identification number (Polypeptide SEQ ID NO:) and the corresponding Incyte polypeptide sequence number (Incyte Polypeptide JD) for polypeptides of the invention. Column 3 shows the GenBank identification number (GenBank D NO:) of the nearest GenBank homolog and the PROTEOME database identification numbers (PROTEOME DD NO:) of the nearest PROTEOME database homologs. Column 4 shows the probability scores for the matches between each polypeptide and its homolog(s). Column 5 shows the annotation of the GenBank and PROTEOME database homolog(s) along with relevant citations where applicable, all of which are expressly incoφorated by reference herein.

Table 3 shows various structural features of the polypeptides of the invention. Columns 1 and 2 show the polypeptide sequence identification number (SEQ ID NO:) and the corresponding Incyte polypeptide sequence number (Incyte Polypeptide ID) for each polypeptide of the invention. Column 3 shows the number of amino acid residues in each polypeptide. Column 4 shows potential phosphorylation sites, and column 5 shows potential glycosylation sites, as determined by the MOTIFS program of the GCG sequence analysis software package (Genetics Computer Group, Madison WI). Column 6 shows amino acid residues comprising signature sequences, domains, and motifs. Column 7 shows analytical methods for protein structure/function analysis and in some cases, searchable databases to which the analytical methods were applied.

Together, Tables 2 and 3 summarize the properties of polypeptides of the invention, and these properties establish that the claimed polypeptides are nucleic acid-associated proteins. For example, SEQ ID NO: 1 is 49% identical, from residue R14 to residue T611, to a human zinc finger protein basonuclin (GenBank ED gl488275) as determined by the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). (See Table 2.) The BLAST probability score is ie- 137, which indicates the probability of obtaining the observed polypeptide sequence alignment by chance. SEQ JD NO: 1 also contains a zinc finger type C2H2 domain as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the hidden Markov model (HMM)-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains. (See Table 3.) Data from BLAST-PRODOM, BLAST-DOMO, and MOTIFS analyses provide further corroborative evidence that SEQ ID NO: 1 is a zinc finger protein and a basonuclin homolog.

In an alternative example, SEQ JD NO:4 is 40% identical, from residue Q56 to residue D171, to human nucleosome assembly protein 2 (GenBank ID g3645906) as determined by BLAST. (See Table 2.) The BLAST probability score is 5.4e-14. SEQ JD NO:4 also contains a nucleosome assembly protein (NAP) domain as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the HMM-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains. (See Table 3.) Data from MOTIFS analysis and BLAST analyses of the PRODOM and DOMO databases provide further corroborative evidence that SEQ ED NO:4 is a nucleosome-associated protein.

In an alternative example, SEQ ID NO:7 is 99% identical, from residue Ml 18 to residue T706, to a human zinc finger protein ZNF132 (GenBank ID g488551) as determined by BLAST. (See Table 2.) The BLAST probability score is 0.0. SEQ JD NO:7 also contains KRAB box and C2H2 type zinc finger domains as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the HMM-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains. (See Table 3.) Data from

BLIMPS, MOTIFS, BLAST-PRODOM, and BLAST-DOMO analyses provide further corroborative evidence that SEQ ID NO: 7 is a zinc finger protein.

In an alternative example, SEQ ID NO: 8 is 45% identical, from residue Ml to residue N468, to human 52kD Ro/SSA autoantigen (GenBank ID g665918) as determined by BLAST. The BLAST probability score is 3.5e-127. SEQ ID NO:8 also contains a SPRY (SPla and ryanodine receptor) domain as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the HMM-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains. (See Table 3.) Data from BLIMPS, MOTIFS, and PROFILESCAN analyses provide further corroborative evidence that SEQ JD NO: 8 is a transcription-associated zinc finger protein. In an alternative example, SEQ ID NO: 11 is 97% identical, from residue Ml to residue V495, to human serum response factor-related protein (GenBank ID g2815369) as determined by BLAST. (See Table 2.) The BLAST probability score is 1.6e-257. SEQ ID NO: 11 also contains a SRF-type transcription factor (DNA-binding and dimerization) domain as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the HMM-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains. (See Table 3.) Data from BLIMPS, MOTIFS, and PROFILESCAN analyses provide further corroborative evidence that SEQ ID NO: 11 is a serum-response factor-related protein.

In an alternative example, SEQ ID NO: 17 is 92% identical, from residue Ml to residue H511, to Mus musculus monocyte nuclear factor (GenBank ID g508528) as determined by BLAST. (See Table 2.) The BLAST probability score is 5.3e-250. SEQ ID NO: 17 also contains FHA and fork head domains as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the HMM-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains. (See Table 3.) Data from BLIMPS, MOTIFS, and PROFILESCAN analyses and BLAST analyses of the PRODOM and DOMO databases provide further corroborative evidence that SEQ ED NO: 17 is a transcriptional regulator. In an alternative example, SEQ ED NO:21 is 48% identical, from residue K39 to residue

T578, to M96A polycomblike protein (GenBank JD g3402197) as determined by BLAST. (See Table 2.) The BLAST probability score is 5.5e-129. SEQ ED NO:21 also contains PHD-finger domains as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the hidden Markov model (HMM)- based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains. (See Table 3.) Data from BLIMPS analysis and BLAST analysis of the PRODOM database provide further corroborative evidence that SEQ ED NO:21 is a chromatin-associated protein.

In an alternative example, SEQ ED NO: 32 is 50% identical, from residue E73 to residue P439, and 30% identical, from residue K356 to residue P555 to Drosophila melanogaster fusillli (GenBank JD gl3183640) as determined by BLAST. (See Table 2.) The BLAST probability score is 5.0e-125. SEQ ID NO:32 is an RNA-binding protein, as determined by BLAST analysis using the PROTEOME database. SEQ JD NO:32 also contains an RNA recognition motif as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the hidden Markov model (HMM)-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains. (See Table 3.) Data from BLAST analysis of the DOMO database provide further corroborative evidence that SEQ ID NO: 32 is an RNA-binding protein. SEQ JD NO:2-3, SEQ JD NO:5-6, SEQ JD NO:9-10, SEQ JD NO: 12-16, SEQ ED NO: 18-20, and SEQ JD NO:22-31 were analyzed and annotated in a similar manner. The algorithms and parameters for the analysis of SEQ JD NO: 1-32 are described in Table 7.

As shown in Table 4, the full length polynucleotide embodiments were assembled using cDNA sequences or coding (exon) sequences derived from genomic DNA, or any combination of these two types of sequences. Column 1 lists the polynucleotide sequence identification number (Polynucleotide SEQ ID NO:), the corresponding Incyte polynucleotide consensus sequence number (Incyte ID) for each polynucleotide of the invention, and the length of each polynucleotide sequence in basepairs. Column 2 shows the nucleotide start (5') and stop (3') positions of the cDNA and/or genomic sequences used to assemble the full length polynucleotide embodiments, and of fragments of the polynucleotides which are useful, for example, in hybridization or amplification technologies that identify SEQ ID NO:8-14 or that distinguish between SEQ ID NO:8-14 and related polynucleotides. The polynucleotide fragments described in Column 2 of Table 4 may refer specifically, for example, to Incyte cDNAs derived from tissue-specific cDNA libraries or from pooled cDNA libraries. Alternatively, the polynucleotide fragments described in column 2 may refer to GenBank cDNAs or ESTs which contributed to the assembly of the full length polynucleotides. In addition, the polynucleotide fragments described in column 2 may identify sequences derived from the ENSEMBL (The Sanger Centre, Cambridge, UK) database (i.e., those sequences including the designation "ENST"). Alternatively, the polynucleotide fragments described in column 2 may be derived from the NCBI RefSeq Nucleotide Sequence Records Database (i.e., those sequences including the designation "NM" or "NT") or the NCBI RefSeq Protein Sequence Records (i.e., those sequences including the designation "NP"). Alternatively, the polynucleotide fragments described in column 2 may refer to assemblages of both cDNA and Genscan-predicted exons brought together by an "exon stitching" algorithm. For example, a polynucleotide sequence identified as FL_XXXXXX_N,_N₂_YYYYY_N₃_N₄ represents a "stitched" sequence in which XXXXXX is the identification number of the cluster of sequences to which the algorithm was applied, and YYYYY is the number of the prediction generated by the algorithm, and N ₃ , if present, represent specific exons that may have been manually edited during analysis (See Example V). Alternatively, the polynucleotide fragments in column 2 may refer to assemblages of exons brought together by an "exon-stretching" algorithm. For example, a polynucleotide sequence identified as

FLXXXXXX_gAAAAA_gBBBBB_J_N is a "stretched" sequence, with XXXXXX being the Incyte project identification number, gAAAΛΛ being the GenBank identification number of the human genomic sequence to which the "exon-stretching" algorithm was applied, gBBBBB being the GenBank identification number or NCBI RefSeq identification number of the nearest GenBank protein homolog, and N referring to specific exons (See Example V). In instances where a RefSeq sequence was used as a protein homolog for the "exon-stretching" algorithm, a RefSeq identifier (denoted by "NM," "NP," or "NT") may be used in place of the GenBank identifier (i.e., gBBBBB).

Alternatively, a prefix identifies component sequences that were hand-edited, predicted from genomic DNA sequences, or derived from a combination of sequence analysis methods. The following Table lists examples of component sequence prefixes and corresponding sequence analysis methods associated with the prefixes (see Example EV and Example V).

ENCY Full length transcript and exon prediction from mapping of EST sequences to the genome. Genomic location and EST composition data are combined to predict the exons and resulting transcript.

In some cases, Incyte cDNA coverage redundant with the sequence coverage shown in Table 4 was obtained to confirm the final consensus polynucleotide sequence, but the relevant Incyte cDNA identification numbers are not shown.

Table 5 shows the representative cDNA libraries for those full length polynucleotides which were assembled using Incyte cDNA sequences. The representative cDNA library is the Incyte cDNA library which is most frequently represented by the Incyte cDNA sequences which were used to assemble and confirm the above polynucleotides. The tissues and vectors which were used to construct the cDNA libraries shown in Table 5 are described in Table 6.

The invention also encompasses NAAP variants. A preferred NAAP variant is one which has at least about 80%, or alternatively at least about 90%, or even at least about 95% amino acid sequence identity to the NAAP amino acid sequence, and which contains at least one functional or structural characteristic of NAAP. Various embodiments also encompass polynucleotides which encode NAAP. In a particular embodiment, the invention encompasses a polynucleotide sequence comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 33-64, which encodes NAAP. The polynucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:33-64, as presented in the Sequence Listing, embrace the equivalent RNA sequences, wherein occurrences of the nitrogenous base thymine are replaced with uracil, and the sugar backbone is composed of ribose instead of deoxyribose.

The invention also encompasses variants of a polynucleotide encoding NAAP. In particular, such a variant polynucleotide will have at least about 70%, or alternatively at least about 85%, or even at least about 95% polynucleotide sequence identity to a polynucleotide encoding NAAP. A particular aspect of the invention encompasses a variant of a polynucleotide comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33-64 which has at least about 70%, or alternatively at least about 85%, or even at least about 95% polynucleotide sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33-64. Any one of the polynucleotide variants described above can encode a polypeptide which contains at least one functional or structural characteristic of NAAP. In addition, or in the alternative, a polynucleotide variant of the invention is a splice variant of a polynucleotide encoding NAAP. A splice variant may have portions which have significant sequence identity to a polynucleotide encoding NAAP, but will generally have a greater or lesser number of polynucleotides due to additions or deletions of blocks of sequence arising from alternate splicing of exons during mRNA processing. A splice variant may have less than about 70%, or alternatively less than about 60%, or alternatively less than about 50% polynucleotide sequence identity to a polynucleotide encoding NAAP over its entire length; however, portions of the splice variant will have at least about 70%, or alternatively at least about 85%, or alternatively at least about 95%, or alternatively 100% polynucleotide sequence identity to portions of the polynucleotide encoding NAAP. For example, a polynucleotide comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO:41 and a polynucleotide comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO:62 are splice variants of each other; and a polynucleotide comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO:47 and a polynucleotide comprising a sequence of SEQ ED NO:48 are splice variants of each other. Any one of the splice variants described above can encode a polypeptide which contains at least one functional or structural characteristic of NAAP.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a multitude of polynucleotide sequences encoding NAAP, some bearing minimal similarity to the polynucleotide sequences of any known and naturally occurring gene, may be produced. Thus, the invention contemplates each and every possible variation of polynucleotide sequence that could be made by selecting combinations based on possible codon choices. These combinations are made in accordance with the standard triplet genetic code as applied to the polynucleotide sequence of naturally occurring NAAP, and all such variations are to be considered as being specifically disclosed. Although polynucleotides which encode NAAP and its variants are generally capable of hybridizing to polynucleotides encoding naturally occurring NAAP under appropriately selected conditions of stringency, it may be advantageous to produce polynucleotides encoding NAAP or its derivatives possessing a substantially different codon usage, e.g., inclusion of non-naturally occurring codons. Codons may be selected to increase the rate at which expression of the peptide occurs in a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic host in accordance with the frequency with which particular codons are utilized by the host. Other reasons for substantially altering the nucleotide sequence encoding NAAP and its derivatives without altering the encoded amino acid sequences include the production of RNA transcripts having more desirable properties, such as a greater half-life, than transcripts produced from the naturally occurring sequence. The invention also encompasses production of polynucleotides which encode NAAP and

NAAP derivatives, or fragments thereof, entirely by synthetic chemistry. After production, the synthetic polynucleotide may be inserted into any of the many available expression vectors and cell systems using reagents well known in the art. Moreover, synthetic chemistry may be used to introduce mutations into a polynucleotide encoding NAAP or any fragment thereof. Embodiments of the invention can also include polynucleotides that are capable of hybridizing to the claimed polynucleotides, and, in particular, to those having the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 33-64 and fragments thereof, under various conditions of stringency (Wahl, G.M. and S.L. Berger (1987) Methods Enzymol. 152:399-407; Kimmel, A.R. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 152:507-511). Hybridization conditions, including annealing and wash conditions, are described in "Definitions."

Methods for DNA sequencing are well known in the art and may be used to practice any of the embodiments of the invention. The methods may employ such enzymes as the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, SEQUENASE (US Biochemical, Cleveland OH), Taq polymerase (Applied Biosystems), thermostable T7 polymerase (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway NJ), or combinations of polymerases and proofreading exonucleases such as those found in the ELONGASE amplification system (Invitrogen, Carlsbad CA). Preferably, sequence preparation is automated with machines such as the MICROLAB 2200 liquid transfer system (Hamilton, Reno NV), PTC200 thermal cycler (MJ Research, Watertown MA) and ABI CATALYST 800 thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems). Sequencing is then carried out using either the ABI 373 or 377 DNA sequencing system (Applied Biosystems), the MEGABACE 1000 DNA sequencing system (Amersham Biosciences), or other systems known in the art. The resulting sequences are analyzed using a variety of algorithms which are well known in the art (Ausubel et al., supra, ch. 7; Meyers, R.A. (1995) Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Wiley VCH, New York NY, pp. 856-853). The nucleic acids encoding NAAP may be extended utilizing a partial nucleotide sequence and employing various PCR-based methods known in the art to detect upstream sequences, such as promoters and regulatory elements. For example, one method which may be employed, restriction-site PCR, uses universal and nested primers to amplify unknown sequence from genomic DNA within a cloning vector (Sarkar, G. (1993) PCR Methods Applic. 2:318-322). ^■ Another method, inverse PCR, uses primers that extend in divergent directions to amplify unknown sequence from a circularized template. The template is derived from restriction fragments comprising a known genomic locus and surrounding sequences (Triglia, T. et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16:8186). A third method, capture PCR, involves PCR amplification of DNA fragments adjacent to known sequences in human and yeast artificial chromosome DNA (Lagerstrom, M. et al. (1991) PCR Methods Applic. 1:111-119). In this method, multiple restriction enzyme digestions and ligations may be used to insert an engineered double-stranded sequence into a region of unknown sequence before performing PCR. Other methods which may be used to retrieve unknown sequences are known in the art (Parker, JD. et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19:3055-3060). Additionally, one may use PCR, nested primers, and PROMOTERFINDER libraries (Clontech, Palo Alto CA) to walk genomic DNA. This procedure avoids the need to screen libraries and is useful in finding intron/exon junctions. For all PCR-based methods, primers may be designed using commercially available software, such as OLIGO 4.06 primer analysis software (National Biosciences, Plymouth MN) or another appropriate program, to be about 22 to 30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of about 50% or more, and to anneal to the template at temperatures of about 68°C to 72°C

When screening for full length cDNAs, it is preferable to use libraries that have been size-selected to include larger cDNAs. In addition, random-primed libraries, which often include sequences containing the 5' regions of genes, are preferable for situations in which an oligo d(T) library does not yield a full-length cDNA. Genomic libraries may be useful for extension of sequence into 5' non-transcribed regulatory regions.

Capillary electrophoresis systems which are commercially available may be used to analyze the size or confirm the nucleotide sequence of sequencing or PCR products. In particular, capillary sequencing may employ flowable polymers for electrophoretic separation, four different nucleotide- specific, laser-stimulated fluorescent dyes, and a charge coupled device camera for detection of the emitted wavelengths. Output/light intensity may be converted to electrical signal using appropriate software (e.g., GENOTYPER and SEQUENCE NAVIGATOR, Applied Biosystems), and the entire process from loading of samples to computer analysis and electronic data display may be computer controlled. Capillary electrophoresis is especially preferable for sequencing small DNA fragments which may be present in limited amounts in a particular sample. In another embodiment of the invention, polynucleotides or fragments thereof which encode

NAAP may be cloned in recombinant DNA molecules that direct expression of NAAP, or fragments or functional equivalents thereof, in appropriate host cells. Due to the inherent degeneracy of the genetic code, other polynucleotides which encode substantially the same or a functionally equivalent polypeptides may be produced and used to express NAAP. The polynucleotides of the invention can be engineered using methods generally known in the art in order to alter NAAP-encoding sequences for a variety of puφoses including, but not limited to, modification of the cloning, processing, and/or expression of the gene product. DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and PCR reassembly of gene fragments and synthetic oligonucleotides may be used to engineer the nucleotide sequences. For example, oligonucleotide-mediated site-directed mutagenesis may be used to introduce mutations that create new restriction sites, alter glycosylation patterns, change codon preference, produce splice variants, and so forth.

The nucleotides of the present invention may be subjected to DNA shuffling techniques such as MOLECULARBREEDING (Maxygen Inc., Santa Clara CA; described in U.S. Patent No. 5,837,458; Chang, C.-C et al. (1999) Nat. Biotechnol. 17:793-797; Christians, F.C et al. (1999) Nat. Biotechnol. 17:259-264; and Crameri, A. et al. (1996) Nat. Biotechnol. 14:315-319) to alter or improve the biological properties of NAAP, such as its biological or enzymatic activity or its ability to bind to other molecules or compounds. DNA shuffling is a process by which a library of gene variants is produced using PCR-mediated recombination of gene fragments. The library is then subjected to selection or screening procedures that identify those gene variants with the desired properties. These preferred variants may then be pooled and further subjected to recursive rounds of DNA shuffling and selection/screening. Thus, genetic diversity is created through "artificial" breeding and rapid molecular evolution. For example, fragments of a single gene containing random point mutations may be recombined, screened, and then reshuffled until the desired properties are optimized. Alternatively, fragments of a given gene may be recombined with fragments of homologous genes in the same gene family, either from the same or different species, thereby maximizing the genetic diversity of multiple naturally occurring genes in a directed and controllable manner.

In another embodiment, polynucleotides encoding NAAP may be synthesized, in whole or in part, using one or more chemical methods well known in the art (Caruthers, M.H. et al. (1980) Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 7:215-223; Horn, T. et al. (1980) Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 7:225-232). Alternatively, NAAP itself or a fragment thereof may be synthesized using chemical methods known in the art. For example, peptide synthesis can be performed using various solution-phase or solid-phase techniques (Creighton, T. (1984) Proteins. Structures and Molecular Properties, WH Freeman, New York NY, pp. 55-60; Roberge, J.Y. et al. (1995) Science 269:202-204). Automated synthesis may be achieved using the ABI 431 A peptide synthesizer (Applied Biosystems). Additionally, the amino acid sequence of NAAP, or any part thereof, may be altered during direct synthesis and/or combined with sequences from other proteins, or any part thereof, to produce a variant polypeptide or a polypeptide having a sequence of a naturally occurring polypeptide. The peptide may be substantially purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography (Chiez, R.M. and F.Z. Regnier (1990) Methods Enzymol. 182:392-421). The composition of the synthetic peptides may be confirmed by amino acid analysis or by sequencing (Creighton, supra, pp. 28-53).

In order to express a biologically active NAAP, the polynucleotides encoding NAAP or derivatives thereof may be inserted into an appropriate expression vector, i.e., a vector which contains the necessary elements for transcriptional and translational control of the inserted coding sequence in a suitable host. These elements include regulatory sequences, such as enhancers, constitutive and inducible promoters, and 5' and 3' untranslated regions in the vector and in polynucleotides encoding NAAP. Such elements may vary in their strength and specificity. Specific initiation signals may also be used to achieve more efficient translation of polynucleotides encoding NAAP. Such signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences, e.g. the Kozak sequence. In cases where a polynucleotide sequence encoding NAAP and its initiation codon and upstream regulatory sequences are inserted into the appropriate expression vector, no additional transcriptional or translational control signals may be needed. However, in cases where only coding sequence, or a fragment thereof, is inserted, exogenous translational control signals including an in-frame ATG initiation codon should be provided by the vector. Exogenous translational elements and initiation codons may be of various origins, both natural and synthetic. The efficiency of expression may be enhanced by the inclusion of enhancers appropriate for the particular host cell system used (Scharf, D. et al. (1994) Results Probl. Cell Differ. 20: 125-162).

Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art may be used to construct expression vectors containing polynucleotides encoding NAAP and appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination (Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview NY, ch. 4, 8, and 16-17; Ausubel et al., supra, ch. 1, 3, and 15).

A variety of expression vector/host systems may be utilized to contain and express polynucleotides encoding NAAP. These include, but are not limited to, microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors; insect cell systems infected with viral expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus); plant cell systems transformed with viral expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV, or tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expression vectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids); or animal cell systems (Sambrook, supra; Ausubel et al., supra; Van Heeke, G. and S.M. Schuster (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:5503-5509; Engelhard, E.K. et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3224-3227; Sandig, V. et al. (1996) Hum. Gene Ther. 7: 1937-1945; Takamatsu, N. (1987) EMBO J. 6:307-311; The McGraw Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology (1992) McGraw Hill, New York NY, pp. 191-196; Logan, J. and T. Shenk (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3655-3659; Harrington, J.J. et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 15:345-355). Expression vectors derived from retroviruses, adenoviruses, or heφes or vaccinia viruses, or from various bacterial plasmids, may be used for delivery of polynucleotides to the targeted organ, tissue, or cell population (Di Nicola, M. et al. (1998) Cancer Gen. Ther. 5:350-356; Yu, M. et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6340-6344; Buller, R.M. et al. (1985) Nature 317:813-815; McGregor, DP. et al. (1994) Mol. Immunol. 31:219-226; Verma, EM. and N. Somia (1997) Nature 389:239-242). The invention is not limited by the host cell employed. In bacterial systems, a number of cloning and expression vectors may be selected depending upon the use intended for polynucleotides encoding NAAP. For example, routine cloning, subcloning, and propagation of polynucleotides encoding NAAP can be achieved using a multifunctional E. coli vector such as PBLUESCRIPT (Stratagene, La Jolla CA) or PSPORT1 plasmid (Invitrogen). Ligation of polynucleotides encoding NAAP into the vector's multiple cloning site disrupts the lacL gene, allowing a colorimetric screening procedure for identification of transformed bacteria containing recombinant molecules. In addition, these vectors may be useful for in vitro transcription, dideoxy sequencing, single strand rescue with helper phage, and creation of nested deletions in the cloned sequence (Van Heeke, G. and S.M. Schuster (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:5503-5509). When large quantities of NAAP are needed, e.g. for the production of antibodies, vectors which direct high level expression of NAAP may be used. For example, vectors containing the strong, inducible SP6 or T7 bacteriophage promoter may be used.

Yeast expression systems may be used for production of NAAP. A number of vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters, such as alpha factor, alcohol oxidase, and PGH promoters, may be used in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris. In addition, such vectors direct either the secretion or intracellular retention of expressed proteins and enable integration of foreign polynucleotide sequences into the host genome for stable propagation (Ausubel et al., supra; Bitter, G.A. et al. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 153:516-544; Scorer, CA. et al. (1994) Bio/Technology 12: 181-184). Plant systems may also be used for expression of NAAP. Transcription of polynucleotides encoding NAAP may be driven by viral promoters, e.g., the 35S and 19S promoters of CaMV used alone or in combination with the omega leader sequence from TMV (Takamatsu, N. (1987) EMBO J. 6:307-311). Alternatively, plant promoters such as the small subunit of RUBISCO or heat shock promoters may be used (Coruzzi, G. et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3: 1671-1680; Broglie, R. et al. (1984) Science 224:838-843; Winter, J. et al. (1991) Results Probl. Cell Differ. 17:85-105). These constructs can be introduced into plant cells by direct DNA transformation or pathogen-mediated transfection (The McGraw Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology (1992) McGraw Hill, New York NY, pp. 191-196).

In mammalian cells, a number of viral-based expression systems may be utilized. In cases where an adenovirus is used as an expression vector, polynucleotides encoding NAAP may be ligated into an adenovirus transcription/translation complex consisting of the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. Insertion in a non-essential El or E3 region of the viral genome may be used to obtain infective virus which expresses NAAP in host cells (Logan, J. and T. Shenk (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3655-3659). In addition, transcription enhancers, such as the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) enhancer, may be used to increase expression in mammalian host cells. SV40 or EBV-based vectors may also be used for high-level protein expression.

Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) may also be employed to deliver larger fragments of DNA than can be contained in and expressed from a plasmid. HACs of about 6 kb to 10 Mb are constructed and delivered via conventional delivery methods (liposomes, polycationic amino polymers, or vesicles) for therapeutic pmposes (Harrington, JJ. et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 15:345-355).

For long term production of recombinant proteins in mammalian systems, stable expression of NAAP in cell lines is preferred. For example, polynucleotides encoding NAAP can be transformed into cell lines using expression vectors which may contain viral origins of replication and/or endogenous expression elements and a selectable marker gene on the same or on a separate vector. Following the introduction of the vector, cells may be allowed to grow for about 1 to 2 days in enriched media before being switched to selective media. The puφose of the selectable marker is to confer resistance to a selective agent, and its presence allows growth and recovery of cells which successfully express the introduced sequences. Resistant clones of stably transformed cells may be propagated using tissue culture techniques appropriate to the cell type.

Any number of selection systems may be used to recover transformed cell lines. These include, but are not limited to, the heφes simplex virus thymidine kinase and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase genes, for use in ik^~ and apf cells, respectively (Wigler, M. et al. (1977) Cell 11:223-232; Lowy, I. et al. (1980) Cell 22:817-823). Also, antimetabolite, antibiotic, or herbicide resistance can be used as the basis for selection. For example, dhfr confers resistance to methotrexate; neo confers resistance to the aminoglycosides neomycin and G-418; and als and pat confer resistance to chlorsulfuron and phosphinotricin acetyltransferase, respectively (Wigler, M. et al. (1980) Prόc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:3567-3570; Colbere-Garapin, F. et al. (1981) J. Mol. Biol. 150: 1-14). Additional selectable genes have been described, e.g., trpB and hisD, which alter cellular requirements for metabolites (Hartman, S.C. and R.C. Mulligan (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8047-8051). Visible markers, e.g., anthocyanins, green fluorescent proteins (GFP; Clontech), β- glucuronidase and its substrate β-glucuronide, or luciferase and its substrate luciferin may be used. These markers can be used not only to identify transformants, but also to quantify the amount of transient or stable protein expression attributable to a specific vector system (Rhodes, CA. (1995) Methods Mol. Biol. 55: 121-131).

Although the presence/absence of marker gene expression suggests that the gene of interest is also present, the presence and expression of the gene may need to be confirmed. For example, if the sequence encoding NAAP is inserted within a marker gene sequence, transformed cells containing polynucleotides encoding NAAP can be identified by the absence of marker gene function. Alternatively, a marker gene can be placed in tandem with a sequence encoding NAAP under the control of a single promoter. Expression of the marker gene in response to induction or selection usually indicates expression of the tandem gene as well.

In general, host cells that contain the polynucleotide encoding NAAP and that express NAAP may be identified by a variety of procedures known to those of skill in the art. These procedures include, but are not limited to, DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations, PCR amplification, and protein bioassay or immunoassay techniques which include membrane, solution, or chip based technologies for the detection and/or quantification of nucleic acid or protein sequences.

Immunological methods for detecting and measuring the expression of NAAP using either specific polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies are known in the art. Examples of such techniques include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). A two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassay utilizing monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopes on NAAP is preferred, but a competitive binding assay may be employed. These and other assays are well known in the art (Hampton, R. et al. (1990) Serological Methods, a Laboratory Manual. APS Press, St. Paul MN, Sect. EV; Coligan, J.E. et al. (1997) Current Protocols in Immunology, Greene Pub. Associates and Wiley- Interscience, New York NY; Pound, JD. (1998) Immunochemical Protocols, Humana Press, Totowa NJ).

A wide variety of labels and conjugation techniques are known by those skilled in the art and may be used in various nucleic acid and amino acid assays. Means for producing labeled hybridization or PCR probes for detecting sequences related to polynucleotides encoding NAAP include oligolabeling, nick translation, end-labeling, or PCR amplification using a labeled nucleotide. Alternatively, polynucleotides encoding NAAP, or any fragments thereof, may be cloned into a vector for the production of an mRNA probe. Such vectors are known in the art, are commercially available, and may be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by addition of an appropriate RNA polymerase such as T7, T3, or SP6 and labeled nucleotides. These procedures may be conducted using a variety of commercially available kits, such as those provided by Amersham Biosciences, Promega (Madison WI), and US Biochemical. Suitable reporter molecules or labels which may be used for ease of detection include radionuclides, enzymes, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents, as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles, and the like.

Host cells transformed with polynucleotides encoding NAAP may be cultured under conditions suitable for the expression and recovery of the protein from cell culture. The protein produced by a transformed cell may be secreted or retained intracellularly depending on the sequence and/or the vector used. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, expression vectors containing polynucleotides which encode NAAP may be designed to contain signal sequences which direct secretion of NAAP through a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane.

In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen for its ability to modulate expression of the inserted polynucleotides or to process the expressed protein in the desired fashion. Such modifications of the polypeptide include, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, and acylation. Post-translational processing which cleaves a "prepro" or "pro" form of the protein may also be used to specify protein targeting, folding, and/or activity. Different host cells which have specific cellular machinery and characteristic mechanisms for post-translational activities (e.g., CHO, HeLa, MDCK, HEK293, and WI38) are available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas VA) and may be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein.

In another embodiment of the invention, natural, modified, or recombinant polynucleotides encoding NAAP may be ligated to a heterologous sequence resulting in translation of a fusion protein in any of the aforementioned host systems. For example, a chimeric NAAP protein containing a heterologous moiety that can be recognized by a commercially available antibody may facilitate the screening of peptide libraries for inhibitors of NAAP activity. Heterologous protein and peptide moieties may also facilitate purification of fusion proteins using commercially available affinity matrices. Such moieties include, but are not limited to, glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose binding protein (MBP), thioredoxin (Trx), calmodulin binding peptide (CBP), 6-His, FLAG, c-myc, and hemagglutinin (HA). GST, MBP, Trx, CBP, and 6-His enable purification of their cognate fusion proteins on immobilized glutathione, maltose, phenylarsine oxide, calmodulin, and metal-chelate resins, respectively. FLAG, c-myc, and hemagglutinin (HA) enable immunoaffmity purification of fusion proteins using commercially available monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that specifically recognize these epitope tags. A fusion protein may also be engineered to contain a proteolytic cleavage site located between the NAAP encoding sequence and the heterologous protein sequence, so that NAAP may be cleaved away from the heterologous moiety following purification. Methods for fusion protein expression and purification are discussed in Ausubel et al. (supra, ch. 10 and 16). A variety of commercially available kits may also be used to facilitate expression and purification of fusion proteins. In another embodiment, synthesis of radiolabeled NAAP may be achieved in vitro using the

TNT rabbit reticulocyte lysate or wheat germ extract system (Promega). These systems couple transcription and translation of protein-coding sequences operably associated with the T7, T3, or SP6 promoters. Translation takes place in the presence of a radiolabeled amino acid precursor, for example, ³⁵S-methionine. NAAP, fragments of NAAP, or variants of NAAP may be used to screen for compounds that specifically bind to NAAP. One or more test compounds may be screened for specific binding to NAAP. In various embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, or 200 test compounds can be screened for specific binding to NAAP. Examples of test compounds can include antibodies, anticalins, oligonucleotides, proteins (e.g., ligands or receptors), or small molecules.

In related embodiments, variants of NAAP can be used to screen for binding of test compounds, such as antibodies, to NAAP, a variant of NAAP, or a combination of NAAP and/or one or more variants NAAP. In an embodiment, a variant of NAAP can be used to screen for compounds that bind to a variant of NAAP, but not to NAAP having the exact sequence of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1-32. NAAP variants used to perform such screening can have a range of about 50% to about 99% sequence identity to NAAP, with various embodiments having 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, and 95% sequence identity.

In an embodiment, a compound identified in a screen for specific binding to NAAP can be closely related to the natural ligand of NAAP, e.g., a ligand or fragment thereof, a natural substrate, a structural or functional mimetic, or a natural binding partner (Coligan, J.E. et al. (1991) Current

Protocols in Immunology 1(2): Chapter 5). In another embodiment, the compound thus identified can be a natural ligand of a receptor NAAP (Howard, AD. et al. (2001) Trends Pharmacol. Sci.22: 132- 140; Wise, A. et al. (2002) Drug Discovery Today 7:235-246).

In other embodiments, a compound identified in a screen for specific binding to NAAP can be closely related to the natural receptor to which NAAP binds, at least a fragment of the receptor, or a fragment of the receptor including all or a portion of the ligand binding site or binding pocket. For example, the compound may be a receptor for NAAP which is capable of propagating a signal, or a decoy receptor for NAAP which is not capable of propagating a signal (Ashkenazi, A. and V.M. Divit (1999) Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11:255-260; Mantovani, A. et al. (2001) Trends Immunol. 22:328-336). The compound can be rationally designed using known techniques. Examples of such techniques include those used to construct the compound etanercept (ENBREL; Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks CA), which is efficacious for treating rheumatoid arthritis in humans. Etanercept is an engineered p75 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor dimer linked to the Fc portion of human IgG , (Taylor, P.C. et al. (2001) Curr. Opin. Immunol. 13:611-616). In one embodiment, two or more antibodies having similar or, alternatively, different specificities can be screened for specific binding to NAAP, fragments of NAAP, or variants of NAAP. The binding specificity of the antibodies thus screened can thereby be selected to identify particular fragments or variants of NAAP. In one embodiment, an antibody can be selected such that its binding specificity allows for preferential identification of specific fragments or variants of NAAP. In another embodiment, an antibody can be selected such that its binding specificity allows for preferential diagnosis of a specific disease or condition having increased, decreased, or otherwise abnormal production of NAAP.

In an embodiment, anticalins can be screened for specific binding to NAAP, fragments of NAAP, or variants of NAAP. Anticalins are ligand-binding proteins that have been constructed based on a lipocalin scaffold (Weiss, G.A. and H.B. Lowman (2000) Chem. Biol. 7:R177-R184; Skerra, A. (2001) J. Biotechnol. 74:257-275). The protein architecture of lipocalins can include a beta-barrel having eight antiparallel beta-strands, which supports four loops at its open end. These loops form the natural ligand-binding site of the lipocalins, a site which can be re-engineered in vitro by amino acid substitutions to impart novel binding specificities. The amino acid substitutions can be made using methods known in the art or described herein, and can include conservative substitutions (e.g., substitutions that do not alter binding specificity) or substitutions that modestly, moderately, or significantly alter binding specificity.

In one embodiment, screening for compounds which specifically bind to, stimulate, or inhibit NAAP involves producing appropriate cells which express NAAP, either as a secreted protein or on the cell membrane. Preferred cells include cells from mammals, yeast, Drosophila, or E. coli. Cells expressing NAAP or cell membrane fractions which contain NAAP are then contacted with a test compound and binding, stimulation, or inhibition of activity of either NAAP or the compound is analyzed. An assay may simply test binding of a test compound to the polypeptide, wherein binding is detected by a fluorophore, radioisotope, enzyme conjugate, or other detectable label. For example, the assay may comprise the steps of combining at least one test compound with NAAP, either in solution or affixed to a solid support, and detecting the binding of NAAP to the compound. Alternatively, the assay may detect or measure binding of a test compound in the presence of a labeled competitor. Additionally, the assay may be carried out using cell-free preparations, chemical libraries, or natural product mixtures, and the test compound(s) may be free in solution or affixed to a solid support.

An assay can be used to assess the ability of a compound to bind to its natural ligand and/or to inhibit the binding of its natural ligand to its natural receptors. Examples of such assays include radio-labeling assays such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 5,914,236 and U.S. Patent No.

6,372,724. In a related embodiment, one or more amino acid substitutions can be introduced into a polypeptide compound (such as a receptor) to improve or alter its ability to bind to its natural ligands (Matthews, D.J. and J.A. Wells. (1994) Chem. Biol. 1:25-30). In another related embodiment, one or more amino acid substitutions can be introduced into a polypeptide compound (such as a ligand) to improve or alter its ability to bind to its natural receptors (Cunningham, B.C. and J.A. Wells (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:3407-3411; Lowman, H.B. et al. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266:10982- 10988).

NAAP, fragments of NAAP, or variants of NAAP may be used to screen for compounds that modulate the activity of NAAP. Such compounds may include agonists, antagonists, or partial or inverse agonists. In one embodiment, an assay is performed under conditions permissive for NAAP activity, wherein NAAP is combined with at least one test compound, and the activity of NAAP in the presence of a test compound is compared with the activity of NAAP in the absence of the test compound. A change in the activity of NAAP in the presence of the test compound is indicative of a compound that modulates the activity of NAAP. Alternatively, a test compound is combined with an in vitro or cell-free system comprising NAAP under conditions suitable for NAAP activity, and the assay is performed. In either of these assays, a test compound which modulates the activity of NAAP may do so indirectly and need not come in direct contact with the test compound. At least one and up to a plurality of test compounds may be screened. In another embodiment, polynucleotides encoding NAAP or their mammalian homologs may be "knocked out" in an animal model system using homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Such techniques are well known in the art and are useful for the generation of animal models of human disease (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,175,383 and U.S. Patent No. 5,767,337). For example, mouse ES cells, such as the mouse 129/SvJ cell line, are derived from the early mouse embryo and grown in culture. The ES cells are transformed with a vector containing the gene of interest disrupted by a marker gene, e.g., the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neo; Capecchi, M.R. (1989) Science 244: 1288-1292). The vector integrates into the corresponding region of the host genome by homologous recombination. Alternatively, homologous recombination takes place using the Cre-loxP system to knockout a gene of interest in a tissue- or developmental stage-specific manner (Marth, J.D. (1996) Clin. Invest. 97: 1999-2002; Wagner, K.U. et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:4323-4330). Transformed ES cells are identified and microinjected into mouse cell blastocysts such as those from the C57BL/6 mouse strain. The blastocysts are surgically transferred to pseudopregnant dams, and the resulting chimeric progeny are genotyped and bred to produce heterozygous or homozygous strains. Transgenic animals thus generated may be tested with potential therapeutic or toxic agents.

Polynucleotides encoding NAAP may also be manipulated in vitro in ES cells derived from human blastocysts. Human ES cells have the potential to differentiate into at least eight separate cell lineages including endoderm, mesoderm, and ectodermal cell types. These cell lineages differentiate into, for example, neural cells, hematopoietic lineages, and cardiomyocytes (Thomson, J.A. et al. (1998) Science 282: 1145-1147).

Polynucleotides encoding NAAP can also be used to create "knockin" humanized animals (pigs) or transgenic animals (mice or rats) to model human disease. With knockin technology, a region of a polynucleotide encoding NAAP is injected into animal ES cells, and the injected sequence integrates into the animal cell genome. Transformed cells are injected into blastulae, and the blastulae are implanted as described above. Transgenic progeny or inbred lines are studied and treated with potential pharmaceutical agents to obtain information on treatment of a human disease. Alternatively, a mammal inbred to overexpress NAAP, e.g., by secreting NAAP in its milk, may also serve as a convenient source of that protein (Janne, J. et al. (1998) Biotechnol. Annu. Rev. 4:55-74). THERAPEUTICS

Chemical and structural similarity, e.g., in the context of sequences and motifs, exists between regions of NAAP and nucleic acid-associated proteins. In addition, examples of tissues expressing NAAP can be found in Table 6 and can also be found in Example XI. Therefore, NAAP appears to play a role in cell prohferative, neurological, developmental, and autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, and infections. In the treatment of disorders associated with increased NAAP expression or activity, it is desirable to decrease the expression or activity of NAAP. In the treatment of disorders associated with decreased NAAP expression or activity, it is desirable to increase the expression or activity of NAAP.

Therefore, in one embodiment, NAAP or a fragment or derivative thereof may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with decreased expression or activity of NAAP. Examples of such disorders include, but are not limited to, a cell prohferative disorder such as actinic keratosis, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, bursitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), myelofibrosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, polycythemia vera, psoriasis, primary thrombocythemia, and cancers including adenocarcinoma, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, myeloma, sarcoma, teratocarcinoma, and, in particular, a cancer of the adrenal gland, bladder, bone, bone marrow, brain, breast, cervix, gall bladder, ganglia, gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, ovary, pancreas, parathyroid, penis, prostate, salivary glands, skin, spleen, testis, thymus, thyroid, and uterus; a neurological disorder such as epilepsy, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, stroke, cerebral neoplasms, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease and other extrapyramidal disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron disorders, progressive neural muscular atrophy, retinitis pigmentosa, hereditary ataxias, multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases, bacterial and viral meningitis, brain abscess, subdural empyema, epidural abscess, suppurative intracranial thrombophlebitis, myelitis and radiculitis, viral central nervous system disease, prion diseases including kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, nutritional and metabolic diseases of the nervous system, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, cerebelloretinal hemangioblastomatosis, encephalotrigeminal syndrome, mental retardation and other developmental disorder of the central nervous system, cerebral palsy, a neuroskeletal disorder, an autonomic nervous system disorder, a cranial nerve disorder, a spinal cord disease, muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disorder, a peripheral nervous system disorder, dermatomyositis and polymyositis, inherited, metabolic, endocrine, and toxic myopathy, myasthenia gravis, periodic paralysis, a mental disorder including mood, anxiety, and schizophrenic disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), akathesia, amnesia, catatonia, diabetic neuropathy, tardive dyskinesia, dystonias, paranoid psychoses, postheφetic neuralgia, and Tourette's disorder; a developmental disorder such as renal tubular acidosis, anemia, Cushing's syndrome, achondroplastic dwarfism, Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, epilepsy, gonadal dysgenesis, WAGR syndrome (Wilms' tumor, aniridia, genitourinary abnormalities, and mental retardation), Smith- Magenis syndrome, myelodysplastic syndrome, hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia, hereditary keratodermas, hereditary neuropathies such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and neurofibromatosis, hypothyroidism, hydrocephalus, seizure disorders such as Syndenham's chorea and cerebral palsy, spina bifida, anencephaly, craniorachischisis, congenital glaucoma, cataract, and sensorineural hearing loss; an autoimmune/inflammatory disorder such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Addison's disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, allergies, ankylosing spondylitis, amyloidosis, anemia, asthma, atherosclerosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), bronchitis, cholecystitis, contact dermatitis, Crohn's disease, atopic dermatitis, dermatomyositis, diabetes mellitus, emphysema, episodic lymphopenia with lymphocytotoxins, erythroblastosis fetalis, erythema nodosum, atrophic gastritis, glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, gout, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hypereosinophilia, irritable bowel syndrome, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, myocardial or pericardial inflammation, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, pancreatitis, polymyositis, psoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic anaphylaxis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, thrombocytopenic puφura, ulcerative colitis, uveitis, Werner syndrome, complications of cancer, hemodialysis, and extracoφoreal circulation, viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic, protozoal, and helminthic infections, and trauma; and an infection, such as those caused by a viral agent classified as adenovirus, arenavirus, bunyavirus, calicivirus, coronavirus, filovirus, hepadnavirus, heφesvirus, flavivirus, orthomyxovirus, parvovirus, papovavirus, paramyxovirus, picornavirus, poxvirus, reovirus, retrovirus, rhabdovirus, or togavirus; an infection caused by a bacterial agent classified as pneumococcus, staphylococcus, streptococcus, bacillus, corynebacterium, clostridium, meningococcus, gonococcus, listeria, moraxella, kingella, haemophilus, legionella, bordetella, gram-negative enterobacterium including shigella, salmonella, or campylobacter, pseudomonas, vibrio, brucella, francisella, yersinia, bartonella, norcardium, actinomyces, mycobacterium, spirochaetale, rickettsia, chlamydia, or mycoplasma; an infection caused by a fungal agent classified as aspergillus, blastomyces, dermatophytes, cryptococcus, coccidioides, malasezzia, histoplasma, or other mycosis-causing fungal agent; and an infection caused by a parasite classified as plasmodium or malaria-causing, parasitic entamoeba, leishmania, trypanosoma, toxoplasma, pneumocystis carinii, intestinal protozoa such as giardia, trichomonas, tissue nematode such as trichinella, intestinal nematode such as ascaris, lymphatic filarial nematode, trematode such as schistosoma, and cestode such as tapeworm.

In another embodiment, a vector capable of expressing NAAP or a fragment or derivative thereof may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with decreased expression or activity of NAAP including, but not limited to, those described above.

In a further embodiment, a composition comprising a substantially purified NAAP in conjunction with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with decreased expression or activity of NAAP including, but not limited to, those provided above.

In still another embodiment, an agonist which modulates the activity of NAAP may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with decreased expression or activity of NAAP including, but not limited to, those listed above.

In a further embodiment, an antagonist of NAAP may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with increased expression or activity of NAAP. Examples of such disorders include, but are not limited to, those cell prohferative, neurological, developmental, and autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, and infections described above. In one aspect, an antibody which specifically binds NAAP may be used directly as an antagonist or indirectly as a targeting or delivery mechanism for bringing a pharmaceutical agent to cells or tissues which express NAAP. In an additional embodiment, a vector expressing the complement of the polynucleotide encoding NAAP may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with increased expression or activity of NAAP including, but not limited to, those described above. In other embodiments, any protein, agonist, antagonist, antibody, complementary sequence, or vector embodiments may be administered in combination with other appropriate therapeutic agents. Selection of the appropriate agents for use in combination therapy may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art, according to conventional pharmaceutical principles. The combination of therapeutic agents may act synergistically to effect the treatment or prevention of the various disorders described above. Using this approach, one may be able to achieve therapeutic efficacy with lower dosages of each agent, thus reducing the potential for adverse side effects.

An antagonist of NAAP may be produced using methods which are generally known in the art. In particular, purified NAAP may be used to produce antibodies or to screen libraries of pharmaceutical agents to identify those which specifically bind NAAP. Antibodies to NAAP may also be generated using methods that are well known in the art. Such antibodies may include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, and single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, and fragments produced by a Fab expression library. Neutralizing antibodies (i.e., those which inhibit dimer formation) are generally preferred for therapeutic use. Single chain antibodies (e.g., from camels or llamas) may be potent enzyme inhibitors and may have advantages in the design of peptide mimetics, and in the development of immuno-adsorbents and biosensors (Muyldermans, S. (2001) J. Biotechnol. 74:277-302).

For the production of antibodies, various hosts including goats, rabbits, rats, mice, camels, dromedaries, llamas, humans, and others may be immunized by injection with NAAP or with any fragment or oligopeptide thereof which has immunogenic properties. Depending on the host species, various adjuvants may be used to increase immunological response. Such adjuvants include, but are not limited to, Freund's, mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, and surface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, KLH, and dinitrophenol. Among adjuvants used in humans, BCG (bacilli Calmette-Guerin) and Corynebacterium parvum are especially preferable.

It is preferred that the oligopeptides, peptides, or fragments used to induce antibodies to NAAP have an amino acid sequence consisting of at least about 5 amino acids, and generally will consist of at least about 10 amino acids. It is also preferable that these oligopeptides, peptides, or fragments are identical to a portion of the amino acid sequence of the natural protein. Short stretches of NAAP amino acids may be fused with those of another protein, such as KLH, and antibodies to the chimeric molecule may be produced.

Monoclonal antibodies to NAAP may be prepared using any technique which provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. These include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique, and the EBV-hybridoma technique (Kohler, G. et al. (1975) Nature 256:495-497; Kozbor, D. et al. (1985) J. Immunol.

Methods 81:31-42; Cote, R.J. et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:2026-2030; Cole, S.P. et al. (1984) Mol. Cell Biol. 62: 109-120).

In addition, techniques developed for the production of "chimeric antibodies," such as the splicing of mouse antibody genes to human antibody genes to obtain a molecule with appropriate antigen specificity and biological activity, can be used (Morrison, S.L. et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6851-6855; Neuberger, M.S. et al. (1984) Nature 312:604-608; Takeda, S. et al. (1985) Nature 314:452-454). Alternatively, techniques described for the production of single chain antibodies may be adapted, using methods known in the art, to produce NAAP-specific single chain antibodies. Antibodies with related specificity, but of distinct idiotypic composition, may be generated by chain shuffling from random combinatorial immunoglobulin libraries (Burton, D.R. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10134-10137).

Antibodies may also be produced by inducing in vivo production in the lymphocyte population or by screening immunoglobulin libraries or panels of highly specific binding reagents as disclosed in the literature (Oriandi, R. et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3833-3837; Winter, G. et al. (1991) Nature 349:293-299).

Antibody fragments which contain specific binding sites for NAAP may also be generated. For example, such fragments include, but are not limited to, F(ab fragments produced by pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule and Fab fragments generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab')2 fragments. Alternatively, Fab expression libraries may be constructed to allow rapid and easy identification of monoclonal Fab fragments with the desired specificity (Huse, W.D. et al. (1989) Science 246: 1275-1281).

Various immunoassays may be used for screening to identify antibodies having the desired specificity. Numerous protocols for competitive binding or immunoradiometric assays using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies with established specificities are well known in the art. Such immunoassays typically involve the measurement of complex formation between NAAP and its specific antibody. A two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassay utilizing monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering NAAP epitopes is generally used, but a competitive binding assay may also be employed (Pound, supra). Various methods such as Scatchard analysis in conjunction with radioimmunoassay techniques may be used to assess the affinity of antibodies for NAAP. Affinity is expressed as an association constant, K_a, which is defined as the molar concentration of NAAP-antibody complex divided by the molar concentrations of free antigen and free antibody under equilibrium conditions. The K_a determined for a preparation of polyclonal antibodies, which are heterogeneous in their affinities for multiple NAAP epitopes, represents the average affinity, or avidity, of the antibodies for NAAP. The K_a determined for a preparation of monoclonal antibodies, which are monospecific for a particular NAAP epitope, represents a true measure of affinity. High-affinity antibody preparations with K_a ranging from about 10⁹ to 10¹² L/mole are preferred for use in immunoassays in which the NAAP-antibody complex must withstand rigorous manipulations. Low-affinity antibody preparations with K_a ranging from about 10⁶ to 10⁷ L/mole are preferred for use in immunopurification and similar procedures which ultimately require dissociation of NAAP, preferably in active form, from the antibody (Catty, D. (1988) Antibodies. Volume I: A Practical Approach, JRL Press, Washington DC; Liddell, J.E. and A. Cryer (1991) A Practical Guide to Monoclonal Antibodies, John Wiley & Sons, New York NY).

The titer and avidity of polyclonal antibody preparations may be further evaluated to determine the quality and suitability of such preparations for certain downstream applications. For example, a polyclonal antibody preparation containing at least 1-2 mg specific antibody/ml, preferably 5-10 mg specific antibody/ml, is generally employed in procedures requiring precipitation of NAAP-antibody complexes. Procedures for evaluating antibody specificity, titer, and avidity, and guidelines for antibody quality and usage in various applications, are generally available (Catty, supra; Coligan et al., supra).

In another embodiment of the invention, polynucleotides encoding NAAP, or any fragment or complement thereof, may be used for therapeutic puφoses. In one aspect, modifications of gene expression can be achieved by designing complementary sequences or antisense molecules (DNA, RNA, PNA, or modified oligonucleotides) to the coding or regulatory regions of the gene encoding NAAP. Such technology is well known in the art, and antisense oligonucleotides or larger fragments can be designed from various locations along the coding or control regions of sequences encoding NAAP (Agrawal, S., ed. (1996) Antisense Therapeutics. Humana Press, Totawa NJ). In therapeutic use, any gene delivery system suitable for introduction of the antisense sequences into appropriate target cells can be used. Antisense sequences can be delivered intracellularly in the form of an expression plasmid which, upon transcription, produces a sequence complementary to at least a portion of the cellular sequence encoding the target protein (Slater, J.E. et al. (1998) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 102:469-475; Scanlon, K.J. et al. (1995) 9:1288-1296). Antisense sequences can also be introduced intracellularly through the use of viral vectors, such as retrovirus and adeno-associated virus vectors (Miller, A.D. (1990) Blood 76:271; Ausubel et al., supra; Uckert, W. and W. Walther (1994) Pharmacol. Ther. 63:323-347). Other gene delivery mechanisms include liposome-derived systems, artificial viral envelopes, and other systems known in the art (Rossi, JJ. (1995) Br. Med. Bull. 51:217-225; Boado, R.J. et al. (1998) J. Pharm. Sci. 87:1308-1315; Morris, M.C. et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:2730-2736).

In another embodiment of the invention, polynucleotides encoding NAAP may be used for somatic or germline gene therapy. Gene therapy may be performed to (i) correct a genetic deficiency (e.g., in the cases of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-Xl disease characterized by X- linked inheritance (Cavazzana-Calvo, M. et al. (2000) Science 288:669-672), severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome associated with an inherited adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency (Blaese, R.M. et al. (1995) Science 270:475-480; Bordignon, C et al. (1995) Science 270:470-475), cystic fibrosis (Zabner, J. et al. (1993) Cell 75:207-216; Crystal, R.G. et al. (1995) Hum. Gene Therapy 6:643-666; Crystal, R.G. et al. (1995) Hum. Gene Therapy 6:667-703), thalassamias, familial hypercholesterolemia, and hemophilia resulting from Factor VIH or Factor EX deficiencies (Crystal, R.G. (1995) Science 270:404-410; Verma, LM. and N. Somia (1997) Nature 389:239-242)), (ii) express a conditionally lethal gene product (e.g., in the case of cancers which result from unregulated cell proliferation), or (iii) express a protein which affords protection against intracellular parasites (e.g., against human retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Baltimore, D. (1988) Nature 335:395-396; Poeschla, E. et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:11395-11399), hepatitis B or C virus (HBV, HCV); fungal parasites, such as Candida albicans and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis; and protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma cruzϊ). In the case where a genetic deficiency in NAAP expression or regulation causes disease, the expression of NAAP from an appropriate population of transduced cells may alleviate the clinical manifestations caused by the genetic deficiency.

In a further embodiment of the invention, diseases or disorders caused by deficiencies in NAAP are treated by constructing mammalian expression vectors encoding NAAP and introducing these vectors by mechanical means into NAAP-deficient cells. Mechanical transfer technologies for use with cells in vivo or ex vitro include (i) direct DNA microinjection into individual cells, (ii) ballistic gold particle delivery, (iii) liposome-mediated transfection, (iv) receptor-mediated gene transfer, and (v) the use of DNA transposons (Morgan, R.A. and W.F. Anderson (1993) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62:191-217; Ivies, Z. (1997) Cell 91:501-510; Boulay, J.-L. and H. Recipon (1998) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9:445-450).

Expression vectors that may be effective for the expression of NAAP include, but are not limited to, the PCDNA 3.1, EPITAG, PRCCMV2, PREP, PVAX, PCR2-TOPOTA vectors

(Invitrogen, Carlsbad CA), PCMV-SCRIPT, PCMV-TAG, PEGSH/PERV (Stratagene, La Jolla CA), and PTET-OFF, PTET-ON, PTRE2, PTRE2-LUC, PTK-HYG (Clontech, Palo Alto CA). NAAP may be expressed using (i) a constitutively active promoter, (e.g., from cytomegalovirus (CMV), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), SV40 virus, thymidine kinase (TK), or β-actin genes), (ii) an inducible promoter (e.g., the tetracycline-regulated promoter (Gossen, M. and H. Bujard (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547-5551; Gossen, M. et al. (1995) Science 268:1766-1769; Rossi, F.M.V. and H.M. Blau (1998) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9:451-456), commercially available in the T-REX plasmid (Invitrogen)); the ecdysone-inducible promoter (available in the plasmids PVGRXR and PEND; Invitrogen); the FK506/rapamycin inducible promoter; or the RU486/mifepristone inducible promoter (Rossi, F.M.V. and H.M. Blau, supra)), or (iii) a tissue-specific promoter or the native promoter of the endogenous gene encoding NAAP from a normal individual.

Commercially available liposome transformation kits (e.g., the PERFECT LIPED TRANSFECTION KIT, available from Invitrogen) allow one with ordinary skill in the art to deliver polynucleotides to target cells in culture and require minimal effort to optimize experimental parameters. In the alternative, transformation is performed using the calcium phosphate method (Graham, F.L. and AJ. Eb (1973) Virology 52:456-467), or by electroporation (Neumann, E. et al. (1982) EMBO J. 1:841-845). The introduction of DNA to primary cells requires modification of these standardized mammalian transfection protocols. In another embodiment of the invention, diseases or disorders caused by genetic defects with respect to NAAP expression are treated by constructing a retrovirus vector consisting of (i) the polynucleotide encoding NAAP under the control of an independent promoter or the retrovirus long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, (ii) appropriate RNA packaging signals, and (iii) a Rev-responsive element (RRE) along with additional retrovirus cis-acting RNA sequences and coding sequences required for efficient vector propagation. Retrovirus vectors (e.g., PFB and PFBNEO) are commercially available (Stratagene) and are based on published data (Riviere, I. et al. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:6733-6737), incoφorated by reference herein. The vector is propagated in an appropriate vector producing cell line (VPCL) that expresses an envelope gene with a tropism for receptors on the target cells or a promiscuous envelope protein such as VSVg (Armentano, D. et al. (1987) J. Virol. 61: 1647-1650; Bender, M.A. et al. (1987) J. Virol. 61: 1639-1646; Adam, M.A. and AD. Miller (1988) J. Virol. 62:3802-3806; Dull, T. et al. (1998) J. Virol. 72:8463-8471; Zufferey, R. et al. (1998) J. Virol. 72:9873-9880). U.S. Patent No. 5,910,434 to Rigg ("Method for obtaining retrovirus packaging cell lines producing high transducing efficiency retroviral supernatant") discloses a method for obtaining retrovirus packaging cell lines and is hereby incoφorated by reference. Propagation of retrovirus vectors, transduction of a population of cells (e.g., CD4⁺ T- cells), and the return of transduced cells to a patient are procedures well known to persons skilled in the art of gene therapy and have been well documented (Ranga, U. et al. (1997) J. Virol. 71:7020- 7029; Bauer, G. et al. (1997) Blood 89:2259-2267; Bonyhadi, M.L. (1997) J. Virol. 71:4707-4716; Ranga, U. et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:1201-1206; Su, L. (1997) Blood 89:2283- 2290).

In an embodiment, an adenovirus-based gene therapy delivery system is used to deliver polynucleotides encoding NAAP to cells which have one or more genetic abnormalities with respect to the expression of NAAP. The construction and packaging of adenovirus-based vectors are well known to those with ordinary skill in the art. Replication defective adenovirus vectors have proven to be versatile for importing genes encoding immunoregulatory proteins into intact islets in the pancreas (Csete, M.E. et al. (1995) Transplantation 27:263-268). Potentially useful adenoviral vectors are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,707,618 to Armentano ("Adenovirus vectors for gene therapy"), hereby incoφorated by reference. For adenoviral vectors, see also Antinozzi, P . et al. (1999; Annu. Rev. Nutr. 19:511-544) and Verma, LM. and N. Somia (1997; Nature 18:389:239-242).

In another embodiment, a heφes-based, gene therapy delivery system is used to deliver polynucleotides encoding NAAP to target cells which have one or more genetic abnormalities with respect to the expression of NAAP. The use of heφes simplex virus (HSV)-based vectors may be especially valuable for introducing NAAP to cells of the central nervous system, for which HSV has a tropism. The construction and packaging of heφes-based vectors are well known to those with ordinary skill in the art. A replication-competent heφes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 -based vector has been used to deliver a reporter gene to the eyes of primates (Liu, X. et al. (1999) Exp. Eye Res. 169:385-395). The construction of a HSV-1 virus vector has also been disclosed in detail in U.S. Patent No. 5,804,413 to DeLuca ("Heφes simplex virus strains for gene transfer"), which is hereby incoφorated by reference. U.S. Patent No. 5,804,413 teaches the use of recombinant HSV d92 which consists of a genome containing at least one exogenous gene to be transferred to a cell under the control of the appropriate promoter for puφoses including human gene therapy. Also taught by this patent are the construction and use of recombinant HSV strains deleted for ICP4, ICP27 and ICP22. For HSV vectors, see also Goins, W.F. et al. (1999; J. Virol. 73:519-532) and Xu, H. et al. (1994; Dev. Biol. 163: 152-161). The manipulation of cloned heφesvirus sequences, the generation of recombinant virus following the transfection of multiple plasmids containing different segments of the large heφesvirus genomes, the growth and propagation of heφesvirus, and the infection of cells with heφesvirus are techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

In another embodiment, an alphavirus (positive, single-stranded RNA virus) vector is used to deliver polynucleotides encoding NAAP to target cells. The biology of the prototypic alphavirus, Semliki Forest Virus (SFV), has been studied extensively and gene transfer vectors have been based on the SFV genome (Garoff, H. and K.-J. Li (1998) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9:464-469). During alphavirus RNA replication, a subgenomic RNA is generated that normally encodes the viral capsid proteins. This subgenomic RNA replicates to higher levels than the full length genomic RNA, resulting in the oveφroduction of capsid proteins relative to the viral proteins with enzymatic activity (e.g., protease and polymerase). Similarly, inserting the coding sequence for NAAP into the alphavirus genome in place of the capsid-coding region results in the production of a large number of NAAP-coding RNAs and the synthesis of high levels of NAAP in vector transduced cells. While alphavirus infection is typically associated with cell lysis within a few days, the ability to establish a persistent infection in hamster normal kidney cells (BHK-21) with a variant of Sindbis virus (SEN) indicates that the lytic replication of alphaviruses can be altered to suit the needs of the gene therapy application (Dryga, S.A. et al. (1997) Virology 228:74-83). The wide host range of alphaviruses will allow the introduction of NAAP into a variety of cell types. The specific transduction of a subset of cells in a population may require the sorting of cells prior to transduction. The methods of manipulating infectious cDNA clones of alphaviruses, performing alphavirus cDNA and RNA transfections, and performing alphavirus infections, are well known to those with ordinary skill in the art.

Oligonucleotides derived from the transcription initiation site, e.g., between about positions -10 and +10 from the start site, may also be employed to inhibit gene expression. Similarly, inhibition can be achieved using triple helix base-pairing methodology. Triple helix pairing is useful because it causes inhibition of the ability of the double helix to open sufficiently for the binding of polymerases, transcription factors, or regulatory molecules. Recent therapeutic advances using triplex DNA have been described in the literature (Gee, J.E. et al. (1994) in Huber, B.E. and B.I. Carr, Molecular and Immunologic Approaches, Futura Publishing, Mt. Kisco NY, pp. 163-177). A complementary sequence or antisense molecule may also be designed to block translation of mRNA by preventing the transcript from binding to ribosomes.

Ribozymes, enzymatic RNA molecules, may also be used to catalyze the specific cleavage of RNA. The mechanism of ribozyme action involves sequence-specific hybridization of the ribozyme molecule to complementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage. For example, engineered hammerhead motif ribozyme molecules may specifically and efficiently catalyze endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA molecules encoding NAAP.

Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within any potential RNA target are initially identified by scanning the target molecule for ribozyme cleavage sites, including the following sequences: GUA, GUU, and GUC Once identified, short RNA sequences of between 15 and 20 ribonucleotides, corresponding to the region of the target gene containing the cleavage site, may be evaluated for secondary structural features which may render the oligonucleotide inoperable. The suitability of candidate targets may also be evaluated by testing accessibility to hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides using ribonuclease protection assays. Complementary ribonucleic acid molecules and ribozymes may be prepared by any method known in the art for the synthesis of nucleic acid molecules. These include techniques for chemically synthesizing oligonucleotides such as solid phase phosphoramidite chemical synthesis. Alternatively, RNA molecules may be generated by in vitro and in vivo transcription of DNA molecules encoding NAAP. Such DNA sequences may be incoφorated into a wide variety of vectors with suitable RNA polymerase promoters such as T7 or SP6. Alternatively, these cDNA constructs that synthesize complementary RNA, constitutively or inducibly, can be introduced into cell lines, cells, or tissues.

RNA molecules may be modified to increase intracellular stability and half-life. Possible modifications include, but are not limited to, the addition of flanking sequences at the 5' and/or 3' ends of the molecule, or the use of phosphorothioate or 2' O-methyl rather than phosphodiesterase linkages within the backbone of the molecule. This concept is inherent in the production of PNAs and can be extended in all of these molecules by the inclusion of nontraditional bases such as inosine, queosine, and wybutosine, as well as acetyl-, methyl-, thio-, and similarly modified forms of adenine, cytidine, guanine, thymine, and uridine which are not as easily recognized by endogenous endonucleases.

An additional embodiment of the invention encompasses a method for screening for a compound which is effective in altering expression of a polynucleotide encoding NAAP. Compounds which may be effective in altering expression of a specific polynucleotide may include, but are not limited to, oligonucleotides, antisense oligonucleotides, triple helix-forming oligonucleotides, transcription factors and other polypeptide transcriptional regulators, and non- macromolecular chemical entities which are capable of interacting with specific polynucleotide sequences. Effective compounds may alter polynucleotide expression by acting as either inhibitors or promoters of polynucleotide expression. Thus, in the treatment of disorders associated with increased NAAP expression or activity, a compound which specifically inhibits expression of the polynucleotide encoding NAAP may be therapeutically useful, and in the treatment of disorders associated with decreased NAAP expression or activity, a compound which specifically promotes expression of the polynucleotide encoding NAAP may be therapeutically useful.

At least one, and up to a plurality, of test compounds may be screened for effectiveness in altering expression of a specific polynucleotide. A test compound may be obtained by any method commonly known in the art, including chemical modification of a compound known to be effective in altering polynucleotide expression; selection from an existing, commercially-available or proprietary library of naturally-occurring or non-natural chemical compounds; rational design of a compound based on chemical and/or structural properties of the target polynucleotide; and selection from a library of chemical compounds created combinatorially or randomly. A sample comprising a polynucleotide encoding NAAP is exposed to at least one test compound thus obtained. The sample may comprise, for example, an intact or permeabilized cell, or an in vitro cell-free or reconstituted biochemical system. Alterations in the expression of a polynucleotide encoding NAAP are assayed by any method commonly known in the art. Typically, the expression of a specific nucleotide is detected by hybridization with a probe having a nucleotide sequence complementary to the sequence of the polynucleotide encoding NAAP. The amount of hybridization may be quantified, thus forming the basis for a comparison of the expression of the polynucleotide both with and without exposure to one or more test compounds. Detection of a change in the expression of a polynucleotide exposed to a test compound indicates that the test compound is effective in altering the expression of the polynucleotide. A screen for a compound effective in altering expression of a specific polynucleotide can be carried out, for example, using a Schizosaccharomyces pombe gene expression system (Atkins, D. et al. (1999) U.S. Patent No. 5,932,435; Arndt, G.M. et al. (2000) Nucleic Acids Res. 28:E15) or a human cell line such as HeLa cell (Clarke, M.L. et al. (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 268:8-13). A particular embodiment of the present invention involves screening a combinatorial library of oligonucleotides (such as deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids, and modified oligonucleotides) for antisense activity against a specific polynucleotide sequence (Bruice, T.W. et al. (1997) U.S. Patent No. 5,686,242; Bruice, T.W. et al. (2000) U.S. Patent No. 6,022,691).

Many methods for introducing vectors into cells or tissues are available and equally suitable for use in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo. For ex vivo therapy, vectors may be introduced into stem cells taken from the patient and clonally propagated for autologous transplant back into that same patient. Delivery by transfection, by liposome injections, or by polycationic amino polymers may be achieved using methods which are well known in the art (Goldman, C.K. et al. (1997) Nat. Biotechnol. 15:462- 466). Any of the therapeutic methods described above may be applied to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammals such as humans, dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, and monkeys.

An additional embodiment of the invention relates to the administration of a composition which generally comprises an active ingredient formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Excipients may include, for example, sugars, starches, celluloses, gums, and proteins. Various formulations are commonly known and are thoroughly discussed in the latest edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Maack Publishing, Easton PA). Such compositions may consist of NAAP, antibodies to NAAP, and mimetics, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors of NAAP. The compositions utilized in this invention may be administered by any number of routes including, but not limited to, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, intraventricular, pulmonary, transdermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, enteral, topical, sublingual, or rectal means.

Compositions for pulmonary administration may be prepared in liquid or dry powder form. These compositions are generally aerosolized immediately prior to inhalation by the patient. In the case of small molecules (e.g. traditional low molecular weight organic drugs), aerosol delivery of fast-acting formulations is well-known in the art. In the case of macromolecules (e.g. larger peptides and proteins), recent developments in the field of pulmonary delivery via the alveolar region of the lung have enabled the practical delivery of drugs such as insulin to blood circulation (see, e.g., Patton, J.S. et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,997,848). Pulmonary delivery has the advantage of administration without needle injection, and obviates the need for potentially toxic penetration enhancers.

Compositions suitable for use in the invention include compositions wherein the active ingredients are contained in an effective amount to achieve the intended puφose. The determination of an effective dose is well within the capability of those skilled in the art. Specialized forms of compositions may be prepared for direct intracellular delivery of macromolecules comprising NAAP or fragments thereof. For example, liposome preparations containing a cell-impermeable macromolecule may promote cell fusion and intracellular delivery of the macromolecule. Alternatively, NAAP or a fragment thereof may be joined to a short cationic N- terminal portion from the HEV Tat-1 protein. Fusion proteins thus generated have been found to transduce into the cells of all tissues, including the brain, in a mouse model system (Schwarze, S.R. et al. (1999) Science 285: 1569-1572).

For any compound, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays, e.g., of neoplastic cells, or in animal models such as mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, monkeys, or pigs. An animal model may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.

A therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of active ingredient, for example NAAP or fragments thereof, antibodies of NAAP, and agonists, antagonists or inhibitors of NAAP, which ameliorates the symptoms or condition. Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity may be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or with experimental animals, such as by calculating the ED₅₀ (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) or LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) statistics. The dose ratio of toxic to therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, which can be expressed as the LD₅₀ ED₅₀ ratio. Compositions which exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies are used to formulate a range of dosage for human use. The dosage contained in such compositions is preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that includes the ED₅₀ with little or no toxicity. The dosage varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, the sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.

The exact dosage will be determined by the practitioner, in light of factors related to the subject requiring treatment. Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active moiety or to maintain the desired effect. Factors which may be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, the general health of the subject, the age, weight, and gender of the subject, time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and response to therapy. Long-acting compositions may be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or biweekly depending on the half -life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.

Normal dosage amounts may vary from about 0.1 μg to 100,000 μg, up to a total dose of about 1 gram, depending upon the route of administration. Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature and generally available to practitioners in the art. Those skilled in the art will employ different formulations for nucleotides than for proteins or their inhibitors. Similarly, delivery of polynucleotides or polypeptides will be specific to particular cells, conditions, locations, etc. DIAGNOSTICS

In another embodiment, antibodies which specifically bind NAAP may be used for the diagnosis of disorders characterized by expression of NAAP, or in assays to monitor patients being treated with NAAP or agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors of NAAP. Antibodies useful for diagnostic puφoses may be prepared in the same manner as described above for therapeutics. Diagnostic assays for NAAP include methods which utilize the antibody and a label to detect NAAP in human body fluids or in extracts of cells or tissues. The antibodies may be used with or without modification, and may be labeled by covalent or non-covalent attachment of a reporter molecule. A wide variety of reporter molecules, several of which are described above, are known in the art and may be used.

A variety of protocols for measuring NAAP, including ELISAs, RIAs, and FACS, are known in the art and provide a basis for diagnosing altered or abnormal levels of NAAP expression. Normal or standard values for NAAP expression are established by combining body fluids or cell extracts taken from normal mammalian subjects, for example, human subjects, with antibodies to NAAP under conditions suitable for complex formation. The amount of standard complex formation may be quantitated by various methods, such as photometric means. Quantities of NAAP expressed in subject, control, and disease samples from biopsied tissues are compared with the standard values. Deviation between standard and subject values establishes the parameters for diagnosing disease. In another embodiment of the invention, polynucleotides encoding NAAP may be used for diagnostic puφoses. The polynucleotides which may be used include oligonucleotides, complementary RNA and DNA molecules, and PNAs. The polynucleotides may be used to detect and quantify gene expression in biopsied tissues in which expression of NAAP may be correlated with disease. The diagnostic assay may be used to determine absence, presence, and excess expression of NAAP, and to monitor regulation of NAAP levels during therapeutic intervention.

In one aspect, hybridization with PCR probes which are capable of detecting polynucleotides, including genomic sequences, encoding NAAP or closely related molecules may be used to identify nucleic acid sequences which encode NAAP. The specificity of the probe, whether it is made from a highly specific region, e.g., the 5' regulatory region, or from a less specific region, e.g., a conserved motif, and the stringency of the hybridization or amplification will determine whether the probe identifies only naturally occurring sequences encoding NAAP, allelic variants, or related sequences.

Probes may also be used for the detection of related sequences, and may have at least 50% sequence identity to any of the NAAP encoding sequences. The hybridization probes of the subject invention may be DNA or RNA and may be derived from the sequence of SEQ JD NO:33-64 or from genomic sequences including promoters, enhancers, and introns of the NAAP gene.

Means for producing specific hybridization probes for polynucleotides encoding NAAP include the cloning of polynucleotides encoding NAAP or NAAP derivatives into vectors for the production of mRNA probes. Such vectors are known in the art, are commercially available, and may be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by means of the addition of the appropriate RNA polymerases and the appropriate labeled nucleotides. Hybridization probes may be labeled by a variety of reporter groups, for example, by radionuclides such as ³²P or ³⁵S, or by enzymatic labels, such as alkaline phosphatase coupled to the probe via avidin/biotin coupling systems, and the like. Polynucleotides encoding NAAP may be used for the diagnosis of disorders associated with expression of NAAP. Examples of such disorders include, but are not limited to, a cell prohferative disorder such as actinic keratosis, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, bursitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), myelofibrosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, polycythemia vera, psoriasis, primary thrombocythemia, and cancers including adenocarcinoma, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, myeloma, sarcoma, teratocarcinoma, and, in particular, a cancer of the adrenal gland, bladder, bone, bone marrow, brain, breast, cervix, gall bladder, ganglia, gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, ovary, pancreas, parathyroid, penis, prostate, salivary glands, skin, spleen, testis, thymus, thyroid, and uterus; a neurological disorder such as epilepsy, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, stroke, cerebral neoplasms, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease and other extrapyramidal disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron disorders, progressive neural muscular atrophy, retinitis pigmentosa, hereditary ataxias, multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases, bacterial and viral meningitis, brain abscess, subdural empyema, epidural abscess, suppurative intracranial thrombophlebitis, myelitis and radiculitis, viral central nervous system disease, prion diseases including kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, nutritional and metabolic diseases of the nervous system, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, cerebelloretinal hemangioblastomatosis, encephalotrigeminal syndrome, mental retardation and other developmental disorder of the central nervous system, cerebral palsy, a neuroskeletal disorder, an autonomic nervous system disorder, a cranial nerve disorder, a spinal cord disease, muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disorder, a peripheral nervous system disorder, dermatomyositis and polymyositis, inherited, metabolic, endocrine, and toxic myopathy, myasthenia gravis, periodic paralysis, a mental disorder including mood, anxiety, and schizophrenic disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), akathesia, amnesia, catatonia, diabetic neuropathy, tardive dyskinesia, dystonias, paranoid psychoses, postheφetic neuralgia, and Tourette's disorder; a developmental disorder such as renal tubular acidosis, anemia, Cushing's syndrome, achondroplastic dwarfism, Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, epilepsy, gonadal dysgenesis, WAGR syndrome (Wilms' tumor, aniridia, genitourinary abnormalities, and mental retardation), Smith- Magenis syndrome, myelodysplastic syndrome, hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia, hereditary keratodermas, hereditary neuropathies such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and neurofibromatosis, hypothyroidism, hydrocephalus, seizure disorders such as Syndenham's chorea and cerebral palsy, spina bifida, anencephaly, craniorachischisis, congenital glaucoma, cataract, and sensorineural hearing loss; an autoimmune/inflammatory disorder such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AEDS), Addison's disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, allergies, ankylosing spondylitis, amyloidosis, anemia, asthma, atherosclerosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), bronchitis, cholecystitis, contact dermatitis, Crohn's disease, atopic dermatitis, dermatomyositis, diabetes mellitus, emphysema, episodic lymphopenia with lymphocytotoxins, erythroblastosis fetalis, erythema nodosum, atrophic gastritis, glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, gout, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hypereosinophilia, irritable bowel syndrome, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, myocardial or pericardial inflammation, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, pancreatitis, polymyositis, psoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic anaphylaxis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, thrombocytopenic puφura, ulcerative colitis, uveitis, Werner syndrome, complications of cancer, hemodialysis, and extracoφoreal circulation, viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic, protozoal, and helminthic infections, and trauma; and an infection, such as those caused by a viral agent classified as adenovirus, arenavirus, bunyavirus, calicivirus, coronavirus, filovirus, hepadnavirus, heφesvirus, flavivirus, orthomyxovirus, parvovirus, papovavirus, paramyxovirus, picornavirus, poxvirus, reovirus, retrovirus, rhabdovirus, or togavirus; an infection caused by a bacterial agent classified as pneumococcus, staphylococcus, streptococcus, bacillus, corynebacterium, clostridium, meningococcus, gonococcus, listeria, moraxella, kingella, haemophilus, legionella, bordetella, gram-negative enterobacterium including shigella, salmonella, or campylobacter, pseudomonas, vibrio, brucella, francisella, yersinia, bartonella, norcardium, actinomyces, mycobacterium, spirochaetale, rickettsia, chlamydia, or mycoplasma; an infection caused by a fungal agent classified as aspergillus, blastomyces, dermatophytes, cryptococcus, coccidioides, malasezzia, histoplasma, or other mycosis-causing fungal agent; and an infection caused by a parasite classified as plasmodium or malaria-causing, parasitic entamoeba, leishmania, trypanosoma, toxoplasma, pneumocystis carinii, intestinal protozoa such as giardia, trichomonas, tissue nematode such as trichinella, intestinal nematode such as ascaris, lymphatic filarial nematode, trematode such as schistosoma, and cestode such as tapeworm. Polynucleotides encoding NAAP may be used in Southern or northern analysis, dot blot, or other membrane-based technologies; in PCR technologies; in dipstick, pin, and multiformat ELISA-like assays; and in microarrays utilizing fluids or tissues from patients to detect altered NAAP expression. Such qualitative or quantitative methods are well known in the art.

In a particular aspect, polynucleotides encoding NAAP may be used in assays that detect the presence of associated disorders, particularly those mentioned above. Polynucleotides complementary to sequences encoding NAAP may be labeled by standard methods and added to a fluid or tissue sample from a patient under conditions suitable for the formation of hybridization complexes. After a suitable incubation period, the sample is washed and the signal is quantified and compared with a standard value. If the amount of signal in the patient sample is significantly altered in comparison to a control sample then the presence of altered levels of polynucleotides encoding NAAP in the sample indicates the presence of the associated disorder. Such assays may also be used to evaluate the efficacy of a particular therapeutic treatment regimen in animal studies, in clinical trials, or to monitor the treatment of an individual patient.

In order to provide a basis for the diagnosis of a disorder associated with expression of NAAP, a normal or standard profile for expression is established. This may be accomplished by combining body fluids or cell extracts taken from normal subjects, either animal or human, with a sequence, or a fragment thereof, encoding NAAP, under conditions suitable for hybridization or amplification. Standard hybridization may be quantified by comparing the values obtained from normal subjects with values from an experiment in which a known amount of a substantially purified polynucleotide is used. Standard values obtained in this manner may be compared with values obtained from samples from patients who are symptomatic for a disorder. Deviation from standard values is used to establish the presence of a disorder.

Once the presence of a disorder is established and a treatment protocol is initiated, hybridization assays may be repeated on a regular basis to determine if the level of expression in the patient begins to approximate that which is observed in the normal subject. The results obtained from successive assays may be used to show the efficacy of treatment over a period ranging from several days to months.

With respect to cancer, the presence of an abnormal amount of transcript (either under- or overexpressed) in biopsied tissue from an individual may indicate a predisposition for the development of the disease, or may provide a means for detecting the disease prior to the appearance of actual clinical symptoms. A more definitive diagnosis of this type may allow health professionals to employ preventative measures or aggressive treatment earlier, thereby preventing the development or further progression of the cancer. Additional diagnostic uses for oligonucleotides designed from the sequences encoding NAAP may involve the use of PCR. These oligomers may be chemically synthesized, generated enzymatically, or produced in vitro. Oligomers will preferably contain a fragment of a polynucleotide encoding NAAP, or a fragment of a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide encoding NAAP, and will be employed under optimized conditions for identification of a specific gene or condition. Oligomers may also be employed under less stringent conditions for detection or quantification of closely related DNA or RNA sequences.

In a particular aspect, oligonucleotide primers derived from polynucleotides encoding NAAP may be used to detect single nucleotide polymoφhisms (SNPs). SNPs are substitutions, insertions and deletions that are a frequent cause of inherited or acquired genetic disease in humans. Methods of SNP detection include, but are not limited to, single-stranded conformation polymoφhism (SSCP) and fluorescent SSCP (fSSCP) methods. In SSCP, oligonucleotide primers derived from polynucleotides encoding NAAP are used to amplify DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The DNA may be derived, for example, from diseased or normal tissue, biopsy samples, bodily fluids, and the like. SNPs in the DNA cause differences in the secondary and tertiary structures of PCR products in single-stranded form, and these differences are detectable using gel electrophoresis in non-denaturing gels. In fSCCP, the oligonucleotide primers are fluorescently labeled, which allows detection of the amplimers in high-throughput equipment such as DNA sequencing machines. Additionally, sequence database analysis methods, termed in silico SNP (isSNP), are capable of identifying polymoφhisms by comparing the sequence of individual overlapping DNA fragments which assemble into a common consensus sequence. These computer- based methods filter out sequence variations due to laboratory preparation of DNA and sequencing errors using statistical models and automated analyses of DNA sequence chromatograms. In the alternative, SNPs may be detected and characterized by mass spectrometry using, for example, the high throughput MASSARRAY system (Sequenom, Inc., San Diego CA). SNPs may be used to study the genetic basis of human disease. For example, at least 16 common SNPs have been associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. SNPs are also useful for examining differences in disease outcomes in monogenic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or chronic granulomatous disease. For example, variants in the mannose-binding lectin, MBL2, have been shown to be correlated with deleterious pulmonary outcomes in cystic fibrosis. SNPs also have utility in pharmacogenomics, the identification of genetic variants that influence a patient's response to a drug, such as life-threatening toxicity. For example, a variation in N-acetyl transferase is associated with a high incidence of peripheral neuropathy in response to the anti-tuberculosis drug isoniazid, while a variation in the core promoter of the ALOX5 gene results in diminished clinical response to treatment with an anti-asthma drug that targets the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Analysis of the distribution of SNPs in different populations is useful for investigating genetic drift, mutation, recombination, and selection, as well as for tracing the origins of populations and their migrations (Taylor, J.G. et al. (2001) Trends Mol. Med. 7:507-512; Kwok, P.-Y. and Z. Gu (1999) Mol. Med. Today 5:538-543; Nowotny, P. et al. (2001) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11:637-641). Methods which may also be used to quantify the expression of NAAP include radiolabeling or biotinylating nucleotides, coamplification of a control nucleic acid, and inteφolating results from standard curves (Melby, P.C et al. (1993) J. Immunol. Methods 159:235-244; Duplaa, C. et al. (1993) Anal. Biochem. 212:229-236). The speed of quantitation of multiple samples may be accelerated by running the assay in a high-throughput format where the oligomer or polynucleotide of interest is presented in various dilutions and a spectrophotometric or colorimetric response gives rapid quantitation.

In further embodiments, oligonucleotides or longer fragments derived from any of the polynucleotides described herein may be used as elements on a microarray. The microarray can be used in transcript imaging techniques which monitor the relative expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously as described below. The microarray may also be used to identify genetic variants, mutations, and polymoφhisms. This information may be used to determine gene function, to understand the genetic basis of a disorder, to diagnose a disorder, to monitor progression/regression of disease as a function of gene expression, and to develop and monitor the activities of therapeutic agents in the treatment of disease. In particular, this information may be used to develop a pharmacogenomic profile of a patient in order to select the most appropriate and effective treatment regimen for that patient. For example, therapeutic agents which are highly effective and display the fewest side effects may be selected for a patient based on his/her pharmacogenomic profile.

In another embodiment, NAAP, fragments of NAAP, or antibodies specific for NAAP may be used as elements on a microarray. The microarray may be used to monitor or measure protein-protein interactions, drug-target interactions, and gene expression profiles, as described above.

A particular embodiment relates to the use of the polynucleotides of the present invention to generate a transcript image of a tissue or cell type. A transcript image represents the global pattern of gene expression by a particular tissue or cell type. Global gene expression patterns are analyzed by quantifying the number of expressed genes and their relative abundance under given conditions and at a given time (Seilhamer et al., "Comparative Gene Transcript Analysis," U.S. Patent No. 5,840,484; hereby expressly incoφorated by reference herein). Thus a transcript image may be generated by hybridizing the polynucleotides of the present invention or their complements to the totality of transcripts or reverse transcripts of a particular tissue or cell type. In one embodiment, the hybridization takes place in high-throughput format, wherein the polynucleotides of the present invention or their complements comprise a subset of a plurality of elements on a microarray. The resultant transcript image would provide a profile of gene activity.

Transcript images may be generated using transcripts isolated from tissues, cell lines, biopsies, or other biological samples. The transcript image may thus reflect gene expression in vivo, as in the case of a tissue or biopsy sample, or in vitro, as in the case of a cell line.

Transcript images which profile the expression of the polynucleotides of the present invention may also be used in conjunction with in vitro model systems and preclinical evaluation of pharmaceuticals, as well as toxicological testing of industrial and naturally-occurring environmental compounds. All compounds induce characteristic gene expression patterns, frequently termed molecular fingeφrints or toxicant signatures, which are indicative of mechanisms of action and toxicity (Nuwaysir, E.F. et al. (1999) Mol. Carcinog. 24: 153-159; Steiner, S. and N . Anderson (2000) Toxicol. Lett. 112-113:467-471). If a test compound has a signature similar to that of a compound with known toxicity, it is likely to share those toxic properties. These fingeφrints or signatures are most useful and refined when they contain expression information from a large number of genes and gene families. Ideally, a genome-wide measurement of expression provides the highest quality signature. Even genes whose expression is not altered by any tested compounds are important as well, as the levels of expression of these genes are used to normalize the rest of the expression data. The normalization procedure is useful for comparison of expression data after treatment with different compounds. While the assignment of gene function to elements of a toxicant signature aids in inteφretation of toxicity mechanisms, knowledge of gene function is not necessary for the statistical matching of signatures which leads to prediction of toxicity (see, for example, Press Release 00-02 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, released February 29, 2000, available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/oc/news/toxchip.htm). Therefore, it is important and desirable in toxicological screening using toxicant signatures to include all expressed gene sequences.

In an embodiment, the toxicity of a test compound can be assessed by treating a biological sample containing nucleic acids with the test compound. Nucleic acids that are expressed in the treated biological sample are hybridized with one or more probes specific to the polynucleotides of the present invention, so that transcript levels corresponding to the polynucleotides of the present invention may be quantified. The transcript levels in the treated biological sample are compared with levels in an untreated biological sample. Differences in the transcript levels between the two samples are indicative of a toxic response caused by the test compound in the treated sample.

Another embodiment relates to the use of the polypeptides disclosed herein to analyze the proteome of a tissue or cell type. The term proteome refers to the global pattern of protein expression in a particular tissue or cell type. Each protein component of a proteome can be subjected individually to further analysis. Proteome expression patterns, or profiles, are analyzed by quantifying the number of expressed proteins and their relative abundance under given conditions and at a given time. A profile of a cell's proteome may thus be generated by separating and analyzing the polypeptides of a particular tissue or cell type. In one embodiment, the separation is achieved using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, in which proteins from a sample are separated by isoelectric focusing in the first dimension, and then according to molecular weight by sodium dodecyl sulfate slab gel electrophoresis in the second dimension (Steiner and Anderson, supra). The proteins are visualized in the gel as discrete and uniquely positioned spots, typically by staining the gel with an agent such as Coomassie Blue or silver or fluorescent stains. The optical density of each protein spot is generally proportional to the level of the protein in the sample. The optical densities of equivalently positioned protein spots from different samples, for example, from biological samples either treated or untreated with a test compound or therapeutic agent, are compared to identify any changes in protein spot density related to the treatment. The proteins in the spots are partially sequenced using, for example, standard methods employing chemical or enzymatic cleavage followed by mass spectrometry. The identity of the protein in a spot may be determined by comparing its partial sequence, preferably of at least 5 contiguous amino acid residues, to the polypeptide sequences of interest. In some cases, further sequence data may be obtained for definitive protein identification. A proteomic profile may also be generated using antibodies specific for NAAP to quantify the levels of NAAP expression. In one embodiment, the antibodies are used as elements on a microarray, and protein expression levels are quantified by exposing the microarray to the sample and detecting the levels of protein bound to each array element (Lueking, A. et al. (1999) Anal. Biochem. 270:103-111; Mendoze, L.G. et al. (1999) Biotechniques 27:778-788). Detection may be performed by a variety of methods known in the art, for example, by reacting the proteins in the sample with a thiol- or amino-reactive fluorescent compound and detecting the amount of fluorescence bound at each array element.

Toxicant signatures at the proteome level are also useful for toxicological screening, and should be analyzed in parallel with toxicant signatures at the transcript level. There is a poor correlation between transcript and protein abundances for some proteins in some tissues (Anderson, N.L. and J. Seilhamer (1997) Electrophoresis 18:533-537), so proteome toxicant signatures may be useful in the analysis of compounds which do not significantly affect the transcript image, but which alter the proteomic profile. In addition, the analysis of transcripts in body fluids is difficult, due to rapid degradation of mRNA, so proteomic profiling may be more reliable and informative in such cases.

In another embodiment, the toxicity of a test compound is assessed by treating a biological sample containing proteins with the test compound. Proteins that are expressed in the treated biological sample are separated so that the amount of each protein can be quantified. The amount of each protein is compared to the amount of the corresponding protein in an untreated biological sample. A difference in the amount of protein between the two samples is indicative of a toxic response to the test compound in the treated sample. Individual proteins are identified by sequencing the amino acid residues of the individual proteins and comparing these partial sequences to the polypeptides of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the toxicity of a test compound is assessed by treating a biological sample containing proteins with the test compound. Proteins from the biological sample are incubated with antibodies specific to the polypeptides of the present invention. The amount of protein recognized by the antibodies is quantified. The amount of protein in the treated biological sample is compared with the amount in an untreated biological sample. A difference in the amount of protein between the two samples is indicative of a toxic response to the test compound in the treated sample.

Microarrays may be prepared, used, and analyzed using methods known in the art (Brennan, T.M. et al. (1995) U.S. Patent No. 5,474,796; Schena, M. et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 10614-10619; Baldeschweiler et al. (1995) PCT application W095/251116; Shalon, D. et al. (1995) PCT application WO95/35505; Heller, R.A. et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:2150- 2155; Heller, M.J. et al. (1997) U.S. Patent No. 5,605,662). Various types of microarrays are well known and thoroughly described in Schena, M., ed. (1999; DNA Microarrays: A Practical Approach, Oxford University Press, London).

In another embodiment of the invention, nucleic acid sequences encoding NAAP may be used to generate hybridization probes useful in mapping the naturally occurring genomic sequence. Either coding or noncoding sequences may be used, and in some instances, noncoding sequences may be preferable over coding sequences. For example, conservation of a coding sequence among members of a multi-gene family may potentially cause undesired cross hybridization during chromosomal mapping. The sequences may be mapped to a particular chromosome, to a specific region of a chromosome, or to artificial chromosome constructions, e.g., human artificial chromosomes (HACs), yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), bacterial PI constructions, or single chromosome cDNA libraries (Harrington, JJ. et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 15:345-355; Price, CM. (1993) Blood Rev. 7: 127-134; Trask, BJ. (1991) Trends Genet. 7: 149-154). Once mapped, the nucleic acid sequences may be used to develop genetic linkage maps, for example, which correlate the inheritance of a disease state with the inheritance of a particular chromosome region or restriction fragment length polymoφhism (RFLP) (Lander, E.S. and D. Botstein (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7353-7357).

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) may be correlated with other physical and genetic map data (Heinz-Ulrich, et al. (1995) in Meyers, supra, pp. 965-968). Examples of genetic map data can be found in various scientific journals or at the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) World Wide Web site. Correlation between the location of the gene encoding NAAP on a physical map and a specific disorder, or a predisposition to a specific disorder, may help define the region of DNA associated with that disorder and thus may further positional cloning efforts.

In situ hybridization of chromosomal preparations and physical mapping techniques, such as linkage analysis using established chromosomal markers, may be used for extending genetic maps. Often the placement of a gene on the chromosome of another mammalian species, such as mouse, may reveal associated markers even if the exact chromosomal locus is not known. This information is valuable to investigators searching for disease genes using positional cloning or other gene discovery techniques. Once the gene or genes responsible for a disease or syndrome have been crudely localized by genetic linkage to a particular genomic region, e.g., ataxia-telangiectasia to l lq22-23, any sequences mapping to that area may represent associated or regulatory genes for further investigation (Gatti, RA. et al. (1988) Nature 336:577-580). The nucleotide sequence of the instant invention may also be used to detect differences in the chromosomal location due to translocation, inversion, etc., among normal, carrier, or affected individuals. In another embodiment of the invention, NAAP, its catalytic or immunogenic fragments, or oligopeptides thereof can be used for screening libraries of compounds in any of a variety of drug screening techniques. The fragment employed in such screening may be free in solution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface, or located intracellularly. The formation of binding complexes between NAAP and the agent being tested may be measured. Another technique for drug screening provides for high throughput screening of compounds having suitable binding affinity to the protein of interest (Geysen, et al. (1984) PCT application WO84/03564). In this method, large numbers of different small test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate. The test compounds are reacted with NAAP, or fragments thereof, and washed. Bound NAAP is then detected by methods well known in the art. Purified NAAP can also be coated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned drug screening techniques. Alternatively, non-neutralizing antibodies can be used to capture the peptide and immobilize it on a solid support.

In another embodiment, one may use competitive drug screening assays in which neutralizing antibodies capable of binding NAAP specifically compete with a test compound for binding NAAP. In this manner, antibodies can be used to detect the presence of any peptide which shares one or more antigenic determinants with NAAP.

In additional embodiments, the nucleotide sequences which encode NAAP may be used in any molecular biology techniques that have yet to be developed, provided the new techniques rely on properties of nucleotide sequences that are currently known, including, but not limited to, such properties as the triplet genetic code and specific base pair interactions.

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. The disclosures of all patents, applications and publications, mentioned above and below, including U.S. Ser. No. 60/308,189, U.S. Ser. No. 60/308,171, U.S. Ser. No. 60/309,974, U.S. Ser. No. 60/310,139, U.S. Ser. No. 60/311,642, U.S. Ser. No. 60/311,072, U.S. Ser. No. 60/311,717, and U.S. Ser. No. 60/329,688, are expressly incoφorated by reference herein.

EXAMPLES

I. Construction of cDNA Libraries

Incyte cDNAs were derived from cDNA libraries described in the LEFESEQ GOLD database (Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto CA). Some tissues were homogenized and lysed in guanidinium isothiocyanate, while others were homogenized and lysed in phenol or in a suitable mixture of denaturants, such as TRIZOL (Invitrogen), a monophasic solution of phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate. The resulting lysates were centrifuged over CsCl cushions or extracted with chloroform. RNA was precipitated from the lysates with either isopropanol or sodium acetate and ethanol, or by other routine methods.

Phenol extraction and precipitation of RNA were repeated as necessary to increase RNA purity. In some cases, RNA was treated with DNase. For most libraries, poly(A)+ RNA was isolated using oligo d(T)-coupled paramagnetic particles (Promega), OLIGOTEX latex particles (QIAGEN, Chatsworth CA), or an OLIGOTEX mRNA purification kit (QIAGEN). Alternatively, RNA was isolated directly from tissue lysates using other RNA isolation kits, e.g., the POLY(A)PURE mRNA purification kit (Ambion, Austin TX).

In some cases, Stratagene was provided with RNA and constructed the corresponding cDNA libraries. Otherwise, cDNA was synthesized and cDNA libraries were constructed with the UNIZAP vector system (Stratagene) or SUPERSCRIPT plasmid system (Invitrogen), using the recommended procedures or similar methods known in the art (Ausubel et al., supra, ch. 5). Reverse transcription was initiated using oligo d(T) or random primers. Synthetic oligonucleotide adapters were ligated to double stranded cDNA, and the cDNA was digested with the appropriate restriction enzyme or enzymes. For most libraries, the cDNA was size-selected (300-1000 bp) using SEPHACRYL S1000, SEPHAROSE CL2B, or SEPHAROSE CL4B column chromatography (Amersham Biosciences) or preparative agarose gel electrophoresis. cDNAs were ligated into compatible restriction enzyme sites of the polylinker of a suitable plasmid, e.g., PBLUESCRIPT plasmid (Stratagene), PSPORTl plasmid (Invitrogen), PCDNA2.1 plasmid (Invitrogen, Carlsbad CA), PBK-CMV plasmid (Stratagene), PCR2- TOPOTA plasmid (Invitrogen), PCMV-ICIS plasmid (Stratagene), pIGEN (Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto CA), pRARE (Incyte Genomics), or pENCY (Incyte Genomics), or derivatives thereof. Recombinant plasmids were transformed into competent E. coli cells including XL 1 -Blue, XL1- BlueMRF, or SOLR from Stratagene or DH5α, DH10B, or ElectroMAX DH10B from Invitrogen. II. Isolation of cDNA Clones

Plasmids obtained as described in Example I were recovered from host cells by in vivo excision using the UNIZAP vector system (Stratagene) or by cell lysis. Plasmids were purified using at least one of the following: a Magic or WEZARD Minipreps DNA purification system (Promega); an AGTC Miniprep purification kit (Edge Biosystems, Gaithersburg MD); and QIAWELL 8 Plasmid, QIAWELL 8 Plus Plasmid, QIAWELL 8 Ultra Plasmid purification systems or the R.E.A.L. PREP 96 plasmid purification kit from QIAGEN. Following precipitation, plasmids were resuspended in 0.1 ml of distilled water and stored, with or without lyophilization, at 4°C

Alternatively, plasmid DNA was amplified from host cell lysates using direct link PCR in a high-throughput format (Rao, V.B. (1994) Anal. Biochem. 216:1-14). Host cell lysis and thermal cycling steps were carried out in a single reaction mixture. Samples were processed and stored in 384-well plates, and the concentration of amplified plasmid DNA was quantified fluorometrically using PICOGREEN dye (Molecular Probes, Eugene OR) and a FLUOROSKAN H fluorescence scanner (Labsystems Oy, Helsinki, Finland). III. Sequencing and Analysis

Incyte cDNA recovered in plasmids as described in Example H were sequenced as follows. Sequencing reactions were processed using standard methods or high-throughput instrumentation such as the ABI CATALYST 800 (Applied Biosystems) thermal cycler or the PTC-200 thermal cycler (MJ Research) in conjunction with the HYDRA microdispenser (Robbins Scientific) or the MICROLAB 2200 (Hamilton) liquid transfer system. cDNA sequencing reactions were prepared using reagents provided by Amersham Biosciences or supplied in ABI sequencing kits such as the ABI PRISM BIGDYE Terminator cycle sequencing ready reaction kit (Applied Biosystems). Electrophoretic separation of cDNA sequencing reactions and detection of labeled polynucleotides were carried out using the MEGABACE 1000 DNA sequencing system (Amersham Biosciences); the ABI PRISM 373 or 377 sequencing system (Applied Biosystems) in conjunction with standard ABI protocols and base calling software; or other sequence analysis systems known in the art. Reading frames within the cDNA sequences were identified using standard methods (Ausubel et al., supra, ch. 7). Some of the cDNA sequences were selected for extension using the techniques disclosed in Example Vffl.

The polynucleotide sequences derived from Incyte cDNAs were validated by removing vector, linker, and poly(A) sequences and by masking ambiguous bases, using algorithms and programs based on BLAST, dynamic programming, and dinucleotide nearest neighbor analysis. The Incyte cDNA sequences or translations thereof were then queried against a selection of public databases such as the GenBank primate, rodent, mammalian, vertebrate, and eukaryote databases, and BLOCKS, PRINTS, DOMO, PRODOM; PROTEOME databases with sequences from Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, Caenorhabditis elegans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Candida albicans (Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto CA); hidden Markov model (HMM)-based protein family databases such as PFAM, INCY, and TIGRFAM (Haft, D.H. et al. (2001) Nucleic Acids Res. 29:41-43); and HMM-based protein domain databases such as SMART (Schultz, J. et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:5857-5864; Letunic, I. et al. (2002) Nucleic Acids Res. 30:242-244). (HMM is a probabilistic approach which analyzes consensus primary structures of gene families; see, for example, Eddy, S.R. (1996) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 6:361-365.) The queries were performed using programs based on BLAST, FASTA, BLIMPS, and HMMER. The Incyte cDNA sequences were assembled to produce full length polynucleotide sequences. Alternatively, GenBank cDNAs, GenBank ESTs, stitched sequences, stretched sequences, or Genscan-predicted coding sequences (see Examples IV and V) were used to extend Incyte cDNA assemblages to full length. Assembly was performed using programs based on Phred, Phrap, and Consed, and cDNA assemblages were screened for open reading frames using programs based on GeneMark, BLAST, and FASTA. The full length polynucleotide sequences were translated to derive the corresponding full length polypeptide sequences. Alternatively, a polypeptide may begin at any of the methionine residues of the full length translated polypeptide. Full length polypeptide sequences were subsequently analyzed by querying against databases such as the GenBank protein databases (genpept), SwissProt, the PROTEOME databases, BLOCKS, PRINTS, DOMO, PRODOM, Prosite, hidden Markov model (HMM)-based protein family databases such as PFAM, ENCY, and TIGRFAM; and HMM-based protein domain databases such as SMART. Full length polynucleotide sequences are also analyzed using MACDNASIS PRO software (MiraiBio, Alameda CA) and LASERGENE software (DNASTAR). Polynucleotide and polypeptide sequence alignments are generated using default parameters specified by the CLUSTAL algorithm as incoφorated into the MEGALIGN multisequence alignment program (DNASTAR), which also calculates the percent identity between aligned sequences.

Table 7 summarizes the tools, programs, and algorithms used for the analysis and assembly of Incyte cDNA and full length sequences and provides applicable descriptions, references, and threshold parameters. The first column of Table 7 shows the tools, programs, and algorithms used, the second column provides brief descriptions thereof, the third column presents appropriate references, all of which are incoφorated by reference herein in their entirety, and the fourth column presents, where applicable, the scores, probability values, and other parameters used to evaluate the strength of a match between two sequences (the higher the score or the lower the probability value, the greater the identity between two sequences).

The programs described above for the assembly and analysis of full length polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences were also used to identify polynucleotide sequence fragments from SEQ ED NO:33-64. Fragments from about 20 to about 4000 nucleotides which are useful in hybridization and amplification technologies are described in Table 4, column 2. IV. Identification and Editing of Coding Sequences from Genomic DNA

Putative nucleic acid-associated proteins were initially identified by running the Genscan gene identification program against public genomic sequence databases (e.g., gbpri and gbhtg). Genscan is a general-puφose gene identification program which analyzes genomic DNA sequences from a variety of organisms (Burge, C. and S. Karlin (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 268:78-94; Burge, C. and S. Karlin (1998) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 8:346-354). The program concatenates predicted exons to form an assembled cDNA sequence extending from a methionine to a stop codon. The output of Genscan is a FASTA database of polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences. The maximum range of sequence for Genscan to analyze at once was set to 30 kb. To determine which of these Genscan predicted cDNA sequences encode nucleic acid-associated proteins, the encoded polypeptides were analyzed by querying against PFAM models for nucleic acid-associated proteins. Potential nucleic acid-associated proteins were also identified by homology to Incyte cDNA sequences that had been annotated as nucleic acid-associated proteins. These selected Genscan-predicted sequences were then compared by BLAST analysis to the genpept and gbpri public databases. Where necessary, the Genscan-predicted sequences were then edited by comparison to the top BLAST hit from genpept to correct errors in the sequence predicted by Genscan, such as extra or omitted exons. BLAST analysis was also used to find any Incyte cDNA or public cDNA coverage of the Genscan-predicted sequences, thus providing evidence for transcription. When Incyte cDNA coverage was available, this information was used to correct or confirm the Genscan predicted sequence. Full length polynucleotide sequences were obtained by assembling Genscan-predicted coding sequences with Incyte cDNA sequences and/or public cDNA sequences using the assembly process described in Example HJ. Alternatively, full length polynucleotide sequences were derived entirely from edited or unedited Genscan-predicted coding sequences. V. Assembly of Genomic Sequence Data with cDNA Sequence Data "Stitched" Sequences

Partial cDNA sequences were extended with exons predicted by the Genscan gene identification program described in Example IV. Partial cDNAs assembled as described in Example IH were mapped to genomic DNA and parsed into clusters containing related cDNAs and Genscan exon predictions from one or more genomic sequences. Each cluster was analyzed using an algorithm based on graph theory and dynamic programming to integrate cDNA and genomic information, generating possible splice variants that were subsequently confirmed, edited, or extended to create a full length sequence. Sequence intervals in which the entire length of the interval was present on more than one sequence in the cluster were identified, and intervals thus identified were considered to be equivalent by transitivity. For example, if an interval was present on a cDNA and two genomic sequences, then all three intervals were considered to be equivalent. This process allows unrelated but consecutive genomic sequences to be brought together, bridged by cDNA sequence. Intervals thus identified were then "stitched" together by the stitching algorithm in the order that they appear along their parent sequences to generate the longest possible sequence, as well as sequence variants. Linkages between intervals which proceed along one type of parent sequence (cDNA to cDNA or genomic sequence to genomic sequence) were given preference over linkages which change parent type (cDNA to genomic sequence). The resultant stitched sequences were translated and compared by BLAST analysis to the genpept and gbpri public databases. Incorrect exons predicted by Genscan were corrected by comparison to the top BLAST hit from genpept. Sequences were further extended with additional cDNA sequences, or by inspection of genomic DNA, when necessary. "Stretched" Sequences

Partial DNA sequences were extended to full length with an algorithm based on BLAST analysis. First, partial cDNAs assembled as described in Example HJ were queried against public databases such as the GenBank primate, rodent, mammalian, vertebrate, and eukaryote databases using the BLAST program. The nearest GenBank protein homolog was then compared by BLAST analysis to either Incyte cDNA sequences or GenScan exon predicted sequences described in Example FV. A chimeric protein was generated by using the resultant high-scoring segment pairs (HSPs) to map the translated sequences onto the GenBank protein homolog. Insertions or deletions may occur in the chimeric protein with respect to the original GenBank protein homolog. The GenBank protein homolog, the chimeric protein, or both were used as probes to search for homologous genomic sequences from the public human genome databases. Partial DNA sequences were therefore "stretched" or extended by the addition of homologous genomic sequences. The resultant stretched sequences were examined to determine whether it contained a complete gene.

VI. Chromosomal Mapping of NAAP Encoding Polynucleotides The sequences which were used to assemble SEQ JD NO:33-64 were compared with sequences from the Incyte LIFESEQ database and public domain databases using BLAST and other implementations of the Smith-Waterman algorithm. Sequences from these databases that matched SEQ ED NO:33-64 were assembled into clusters of contiguous and overlapping sequences using assembly algorithms such as Phrap (Table 7). Radiation hybrid and genetic mapping data available from public resources such as the Stanford Human Genome Center (SHGC), Whitehead Institute for Genome Research (WIGR), and Genethon were used to determine if any of the clustered sequences had been previously mapped. Inclusion of a mapped sequence in a cluster resulted in the assignment of all sequences of that cluster, including its particular SEQ ID NO:, to that map location.

Map locations are represented by ranges, or intervals, of human chromosomes. The map position of an interval, in centiMorgans, is measured relative to the terminus of the chromosome's p- arm. (The centiMorgan (cM) is a unit of measurement based on recombination frequencies between chromosomal markers. On average, 1 cM is roughly equivalent to 1 megabase (Mb) of DNA in humans, although this can vary widely due to hot and cold spots of recombination.) The cM distances are based on genetic markers mapped by Genethon which provide boundaries for radiation hybrid markers whose sequences were included in each of the clusters. Human genome maps and other resources available to the public, such as the NCBI "GeneMap'99" World Wide Web site (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genemap/), can be employed to determine if previously identified disease genes map within or in proximity to the intervals indicated above.

VII. Analysis of Polynucleotide Expression Northern analysis is a laboratory technique used to detect the presence of a transcript of a gene and involves the hybridization of a labeled nucleotide sequence to a membrane on which RNAs from a particular cell type or tissue have been bound (Sambrook, supra, ch. 7; Ausubel et al., supra, ch. 4).

Analogous computer techniques applying BLAST were used to search for identical or related molecules in cDNA databases such as GenBank or LDPESEQ (Incyte Genomics). This analysis is much faster than multiple membrane-based hybridizations. In addition, the sensitivity of the computer search can be modified to determine whether any particular match is categorized as exact or similar. The basis of the search is the product score, which is defined as:

BLAST Score x Percent Identity 5 x minimum {length(Seq. 1), length(Seq. 2)}

The product score takes into account both the degree of similarity between two sequences and the length of the sequence match. The product score is a normalized value between 0 and 100, and is calculated as follows: the BLAST score is multiplied by the percent nucleotide identity and the product is divided by (5 times the length of the shorter of the two sequences). The BLAST score is calculated by assigning a score of +5 for every base that matches in a high-scoring segment pair (HSP), and -4 for every mismatch. Two sequences may share more than one HSP (separated by gaps). If there is more than one HSP, then the pair with the highest BLAST score is used to calculate the product score. The product score represents a balance between fractional overlap and quality in a BLAST alignment. For example, a product score of 100 is produced only for 100% identity over the entire length of the shorter of the two sequences being compared. A product score of 70 is produced either by 100% identity and 70% overlap at one end, or by 88% identity and 100% overlap at the other. A product score of 50 is produced either by 100% identity and 50% overlap at one end, or 79% identity and 100% overlap.

Alternatively, polynucleotides encoding NAAP are analyzed with respect to the tissue sources from which they were derived. For example, some full length sequences are assembled, at least in part, with overlapping Incyte cDNA sequences (see Example HI). Each cDNA sequence is derived from a cDNA library constructed from a human tissue. Each human tissue is classified into one of the following organ/tissue categories: cardiovascular system; connective tissue; digestive system; embryonic structures; endocrine system; exocrine glands; genitalia, female; genitalia, male; germ cells; hemic and immune system; liver; musculoskeletal system; nervous system; pancreas; respiratory system; sense organs; skin; stomatognathic system; unclassified/mixed; or urinary tract. The number of libraries in each category is counted and divided by the total number of libraries across all categories. Similarly, each human tissue is classified into one of the following disease/condition categories: cancer, cell line, developmental, inflammation, neurological, trauma, cardiovascular, pooled, and other, and the number of libraries in each category is counted and divided by the total number of libraries across all categories. The resulting percentages reflect the tissue- and disease-specific expression of cDNA encoding NAAP. cDNA sequences and cDNA library/tissue information are found in the LEFESEQ GOLD database (Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto CA). VIII. Extension of NAAP Encoding Polynucleotides

Full length polynucleotides are produced by extension of an appropriate fragment of the full length molecule using oligonucleotide primers designed from this fragment. One primer was synthesized to initiate 5' extension of the known fragment, and the other primer was synthesized to initiate 3' extension of the known fragment. The initial primers were designed using OLIGO 4.06 software (National Biosciences), or another appropriate program, to be about 22 to 30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of about 50% or more, and to anneal to the target sequence at temperatures of about 68 °C to about 72°C Any stretch of nucleotides which would result in haiφin structures and primer-primer dimerizations was avoided.

Selected human cDNA libraries were used to extend the sequence. If more than one extension was necessary or desired, additional or nested sets of primers were designed.

High fidelity amplification was obtained by PCR using methods well known in the art. PCR was performed in 96-well plates using the PTC-200 thermal cycler (MJ Research, Inc.). The reaction mix contained DNA template, 200 nmol of each primer, reaction buffer containing Mg²⁺, (NH₄)₂S0₄, and 2-mercaptoethanol, Taq DNA polymerase (Amersham Biosciences), ELONGASE enzyme (Invitrogen), and Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene), with the following parameters for primer pair PCI A and PCI B: Step 1: 94°C, 3 min; Step 2: 94°C, 15 sec; Step 3: 60°C, 1 min; Step 4: 68°C, 2 min; Step 5: Steps 2, 3, and 4 repeated 20 times; Step 6: 68°C, 5 min; Step 7: storage at 4°C In the alternative, the parameters for primer pair T7 and SK+ were as follows: Step 1: 94°C, 3 min; Step 2: 94°C 15 sec; Step 3: 57°C, 1 min; Step 4: 68°C, 2 min; Step 5: Steps 2, 3, and 4 repeated 20 times; Step 6: 68°C, 5 min; Step 7: storage at 4°C

The concentration of DNA in each well was determined by dispensing 100 μl PICOGREEN quantitation reagent (0.25% (v/v) PICOGREEN; Molecular Probes, Eugene OR) dissolved in IX TE and 0.5 μl of undiluted PCR product into each well of an opaque fluorimeter plate (Corning Costar, Acton MA), allowing the DNA to bind to the reagent. The plate was scanned in a Fluoroskan H (Labsystems Oy, Helsinki, Finland) to measure the fluorescence of the sample and to quantify the concentration of DNA. A 5 μl to 10 μl aliquot of the reaction mixture was analyzed by electrophoresis on a 1 % agarose gel to determine which reactions were successful in extending the sequence.

The extended nucleotides were desalted and concentrated, transferred to 384-well plates, digested with CviJI cholera virus endonuclease (Molecular Biology Research, Madison WI), and sonicated or sheared prior to religation into pUC 18 vector (Amersham Biosciences). For shotgun sequencing, the digested nucleotides were separated on low concentration (0.6 to 0.8%) agarose gels, fragments were excised, and agar digested with Agar ACE (Promega). Extended clones were religated using T4 ligase (New England Biolabs, Beverly MA) into pUC 18 vector (Amersham Biosciences), treated with Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene) to fill-in restriction site overhangs, and transfected into competent E. coli cells. Transformed cells were selected on antibiotic -containing media, and individual colonies were picked and cultured overnight at 37 °C in 384-well plates in LB/2x carb liquid media.

The cells were lysed, and DNA was amplified by PCR using Taq DNA polymerase (Amersham Biosciences) and Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene) with the following parameters: Step 1: 94°C 3 min; Step 2: 94°C, 15 sec; Step 3: 60°C, 1 min; Step 4: 72°C, 2 min; Step 5: steps 2, 3, and 4 repeated 29 times; Step 6: 72°C, 5 min; Step 7: storage at 4°C DNA was quantified by PICOGREEN reagent (Molecular Probes) as described above. Samples with low DNA recoveries were reamplified using the same conditions as described above. Samples were diluted with 20% dimethysulfoxide (1:2, v/v), and sequenced using DYENAMIC energy transfer sequencing primers and the DYENAMIC DIRECT kit (Amersham Biosciences) or the ABI PRISM BIGDYE Terminator cycle sequencing ready reaction kit (Applied Biosystems).

In like manner, full length polynucleotides are verified using the above procedure or are used to obtain 5' regulatory sequences using the above procedure along with oligonucleotides designed for such extension, and an appropriate genomic library. IX. Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in NAAP Encoding Polynucleotides Common DNA sequence variants known as single nucleotide polymoφhisms (SNPs) were identified in SEQ JD NO:33-64 using the LEFESEQ database (Incyte Genomics). Sequences from the same gene were clustered together and assembled as described in Example III, allowing the identification of all sequence variants in the gene. An algorithm consisting of a series of filters was used to distinguish SNPs from other sequence variants. Preliminary filters removed the majority of basecall errors by requiring a minimum Phred quality score of 15, and removed sequence alignment errors and errors resulting from improper trimming of vector sequences, chimeras, and splice variants. An automated procedure of advanced chromosome analysis analysed the original chromatogram files in the vicinity of the putative SNP. Clone error filters used statistically generated algorithms to identify errors introduced during laboratory processing, such as those caused by reverse transcriptase, polymerase, or somatic mutation. Clustering error filters used statistically generated algorithms to identify errors resulting from clustering of close homologs or pseudogenes, or due to contamination by non-human sequences. A final set of filters removed duplicates and SNPs found in immunoglobulins or T-cell receptors. Certain SNPs were selected for further characterization by mass spectrometry using the high throughput MASSARRAY system (Sequenom, Inc.) to analyze allele frequencies at the SNP sites in four different human populations. The Caucasian population comprised 92 individuals (46 male, 46 female), including 83 from Utah, four French, three Venezualan, and two Amish individuals. The African population comprised 194 individuals (97 male, 97 female), all African Americans. The Hispanic population comprised 324 individuals (162 male, 162 female), all Mexican Hispanic The Asian population comprised 126 individuals (64 male, 62 female) with a reported parental breakdown of 43% Chinese, 31% Japanese, 13% Korean, 5% Vietnamese, and 8% other Asian. Allele frequencies were first analyzed in the Caucasian population; in some cases those SNPs which showed no allelic variance in this population were not further tested in the other three populations. X. Labeling and Use of Individual Hybridization Probes

Hybridization probes derived from SEQ ID NO: 33-64 are employed to screen cDNAs, genomic DNAs, or mRNAs. Although the labeling of oligonucleotides, consisting of about 20 base pairs, is specifically described, essentially the same procedure is used with larger nucleotide fragments. Oligonucleotides are designed using state-of-the-art software such as OLIGO 4.06 software (National Biosciences) and labeled by combining 50 pmol of each oligomer, 250 Ci of

[γ-³²P] adenosine triphosphate (Amersham Biosciences), and T4 polynucleotide kinase (DuPont NEN, Boston MA). The labeled oligonucleotides are substantially purified using a SEPHADEX G-25 superfine size exclusion dextran bead column (Amersham Biosciences). An aliquot containing 10⁷ counts per minute of the labeled probe is used in a typical membrane-based hybridization analysis of human genomic DNA digested with one of the following endonucleases: Ase I, Bgl π, Eco RI, Pst I, Xba I, or Pvu H (DuPont NEN).

The DNA from each digest is fractionated on a 0.7% agarose gel and transferred to nylon membranes (Nytran Plus, Schleicher & Schuell, Durham NH). Hybridization is carried out for 16 hours at 40°C To remove nonspecific signals, blots are sequentially washed at room temperature under conditions of up to, for example, 0.1 x saline sodium citrate and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Hybridization patterns are visualized using autoradiography or an alternative imaging means and compared. XI. Microarrays

The linkage or synthesis of array elements upon a microarray can be achieved utilizing photolithography, piezoelectric printing (ink-jet printing; see, e.g., Baldeschweiler et al., supra), mechanical microspotting technologies, and derivatives thereof. The substrate in each of the aforementioned technologies should be uniform and solid with a non-porous surface (Schena, M., ed. (1999) DNA Microarrays: A Practical Approach, Oxford University Press, London). Suggested substrates include silicon, silica, glass slides, glass chips, and silicon wafers. Alternatively, a procedure analogous to a dot or slot blot may also be used to arrange and link elements to the surface of a substrate using thermal, UV, chemical, or mechanical bonding procedures. A typical array may be produced using available methods and machines well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and may contain any appropriate number of elements (Schena, M. et al. (1995) Science 270:467-470; Shalon, D. et al. (1996) Genome Res. 6:639-645; Marshall, A. and J. Hodgson (1998) Nat. Biotechnol. 16:27-31).

Full length cDNAs, Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs), or fragments or oligomers thereof may comprise the elements of the microarray. Fragments or oligomers suitable for hybridization can be selected using software well known in the art such as LASERGENE software (DNASTAR). The array elements are hybridized with polynucleotides in a biological sample. The polynucleotides in the biological sample are conjugated to a fluorescent label or other molecular tag for ease of detection. After hybridization, nonhybridized nucleotides from the biological sample are removed, and a fluorescence scanner is used to detect hybridization at each array element. Alternatively, laser desorbtion and mass spectrometry may be used for detection of hybridization. The degree of complementarity and the relative abundance of each polynucleotide which hybridizes to an element on the microarray may be assessed. In one embodiment, microarray preparation and usage is described in detail below. Tissue or Cell Sample Preparation

Total RNA is isolated from tissue samples using the guanidinium thiocyanate method and poly(A)⁺ RNA is purified using the oligo-(dT) cellulose method. Each poly(A)⁺ RNA sample is reverse transcribed using MMLV reverse-transcriptase, 0.05 pg/μl oligo-(dT) primer (21mer), IX first strand buffer, 0.03 units/μl RNase inhibitor, 500 μM dATP, 500 μM dGTP, 500 μM dTTP, 40 μM dCTP, 40 μM dCTP-Cy3 (BDS) or dCTP-Cy5 (Amersham Biosciences). The reverse transcription reaction is performed in a 25 ml volume containing 200 ng poly(A)⁺ RNA with GEMBRIGHT kits (Incyte). Specific control poly(A)⁺ RNAs are synthesized by in vitro transcription from non-coding yeast genomic DNA. After incubation at 37 °C for 2 hr, each reaction sample (one with Cy3 and another with Cy5 labeling) is treated with 2.5 ml of 0.5M sodium hydroxide and incubated for 20 minutes at 85° C to the stop the reaction and degrade the RNA. Samples are purified using two successive CHROMA SPEN 30 gel filtration spin columns (CLONTECH Laboratories, Inc. (CLONTECH), Palo Alto CA) and after combining, both reaction samples are ethanol precipitated using 1 ml of glycogen (1 mg/ml), 60 ml sodium acetate, and 300 ml of 100% ethanol. The sample is then dried to completion using a SpeedVAC (Savant Instruments Inc., Holbrook NY) and resuspended in 14 μl 5X SSC/0.2% SDS. Microarray Preparation

Sequences of the present invention are used to generate array elements. Each array element is amplified from bacterial cells containing vectors with cloned cDNA inserts. PCR amplification uses primers complementary to the vector sequences flanking the cDNA insert. Array elements are amplified in thirty cycles of PCR from an initial quantity of 1-2 ng to a final quantity greater than 5 μg. Amplified array elements are then purified using SEPHACRYL-400 (Amersham Biosciences). Purified array elements are immobilized on polymer-coated glass slides. Glass microscope slides (Corning) are cleaned by ultrasound in 0.1% SDS and acetone, with extensive distilled water washes between and after treatments. Glass slides are etched in 4% hydrofluoric acid (VWR Scientific Products Coφoration (VWR), West Chester PA), washed extensively in distilled water, and coated with 0.05% aminopropyl silane (Sigma) in 95% ethanol. Coated slides are cured in a 110°C oven.

Array elements are applied to the coated glass substrate using a procedure described in U.S. Patent No. 5,807,522, incoφorated herein by reference. 1 μl of the array element DNA, at an average concentration of 100 ng/μl, is loaded into the open capillary printing element by a high-speed robotic apparatus. The apparatus then deposits about 5 nl of array element sample per slide.

Microarrays are UV-crosslinked using a STRATALINKER UV-crosslinker (Stratagene). Microarrays are washed at room temperature once in 0.2% SDS and three times in distilled water. Non-specific binding sites are blocked by incubation of microarrays in 0.2% casein in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Tropix, Inc., Bedford MA) for 30 minutes at 60° C followed by washes in 0.2% SDS and distilled water as before. Hybridization

Hybridization reactions contain 9 μl of sample mixture consisting of 0.2 μg each of Cy3 and Cy5 labeled cDNA synthesis products in 5X SSC, 0.2% SDS hybridization buffer. The sample mixture is heated to 65° C for 5 minutes and is aliquoted onto the microarray surface and covered with an 1.8 cm² coverslip. The arrays are transferred to a wateφroof chamber having a cavity just slightly larger than a microscope slide. The chamber is kept at 100% humidity internally by the addition of 140 μl of 5X SSC in a corner of the chamber. The chamber containing the arrays is incubated for about 6.5 hours at 60° C. The arrays are washed for 10 min at 45° C in a first wash buffer (IX SSC, 0.1% SDS), three times for 10 minutes each at 45°C in a second wash buffer (0.1X SSC), and dried. Detection

Reporter-labeled hybridization complexes are detected with a microscope equipped with an Innova 70 mixed gas 10 W laser (Coherent, Inc., Santa Clara CA) capable of generating spectral lines at 488 nm for excitation of Cy3 and at 632 nm for excitation of Cy5. The excitation laser light is focused on the array using a 20X microscope objective (Nikon, Inc., Melville NY). The slide containing the array is placed on a computer-controlled X-Y stage on the microscope and raster- scanned past the objective. The 1.8 cm x 1.8 cm array used in the present example is scanned with a resolution of 20 micrometers. In two separate scans, a mixed gas multiline laser excites the two fluorophores sequentially.

Emitted light is split, based on wavelength, into two photomultiplier tube detectors (PMT R1477, Hamamatsu Photonics Systems, Bridgewater NJ) corresponding to the two fluorophores. Appropriate filters positioned between the array and the photomultiplier tubes are used to filter the signals. The emission maxima of the fluorophores used are 565 nm for Cy3 and 650 nm for Cy5. Each array is typically scanned twice, one scan per fluorophore using the appropriate filters at the laser source, although the apparatus is capable of recording the spectra from both fluorophores simultaneously.

The sensitivity of the scans is typically calibrated using the signal intensity generated by a cDNA control species added to the sample mixture at a known concentration. A specific location on the array contains a complementary DNA sequence, allowing the intensity of the signal at that location to be correlated with a weight ratio of hybridizing species of 1:100,000. When two samples from different sources (e.g., representing test and control cells), each labeled with a different fluorophore, are hybridized to a single array for the puφose of identifying genes that are differentially expressed, the calibration is done by labeling samples of the calibrating cDNA with the two fluorophores and adding identical amounts of each to the hybridization mixture.

The output of the photomultiplier tube is digitized using a 12-bit RTI-835H analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion board (Analog Devices, Inc., Norwood MA) installed in an IBM-compatible PC computer. The digitized data are displayed as an image where the signal intensity is mapped using a linear 20-color transformation to a pseudocolor scale ranging from blue (low signal) to red (high signal). The data is also analyzed quantitatively. Where two different fluorophores are excited and measured simultaneously, the data are first corrected for optical crosstalk (due to overlapping emission spectra) between the fluorophores using each fluorophore' s emission spectrum.

A grid is superimposed over the fluorescence signal image such that the signal from each spot is centered in each element of the grid. The fluorescence signal within each element is then integrated to obtain a numerical value corresponding to the average intensity of the signal. The software used for signal analysis is the GEMTOOLS gene expression analysis program (Incyte). Array elements that exhibited at least about a two-fold change in expression, a signal-to-background ratio of at least 2.5, and an element spot size of at least 40% were identified as differentially expressed using the GEMTOOLS program (Incyte Genomics). Expression

SEQ ID NO:53 showed differential expression in the human mammary gland cell line MCF- 10A compared to the breast carcinoma cell line MDA-mb-231. The MCF-10A cell line is derived from a 36-year old woman with fibrocystic disease. The breast tumor cell line MDA-mb-231 is a breast tumor cell line isolated from the pleural effusion of a 51 -year old woman. The expression of NAAP-21 was increased at least two-fold in breast carcinoma cells. In addition, SEQ ID NO:53 showed differential expression in MCF-10A cells treated with UV radiation compared to untreated MCF-10A cells. UV treatment triggers different cell cycle regulatory pathways in breast tumor cells carrying a p53 mutation. UV irradiation activates JNK/SAPK and MAP kinase pathways. The expression of NAAP-21 was increased at least two-fold in UV irradiated cells. Therefore, SEQ ID NO:53 is useful in disease staging and in diagnostic assays for cell prohferative disorders, including breast cancer.

SEQ ID NO:55 showed differential expression associated with breast cancer. For example, the expression of SEQ ID NO:55 showed at least a two-fold decrease in T-47D, Sk-BR-3, and BT-20 breast carcinoma cells compared to nontumorigenic MCF-10A breast mammary gland cells. The expression of SEQ ID NO:55 showed at least a two-fold increase in MDA-mb-231 breast carcinoma cells treated with the combination of the protein kinase C activator, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and the calcium ionophore, ionomycin, compared to untreated cells as determined by microarray analysis. PMA is a broad activator of the protein kinase C-dependent pathways. Ionomycin permits the entry of calcium into cells and increases the cytosolic calcium concentration. PMA and ionomycin activate major signaling pathways in mammalian cells. T-47D is a breast carcinoma cell line isolated from a pleural effusion obtained from a 54-year old female with an infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. MCF-10A is a breast mammary gland cell line that was isolated from a 36- year old woman with fibrocystic breast disease. Sk-BR-3 is a breast adenocarcinoma cell line isolated from a malignant pleural effusion of a 43-year old female. BT-20 is a breast carcinoma cell line derived from cells emigrating out of thin slices of the tumor mass isolated from a 74-year-old female. MDA-mb-231 is a breast tumor cell line isolated from the pleural effusion of a 51-year old female. In an alternative example, SEQ ID NO:55 showed at least a two-fold decrease in expression in ovarian tissue from a patient with ovarian adenocarcinoma compared to matched microscopically normal tissue from the same donor as determined by microarray analysis. In an alternative example, SEQ ID NO:55 showed at least a two-fold increase in expression in C3A hepatoma cells treated with catechol compared to untreated C3A cells. The metabolism of many drug substances in the liver generates catechol containing intermediates, which may be toxic to cells. Therefore, SEQ JD NO: 55 is useful in disease staging and in diagnostic assays for cell prohferative disorders, including breast cancer and ovarian cancer, and is also useful in monitoring drug toxicity.

SEQ JD NO:58 showed differential expression associated with prostate cancer as determined by microarray analysis. The expression of SEQ JD NO:58 showed at least a two-fold increase in prostate LNCaP carcinoma cells compared to prostate PrEC epithelial cells or nontumorigenic PZ- HPV-7 epithelial cells. SEQ ED NO:58 also showed at least a two-fold increase in expression in prostate MDAPCa2b carcinoma cells compared to prostate PrEC epithelial cells. The LNCaP cell line was isolated from a lymph node biopsy of a 50-year old male with metastatic prostate carcinoma. The PrEC cell line is a prostate epithelial cell line isolated from a normal donor. The PZ-HPV-7 cell line was derived from epithelial cells cultured from normal tissue from the peripheral zone of the prostate. MDAPCa2b is a prostate adenocarcinoma cell line that was isolated from the bone metastatic site of a 63-year-old male. In an alternative example, SEQ ED NO:58 showed at least a two-fold increase in expression in ovarian tissue from a patient with ovarian adenocarcinoma compared to matched microscopically normal tissue from the same donor as determined by microarray analysis. In an alternative example, SEQ ED NO:58 showed at least a two-fold increase in expression in brain cingulate from a patient with Alzheimer' s disease compared to normal tissue from a different donor as determined by microarray analysis. SEQ JD NO:58 showed at least a two-fold decrease in expression in cerebellum tissue from a patient with Alzheimer's disease compared to normal tissue from different donors. Therefore, SEQ ID NO:58 is useful in disease staging and in diagnostic assays for cell prohferative disorders, including prostate cancer and ovarian cancer, and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease.

In an alternative example, SEQ ID NO:61 showed at least a 2-fold decrease in expression in mature dendritic cells compared to monocytes. SEQ ID NO:61 showed at least a two-fold decrease in expression in human aortic endothelial cells (HMVECdNeos) treated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) compared to untreated cells. HMVECdNeos are derived from the endothelium of the microvasculature of the human skin. TNF-α is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a central role in mediation of the inflammatory response through activation of multiple signal transduction pathways. TNF-α is produced by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, and other white blood cells. Activation of endothelial cells by TNF-α may be involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as vascular tone regulation, coagulation and thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and inflammation. Therefore, SEQ ED NO:61 is useful in disease staging and in diagnostic assays for immune disorders and for monitoring endothelial cell activation.

XII. Complementary Polynucleotides

Sequences complementary to the NAAP-encoding sequences, or any parts thereof, are used to detect, decrease, or inhibit expression of naturally occurring NAAP. Although use of oligonucleotides comprising from about 15 to 30 base pairs is described, essentially the same procedure is used with smaller or with larger sequence fragments. Appropriate oligonucleotides are designed using OLIGO 4.06 software (National Biosciences) and the coding sequence of NAAP. To inhibit transcription, a complementary oligonucleotide is designed from the most unique 5' sequence and used to prevent promoter binding to the coding sequence. To inhibit translation, a complementary oligonucleotide is designed to prevent ribosomal binding to the NAAP-encoding transcript.

XIII. Expression of NAAP

Expression and purification of NAAP is achieved using bacterial or virus-based expression systems. For expression of NAAP in bacteria, cDNA is subcloned into an appropriate vector containing an antibiotic resistance gene and an inducible promoter that directs high levels of cDNA transcription. Examples of such promoters include, but are not limited to, the trp-lac (tac) hybrid promoter and the T5 or T7 bacteriophage promoter in conjunction with the lac operator regulatory element. Recombinant vectors are transformed into suitable bacterial hosts, e.g., BL21(DE3). Antibiotic resistant bacteria express NAAP upon induction with isopropyl beta-D- thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Expression of NAAP in eukaryotic cells is achieved by infecting insect or mammalian cell lines with recombinant Autographica californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV), commonly known as baculovirus. The nonessential polyhedrin gene of baculovirus is replaced with cDNA encoding NAAP by either homologous recombination or bacterial-mediated transposition involving transfer plasmid intermediates. Viral infectivity is maintained and the strong polyhedrin promoter drives high levels of cDNA transcription. Recombinant baculovirus is used to infect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells in most cases, or human hepatocytes, in some cases. Infection of the latter requires additional genetic modifications to baculovirus (Engelhard, E.K. et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3224-3227; Sandig, V. et al. (1996) Hum. Gene Ther. 7:1937- 1945).

In most expression systems, NAAP is synthesized as a fusion protein with, e.g., glutathione S-transferase (GST) or a peptide epitope tag, such as FLAG or 6-His, permitting rapid, single-step, affinity-based purification of recombinant fusion protein from crude cell lysates. GST, a 26- kilodalton enzyme from Schistosoma japonicum, enables the purification of fusion proteins on immobilized glutathione under conditions that maintain protein activity and antigenicity (Amersham Biosciences). Following purification, the GST moiety can be proteolytically cleaved from NAAP at specifically engineered sites. FLAG, an 8-amino acid peptide, enables immunoaffinity purification using commercially available monoclonal and polyclonal anti-FLAG antibodies (Eastman Kodak). 6- His, a stretch of six consecutive histidine residues, enables purification on metal-chelate resins (QIAGEN). Methods for protein expression and purification are discussed in Ausubel et al. (supra, ch. 10 and 16). Purified NAAP obtained by these methods can be used directly in the assays shown in Examples XVH, XVHI, and XLX, where applicable. XIV. Functional Assays NAAP function is assessed by expressing the sequences encoding NAAP at physiologically elevated levels in mammalian cell culture systems. cDNA is subcloned into a mammalian expression vector containing a strong promoter that drives high levels of cDNA expression. Vectors of choice include PCMV SPORT plasmid (Invitrogen, Carlsbad CA) and PCR3.1 plasmid (Invitrogen), both of which contain the cytomegalovirus promoter. 5-10 μg of recombinant vector are transiently transfected into a human cell line, for example, an endothelial or hematopoietic cell line, using either liposome formulations or electroporation. 1-2 μg of an additional plasmid containing sequences encoding a marker protein are co-transfected. Expression of a marker protein provides a means to distinguish transfected cells from nontransfected cells and is a reliable predictor of cDNA expression from the recombinant vector. Marker proteins of choice include, e.g., Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP; Clontech), CD64, or a CD64-GFP fusion protein. Flow cytometry (FCM), an automated, laser optics-based technique, is used to identify transfected cells expressing GFP or CD64-GFP and to evaluate the apoptotic state of the cells and other cellular properties. FCM detects and quantifies the uptake of fluorescent molecules that diagnose events preceding or coincident with cell death. These events include changes in nuclear DNA content as measured by staining of DNA with propidium iodide; changes in cell size and granularity as measured by forward light scatter and 90 degree side light scatter; down-regulation of DNA synthesis as measured by decrease in bromodeoxyuridine uptake; alterations in expression of cell surface and intracellular proteins as measured by reactivity with specific antibodies; and alterations in plasma membrane composition as measured by the binding of fluorescein-conjugated Annexin V protein to the cell surface. Methods in flow cytometry are discussed in Ormerod, M.G. (1994; Flow Cytometry, Oxford, New York NY).

The influence of NAAP on gene expression can be assessed using highly purified populations of cells transfected with sequences encoding NAAP and either CD64 or CD64-GFP. CD64 and CD64-GFP are expressed on the surface of transfected cells and bind to conserved regions of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). Transfected cells are efficiently separated from nontransfected cells using magnetic beads coated with either human IgG or antibody against CD64 (DYNAL, Lake Success NY). mRNA can be purified from the cells using methods well known by those of skill in the art. Expression of mRNA encoding NAAP and other genes of interest can be analyzed by northern analysis or microarray techniques. XV. Production of NAAP Specific Antibodies

NAAP substantially purified using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE; see, e.g., Harrington, M.G. (1990) Methods Enzymol. 182:488-495), or other purification techniques, is used to immunize animals (e.g., rabbits, mice, etc.) and to produce antibodies using standard protocols. Alternatively, the NAAP amino acid sequence is analyzed using LASERGENE software (DNASTAR) to determine regions of high immunogenicity, and a corresponding oligopeptide is synthesized and used to raise antibodies by means known to those of skill in the art. Methods for selection of appropriate epitopes, such as those near the C-terminus or in hydrophilic regions are well described in the art (Ausubel et al., supra, ch. 11).

Typically, oligopeptides of about 15 residues in length are synthesized using an ABI 431 A peptide synthesizer (Applied Biosystems) using FMOC chemistry and coupled to KLH (Sigma-

Aldrich, St. Louis MO) by reaction with N-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS) to increase immunogenicity (Ausubel et al., supra). Rabbits are immunized with the oligopeptide-KLH complex in complete Freund's adjuvant. Resulting antisera are tested for antipeptide and anti-NAAP activity by, for example, binding the peptide or NAAP to a substrate, blocking with 1% BSA, reacting with rabbit antisera, washing, and reacting with radio-iodinated goat anti-rabbit IgG.

XVI. Purification of Naturally Occurring NAAP Using Specific Antibodies Naturally occurring or recombinant NAAP is substantially purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific for NAAP. An immunoaffinity column is constructed by covalently coupling anti-NAAP antibody to an activated chromatographic resin, such as CNBr-activated SEPHAROSE (Amersham Biosciences). After the coupling, the resin is blocked and washed according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Media containing NAAP are passed over the immunoaffinity column, and the column is washed under conditions that allow the preferential absorbance of NAAP (e.g., high ionic strength buffers in the presence of detergent). The column is eluted under conditions that disrupt antibody/NAAP binding (e.g., a buffer of pH 2 to pH 3, or a high concentration of a chaotrope, such as urea or thiocyanate ion), and NAAP is collected.

XVII. Identification of Molecules Which Interact with NAAP

NAAP, or biologically active fragments thereof, are labeled with ¹²⁵I Bolton-Hunter reagent (Bolton, A.E. and W.M. Hunter (1973) Biochem. J. 133:529-539). Candidate molecules previously arrayed in the wells of a multi-well plate are incubated with the labeled NAAP, washed, and any wells with labeled NAAP complex are assayed. Data obtained using different concentrations of NAAP are used to calculate values for the number, affinity, and association of NAAP with the candidate molecules. Alternatively, molecules interacting with NAAP are analyzed using the yeast two-hybrid system as described in Fields, S. and O. Song (1989; Nature 340:245-246), or using commercially available kits based on the two-hybrid system, such as the MATCHMAKER system (Clontech).

NAAP may also be used in the PATHCALLING process (CuraGen Coφ., New Haven CT) which employs the yeast two-hybrid system in a high-throughput manner to determine all interactions between the proteins encoded by two large libraries of genes (Nandabalan, K. et al. (2000) U.S. Patent No. 6,057,101). XVIII. Demonstration of NAAP Activity

NAAP activity is measured by its ability to stimulate transcription of a reporter gene (Liu, H.Y. et al. (1997) EMBO J. 16:5289-5298). The assay entails the use of a well characterized reporter gene construct, LexA_op-LacZ, that consists of LexA DNA transcriptional control elements (LexA_op) fused to sequences encoding the E. coli LacZ enzyme. The methods for constructing and expressing fusion genes, introducing them into cells, and measuring LacZ enzyme activity, are well known to those skilled in the art. Sequences encoding NAAP are cloned into a plasmid that directs the synthesis of a fusion protein, LexA-NAAP, consisting of NAAP and a DNA binding domain derived from the LexA transcription factor. The resulting plasmid, encoding a LexA-NAAP fusion protein, is introduced into yeast cells along with a plasmid containing the LexA_op-LacZ reporter gene. The amount of LacZ enzyme activity associated with LexA-NAAP transfected cells, relative to control cells, is proportional to the amount of transcription stimulated by the NAAP.

An alternative experiment for NAAP activity involves binding of DNA-bound KAP-1-RBBC protein, a corepressor for KRAB domain proteins, directly to the KRAB domain. Following preparation of plasmids and protein purification (Peng, H., et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275:18000- 18010), an electrophilic mobility shift assay (EMS A) can be performed in which purified recombinant GAL4-KRAB protein is incubated with purified Escherichia coli- or baculovirus- expressed KAP-1 -RBBC protein for 15 min at 30°C The KRAB protein is then added to the reaction simultaneously with the GAL4-KRAB and KAP-1-RBBC proteins, or the KRAB protein can be preincubated with the KAP-1-RBBC protein for 15 min at 30°C One μl of ³²P-labeled GAL4 probe (10⁵ cpm/μl) is then added, and the reaction incubated for an additional 15 min at 30°C The DNA-protein complexes are then resolved on native polyacrylamide gels by electrophoresis in 45 mM Tris borate, pH 8.3, 1 mM EDTA buffer at 4°C The EMSA gels are dried and visualized by autoradiography. Binding of the GAL4-KRAB protein complex to a standard ³²P-labeled GAL4 oligonucleotide recognition sequence is demonstration of a mobility shift, and indicative of KRAB domain binding via direct interaction between the KRAB domain and KAP-1 protein.

Alternatively, NAAP activity is measured by its ability to bind zinc. A 5-10 μM sample solution in 2.5 mM ammonium acetate solution at pH 7.4 is combined with 0.05 M zinc sulfate solution (Aldrich, Milwaukee WI) in the presence of 100 μM dithiothreitol with 10% methanol added. The sample and zinc sulfate solutions are allowed to incubate for 20 minutes. The reaction solution is passed through a VYDAC column (Grace Vydac, Hesperia, CA) with approximately 300 Angstrom bore size and 5 μM particle size to isolate zinc-sample complex from the solution, and into a mass spectrometer (PE Sciex, Ontario, Canada). Zinc bound to sample is quantified using the functional atomic mass of 63.5 Da observed by Whittal, R. M. et al. ((2000) Biochemistry 39:8406- 8417).

In the alternative, a method to determine nucleic acid binding activity of NAAP involves a polyacrylamide gel mobility-shift assay. In preparation for this assay, NAAP is expressed by transforming a mammalian cell line such as COS7, HeLa or CHO with a eukaryotic expression vector containing NAAP cDNA. The cells are incubated for 48-72 hours after transformation under conditions appropriate for the cell line to allow expression and accumulation of NAAP. Extracts containing solubilized proteins can be prepared from cells expressing NAAP by methods well known in the art. Portions of the extract containing NAAP are added to [³²P] -labeled RNA or DNA. Radioactive nucleic acid can be synthesized in vitro by techniques well known in the art. The mixtures are incubated at 25 °C in the presence of RNase- and DNase-inhibitors under buffered conditions for 5-10 minutes. After incubation, the samples are analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. The presence of a band on the autoradiogram indicates the formation of a complex between NAAP and the radioactive transcript. A band of similar mobility will not be present in samples prepared using control extracts prepared from untransformed cells. In the alternative, a method to determine methylase activity of NAAP measures transfer of radiolabeled methyl groups between a donor substrate and an acceptor substrate. Reaction mixtures (50 μl final volume) contain 15 mM HEPES, pH 7.9, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM dithiothreitol, 3% polyvinylalcohol, 1.5 μCi [me?/ry/-³H]AdoMet (0.375 μM AdoMet) (DuPont-NEN), 0.6 μg NAAP, and acceptor substrate (e.g., 0.4 μg [³⁵S]RNA, or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) to 1 mM final concentration). Reaction mixtures are incubated at 30°C for 30 minutes, then 65°C for 5 minutes.

Analysis of [methyl-³H]RNA is as follows: (1) 50 μl of 2 x loading buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 1 M LiCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)) and 50 μl oligo d(T)-cellulose (10 mg ml in 1 x loading buffer) are added to the reaction mixture, and incubated at ambient temperature with shaking for 30 minutes. (2) Reaction mixtures are transferred to a 96-well filtration plate attached to a vacuum apparatus. (3) Each sample is washed sequentially with three 2.4 ml aliquots of 1 x oligo d(T) loading buffer containing 0.5% SDS, 0.1% SDS, or no SDS. (4) RNA is eluted with 300 μl of water into a 96-well collection plate, transferred to scintillation vials containing liquid scintillant, and radioactivity determined.

Analysis of [methyl-³¥J]6-MP is as follows: (1) 500 μl 0.5 M borate buffer, pH 10.0, and then 2.5 ml of 20% (v/v) isoamyl alcohol in toluene are added to the reaction mixtures. (2) The samples are mixed by vigorous vortexing for ten seconds. (3) After centrifugation at 700g for 10 minutes, 1.5 ml of the organic phase is transferred to scintillation vials containing 0.5 ml absolute ethanol and liquid scintillant, and radioactivity determined. (4) Results are corrected for the extraction of 6-MP into the organic phase (approximately 41%).

In the alternative, type I topoisomerase activity of NAAP can be assayed based on the relaxation of a supercoiled DNA substrate. NAAP is incubated with its substrate in a buffer lacking Mg²⁺ and ATP, the reaction is terminated, and the products are loaded on an agarose gel. Altered topoisomers can be distinguished from supercoiled substrate electrophoretically. This assay is specific for type I topoisomerase activity because Mg²⁺ and ATP are necessary cofactors for type II topoisomerases.

Type II topoisomerase activity of NAAP can be assayed based on the decatenation of a kinetoplast DNA (KDNA) substrate. NAAP is incubated with KDNA, the reaction is terminated, and the products are loaded on an agarose gel. Monomeric circular KDNA can be distinguished from catenated KDNA electrophoretically. Kits for measuring type I and type H topoisomerase activities are available commercially from Topogen (Columbus OH).

ATP-dependent RNA helicase unwinding activity of NAAP can be measured by the method described by Zhang and Grosse (1994; Biochemistry 33:3906-3912). The substrate for RNA unwinding consists of ³²P-labeled RNA composed of two RNA strands of 194 and 130 nucleotides in length containing a duplex region of 17 base-pairs. The RNA substrate is incubated together with ATP, Mg²⁺, and varying amounts of NAAP in a Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5, at 37°C for 30 minutes. The single-stranded RNA product is then separated from the double-stranded RNA substrate by electrophoresis through a 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and quantitated by autoradiography. The amount of single-stranded RNA recovered is proportional to the amount of NAAP in the preparation. In the alternative, NAAP function is assessed by expressing the sequences encoding NAAP at physiologically elevated levels in mammalian cell culture systems. cDNA is subcloned into a mammalian expression vector containing a strong promoter that drives high levels of cDNA expression. Vectors of choice include pCMV SPORT (Life Technologies) and pCR3.1 (Invitrogen Coφoration, Carlsbad CA), both of which contain the cytomegalovirus promoter. 5-10 μg of recombinant vector are transiently transfected into a human cell line, preferably of endothelial or hematopoietic origin, using either liposome formulations or electroporation. 1-2 μg of an additional plasmid containing sequences encoding a marker protein are co-transfected. Expression of a marker protein provides a means to distinguish transfected cells from nontransfected cells and is a reliable predictor of cDNA expression from the recombinant vector. Marker proteins of choice include, e.g., Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP; CLONTECH), CD64, or a CD64-GFP fusion protein. Flow cytometry (FCM), an automated laser optics-based technique, is used to identify transfected cells expressing GFP or CD64-GFP and to evaluate the apoptotic state of the cells and other cellular properties.

FCM detects and quantifies the uptake of fluorescent molecules that diagnose events preceding or coincident with cell death. These events include changes in nuclear DNA content as measured by staining of DNA with propidium iodide; changes in cell size and granularity as measured by forward light scatter and 90 degree side light scatter; down-regulation of DNA synthesis as measured by decrease in bromodeoxyuridine uptake; alterations in expression of cell surface and intracellular proteins as measured by reactivity with specific antibodies; and alterations in plasma membrane composition as measured by the binding of fluorescein-conjugated Annexin V protein to the cell surface. Methods in flow cytometry are discussed in Ormerod, M. G. (1994) Flow Cytometry, Oxford, New York NY. The influence of NAAP on gene expression can be assessed using highly purified populations of cells transfected with sequences encoding NAAP and either CD64 or CD64-GFP. CD64 and CD64-GFP are expressed on the surface of transfected cells and bind to conserved regions of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). Transfected cells are efficiently separated from nontransfected cells using magnetic beads coated with either human IgG or antibody against CD64 (DYNAL, Inc., Lake Success NY). mRNA can be purified from the cells using methods well known by those of skill in the art. Expression of mRNA encoding NAAP and other genes of interest can be analyzed by northern analysis or microarray techniques.

Pseudouridine synthase activity of NAAP is assayed using a tritium (³H) release assay modified from Nurse et al. ((1995) RNA 1 : 102-112), which measures the release of ³H from the C₅ position of the pyrimidine component of uridylate (U) when ³H-radiolabeled U in RNA is isomerized to pseudouridine (ψ). A typical 500 μl assay mixture contains 50 mM HEPES buffer (pH 7.5), 100 mM ammonium acetate, 5 mM dithiothreitol, 1 mM EDTA, 30 units RNase inhibitor, and 0.1-4.2 μM [5-³H]tRNA (approximately 1 μCi/nmol tRNA). The reaction is initiated by the addition of <5 μl of a concentrated solution of NAAP (or sample containing NAAP) and incubated for 5 min at 37 °C.

i n Portions of the reaction mixture are removed at various times (up to 30 min) following the addition of NAAP and quenched by dilution into 1 ml 0.1 M HCl containing Norit-SA3 (12% w/v). The quenched reaction mixtures are centrifuged for 5 min at maximum speed in a microcentrifuge, and the supematants are filtered through a plug of glass wool. The pellet is washed twice by resuspension in 1 ml 0.1 M HCl, followed by centrifugation. The supematants from the washes are separately passed through the glass wool plug and combined with the original filtrate. A portion of the combined filtrate is mixed with scintillation fluid (up to 10 ml) and counted using a scintillation counter. The amount of ³H released from the RNA and present in the soluble filtrate is proportional to the amount of peudouridine synthase activity in the sample (Ramamurthy, V. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274:22225-22230).

In the alternative, pseudouridine synthase activity of NAAP is assayed at 30 °C to 37 °C in a mixture containing 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 100 mM ammonium acetate, 5 mM MgCl₂, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1 mM EDTA, and 1-2 frnol of [³²P]-radiolabeled runoff transcripts (generated in vitro by an appropriate RNA polymerase, i.e., T7 or SP6) as substrates. NAAP is added to initiate the reaction or omitted from the reaction in control samples. Following incubation, the RNA is extracted with phenol -chloroform, precipitated in ethanol, and hydrolyzed completely to 3-nucleotide monophosphates using RNase T₂. The hydrolysates are analyzed by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography, and the amount of ³²P radiolabel present in the ψMP and UMP spots are evaluated after exposing the thin layer chromatography plates to film or a Phosphorlmager screen. Taking into account the relative number of uridylate residues in the substrate RNA, the relative amount ψMP and UMP are determined and used to calculate the relative amount of ψ per tRNA molecule (expressed in mol ψ /mol of tRNA or mol ψ /mol of tRNA/minute), which corresponds to the amount of pseudouridine synthase activity in the NAAP sample (Lecointe, F. et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273: 1316-1323). N²,N²-dimethylguanosine transferase ((m² ₂G)methyltransferase) activity of NAAP is measured in a 160 μl reaction mixture containing 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 0.1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl₂, 20 mM NH₄C1, lmM dithiothreitol, 6.2 μM 5-adenosyl-L-[/ne /-³H]methionine (30-70 Ci/mM), 8 μg m² ₂G-deficient tRNA or wild type tRNA from yeast, and approximately 100 μg of purified NAAP or a sample comprising NAAP. The reactions are incubated at 30 °C for 90 min and chilled on ice. A portion of each reaction is diluted to 1 ml in water containing 100 μg BSA. 1 ml of 2 M HCl is added to each sample and the acid insoluble products are allowed to precipitate on ice for 20 min before being collected by filtration through glass fiber filters. The collected material is washed several times with HCl and quantitated using a liquid scintillation counter. The amount of ³H incoφorated into the m² ₂G-deficient, acid-insoluble tRNAs is proportional to the amount of N²,N²-dimethylguanosine transferase activity in the NAAP sample. Reactions comprising no substrate tRNAs, or wild-type tRNAs that have already been modified, serve as control reactions which should not yield acid-insoluble ³H-labeled products.

Polyadenylation activity of NAAP is measured using an in vitro polyadenylation reaction. The reaction mixture is assembled on ice and comprises 10 μl of 5 mM dithiothreitol, 0.025% (v/v) NONIDET P-40, 50 mM creatine phosphate, 6.5% (w/v) polyvinyl alcohol, 0.5 unit/μl RNAGUARD (Pharmacia), 0.025 μg/μl creatine kinase, 1.25 mM cordycepin 5'-triphosphate, and 3.75 mM MgCl₂, in a total volume of 25 μl. 60 fmol of CstF, 50 frnol of CPSF, 240 fmol of PAP, 4 μl of crude or partially purified CF H and various amounts of amounts CF I are then added to the reaction mix. The volume is adjusted to 23.5 μl with a buffer containing 50 mM TrisHCl, pH 7.9, 10% (v/v) glycerol, and 0.1 mM Na-EDTA. The final ammonium sulfate concentration should be below 20 mM. The reaction is initiated (on ice) by the addition of 15 fmol of ³²P-labeled pre-mRNA template, along with 2.5 μg of unlabeled tRNA, in 1.5 μl of water. Reactions are then incubated at 30 °C for 75-90 min and stopped by the addition of 75 μl (approximately two-volumes) of proteinase K mix (0.2 M Tris- HCl, pH 7.9, 300 mM NaCl, 25 mM Na-EDTA, 2% (w/v) SDS), 1 μl of 10 mg/ml proteinase K, 0.25 μl of 20 mg/ml glycogen, and 23.75 μl of water). Following incubation, the RNA is precipitated with ethanol and analyzed on a 6% (w/v) polyacrylamide, 8.3 M urea sequencing gel. The dried gel is developed by autoradiography or using a phosphoimager. Cleavage activity is determined by comparing the amount of cleavage product to the amount of pre-mRNA template. The omission of any of the polypeptide components of the reaction and substitution of NAAP is useful for identifying the specific biological function of NAAP in pre-mRNA polyadenylation (Ruegsegger, U. et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271:6107-6113; and references within). tRNA synthetase activity is measured as the aminoacylation of a substrate tRNA in the presence of [¹⁴C]-labeled amino acid. NAAP is incubated with [¹⁴C]-labeled amino acid and the appropriate cognate tRNA (for example, [¹⁴C]alanine and tRNA^ala) in a buffered solution. ^Relabeled product is separated from free [¹⁴C]amino acid by chromatography, and the incoφorated ¹⁴C is quantified by scintillation counter. The amount of ¹⁴C-labeled product detected is proportional to the activity of NAAP in this assay.

In the alternative, NAAP activity is measured by incubating a sample containing NAAP in a solution containing 1 mM ATP, 5 mM Hepes-KOH (pH 7.0), 2.5 mM KC1, 1.5 mM magnesium chloride, and 0.5 mM DTT along with misacylated [¹⁴C]-Glu-tRNAGln (e.g., 1 μM) and a similar concentration of unlabeled L-glutamine. Following the quenching of the reaction with 3 M sodium acetate (pH 5.0), the mixture is extracted with an equal volume of water-saturated phenol, and the aqueous and organic phases are separated by centrifugation at 15,000 x g at room temperature for 1 min. The aqueous phase is removed and precipitated with 3 volumes of ethanol at -70°C for 15 min. The precipitated aminoacyl-tRNAs are recovered by centrifugation at 15,000 x g at 4°C for 15 min. The pellet is resuspended in of 25 mM KOH, deacylated at 65°C for 10 min., neutralized with 0.1 M HCl (to final pH 6-7), and dried under vacuum. The dried pellet is resuspended in water and spotted onto a cellulose TLC plate. The plate is developed in either isopropanol/formic acid/water or ammonia/water/chloroform/ methanol. The image is subjected to densitometric analysis and the relative amounts of Glu and Gin are calculated based on the Rf values and relative intensities of the spots. NAAP activity is calculated based on the amount of Gin resulting from the transformation of Glu while acylated as Glu-tRNA^Gln (adapted from Curnow, A.W. et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 11819-26).

In an alternative, chromatin molecule activity of NAAP is demonstrated by measuring sensitivity to DNase I (Dawson, BA. et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:12830-12837). Samples are treated with DNase I, followed by insertion of a cleavable biotinylated nucleotide analog, 5-[(N- biotinamido)hexanoamido-ethyl-l,3-thiopropionyl-3-aminoallyl]-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate using nick-repair techniques well known to those skilled in the art. Following purification and digestion with EcoRl restriction endonuclease, biotinylated sequences are affinity isolated by sequential binding to streptavidin and biotincellulose. XIX. Identification of NAAP Agonists and Antagonists

Agonists or antagonists of NAAP activation or inhibition may be tested using the assays described in section XVIH. Agonists cause an increase in NAAP activity and antagonists cause a decrease in NAAP activity.

Various modifications and variations of the described compositions, methods, and systems of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. It will be appreciated that the invention provides novel and useful proteins, and their encoding polynucleotides, which can be used in the drug discovery process, as well as methods for using these compositions for the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and conditions. Although the invention has been described in connection with certain embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Nor should the description of such embodiments be considered exhaustive or limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Furthermore, elements from one embodiment can be readily recombined with elements from one or more other embodiments. Such combinations can form a number of embodiments within the scope of the invention. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents. Table 1

Table 2

Table 2 (cont.)

Table 2 (cont.)

Table 2 (cont.)

Table 3

SEQ Incyte Amino Potential Potential Signature Sequences, Analytical

ID Polypeptide Acid PhosphorylaGlycosylaDomains and Motifs Methods and

NO : ID Residues tion Sites tion Sites Databases

7497874CD1 1007 S145 S164 N26 N198 Zinc finger, C2H2 type: I943-H966, HMMER-PFAM S183 S184 N272 N603 V349-H372, K741-H764, H971-H998, S275 S331 N632 N670 H377-H406, H769-H796 S344 S390 BASONUCLIN ZINC FINGER DNA-BINDING BLAST- S432 S545 PROTEIN METAL-BINDING NUCLEAR PRODOM S586 S595 TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION REPEAT ZINC S609 S657 PD024627: Q18-S331 S664 S675 PD024302: S398-L641 S736 S749 DISCONNECTED; BASONUCLIN: BLAST-DOMO S755 S782 DM03790 I Q01954 I 265-421: L253-D415 S884 S953 DM03790 j Q01954 j 822-992: L854-I1001 S984 T66 DM03790 j P23792 j 5-157: A343-R411 T120 T186 DM03790 Q01954 635-784: C743-E803 T192 T267 Cytochrome c family heme-binding site MOTIFS T299 T323 signature: C945-K950 T357 T363 Leucine zipper pattern: L244-L265 MOTIFS T486 T557 Zinc finger, C2H2 type, domain: C351- MOTIFS T620 T957 H372, C743-H764, C945-H966 T1004

8234482CD1 514 S120 S150 N188 N247 signal cleavage: M1-A16 SPSCAN S225 S226 N412 BTB/POZ domain: L8-F119 HMMER-PFAM S268 S316 Zinc finger, C2H2 type: Y363-H385, HMMER-PFAM S393 S435 Y254-H276, Y448-C468, F390-N412 S503 T82 ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 46 KUP BLAST- T163 T193 TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION ZINC FINGER PRODOM T220 T264 DNA-BINDING METAL-BINDING NUCLEAR T386 T419 PD137589: A129-Q443 T430 T444 POZ DOMAIN DM00509: BLAST-DOMO T459 T494 |P24278|1-212: M1-P152 |S59069|1-171: M1-V93 S44264 27-229: M1-M85

Zinc finger, C2H2 type, domain: C256- MOTIFS H276, C365-H385

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 3 (cont.)

NJ 4->

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 3 (cont.)

SEQ Incyte Ammo Potential Potential Signature Sequences, Analytical

ID Polypeptide Acid PhosphorylaGlycosylaDomains and Motifs Methods and

NO : ID Residues tion Sites tion Sites Databases

RFP TRANSFORMING PROTEIN DM02346: BLAST-DOMO |P19474|59-337: R70-F341

|A57041|64-348 R65-G344 P14373 61-366 R70-K274

P188921355-477: S343-T462

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING MOTIFS finger) , signature: C31-I40

Leucine zipper pattern: L215-L236 MOTIFS

1698965CD1 535 S37 S69 S77 N159 N298 KRAB box: L27-E89 HMMER-PFAM S117 S137 Zinc finger, C2H2 type: Y427-H449, HMMER-PFAM S173 T28 Y315-Y337, Y203-H225, Y287-H309, Y315 Y399-H421, Y259-H281, Y371-H393, Y483-H505, Y455-H477, Y343-H365, Y511-H533, Y231-H253

PROTEIN ZINC FINGER ZINC PD01066 : BLIMPS- F29-G67 PRODOM

PROTEIN ZINC FINGER METAL-BINDING BLAST- DNA-BINDING ZINC FINGER PATERNALLY PRODOM EXPRESSED PW1 PD017719 : P230-F464

ZINC FINGER METAL-BINDING DNA-BINDING BLAST- PROTEIN FINGER REPEAT TRANSCRIPTION PRODOM REGULATION PD001562: L27-E89

ZINC FINGER DNA-BINDING PROTEIN BLAST- METAL-BINDING NUCLEAR TRANSCRIPTION PRODOM REGULATION REPEAT PD000072 : R283-C34J

MYELOBLAST ZINC FINGER METAL-BINDING BLAST- DNA-BINDING PD149061: K316-K503 PRODOM

KRAB BOX DOMAIN DM00605 BLAST-DOMO |P52738|3-77: Q24-K93 JQ03923 j 1-75 : G25-K96 |Q0548l|lO-83: G25-S87 |P52736|l-72: L27-E91

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 3 (cont.)

SEQ Incyte Amino Potential Potential Signature Sequences, Analytical

ID Polypeptide Acid PhosphorylaGlycosylaDomains and Motifs Methods and

NO : ID Residues tion Sites tion Sites Databases

14 PROTEIN ZINC FINGER ZINC PD01066: BLIMPS- F10-E48 PRODOM

ZINC FINGER PROTEIN ZFP1 MKR1 BLAST- METALBINDING DNABINDING NUCLEAR PRODOM PD084233: E48-Q182

METALBINDING DNABINDING ZINC FINGER BLAST- PATERNALLY EXPRESSED PW1 PD017719 : PRODOM P183-I403

MITOGEN ACTIVATED ZINC FINGER METAL BLAST- BINDING DNABINDING PD119453 : R58-K266 PRODOM

ZINCFINGER DNABINDING METALBINDING BLAST- NUCLEAR TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION PRODOM REPEAT PD000072: K322-C385, K350-K406

ZINC FINGER, C2H2 TYPE, DOMAIN BLAST-DOMO DM00002 |P08042 |314-358: C329-H374, C357-H402, C245-H290, C301-H346 DM00002 |P08042 | 272-312: Q287-E328, K203-E244, R344-E384, Q315-E356 DM00002 IQ05481] 789-829: R344-E384

KRAB BOX DOMAIN BLAST-DOMO

DM00605 I P08042 I 1-48 : T18-N62

Cell attachment sequence: R82-D84 MOTIFS

Zinc finger, C2H2 type, domain: MOTIFS C186-H206, C214-H234, C242-H262, C270-H290, C298-H318, C326-H346, C354-H374, C382-H402

15 90005056CD1 321 S43 S45 S99 N194 Signal cleavage: M1-S29 SPSCAN S200 S241 Signal Peptide: M1-A32 HMMER T80 T144 DHHC zinc finger domain: Y73-Y137 HMMER-PFAM T196

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 3 (cont.)

SEQ Incyte Amino Potential Potential Signature Sequences, Analytical

ID Polypeptide Acid PhosphorylaGlycosylaDomains and Motifs Methods and

NO : ID Residues tion Sites tion Sites Databases

25 S770 S821 N1683 SIMILARITY TO THE HUMAN BAT2 PROTEIN BLAST-

S852 S929 N1864 PD148343: D1592-I1899, G1160-P1487, PRODOM

S1292 S1408 A737-V802, G80-P171, P143-P216, G453-

S1424 S1445 G531, G775-G851, G14-P101, N985-

S1478 S1533 P1073, N373-P393, G308-G348

S1553 S1565 MATRIX-ASSOCIATED F FACTOR 250A BRG1- BLAST-

S1578 S1743 ASSOCIATED ACTIN-DEPENDENT CHROMATIN PRODOM

S1759 S1773 REGULATOR NUCLEAR SWI/SNF-RELATED

T605 T620 PD123703: R952-G1015

T1060 T1277 PROTEIN REPEAT SIGNAL PRECURSOR PRION BLAST-

T1360 T1474 GLYCOPROTEIN NUCLEAR GPI ANCHOR BRAIN PRODOM

T1500 T1509 MAJOR PD001091: P76-S347, K6-S248

T1525 T1527 SYNAPSIN; IIA; DM05383: BLAST-DOMO

T1538 T1586 IP175991453-705: K6-D223

T1604 T1843 H-A-P-P REPEAT DM08271: BLAST-DOMO

T1869 Y994 I S25299 I 69-249 : Y88-P217

Y1006 IP13983 30-248: P9-P171

PROLINE-RICH PROTEIN 3 DM00215: BLAST-DOMO |S22140|l32-235: P86-P187

26 3003024CD1 1388 S8 S3 3 S70 N173 N388 Myb-like DNA-binding domain: HMMER-PFAM

S84 S 92 S99 N483 N597 S300-E345 (E-value = .0011)

S132 S140 N622 N740 Ribosomal protein LI proteins BLIMPS-

S175 S201 N772 N962 BL01199: T1067-V1080 BLOCKS

S293 S304 N1013 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TFIIIB B" BLAST-

S385 S390 N1228 COMPONENT TFIIIB90 REGULATION NUCLEAR PRODOM

S396 S422 N1372 PROTEIN PD145401: V109-E474

S426 S431 PROTEIN COILED COIL CHAIN MYOSIN BLAST-

S446 S491 REPEAT HEAVY ATP-BINDING FILAMENT PRODOM

S563 S586 HEPTAD PD000002: R1022-R1260

S727 S742 NEUROFILAMENT; TRIPLET DM04498: BLAST-DOMO

S756 S791 |P12036|434-1019: S727-K1287

S828 S829 P19246 716-1085: S938-G1294

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 3 (cont.)

Table 4

Polynucleotide Sequence Fragments

SEQ ID NO: /

Incyte ID/

Sequence Length

33/7497874CB1/ 1-845 , 290 -952, 45 5-2176, 164-120 1, 548-1055, 718-1261 841-1322, 988-1512, 1383-1683, 4040 1415-1459, 1467-1726, 146 -1936, 1545-1828, 1563-2260, 1946-2519, 1995-2257, 1998-2168,

1998 2492, 2023-24 80, 202 -2516, 2122-2774, 2125-2764, 2305-2580, 2305-2746, 2307-2580,

2573-3222, 2581-2813, 258 -3155, 2619-3069, 2764-3149, 2769-3190, 2867-3352, 2934-3525,

2954-3496, 3015-3430, 301 -3446, 3015-3466, 3015-3469, 3015-3476, 3015-3478, 3015-3506,

3015-3522, 3020-34 72, 309 -3393, 3117-3624, 3217-3519, 3220-3488, 3222-3507, 3229-3719,

3272-3527, 3301-3539, 333 -4040

34/8234482CB1/ 1-262, 84-375, 128-548, 288-518, 399-1765, 609-1223, 626-953, 702-1223, 802-1065, 802 2274 1178, 802-1422, 877-1162, 879-1141, 879-1450 , 886-1466, 933-1493, 960-1555, 1001-1308,

1001-1329, 1053-1676, 1136-1339, 1136-1680, 1235-1779, 1252-1640, 1299-1813, 1348-1944,

1370-1993, 1375-1597, 1386-1887, 1391-1992, 1408-2011, 1419-1991, 1449-1802, 1449-2072,

1468-2131, 1472-1991, 1490-2136, 1504-1779, 1504-2004, 1509-2060, 1559-2260, 1564-1629,

1580-2210, 1682-2205, 1683-1997, 1702-2274

35/8268378CB1/ 1-723, 353 -768, 45 1-682, 1-1099 , 453 -768, 454-1206, 485 -68 3, 490-1206 , 525 -965, 655- 2102 1091, 317-1534, 931-1546, 31-1646, 1384-1679, 1384-1902, 1447-1623, 1509-2102

36/1288674CB1/ 1-457 , 1-6 54, 2 -33 5, 23-2 59 , 23-3 16, 2 3-330, 23-525, 24-29 1, 25-175, 25 -286, 25-3 13, 25- 1950 445, 25-44 7, 25-59 1, 25-775 , 25-8 11, 28-539, 35-127, 40-281, 40-640, 44-316, 44-503, 54-

303, 56-48 5, 59-33 2, 74-463 , 83-3 32, 97-777, 218-734, 247-825, 276-536, 291- 652, 311-639,

330-545, 3 66-701, 381-818 401-66 4, 411-692, 411-944, 412-900, 412-904, 412- 906, 413-653,

444-944, 4 45-1012, 451-87 4, 461-9 72, 468-864 , 468-900 , 469 10, 475-708 , 497 -1077 , 511-

1039, 518- 780, 524-779, 527-843, 532-741, 538-1129, 539-73 7, 542-752, 550-11 51, 552-1125,

552-1144, 553-855, 560-1146 , 562- 1056, 585-820, 585-1120, 587-1126, 594-1333 , 599-1194,

601-1136, 607-633, 624-864, 627-1 436, 629-765, 629-883, 629- 910, 629-1137, 6 29-1154, 634-

878, 638-8 79, 643-840, 682-1011, 682-1151, 692-1261, 694-1164, 702-949, 719- 1007, 721-

1014, 736- 1075, 736-1195, 772-140 9, 790-1307 , 820-1300, 820 1312, 820-1333, 820-1432,

826-1251, 856-1105 , 864-1454, 864 -1525 , 876-1155, 877-1144 881-1138, 881-11 41, 8 81-1411,

893-1145, 903-1146 , 903-1166, 903 -1482 , 916-1374, 932-1509 933-1235, 951-11 87, 951-1225,

951-1253, 1008-1569, 1017-1561, 1 024-1462, 1024-1471, 1024 481, 1024-1515, 1024-1569,

1024-1597, 1034-1569, 1049-1600, 1050-1569, 1058-1317 , 107 1368, 1079-1328, 1087-1569,

1097-1379, 1097-1555, 1120-1925, 1121-1569, 1122-1479 , 112 1569, 1131-1414, 1131-1440,

1132-1555, 1139-1421, 1153-1620, 1153-1698, 1153-1706 , 115 1698, 1171-1698, 1171-1729,

1172-1451, 1173-1938, 1183-1404, 1185-1809, 1215-1421 , 121 1783, 1222-1597, 1226-1698,

Table 4 (cont.)

Polynucleotide Sequence Fragments

SEQ ID NO : /

Incyte ID/

Sequence Length

36 1229 -14 44, 1233- 186 1239- 23, 1244- 1938, 261-18 63, 126 1531, 1269-18 64, 1271-1547, 1274-1864, 1275-179 1275- 34, 1287-1939, 301-1517, 130 1919, 1309-1934, 1332-1864, 1352-1583, 1358-159 1367- 35, 1375-1927, 386-1941, 140 1949, 1422-1950, 1430-1931, 1432-1583, 1436-194 1436- 50, 1467-1942, 469-1714, 147 3-1933, 1475-1950, 1476-1701, 1479-1941, 1480-193 1480- 50, 1481-1933, 485-1796, 148 6-1933, 1487-1941, 1487-1950, 1494-1948, 1498-195 1502- 41, 1505-1919, 508-1772, 150 9 1936, 1512-1804, 1517-1934, 1526-1787, 1529-178 1543- 41, 1554-1941, 555-1809, 155 5 1948, 1555-1950, 1556-1950, 1563-1941, 1569-181 1569- 41, 1570-1950, 588-1947, 159 3-1941, 1598-1950, 1605-1941, 1606-1866, 1610-177 1610- 52, 1611-1950, 616-1933, 162 2-1950, 1623-1936, 1626-1882, 1642-1933, 1649-193 1650- 81, 1652-1897, 705-1950, 179 1939, 1800-1939, 1807-1949, 1809-1950, 1812-195 1815- 33, 1851-1933, 877-1940, 187 1933, 1878-1950

37/1862275CB1/ 1-51 9, -735, 4 3-5 4, 79- 79 8-370, 135- 66 2, 139 -428, 1 68 574, 248-702 248-9 48 , 262 - 2688 737, 26 565, 27 5-6 1, 392-6 4, 531-797, 53 1-1113, 531-1349, 531-1368, 67 2-1075, 674-944 ,

J t 702- 881 716-124 9, 19-786 19-793, 720-1260 , 720-1366, 7 49-786, 755-1274, 756- 785 , 756-

786, 75 787, 75 6-7 3, 761 -7 1, 761-793, 761-1260, 763-786 764-78 5, 764-786, 76 4-793 ,

764-794 764-805 , 7 4-806, 7 4-807, 764-811 764-81 3, 765- 786, 765-793, 765-806, 776-

1325 , 7 -1056, 798 1385, 82 -1113, 824-135 2, 824-1375, 824-1425, 829-933 829-9 73 , 841-

1416 , 8 -974, 8 45- 78, 845- 79, 845-1044, 845-1060 , 845-1144, 861-1426, 865-957 , 865-

969, 86 979, 86 5-1 30, 865- 038 , 865-1044, 65-1060, 865-1066, 866-1044, 870-97 4 , 882 -

979, 1040, 8 82- 044, 882 1060, 884-979, 85-1648, 896-1446, 900-1060, 921-94 7 , 921-

959, 92 961, 92 1-9 6, 921-9 68, 921-970, 92 1 974, 921-979, 21-100 6, 921-1029, 9 21-1030 ,

921-103 921-10 39, 921-1044 921-1046 , 921 -1053, 921-1060 921-1063, 921-1066, 921-1093 ,

921-109 921-11 15, 921-1142 921-1144 921 -1146, 921-1147 921-1216, 921-1223, 921-1231 ,

921-140 921-14 03, 921-1462 921-1463 , 921 -1486, 921-1564 922-961, 922-974, 92 2 -1012 ,

922-106 923-97 23-1044, 924-1066, 925- 979, 925-1044, 5-1060 , 925-1096, 92 5-1147 ,

926-974 926-104 2, 26-1144, 928-979, 929-9 61 , 929-979, 92 1018, 929-1039 , 929- 1063 ,

930-955 930-956 , 9 0-959, 9 0-960, 930-970 930-97 4, 930- 9, 930-1012, 930-103 7 , 930-

1040 , 9 -1043, 930 1044, 93 -1053, 930-106 0, 930-1063, 93 1118, 930-1126, 930- 1218 ,

930-148 931-10 66, 932-960, 932-962, 932-970 , 932-973, 93 979, 932-981, 932-10 60 , 933-

1060 9 -1060, 940 1044, 94 -1044, 942-1515, 942-1530, 94 1543, 989-1645, 995- 1060 ,

995 122 995-15 69, 996-1044 997-1029 , 997-1041, 997-1053 997-1058, 997-1060 , 997 -1080 ,

997 112 997-11 43, 997-1144 997-1218 , 997-1223, 997-1231 997-1493, 997-1564 , 998-1060 ,

Table 4 (cont.)

Table 4 (cont.)

Polynucleotide Sequence Fragments

SEQ ID NO:/

Incyte ID/

Sequence Length

37 1350- 1463 1350- 1484 1350- 1488 1350- 1646 1350 -1653 1351- 1401 1351- 1572 1352- 1434, 1352- 1572 1353- 1648 1353- 1656 1358- 1488 1360 -1483 1361- 1488 1371- 1483 1371- 1653, 1371- 1656 1375- 1889 1379- 1951 1381- 1572 1383 -1687 1385- 1687 1386- 1479 1386- 1483, 1386- 1564 1388- 1886 1393- 1687 1393- 2006 1399 -1979 1409- 1994 1412- 1656 1412- 1687, 1417- 1688 1425- 1459 1425- 1473 1425- 1478 1425 -1479 1425- 1480 1425- 1482 1425- 1483, 1425- 1485 1425- 1488 1425- 1491 1425- 1496 1425 -1564 1425- 1571 1425- 1574 1425- 1586, 1425- 1588 1425- 1589 1425- 1596 1425- 1633 1425 -1638 1425- 1640 1425- 1641 1425- 1648, 1425- 1650 1425- 1652 1425- 1653 1425- 1654 1425 -1656 1425- 1815 1425- 2002 1425- 2007, 1425- 2027 1425- 2088 1428- 1465 1428- 1478 1428 -1484 1431- 1478 1431- 1488 1431- 2015, 1432- 1572 1432- 1971 1432- 2025 1433- 1842 1436 -1465 1436- 1484 1436- 1488 1436- 1625, 1436- 1654 1436- 2002 1436- 2007 1440- 1593 1440 -1848 1442- 1931 1442- 2025 1445- 2025, 1456- 2006 1460- 1584 1461- 1572 1486- 1572 1489 -2055 1490- 2055 1493- 1572 1493- 2091, 1493- 2153 1494- 1572 1496- 2110 1500- 1572 1505 -1562 1512- 1572 1516-■1567 1516-^•1569,

-P- 1516- 1570 1516- 1572 1516- 1654 1516- 1656 1516 -2000 1516- 2007 1516- 2024 1516-•2034, 1516- 2063 1516- 2078 1516- 2092 1516- 2099 1516 -2152 1516- 2160 1517- 1567 1517- 1653, 1518- 1545 1518- 1557 1518- 1562 1518- 1564 1518 -1567 1518- 1568 1518- 1569 1518- 1572, 1518- 1619 1518- 1648 1518- 1650 1518- 1652 1518 -1654 1518- 1655 1518- 1656 1518- 1681, 1518- 1684 1518- 1687 1518- 1908 1518- 1998 1518 -1999 1518- 2086 1518- 2091 1519- 1548, 1519- 1656 1520- 1549 1520- 1562 1520- 1563 1520 -1566 1520- 1567 1520- 1572 1520- 1624, 1520- 1651 1520- 1656 1520- 1660 1520- 1685 1520 -1688 1521- 1567 1524- 1656 1525-■1567, 1526- 2015 1526- 2124 1527- 1560 1527- 1569 1527 -1574 1529- 2124 1530- 1572 1530-^•1648, 1536- 1574 1536- 1639 1540- 1656 1541- 1572 1543 -1656 1543- 2006 1552- 1654 1552-■1687, 1553- 1687 1570- 1827 1576- 1656 1577- 2070 1577 -2103 1577- 2147 1577- 2156 1577- 2237, 1578- 1836 1583- 1687 1584- 2099 1584- 2208 1589 -1992 1593- 2171 1594- 2057 1598-^■2287, 1599- 1651 1599- 1656 1600- 1656 1601- 1651 1601 -1652 1601- 1653 1602- 1629 1602-■1641, 1602- 1646 1602- 1647 1602- 1651 1602- 1652 1602 -1653 1602- 1656 1602- 1658 1602- 1687, 1603- 1656 1603- 1687 1604- 1633 1604- 1646 1604 -1647 1604- 1650 1604- 1651 1604- 1656, 1608- 1652 1608- 1653 1608- 1656 1609- 1651 1610 -1656 1611- 1644 1611- 1653 1612- 2400, 1613- 1656 1614- 1973 1618- 2259 1620- 1653 1624 -1656 1625- 1907 1627- 1656 1636- 1687, 1648- 1833 1675- 1929 1690- 1734 1690- 1763 1690 -1787 1690- 1790 1690- 1791 1690- 1804, 1690- 1806 1690- 1823 1690- 1837 1690- 1839 1690 -1864 1690- 1884 1690- 1893 1690- 1942, 1690- 1944 1690- 1948 1690- 1973 1690- 1978 1690 -1981 1690- 2008 1690- 2040 1690- 2053,

Table 4 (cont.)

Polynucleotide Sequence Fragments

SEQ ID NO:/

Incyte ID/

Sequence Length

37 1690- -2055 1690- -2062 1690- -2063 1690- -2065 1690- -2081 1690- -2083 1690- -2086 1690- -2094,

1690- -2125 1692- -2293 1694- -1839 1694- -2035 1694- -2125 1709- -2125 1711- -1978 1712- -1911,

1712- -1918 1712- -2322 1712- -2329 1723- -1918 1725- -1921 1725- -2091 1725- -2156 1737- -2259,

1749- -2019 1749- -2146 1749- -2340 1751- -1987 1758- -1816 1758- -1839 1758- -1924 1758- -2125,

1765- -2125 1769- -2125 1770- -1909 1770- -2008 1770- -2057 1770- -2093 1770- -2109 1770- -2154,

1770- -2161 1771- -1834 1771- -1923 1771- -1997 1771- -2005 1771- -2267 1773- -2094 1773- -2125,

1776- -2125 1777- -2347 1778- -1816 1778- -1840 1778- -1923 1778- -1985 1778- -2156 1778- -2318,

1778- -2329 1779- -1802 1779- -1816 1779- -1824 1779- -1826 1779- -1837 1779- -1841 1779- -1842,

1779- -1844 1779- -1887 1779- -1889 1779- -1895 1779- -1897 1779- -1900 1779- -1901 1779- -1902,

1779- -1908 1779- -1910 1779- -1916 1779- -1918 1779- -1920 1779- -1925 1779- -1926 1779- -1931,

1779- -1934 1779- -1941 1779- -1949 1779- -1950 1779- -1956 1779- -1969 1779- -1971 1779- -1973,

1779- -1978 1779- -1979 1779- -1981 1779- -1986 1779- -1992 1779- -1997 1779- -1999 1779- -2002, μ-* 1779- -2006 1779- -2008 1779- -2019 1779- -2062 1779- -2076 1779- -2086 1779- -2099 1779- -2156,

1779- -2161 1779- -2168 1779- -2172 1779- -2174 1779- -2200 1779- -2225 1779- -2251 1779- -2259,

1779- -2343 1780- -1816 1780- -1834 1780- -1838 1780- -1930 1780- -1931 1780- -1993 1780- -2092,

1781- -1836 1781- -1931 1783- -2156 1787- -1842 1788- -1811 1788- -1813 1788- -1814 1788- -1816,

1788- -1832 1788- -1838 1788- -1841 1788- -1842 1788- -1873 1788- -1885 1788- -1894 1788- -1895,

1788- -1897 1788- -1903 1788- -1913 1788- -1915 1788- -1918 1788- -1922 1788- -1957 1788- -2007,

1788- -2077 1788- -2084 1788- -2091 1788- -2174 1788- -2251 1788- -2343 1788- -2405 1789- -1842,

1789- -2356 1790- -1812 1790- -1816 1790- -1828 1790- -1832 1790- -1838 1790- -1873 1790- -2008,

1790- -2368 1791- -2086 1794- -2008 1796- -2008 1796- -2343 1798- -2343 1799- -2343 1800- -2125,

1813- -2125 1817- -2125 1818- -2336 1820- -1938 1821- -2368 1823- -2393 1826- -2125 1831- -2453,

1833- -2094 1845- -2488 1853- -1957 1853- -2259 1853- -2427 1855- -2090 1857- -2125 1863- -1886,

1863- -1897 1863- -1911 1863- -1916 1863- -1917 1863- -1918 1863- -1920 1863- -1921 1863- -1923,

1863- -1926 1863- -1970 1863- -1973 1863- -1991 1863- -1995 1863- -2002 1863- -2005 1863- -2007,

1863- -2008 1863- -2026 1863- -2027 1863- -2028 1863- -2062 1863- -2065 1863- -2071 1863- -2076,

1863- -2086 1863- -2090 1863- -2103 1863- -2118 1863- -2125 1863- -2137 1863- -2139 1863- -2141,

1863- -2146 1863- -2150 1863- -2154 1863- -2156 1863- -2161 1863- -2171 1863- -2173 1863- -2174,

1863- -2240 1863- -2310 1863- -2324 1863- -2335 1863- -2343 1863- -2345 1863- -2424 1863- -2427,

1863- -2428 1865- -1921 1866- -1903 1866- -1916 1866- -1921 1866- -2086 1867- -2005 1869- -1916,

1869- -1957 1869- -2094 1870- -1894 1870- -2343 1870- -2428 1870- -2496 1871- -2428 1872- -2147,

1872- -2156 1872- -2174 1872- -2240 1872- -2427 1873- -2125 1874- -1903 1874- -1926 1874- -1957,

Table 4 (cont.)

Table 4 (cont.)

Table 4 (cont.)

Polynucleotide Sequence Fragments

SEQ ID NO:/

Incyte ID/

Sequence Length

38 863- 1359, 867-1 627, 9 51-13 50, 9 53-138 7, 984- 1376, 1021 -1680, 1033 -1675, 1040 -1518, 1068- 1517 , 1121-1517 , 1152-1432 , 1162-1596 , 1220- 1596, 1236-2053, 1286-1675, 1289-1680, 1320- 1516 , 1373 -1675 , 1408-1680 , 1455-1679 , 1561- 1679, 1706-1972, 1707-1828, 1907-1972, 2175- 2355 , 2175-2442 , 2196-2309 , 2197-2309 , 2343- 2373, 2379-2453, 2414-2455, 2879-2920, 3099- 3175 , 3110-3177 , 3148-3835 , 3150-4007 , 3150- 4039, 3210-3404, 3561-3682, 3582-3695

39/453607CB1/ 1-20 5, 1-5 98, 1 -679, 9-277 9, 23 -717, 23-768 . 25-3 20, 7 90-14 54, 10 75-157 9, 11 47-14 94 , 2902 1151 -1764 1174-1223 1174-1393 1174 -1549 1174- 1558 1174 -1609 1174- 2223 1245 - 1537 , 1245 -1563 1246-1488 1246-1691 1246 -1717 1246- 1973 1247 -1512 1247- 1717 1247 - 1855 , 1247 -2151 1252-1810 1252-1944 1258 -1453 1269- 1579 1277 -1486 1277- 1558 1277 - 1609 , 1277 -1638 1277-2309 1289-1579 1292 -1894 1324- 1643 1324 -1775 1324- 1805 1324 -2068 , 1326 -1453 1332-1609 1337-1390 1337 -1513 1337- 1563 1337 -1566 1337 1644 1337 - 1705 , 1337 -1726 1337-1732 1337-1786 1337 -1916 1342- 1622 1342 -1738 1342 2000 1342 -2391 , 1353 -1639 1354-1453 1354-1608 1354 -1633 1354- 1814 1354 -1877 1354 1899 1355 - 1973 , 1359 -1726 1359-1786 1361-1538 1361 -1570 1361- 1633 1361 -1811 1361 2393 1368 - 1983 , 1373 -1960 1373-1973 1374-1633 1377 -1973 1407- 1732 1411 -1563 1412 2076 1416 - 1633 , 1420 -1883 1420-1894 1420-2112 1424 -1609 1424- 1786 1456 -2068 1459 2057 1460 - 1738 , 1461 -2041 1461-2068 1478-1786 1496 -2184 1499- 1706 1499 -1746 1499- 1813 1499 - 1969 , 1499 -2403 1500-1738 1504-2196 1508 -1814 1508- 1899 1523 -1979 1527- 1717 1527 - 1894 , 1527 -1973 1532-2120 1532-2151 1543 -1805 1566- 1973 1574 -1899 1575- 2141 1589 - 1813 , 1592 -2065 1592-2234 1594-1790 1594 -2053 1616- 2203 1616 -2223 1659- 1732 1660 1813 , 1660 -1906 1660-2404 1664-2234 1666 -1874 1666- 1908 1666 -1973 1666- 2137 1666 -2393 , 1671 -2149 1672-2231 1672-2317 1676 -1979 1676- 2041 1676 -2068 1695- 2317 1698 - 2308 , 1698 -2309 1700-1908 1701-2065 1701 -2151 1709- 2315 1730 -2068 1748- 2403 1752 - 1908 , 1754 -2233 1756-2404 1760-2151 1762 -1973 1782- 2434 1782 -2451 1782- 2585 1792 -2149 , 1792 -2223 1793-2393 1818-2076 1820 -2151 1839- 2151 1839 -2339 1840- 2393 1858 1957 , 1858 -2074 1858-2203 1858-2223 1858 -2230 1858- 2403 1859 -2404 1863- 2233 1863 2301 , 1863 -2309 1865-2042 1865-2314 1868 -2393 1877- 2171 1878 -2403 1902- 2393 1920 2309 , 1925 -2042 1925-2154 1925-2374 1930 -1979 1930- 2202 1930 -2223 1930 2365 1930 2403 , 1935 -2393 1947-2318 1947-2403 1947 -2518 1948- 2624 1960 -2391 1961 2374 1965 2391 , 1985 -2234 1986-2393 1988-2309 2009 -2151 2009- 2375 2009 -2404 2012 2374 2015 2403 , 2026 -2391 2031-2393 2033-2234 2033 -2314 2033- 2365 2046 -2317 2066 2757 2072 -2393 , 2072 -2403 2079-2404 2085-2403 2088 -2314 2090- 2403 2092 -2404 2115- 2374 2130 -2403 ,

Table 4 (cont.)

Polynucleotide Sequence Fragments

SEQ ID NO:/

Incyte ID/

Sequence Length

39 2172-2391, 2177-2403, 2180-2365, 2180-2393, 2199-2231, 2213-2403, 2225-2878, 2240-2902, 2250-2309, 2260-2403, 2261-2295, 2261-2403, 2261-2404

40/7182433CB1/ 1-566, 487-853, 487-907, 487-939, 487-949, 487-1030, 690-1030, 817-1509, 912-1443, 921- 1509 1452, 1117-1509

41/1698965CB1/ 1-269 , 1-536, 1 -1045, 6-280 , 6-5 1, 6-5 23, 2 2-342, 30-3 15, 2 36-81 0, 23 6-816, 236-933, 2049 287-1 663, 472-1 041, 472-1045, 47 -1019, 483- 982, 483-986, 48 9-977 , 507-1035, 539-990,

650-7 54, 650-75 7, 650-1366, 715- 49, 715-854 , 715-1443, 722- 970, 724-750, 724-755, 724-

815, 724-827, 7 24-837, 724-842, 24-886 , 724 -893, 724-898, 7 24-899, 724-933, 724-935,

724-9 38, 724-94 4, 724-951, 724-1 67, 724-107 7, 724 1110 , 724 -1235 724-1257, 724-1571,

726-1 110, 728-8 37, 729-1319 736 842, 737-83 7, 786 899, 798- 911, 798-1280, 806-927, 806-

970, 808-838, 8 08-880, 808-909, 08-1028, 80 8-1029 808-1035 , 808-1077 , 808-1101, 808-

1111, 808-1406, 808-1675, 809-89 , 876-932, 880-1366, 883-10 02, 883-1111, 883 -1154, 883-

1158, 883-1185, 883-1190, 883-11 1, 883 -1611 , 884-1011, 884- 1077, 890-1367, 890-1393,

890-1 400, 890-1 458, 890-1494, 90 -1009, 902- 1086 902-1222, 902-1234, 902-1269, 902-1274,

902-1 618, 918-1 014, 957-107 7, 96 -1443, 967- 1234 968-1095, 968-1110, 974-1366, 977-1077,

980-1 076, 984-1 280, 988-109 8, 98 -1257, 990- 1076 995-1247, 995-1280, 996-1020, 1000-

1076, 1027-1280 , 1034-1247, 1049 1247, 1052- 1110 1052-1182, 1052-1353 1052-1443, 1060-

1593, 1061-1110 , 1065-1110, 1065 1170, 1065- 1313 1065-1318, 1065-1322 1065-1326, 1065-

1353, 1065-1355 , 1065-1358, 1065 1885, 1067- 1552 1069-1111, 1078-1111 1079-1111, 1091-

1741, 1118-1280 , 1136-1263, 1136 1552, 1144- 1230 1144-1236, 1144-1254 1144-1355, 1144-

1358, 1144-1366 , 1144-1437, 1144 1461, 1144- 1465 1144-1471, 1144-1593 1144-1698, 1145-

1280, 1153-1347 , 1155-1280, 1163 1366, 1164- 1189 1208-1552, 1216-1709 1216- 1728, 1216-

1734, 1216-1844 , 1216-1868, 1225 1366, 1228- 1314 1228-1338, 1228-1437 1228-1443, 1228-

1521, 1228-1526 , 1228-1533, 1228 1614, 1228- 1675 1229-1552, 1247-1269 1248- 1269, 1295-

1352, 1300-1611 , 1303-1656, 1303 1675, 1310- 1358 1310-1443, 1312-1345 1312- 1422, 1312-

1559, 1312-1570 , 1312-1574, 1312 1578, 1312- 1593 1312-1605, 1312-1611 1312-1665, 1313-

1366, 1321-1362 , 1323-1368, 1330 1362, 1331- 1362 1332-2044, 1394-1426 1394-1442, 1394-

1506, 1394-1605 , 1394-1618, 1394 1637, 1394- 1642 1394-1675, 1396-1437 1396-1443, 1396-

1583, 1396-1593 , 1396-1611, 1396 1618, 1398- 1611 1405-1443, 1409-1443 1412-2046, 1414-

2003, 1414-2044 , 1415-1945, 1452 1893, 1468- 1893 1472-1583, 1472-1593 1472-1885, 1477-

1618, 1478-1611 , 1480-1551, 1480 1552, 1480- 1590 1480-1610, 1480-1655 1480-1675, 1484-

1593, 1499-1526 , 1500-1525, 1501 1599, 1512- 1698 1533-1892, 1555-1885 1556-1675,

Table 4 (cont.)

Polynucleotide Sequence Fragments

SEQ ID NO:/

Incyte ID/

Sequence Length

41 1564-1611, 1564-1632, 1564-1644, 1564-1667, 1564-1675, 1565-2049, 1583-1611, 1732-1783, 1734-1829

42/7490294CB1/ 1-586, 1-615, 1-725, 1-1413, 445-1010, 606-1413, 638-862, 815-1411, 819-1413, 1285-1410 1413

43/2219954CB1/ 1-253, 20 303, 33- 580 , 34- 75, 44 -492, 60-628, 63-337, 101-353, 102-32 4, 102-658, 109- 2250 380, 120-307, 146-515 , 277 902, 355-625, 355-868, 355-963, 355-1050, 355-1052, 355-1115,

355-1132, 355-1158 , 416-93 , 431-628, 471-1059, 532-1407, 593-1408, 627-886, 647-1226,

650-886, 654-1197, 726-155 , 729-1368, 761-855, 761-859, 761-1216, 785-1407, 794-1073,

847-1414, 858-1529 , 1090-1 04, 1097-1896, 1124-1635, 1139-1420, 1155-1921, 1258-2012,

1321-2076 , 1329-2250, 1332 1920

44/7497526CB1/ 1-498, 450-861, 450-869, 450-940, 450-1076, 450-1094, 450-1106, 450-11 17, 450-1126, 450- 3276 1129, 450-1134, 450-1175, 450-1226, 450-1254, 453-1194, 456-1169, 545-1407, 634-1382, 645-1325, 650-1444, 662-1406, 721-1444, 728-1566, 792-1481, 841-1705, 898-1731, 901-1547,

0/1

O 1012-1705, 1087-1947, 1139-1859, 1279-1947, 1364-1946, 1375-2126, 1389-2134, 1415-2100, 1433-2191, 1646-2335, 1704-2321, 1710-2369, 1803-2566, 1829-2020, 1829-2472, 1925-2698, 2111-2355, 2127-2761, 2337-2982, 2351-3137, 2424-3276, 2458-3086, 2462-3084

45/7497879CB1/ 1-105, 1- 292, 1 -44 1, 1-443 1-445 , 1-4 52, 1 -462, 1-495, 1-496, 1-497, 1-502, 1-507, 1- 1107 514, 1-515, 1-520, 1-544, -638, 1-649 , 1-1107, 2-466, 5-492, 6-387, 21-638, 48-192, 77- 605, 93-638, 171-638, 190- 35, 19 7-638 , 213 -638, 322-630, 365-638, 379-638, 501-638, 510- 1058, 570-638, 642 1107, 6 2-790, 692-1036

46/71835333CB1/ 1-408, 97-161, 100-161, 235-909, 238-750, 238-2384, 492-573, 559-1668, 580-1329, 649-770, 3623 649-992, 649-1041, 649-1190, 649-1197, 649-1202, 649-1234, 649-1281, 662-1453, 667-1337, 751-1728, 829-1502, 857-1513, 890-1593, 917-1584, 931-1547, 947-1602, 954-1487, 973-1278, 973-1507, 973-1568, 974-1246, 1011-1852, 1068-1733, 1079-1602, 1082-1732, 1115-1331, 1115-1397, 1115-1402, 1129-1402, 1130-1717, 1137-1403, 1137-1754, 1137-1762, 1137-1981, 1186-1402, 1194-1512, 1218-1872, 1230-1537, 1241-1939, 1247-1923, 1251-1980, 1275-2011, 1283-1497, 1283-1499, 1283-1565, 1283-1570, 1283-1571, 1296-1796, 1296-1980, 1297-1570, 1299-1402, 1300-1958, 1301-1402, 1301-1926, 1301-1997, 1308-1402, 1323-1845, 1325-1871,

1339-1921, 1345-1954, 1351-1788, 1354-1402, 1354-1570, 1359-2065, 1360-1498, 1362-1569, 1368-1402, 1374-1992, 1374-2016, 1394-1992, 1415-2112, 1415-2126, 1422-1807, 1425-1935, 1425-2100, 1448-2019, 1469-1570, 1469-2156, 1472-2141, 1476-1570, 1483-2062, 1492-2201, 1513-2181, 1519-2176, 1522-1570, 1522-1571, 1524-2017, 1530-2197, 1536-1570, 1542-1570,

Table 4 (cont.)

Polynucleotide Sequence Fragments

SEQ ID NO:/

Incyte ID/

Sequence Length

46 1601 2167, 1601-217 2, 1603 2231, 1612-2281, 1621-2194, 1640-2390, 1647-2118, 1649-2217,

1653 2215, 1657-189 2, 1679 2428, 1699-2231, 1717-2151, 1755-2014, 1755-2205, 1947-2653,

1983-2211, 2041-292 4, 2092-2859, 2093-2924, 2169-2619, 2233-2903, 2258-3041, 2325-2979,

2442-2699, 2468-324 5, 2475-2997, 2555-3130, 2673-2949, 2894-3611, 3062-3489, 3226-3623,

3238 3602, 3244-3620, 3247 3621, 3296-3576

47/90005056CB1/ 1-259 , 24- 259, 28-2 59, 37-2 59, 37 887, 38- 259, 40-259, 41- 259, 62 -2 59, 63- 259, 15 3-293, 2018 161-2 93, 294-421, 294-455, 294-47 , 294-51 6, 294-517, 294- 542, 29 4-551 , 294-564, 294-634, 294-6 40, 294-654, 294-741, 294-76 294-788, 294-832, 294- 836, 29 4-869 , 294-871, 294-872, 295-4 81, 300-732, 318-974, 395-83 428-1460, 440-1460, 48 6-1460, 4 1460 , 499-987, 533- 1460, 534-789, 534-1101, 534-1104 534-134 7, 535-980, 557- 1460, 6 16 -1460, 668-1460, 669- 1283, 698-1460, 721-1460, 726-137 737-987, 748-1460, 769 -987, 48-1465, 849-1470, 862- 1510, 881-1584, 896-1589, 906-987 , 906-1690, 911-1713, 932 -1089 938-1466, 976-1104, 976- 1227, 976-1541, 982-1454, 986-132 2, 989-1329, 989-1460, 98 9-149 989-1602 , 1001-1667, 1014- 1632, 1031-1351, 1065-1442, 1075-1468 , 1096-1462, 118 1-170 1222-1802, 1271-2018, 1291- 1497, 1305-1870

48/90005064CB1/ 1-517 , 1-5 74, 1-750 , 1-828, 1-837 , 1-928, 1-932 , 1-9 65, 1- 967, 2- 4, 4-57 7, 5-96 26- 1763 660, 27-293, 27-612 , 264-736, 269-730, 272-647, 366-613, 366-865, 3 67- 638, 372-55 1, 414-

1070, 491-928, 524-1200, 560-606, 583-1556 , 587-1556 , 609-1556, 629 -12 00, 630-116 8, 630-

1306, 630-1443, 631-1076, 653-1200, 712-1200, 764-1200, 765-1379, 7 94- 1556 , 817-1 556,

822-1 470, 844-1556, 862-1382, 916-1377, 945-1566, 958-1606 , 977-168 0, 992-1685, 1 002-

1758, 1028-1168, 1034-1200, 1072-1309, 1078-1550, 1097-1763, 1161 -1 538 , 1207-1279

49/6836688CB1/ 1-263 , 1-3 23, 1-339 , 1-340, 1-346 , 1-357, 1-395 , 1-4 03, 1- 423, 1- 42 5, 1-42 7, 1-44 6, 1- 2922 465, 1-466 , 1-476, 1-484, 1 486, 1-503, 1-505, 1-506 , 1-51 5, 1-516, 1- 519, 1-530, 1-531,

1-558 , 1-568, 1-571 , 1-587, 1-614 , 1-648, 1-649 , 1-659, 1-663, 6-286, 10-458, 10-713, 11-

713, 21-301, 21-403 , 21-462 , 21-498, 25-419, 59-504, 69-370, 390-821, 456-2093, 471-701,

475-1 057, 569-985, 604-1096 , 679-1060, 679-1227 , 755-1033, 792-1573 43-1172, 848-1446,

876-1 522, 884-1497, 958-1478, 1013-1448, 1102-1477, 1116-1578, 1165 -15 46, 1204-1573,

1271- 1983, 1340-1590, 1340-1839, 1343-1959 , 1403-2093, 1418-1994, 1574 -1990, 1582 -1991,

1598- 1983, 1636-1966, 1656 1966, 1656-2258 , 1656-2922, 1658-2219, 1677 -1980, 1755-2261

50/7624428CB1/ 1-573 1-6 73, 128-8 68, 205- 932, 2 07-619, 3 58-65 9, 63 4-810, 636- 12 88, 67-1 466, 67 3-1765, 1765 721-1336, 731-1291, 762-853 , 901-1341, 945-1242 , 945-1421, 977- 1242, 77-1437, 1020-1271, 1030-1305, 1031-126

Table 4 (cont.)

Polynucleotide Sequence Fragments

SEQ ID NO:/

Incyte ID/

Sequence Length

51/7753348CB1/ 1-360, 1-363, 6- 328, 14-28 0, 21- 1855, 2 4-371 71- 139, 71-193, 367-565, 374-1034, 407- 2923 1034, 792-1402, 841-1 220, 856-13 99, 1183-1780, 1204-1580, 1299-1370, 1348-1479, 1348-

1692, 1413-1856, 1472 1675 1472 -1974, 1539-2262 1540-1910, 1540-1915, 1540-1953, 1540-

1959, 1540-1975, 1540 1978 1540 -1980, 1540-1983 1540-1992, 1540-2004, 1540-2016, 1540-

2032, 1540-2045, 1540 2053 1540 -2057, 1540-2068 1540-2130, 1540-2135, 1540-2148, 1549-

1974, 1567-2274, 1620 -1733 1688 -2353, 1732-1832 1748-2522, 1766-2370, 1799-2551, 1812-

2386, 1911-2523, 1938 -2633 1977 -2267, 2021-2629 2058-2633, 2058-2646, 2069-2633, 2075-

2633, 2095-2633, 2104 -2633 2116 -2633, 2148-2633 2151-2424, 2151-2637, 2151-2662, 2151-

2721, 2151-2728, 2153 -2633 2169 -2633, 2175-2351 2175-2660, 2178-2633, 2179-2633, 2186-

2606, 2194-2633, 2203 -2633 2300 -2692, 2307-2829 2450-2922, 2453-2922, 2479-2920, 2504-

2580, 2509-2921, 2514 -2923 2564 -2892, 2712-2921 2771-2923

52/1235443CB1/ 1-617, 92-5 86, 9 2-882 213 761, 251-659 , 252 -659 253- 659, 2 62-65 9, 319- 659, 324-6 59, 9137 345-659, 398-9104, 400-685 407- 773, 507-592 , 536 -1344 , 565-2584, 858-13 23, 9 62-12 44,

962-1345, 962-1369, 962-1493, 96 2-1528, 966- 1566 1076-1645, 1077-1634 1205- 1771 1209-

1773, 1329 4645, 1362-1749 1376 -2084 1416- 2057 1465-2057, 1639-2147 1855- 2345 1855-

2360, 1855-2395, 1855-2414 1855 -2421 1855- 2422 1855-2424, 1855-2447 1855- 2676 2044-

2635, 2106-2674, 2117-2496 2159 -2665 2193- 2553 2202-2710, 2207-2582 2226- 2707 2227-

2710, 2304-2710, 2625-2947 2625 -3269 2666- 3203 2902-3244, 3031-3786 3032- 3666 3032-

3759, 3032-3766, 3032-3769 3032 -3772 3032- 3773 3032-3784, 3032-3785 3032- 3786 3032-

3788, 3033 3786, 3033 -3787 3033 -3788 3035- 3785 3035-3786, 3036-3785 3059- 4564 3091-

3752, 3226-3620, 3483 -4083 3549 -3799 3598- 4145 3820-4007, 3857-4322 3859- 4378 3899-

4465, 3929-4648, 3983-4648 3989 -4789 4092- 4791 4184-4649, 4355-4967 4497- 5090 4653-

4957, 4653-5137, 4784-5392 4804 -5267 4898- 5131 5008-5291, 5030-5415 5030- 5434 5030-

5473, 5030-5507, 5030-5528 5030 -5540 5030- 5550 5030-5555, 5030-5573 5030- 5574 5030-

5586, 5030-5601, 5030-5605 5030 -5620 5031- 5291 5056-5525, 5103-5736 5123- 5561 5140-

5733, 5202-5550, 5305-5750 5318 -5913 5382- 6046 5449-5609, 5510-5773 5510- 6027 5592-

6056, 5639-6056, 5915-6185 5991 -6242 6023- 6288 6029-6506, 6060-6278 6060- 6557 6134-

6648, 6134-6650, 6143-6422 6217 -6668 6223- 6794 6285-6700, 6320-7016 6321 7146 6399-

6997, 6401-6870, 6411-6933 6448 -6917 6462- 6729 6468-7005, 6468-7132 6475- 6854 6483-

6751, 6505-7097, 6542-6788 6547 -7164 6552- 7198 6570-7191, 6579-6841 6591- 6780 6618-

7394, 6634 7223, 6718-7091 6732 -7212 6735- 7221 6738-7209, 6746-7218 6748- 7205 6752-

7158, 6753 7223, 6759-7189 6763 -7214 6783- 7223 6791-7042, 6792-7223 6797 7201

Table 4 (cont.)

Polynucleotide Sequence Fragments

SEQ ID NO:/

Incyte ID/

Sequence Length

52 67 97 -7209, 6798- 7197 6803 -7209, 6803- 7223 6809 -7058 6809 -7169 6809 7202 6809- 7223, 6817-7197, 6818-7223 6819-7066, 6819-7213 6825-7086 6834-7223 6848 7423 6878- 7210, 6880-7209, 6945 7223 6947-7438, 7039 7223 7079-7361 7210-7821 7230-7473 7230- 7579, 7230-7744, 7230 7768 7230-7774, 7230 7815 7230-7864 7245-7543 7245-7635 7245- 7757, 7261-7809, 7265 7729 7277-7746, 7388-7658 7388-7903 7414-7904 7415-7906 7419- 7693, 7419-7707, 7419 7763 7428-7941, 7468-7888 7523-8016 7529-7825 7534-7991 7575- 7995, 7578-7823, 7587-8125 7588-8102, 7595-8136 7595-8182 7596-7854 7615-7886 7615- 8151, 7628-7848, 7631-8297 7642-8248, 7643-8158 7665-7870 7665-7926 7665-7930 7675- 8107, 7686-8195, 7703-8228 7706-8073, 7733-8167 7755-8461 7778-8388 7789-8077 7807- 8436, 7808-8107, 7812-8399 7833-8258, 7839-8160 7846-8429 7871-8134 7886-8148 7886- 8385, 7888-8222, 7915-8234 7923 -8283, 7949-8501 7959-8152 7959-8396 7964-8531 7964- 8572, 7970-8478, 7970-8528 7988-8507, 7998-8527 8027-8595 8062-8694 8064-8527 8078- 8636, 8085-8658, 8098-8363 8102-8397, 8102-8772 8119-8667 8138-8357 8138-8406 8140- 8683, 8152-8380, 8152-8619 8162-8415, 8162-8694 8162-8856 8174-8772 8176-8312 8176- 8427, 8184-8471, 8188-8405 8188-8437, 8188-8757 8250-8897 8251-8899 8275-8552 8275- 8566, 8279-9033, 8312-8629 8315-8859, 8325-8897 8343-8587 8349-8910 8352-8789 8358- 8905, 8372-8775, 8377-8760 8383-8910, 8399-8681 8399-8897 8401-8843 8408-8838 8408- 8847, 8417-8864, 8444-8704 8444-8909, 8445-9104 8455-8905 8456-8905 8461-8908 8462- 8905, 8464-8904, 8465-8905 8494-8889, 8496-8910 8501-9098 8531-8905 8532-9097 8566- 9088, 8578-9137, 8589-8853 8599-8902, 8614-9044 8614-9096 8621-8885 8621-8905 8623- 8911, 8632-8857, 8667-8954 8668-9104, 8695-9104 8697-9104 8798-9104

53/7491122CB1/ 1-604, 10-604, 21-568 33- 329, 3 4-514, 43-33 2, 46- 535, 46-6 02, 61- 604, 81-604 , 85-392, 4131 98-604 , 124-347, 124- 604, 125-42 4, 125- 524, 132-365, 132-40 2, 132-604, 155-604, 158-425, 168-604, 170-419, 191 -604, 192-4 11, 213 -604, 250-604, 251-6 04, 265-600, 269-943, 281-604, 287-847, 308-557, 309 -604, 321-5 86, 364 -604, 373-604, 399-6 04, 401 604, 402-604, 404-604, 407-604, 410-604, 412 -604, 423-6 04, 428 -604, 446-919, 448-6 04, 449-604, 460-604, 463-604, 486-604, 495-604, 505 -604, 754-4 127, 75 5-117 4, 810-1401, 85 2-1539, 1388-1972, 1442-1525, 1475-1700, 1481-2113, 1482 -1734, 1579-2 161, 1582-1793, 1585 -2228, 1612-2039, 1629-2330, 1726-1985, 1920-2604, 1991 -2268, 1991-2 271, 2010-2562, 2067 -2706, 2125-2778, 2150-2357, 2156-2813, 2159-2816, 2163 -2399, 2189-2 725, 2201-2790, 2206 -2471, 2224-2480, 2231-2796, 2237-2504, 2248-2515, 2248 -2789, 2248-2 849, 2274-2769, 2284 -2770, 2294-2638, 2329-2485, 2385-2625, 2446-2891, 2497 -3060, 2499-2 965, 2503-2965, 2509 -2965, 2522 2765, 2547-2731,

Table 4 (cont.)

Polynucleotide Sequence Fragments

SEQ ID NO:/

Incyte ID/

Sequence Length

53 2556 965, 2584- 2767, 2591-2 803, 2592- 2886, 2630- 2882, 2691- 3043, 2724 -2965, 2747- 3074, 2849 051, 3074-3934, 3104-3354, 3104- 3724, 3144- 3722, 3156- 3812, 3164 -3435, 3164- 3721, 3171 419, 3171-3763, 3196-3471, 3196- 3745, 3197- 3436, 3237- 3732, 3251 -3436, 3276- 3945, 3279 584, 3284-3717, 3314-3787, 3333- 3650, 3356- 3600, 3356- 3910, 3367 -4087, 3413- 3930, 3421 064, 3425-4119, 3433-4046, 3456- 4111, 3464- 4008, 3473- 4030, 3482 -4120, 3488- 4088, 3493 131, 3514-4131, 3538-4113, 3539- 4131, 3542- 3824, 3542- 4084, 3542 -4119, 3552- 3836, 3562 121, 3590-4042, 3596-4054, 3598- 3904, 3611- 3892, 3635- 3923, 3638 -3918, 3641- 4126, 3651 934, 3658-3874, 3660-4127, 3663- 3795, 3674- 4127, 3675- 4126, 3675 -4131, 3679- 4131, 3680 131, 3681-4131, 3687-4126, 3689- 4131, 3695- 4125, 3700- 3894, 3706 -4124, 3723- 3795, 3723 127, 3730-4093, 3740-4095, 3750- 4125, 3750- 4129, 3751- 4124, 3752 -4127, 3753- 4124, 3759 127, 3760 4127, 3764-4126, 3764- 4127, 3780- 4048, 3788- 4127, 3816 -4108, 3816- 4127, 3816 128, 3816 4130, 3830-4127, 3861- 4130, 3877- 4047, 3887- 4127, 3895 -4131, 3899- 4131, 3923 127, 4001 4127, 4014-4120

OΛ

-P. 54/6156187CB1/ 1-63 173- 1848, 320- 513, 32 0-593, 32 -691, 362- 18, 4 28-99 435- 675, 4 36-55 6, 59 7-2291, 2291 656- 34, 657-11 34, 6 96-1042 , 696-115 , 696- -1370 698- 1042, 52-962, 852 -964, 852-971, 852- 4, 2-102 1, 85 2-1034, 852-1044 852-: L054, 852-1 055, 2-105 6, 852 -1063 , 852-1105, 852- 28, 852-11 33, 8 52-1139 , 852-117 , 852- -1212 852- 1215, 52-1223, 85 2-1224, 852-1254, 852- 99, 852-15 22, 8 52-1553 , 852-158 , 852- -1596 852- 1598, 52-1643, 85 2-1674, 852-1716, 852- 01, 852-19 69, 8 52-2113 , 852-219 , 860- -924, 860-1 139, 0-129 7, 875 -1055 , 875-1140, 912- 23, 921-95 0, 92 1-971, 921-1055, 921-1251, S 21-13 87, 9 -1422 , 921- 1441, 921-1806, 933- 1, 933-130 7, 93 6-1453, 936-1682 936-2281, 995-1 139, 6-154 8, 100 6-1262, 1014- 1391 1014-1598, 1020 -1139, 1020-1299 1020- -1475 1020 -2016 1020-2281, 1089-1307, 1092- 1475 1096-1836, 1104 -1223, 1104-1294 1104 -1307 1104 -1385 1104-1559, 1104-2062, 1104- 2221 1127-1348, 1127 -1400, 1173-1436 1188- -1310 1188 -1378 1188-1469, 1188-1635, 1188- 2146 1188-2237, 1196 -1559, 1196-1682 1220- -1391 1220 -1483 1255-1476, 1268-1307, 1268- 1643 1294-1671, 1341 -1391, 1341-1453 1341- -1475 1341 -1554 1341 1560, 1341-1575, 1341- 1790 1341-1894, 1341 -2226, 1350-1727 1350- -1894 1356 -1482 1356 1546, 1356-1560, 1356- 1716 1356-2220, 1402 -1559, 1402-1560 1425- -1474 1425 -1682 1434 1635, 1434 2126, 1440- 1559 1440-1716, 1440 -1895, 1440-2230 1509- -1640 1512 -1895 1516 2210, 1524 1643, 1524- 1714 1524-1729, 1524 -1971, 1524-2225 1547- -1768 1547 -1807 1593 1886, 1608 1727, 1608- 1790 1608-1810, 1608 -1889, 1608-2126 1608- -2278 1616 -2220 1688 2063, 1714 2023, 1761- 1810 1761-1896, 1761 -1972, 1761-2210 1761- -2230 1761 -2281 1782 2147, 1782 2225,

Table 4 (cont.)

Polynucleotide Sequence Fragments

SEQ ID NO:/

Incyte ID/

Sequence Length

54 178 4-191 0, 178 4-1966, 1784 -2056, 178 4-222] , 17 99-1971, 1799-206 3, 1827 -2056, 1835 1972, 845-1874 1845 -1891, 1845- 1896, 1845-2063, 184 8-2226, 1854-2278 , 1917- 2066, 1917 2147, 920-1981 1920 -2050, 1920- 2140, 1920-2230, 192 7-2147, 1932-2281 , 1936- 2281, 1944 2089, 944-2128 1944 -2225, 1967- 2150, 1967-2238, 201 3-2042, 2013-2225 , 2026- 2221, 2028 2173, 028-2218 2028 -2279, 2028- 2281, 2050-2278, 207 7-2221, 2106-2147 , 2106- 2230, 2112-2221, 112-2278 2112 -2281, 2134- 2281, 2184-2230, 219 0-2225

55/7471672CB1/ -44 9, 22 -635, 55-233, 57-3 31, 6 4-359 66- 337, 88-300, 88-5 15, 2 13-485, 447-7 11, 4 49- 5625 060 , 511-765, 511-787 , 511-931, 511-980, 511-994, 514 871, 515-571, 539-1163 , 619 -851, 19-1025, 623-9 06, 625-900, 653 1059, 656-1059, 702-1052, 7 35-1056, 788-1059, 811- 1079, 11-1350, 927-1 073, 1158-1322, 1186-5586, 1386-1681, 1543-2 154, 1586-1832, 1586-20 56, 797-2265 2007 -2631 2101-2710, 2141-2834 2253-2398 2313 -2848 2364-2664, 2385- 2954, 388-2589 2388 -2603 2388-2857, 2388-3054 2389-2951 2415 2659 2429-2815, 2479- 2871, 497-3396 2528 -2903 2562-2884, 2592-3367 2639-3296 2697 2856 2707-2942, 2756- 3404,

OΛ 835-3116 2925 -3177 3100-3387, 3100-3514 3100-3554 3100 3696 3160-3392, 3208- 3765, 218-3835 3223 -3420 3236-3509, 3262-3554 3310-3580 3311 -3644 3319-3566, 3322- 3931, 383-3798 3405 -3652 3405-3678, 3405-3813 3429-4191 3443 -4183 3506-3749, 3523- 4099, 533-4226 3600 -4419 3601-3872, 3615-3904 3674-4075 3706 -4191 3706-4246, 3745- 4293, 748-4286 3771 -4312 3780-4316, 3842-4309 3856-4310 3863 -4310 3864-4310, 3866- 4315, 870-4310 3878 -4150 3878-4310, 3885-4296 3902-4302 3904 -4313 3908-4238, 3917- 4315, 921-4313 3934 -4309 3944-4197, 3944-4449 3958-4202 3969 -4235 3969-4264, 3972- 4315, 996-4270 3999 -4311 4051-4315, 4065-4313 4072-4311 4115 4308 4144-4664, 4215- 5072, 243-4702 4308 -4568 4316-4735, 4318-4581 4323-4659 4346 4856 4355-4687, 4385- 5024, 392-5104 4426 -4680 4535-4991, 4546-4969 4607-5229 4728 -5102 4749-5372, 4755- 5387, 788-5049 4855 -5304 4856-5389, 4879-5427 4881-5399 4893 -5446 4962-5386, 4972- 5208, 994-5210 5009 -5500 5079-5347, 5087-5323 5130-5550 5160 -5438 5226-5522, 5256- 5552, 277-5512 5342 -5583 5342-5625, 5421-5576

56/7500266CB1/ -20 6, 1 1624, 30-201, 59-699, 96-696, 101-617, 101-671, 101-867, 101-879, 101-1004, 112- 1624 14, 123 331, 160-789, 180-446, 221-613, 227-783, 239-524, 254-743, 276-465, 295-562, 34-632, 343-537, 366-484, 384-644, 396-1237, 401-870, 429-976, 477-665, 487-863, 553- 023 , 584-942, 673-926, 692-762, 875-1158, 1000-1473, 1054-1224, 1070-1492, 1076-1419, 136-1497 , 1137-1235, 1144-1411, 1162-1448, 1164-1495, 1178-1480, 1193-1494, 1348-1606, 348-1624

Table 4 (cont.)

Polynucleotide Sequence Fragments

SEQ ID NO:/

Incyte ID/

Sequence Length

57/1360150CB1/ 1-54 7, 13 -316, 13-46 8, 13- 484, 1 8-79, 18-203 , 18- 510, 1 8-645 , 18- 663, 18-716 18-7 34, 22- 7222 538, 34-394, 43-5907 , 48-3 98, 81 389, 106-7173, 108-294 , 156 -442 193-586, 397-957 , 517- 1058 , 597-1034 , 645-1253, 663-1253, 67 0-1075 , 672-1230, 703- 1287 779-1367, 792-12 23, 801-1407, 801-1474, 801-15 03, 801-1512 , 801-1519, 815-1197, 815- 569, 891-1131, 89 1-1221, 1063 -1537 1088-1658 1132 -1221 1132- 1389 1208-1807 1222- 1389 1222-1702 1264- 2034, 1389-1870 1390-1702 1390 -1848 1493- 2120 1591-2131 1703- 1848 1703 -1958 1742- 2509, 1774-2222 1849-1958 1849 -2168 1870- 2466 1939-2353 1959- 2168 1959-2376 2034- 2441, 2169-2376 2169-2509 2287 -2946 2377- 2509 2377-2685 2427- 3006 2449-2920 2510- 2685, 2510-2836 2569-3080 2613 -3061 2686- 2836 2686-2974 2730- 3203 2731-3204 2737- 3153, 2760-3338 2761-3400 2837 -3071 2837- 3348 2837-3374 2975- 3071 2975-3963 3004- 3533, 3072-3963 3072-4094 3082 -3626 3082- 3642 3093-3647 3167- 3682 3167-3683 3170- 3694, 3364-3841 3386-3946 3528 -4035 3696 4198 3702-4419 3753- 4527 3832-4404 3843- 4563, 3890-4603 3906-4284 3906 -4295 3932 4547 3955-4415 3964- 4094 3964-5825 3964- 5828,

_n

0\ 3971-4446 4051-4866 4074 -4718 4093 4603 4095-5825 4095- 5828 4118-4789 4128- 4789, 4131-4752 4148-4901 4173 -4973 4197 4727 4203-4875 4213- 4819 4266-4643 4280- 4552, 4301-4947 4315-4948 4324 -4968 4324- 5110 4333-4744 4336- 5225 4384-4677 4388- 5065, 4398-4802 4437-5036 4473 -4805 4474- 5279 4565-5153 4583- 5075 4593-5124 4596- 5040, 4597-5144 4609-4887 4621 -5267 4623- 5263 4631-5064 4645- 4808 4646-4808 4652- 5046, 4658-5306 4670-4908 4670 -4910 4703- 5290 4705-5347 4709- 4884 4709-51-37 4716- 5389, 4718-5275 4725-4875 4727 -5397 4750- 5271 4771-5489 4789- 5358 4794 5426 4859- 5648, 4877-5551 4889-5170 4908 -5775 4941- 5639 4941-5672 4945- 5550 4960 5493 4960- 5521, 5007-5375 5011-5550 5040 -5851 5048- 5684 5065-5239 5065- 5289 5065-5633 5096- 5416, 5106-5357 5111-5357 5141 -5711 5159- 5488 5159-5531 5159- 5551 5159-5579 5159- 5693, 5168-5389 5168-5536 5168 -5587 5168- 5654 5172-5547 5173- 5477 5176-5586 5189- 5469, 5191-5853 5193-5586 5196 -5582 5207- 5419 5215-5736 5226- 5521 5228-5744 5228- 5871, 5228-5994^' 5235-5861 5244 -5882 5244- 6038 5248-5823 5253- 6074 5279-6013 5286- 5562, 5287-5659 5288-5891 5294 -5568 5301- 5814 5310-5590 5311- 5537 5322-5750 5325- 6095, 5326-6110 5332-5993 5357 -5820 5363- 5814 5363-5824 5363- 5842 5367-5541 5367- 5718, 5375-5646 5376-5819 5383 -5817 5385- 5814 5388-5818 5397- 5790 5398-5814 5403 5814, 5403 -5817 5406-5978 5410 -5819 5429- 5817 5430-5816 5434- 5803 5434-6046 5435 5823, 5443-5684 5445-5823 5447 -5814 5449- 5817 5449-5824 5452- 5891 5454-5824 5457 6231, 5467-5818 5468-5814 5472 -5769 5476- 5824 5491-6019 5506- 5824 5507-6163 5508 5823,

Table 4 (cont.)

Table 4 (cont.)

Polynucleotide Sequence Fragments

SEQ ID NO:/

Incyte ID/

Sequence Length

57 6855- 7183, 6865-7095, 6866-7077, 6866-7134, 6866-7173, 6867-7173, 6868-7090, 6868-7111, 6886-7105, 6886-7175, 6887-7119, 6895-7132, 6898-7173, 6916-7173, 6923-7160, 6937-7124, 6949-7154, 6956-7160, 6958-7173, 6989-7196, 6991-7173, 6991-7203, 7012-7205, 7067-7220, 7088-7220

58/3003024CB1/ 1-613 , 1-65 8, 7- 249, 14-32 6, 14- 614, 1 6-515, 26-3 03, 3 0-279 , 32-3 10, 32- 396, 32-450, 32- 4412 487, 32-616 , 32- 692, 32-694, 35-157, 3 5-694, 35-6 95, 53-684 , 83-5 11, 94-793, 141-4412,

144-5 88, 156-794 , 225-467, 231-579, 23 1-581, 232- 534, 362-1 047, 387-794, 465- 1165, 619-

872, 654-1142, 7 12-1396, 760-1208, 788 -1045, 832- 1560, 906- 1624, 961-1603, 97 3-1614,

1009- 1619 1013- 1562, 1047-1336, 1051- 1301 1114- 1595, 1115 -1413, 1117-1412 1135-1603,

1225- 1375 1346- 1764, 1365-1628, 1595- 2109 1626- 2010, 1667 -1978, 1678-1928 1678-2212,

1751- 2423 1828- 2426, 1856-2285, 1910- 2125 2180 2348, 2278 -2341, 2346-2570 2396-2992,

2478- 2747 2478- 3049, 2506-3165, 2566- 2817 2690- 2921, 2741 -2988, 2771-3150 2781-3459,

2834- 2950 2918- 3009, 2918-3013, 2918- 3043 2918- 3093, 2918 -3103, 2918-3113 2918-3131,

2918- 3136 2918- 3139, 2918-3174, 2918- 3175 2918- 3208, 2918 -3267, 2918-3296 2918-3301,

2918 3304 2918- 3336, 2918-3424, 2918- 3453 2918- 3619, 2918 -3751, 2945-3258 2965-3258,

2966 3336 2975- 3278, 2977-3526, 2977- 3586 3003- 3460, 3083 -3187, 3083-3314 3083-3330,

3083 3614 3083- 3946, 3116-3414, 3131- 3492 3131- 3499, 3138 -3691, 3138-3752 3139-3434,

3177 3622 3248- 3318, 3248-3321, 3248- 3333 3248- 3470, 3248 -3486, 3248-3779 3248-3946,

3275- 3571 3281- 3571, 3296-3663, 3296- 3673 3303- 3844, 3303 -3912, 3304-3596 3332-3787,

3404 3474 3404- 3478, 3404-3632, 3404- 3648 3404- 3946, 3431 -3741, 3442-3741 3454-3819,

3454- 3826 3459- 3946, 3460-3761, 3489 3946 3566- 3636, 3566 -3640, 3566-3679 3566-3693,

3566- 3793 3566- 3797, 3566-3946, 3575- 3944 3592- 3903, 3598 -3903, 3614-3946 3621-3946,

3622 3923 3651- 3946, 3731-3801, 3731 3804 3731- 3835, 3731 -3946, 3758-3946 3778-3946,

3779- 3946 3786- 3946, 3790-3946, 3816 3946 4051- 4092

59/7500867CB1/ 1-277, 1-278, 1-2762, 86-724, 115-285, 136-573, 180-644, 233-845, 241-52 2, 247-689, 313- 2773 624, 315-799, 324-974, 357-772, 384-1086, 388-970, 393-999, 397-932, 397-985, 407-644, 409-646, 409-934, 419-655, 429-1086, 500-1176, 502-1145, 518-1086, 544-1086, 553-1171, 558-1178, 574-1086, 599-895, 616-1086, 635-929, 645-979, 667-910, 669-949, 669-967, 675- 1178, 694-1204, 719-1130, 719-1335, 721-1015, 723-969, 723-989, 817-1369 , 825-1086, 830- 1081, 844-1086, 857-1129, 877-1086, 979-1230, 979-1440, 1017-1256, 1072-1285, 1092-1375, 1093-1339, 1149-1392, 1150-1403, 1156-1422, 1158-1440, 1188-1440, 1241-1526, 1338-1613, 1446-1574, 1446-1985, 1454-1591, 1473-1688, 1473-1726, 1474-1610, 1488-1661, 1490-1774,

Table 4 (cont.)

/1

Table 4 (cont.)

Table 4 (cont.)

Polynucleotide Sequence Fragments

SEQ ID NO:/

Incyte ID/

Sequence Length

62/8037805CB1/ 1-269, 1-501, 1-534, 1-734, 2-256, 2-284, 6-278, 6-280, 6-534, 8-286, 16-323, 22-342, 30- 886 315, 45-518, 519-832, 519-871, 558-832, 610-732, 616-886, 679-886

63/893591CB1/ 1-523 . 462 -778, 487- 847, 4 87-875, 487-962, 487-968, 487-1067, 487-1080, 487-1132, 487- 1218 1139, 487-1154, 487- 1188, 487-12]

64/7500286CB1/ 1-311 , 1-3 55, 1 -426, 1-437 , 1-58 0, 4-33 6, 4-5 11 10-23 6, 10-2614, 25-530, 61-524, 70-524, 2624 137-3 59, 137-66 6, 137-823, 150-257, 158-424, 161- 236, 165-505, 165-733, 165-762, 166-845, 167-7 75, 68-45 7, 172-692, 175-783, 207-512, 208- 479, 211-463, 251-814, 252-762, 265-707, 266-7 19, 78-716, 283-859, 359-1005, 371-1214 , 38 6-866 , 503-1140, 522-1220, 525-1056, 526-1 003, 530-1089, 543-10 95, 608-1243, 618-1 089, 639-921, 649-1089, 668-1297, 672-1315, 687-1 222, 690-1232, 712-11 87, 769-1498, 798-1 255, 828-1125, 949-1737, 986-1673, 1064- 1735, 1124-1923 1285-1875 1318 1956, 1318-2 074, 1341 -1852 1359-1883, 1361-2071, 1366- 2033, 1383 -2060 1404-2000 1415 1778, 1434-2 063, 1439-2015 1443-2063, 1464-1974, 1480- 1974, 1483-2031 1485-1994 1504-2099, 1505-2 046, 1522-2020 1543-1972, 1575-2006, 1610- 2101, 1636-1917 1654-1922 1736-2011, 2145-2 412, 2158-2623 2160-2478, 2188-2600, 2190- 2600, 2190-2623 2195-2570 2206-2623, 2223-2 484, 2244-2623 2245-2568, 2248-2623, 2278- 2527, 2302-2623 2387-2624 2410-2621

Table 5

Table 6

Table 6 (cont.)

Table 6 (cont.)

s /1

Table 6 (cont.)

Table 6 (cont.)

Table 6 (cont.)

Table 7

Program Description Reference Parameter Threshold

ABI FACTURA A program that removes vector sequences and Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA. masks ambiguous bases in nucleic acid sequences.

ABI/PARACEL FDF A Fast Data Finder useful in comparing and Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA; Mismatch <50% annotating amino acid or nucleic acid sequences. Paracel Inc., Pasadena, CA. ABI AutoAssembler A program that assembles nucleic acid sequences. Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA.

BLAST A Basic Local Alignment Search Tool useful in Altschul, S.F. et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. ESTs: Probability value=1.0E-8 sequence similarity search for amino acid and 215:403-410; Altschul, S.F. et al. (1997) or less nucleic acid sequences. BLAST includes five Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402. Full Length sequences: Probability functions: blastp, blastn, blastx, tblastn, and tblastx. value= l.OE-10 or less

FASTA A Pearson and Lipman algorithm that searches for Pearson, W.R. and D.J. Lipman (1988) Proc. ESTs: fasta E value=1.06E-6 similarity between a query sequence and a group of Natl. Acad Sci. USA 85:2444-2448; Pearson, Assembled ESTs: fasta Identity= sequences of the same type. FASTA comprises as W.R. (1990) Methods Enzymol. 183:63-98; 95% or greater and least five functions: fasta, tfasta, fastx, tfastx, and and Smith, T.F. and M.S. Waterman (1981) Match length=200 bases or greater; ssearch. Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482-489. fastx E value=1.0E-8 or less

Full Length sequences: fastx score=100 or greater

BLIMPS A BLocks DvlProved Searcher that matches a Henikoff, S. and J.G. Henikoff (1991) Nucleic Probability value=1.0E-3 or less sequence against those in BLOCKS, PRINTS, Acids Res. 19:6565-6572; Henikoff, J.G. and DOMO, PRODOM, and PFAM databases to search S. Henikoff (1996) Methods Enzymol. for gene families, sequence homology, and 266:88-105; and Attwood, T.K. et al. (1997) J. structural fingeφrint regions. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 37:417-424.

HMMER An algorithm for searching a query sequence against Krogh, A. et al. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. PFAM, INCY, SMART, or TIGRFA hidden Markov model (HMM)-based databases of 235:1501-1531; Sonnhammer, E.L.L. et al. hits: Probability value=1.0E-3 or les protein family consensus sequences, such as PFAM, (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 26:320-322; Signal peptide hits: Score= 0 or INCY, SMART, and TIGRFAM. Durbin, R. et al. (1998) Our World View, in a greater Nutshell, Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 1-350.

Table 7 (cont.)

Program Description Reference Parameter Threshold

ProfileScan An algorithm that searches for structural and sequence Gribskov, M. et al. (1988) CABIOS 4:61-66; Normalized quality score≥GCG- motifs in protein sequences that match sequence patterns Gribskov, M. et al. (1989) Methods Enzymol. specified "HIGH" value for that defined in Prosite. 183:146-159; Bairoch, A. et al. (1997) particular Prosite motif. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:217-221. Generally, score= 1.4-2.1.

Phred A base-calling algorithm that examines automated Ewing, B. et al. (1998) Genome Res. sequencer traces with high sensitivity and probability. 8:175-185; Ewing, B. and P. Green (1998) Genome Res. 8:186-194.

Phrap A Phils Revised Assembly Program including SWAT and Smith, T.F. and M.S. Waterman (1981) Adv. Score=120 or greater; CrossMatch, programs based on efficient implementation Appl. Math. 2:482-489; Smith, T.F. and M.S. Match length=56 or greater of the Smith- Waterman algorithm, useful in searching Waterman (1981) J. Mol. Biol. 147: 195-197; sequence homology and assembling DNA sequences. and Green, P., University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Consed A graphical tool for viewing and editing Phrap Gordon, D. et al. (1998) Genome Res. 8:195-202. assemblies.

SPScan A weight matrix analysis program that scans protein Nielson, H. et al. (1997) Protein Engineering Score=3.5 or greater sequences for the presence of secretory signal peptides. 10:1-6; Claverie, J.M. and S. Audic (1997) CABIOS 12:431-439.

TMAP A program that uses weight matrices to delineate Persson, B. and P. Argos (1994) J. Mol. Biol. transmembrane segments on protein sequences and 237:182-192; Persson, B. and P. Argos (1996) determine orientation. Protein Sci. 5:363-371.

TMHMMER A program that uses a hidden Markov model (HMM) to Sonnhammer, E.L. et al. (1998) Proc. Sixth InU. delineate transmembrane segments on protein sequences Conf. on Intelligent Systems for Mol. Biol., and determine orientation. Glasgow et al., eds., The Am. Assoc. for Artificial Intelligence Press, Menlo Park, CA, pp. 175-182.

Motifs A program that searches amino acid sequences for patterns Bairoch, A. et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:217-221; that matched those defined in Prosite. Wisconsin Package Program Manual, version 9, page M51-59, Genetics Computer Group, Madison, WI.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. An isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD NO: 1-32, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-4, SEQ ID NO:7-10, SEQ JD NO: 13-15, SEQ ID NO: 17-21, SEQ ID NO:23- 24, SEQ JD NO: 30, and SEQ ID NO: 32, c) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 92% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD NO: J l and SEQ JD NO: 16, d) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 96% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD NO:22 and SEQ JD NO:27, e) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 98% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ JD NO: 12, f) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 99% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD NO:5-6, g) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD NO: 1-32, and h) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD NO: 1-32.

2. An isolated polypeptide of claim 1 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD NO: 1-32.

3. An isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of claim 1.

4. An isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of claim 2.

5. An isolated polynucleotide of claim 4 comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 33-64.

6. A recombinant polynucleotide comprising a promoter sequence operably linked to a polynucleotide of claim 3.

7. A cell transformed with a recombinant polynucleotide of claim 6.

8. A transgenic organism comprising a recombinant polynucleotide of claim 6.

9. A method of producing a polypeptide of claim 1, the method comprising: a) culturing a cell under conditions suitable for expression of the polypeptide, wherein said cell is transformed with a recombinant polynucleotide, and said recombinant polynucleotide comprises a promoter sequence operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of claim 1, and b) recovering the polypeptide so expressed.

10. A method of claim 9, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32.

11. An isolated antibody which specifically binds to a polypeptide of claim 1.

12. An isolated polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of: a) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33-64, b) a polynucleotide comprising a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33-57, SEQ ID NO:59-60, and SEQ ID NO:62-64, c) a polynucleotide comprising a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence at least 93% identical to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:61, d) a polynucleotide comprising a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence at least 97% identical to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:58, e) a polynucleotide complementary to a polynucleotide of a), f) a polynucleotide complementary to a polynucleotide of b), g) a polynucleotide complementary to a polynucleotide of c), h) a polynucleotide complementary to a polynucleotide of d), and i) an RNA equivalent of a)-h).

13. An isolated polynucleotide comprising at least 60 contiguous nucleotides of a polynucleotide of claim 12.

14. A method of detecting a target polynucleotide in a sample, said target polynucleotide having a sequence of a polynucleotide of claim 12, the method comprising: a) hybridizing the sample with a probe comprising at least 20 contiguous nucleotides comprising a sequence complementary to said target polynucleotide in the sample, and which probe specifically hybridizes to said target polynucleotide, under conditions whereby a hybridization complex is formed between said probe and said target polynucleotide or fragments thereof, and b) detecting the presence or absence of said hybridization complex, and, optionally, if present, the amount thereof.

15. A method of claim 14, wherein the probe comprises at least 60 contiguous nucleotides.

16. A method of detecting a target polynucleotide in a sample, said target polynucleotide having a sequence of a polynucleotide of claim 12, the method comprising: a) amplifying said target polynucleotide or fragment thereof using polymerase chain reaction amplification, and b) detecting the presence or absence of said amplified target polynucleotide or fragment thereof, and, optionally, if present, the amount thereof.

17. A composition comprising a polypeptide of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

18. A composition of claim 17, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32.

19. A method for treating a disease or condition associated with decreased expression of functional NAAP, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment the composition of claim 17.

20. A method of screening a compound for effectiveness as an agonist of a polypeptide of claim 1, the method comprising: a) exposing a sample comprising a polypeptide of claim 1 to a compound, and b) detecting agonist activity in the sample.

21. A composition comprising an agonist compound identified by a method of claim 20 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

22. A method for treating a disease or condition associated with decreased expression of functional NAAP, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a composition of claim 21.

23. A method of screening a compound for effectiveness as an antagonist of a polypeptide of claim 1 , the method comprising: a) exposing a sample comprising a polypeptide of claim 1 to a compound, and b) detecting antagonist activity in the sample.

24. A composition comprising an antagonist compound identified by a method of claim 23 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

25. A method for treating a disease or condition associated with overexpression of functional NAAP, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a composition of claim 24.

26. A method of screening for a compound that specifically binds to the polypeptide of claim 1, the method comprising: a) combining the polypeptide of claim 1 with at least one test compound under suitable conditions, and b) detecting binding of the polypeptide of claim 1 to the test compound, thereby identifying a compound that specifically binds to the polypeptide of claim 1.

27. A method of screening for a compound that modulates the activity of the polypeptide of claim 1, the method comprising: a) combining the polypeptide of claim 1 with at least one test compound under conditions permissive for the activity of the polypeptide of claim 1, b) assessing the activity of the polypeptide of claim 1 in the presence of the test compound, and c) comparing the activity of the polypeptide of claim 1 in the presence of the test compound with the activity of the polypeptide of claim 1 in the absence of the test compound, wherein a change in the activity of the polypeptide of claim 1 in the presence of the test compound is indicative of a compound that modulates the activity of the polypeptide of claim 1.

28. A method of screening a compound for effectiveness in altering expression of a target polynucleotide, wherein said target polynucleotide comprises a sequence of claim 5, the method comprising: a) exposing a sample comprising the target polynucleotide to a compound, under conditions suitable for the expression of the target polynucleotide, b) detecting altered expression of the target polynucleotide, and c) comparing the expression of the target polynucleotide in the presence of varying amounts of the compound and in the absence of the compound.

29. A method of assessing toxicity of a test compound, the method comprising: a) treating a biological sample containing nucleic acids with the test compound, b) hybridizing the nucleic acids of the treated biological sample with a probe comprising at least 20 contiguous nucleotides of a polynucleotide of claim 12 under conditions whereby a specific hybridization complex is formed between said probe and a target polynucleotide in the biological sample, said target polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence of a polynucleotide of claim 12 or fragment thereof, c) quantifying the amount of hybridization complex, and d) comparing the amount of hybridization complex in the treated biological sample with the amount of hybridization complex in an untreated biological sample, wherein a difference in the amount of hybridization complex in the treated biological sample is indicative of toxicity of the test compound.

30. A diagnostic test for a condition or disease associated with the expression of NAAP in a biological sample, the method comprising: a) combining the biological sample with an antibody of claim 11, under conditions suitable for the antibody to bind the polypeptide and form an antibody:polypeptide complex, and b) detecting the complex, wherein the presence of the complex correlates with the presence of the polypeptide in the biological sample.

31. The antibody of claim 11, wherein the antibody is: a) a chimeric antibody, b) a single chain antibody, c) a Fab fragment, d) a F(ab')₂ fragmen , or e) a humanized antibody.

32. A composition comprising an antibody of claim 11 and an acceptable excipient.

33. A method of diagnosing a condition or disease associated with the expression of NAAP in a subject, comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of the composition of claim 32.

34. A composition of claim 32, wherein the antibody is labeled.

35. A method of diagnosing a condition or disease associated with the expression of NAAP in a subject, comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of the composition of claim 34.

36. A method of preparing a polyclonal antibody with the specificity of the antibody of claim

11, the method comprising: a) immunizing an animal with a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD NO: 1-32, or an immunogenic fragment thereof, under conditions to elicit an antibody response, b) isolating antibodies from the animal, and c) screening the isolated antibodies with the polypeptide, thereby identifying a polyclonal antibody which specifically binds to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32.

37. A polyclonal antibody produced by a method of claim 36.

38. A composition comprising the polyclonal antibody of claim 37 and a suitable carrier.

39. A method of making a monoclonal antibody with the specificity of the antibody of claim 11, the method comprising: a) immunizing an animal with a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32, or an immunogenic fragment thereof, under conditions to elicit an antibody response, b) isolating antibody producing cells from the animal, c) fusing the antibody producing cells with immortalized cells to form monoclonal antibody-producing hybridoma cells, d) culturing the hybridoma cells, and e) isolating from the culture monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32.

40. A monoclonal antibody produced by a method of claim 39.

41. A composition comprising the monoclonal antibody of claim 40 and a suitable carrier.

42. The antibody of claim 11, wherein the antibody is produced by screening a Fab expression library.

43. The antibody of claim 11, wherein the antibody is produced by screening a recombinant immunoglobulin library.

44. A method of detecting a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32 in a sample, the method comprising: a) incubating the antibody of claim 11 with a sample under conditions to allow specific binding of the antibody and the polypeptide, and b) detecting specific binding, wherein specific binding indicates the presence of a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32 in the sample.

45. A method of purifying a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32 from a sample, the method comprising: a) incubating the antibody of claim 11 with a sample under conditions to allow specific binding of the antibody and the polypeptide, and b) separating the antibody from the sample and obtaining the purified polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-32.

46. A microarray wherein at least one element of the microarray is a polynucleotide of claim 13.

47. A method of generating an expression profile of a sample which contains polynucleotides, the method comprising: a) labeling the polynucleotides of the sample, b) contacting the elements of the microarray of claim 46 with the labeled polynucleotides of the sample under conditions suitable for the formation of a hybridization complex, and c) quantifying the expression of the polynucleotides in the sample.

48. An array comprising different nucleotide molecules affixed in distinct physical locations on a solid substrate, wherein at least one of said nucleotide molecules comprises a first oligonucleotide or polynucleotide sequence specifically hybridizable with at least 30 contiguous nucleotides of a target polynucleotide, and wherein said target polynucleotide is a polynucleotide of claim 12.

49. An array of claim 48, wherein said first oligonucleotide or polynucleotide sequence is completely complementary to at least 30 contiguous nucleotides of said target polynucleotide.

50. An array of claim 48, wherein said first oligonucleotide or polynucleotide sequence is completely complementary to at least 60 contiguous nucleotides of said target polynucleotide.

51. An array of claim 48, wherein said first oligonucleotide or polynucleotide sequence is completely complementary to said target polynucleotide.

52. An array of claim 48, which is a microarray.

53. An array of claim 48, further comprising said target polynucleotide hybridized to a nucleotide molecule comprising said first oligonucleotide or polynucleotide sequence.

54. An array of claim 48, wherein a linker joins at least one of said nucleotide molecules to said solid substrate.

55. An array of claim 48, wherein each distinct physical location on the substrate contains multiple nucleotide molecules, and the multiple nucleotide molecules at any single distinct physical location have the same sequence, and each distinct physical location on the substrate contains nucleotide molecules having a sequence which differs from the sequence of nucleotide molecules at another distinct physical location on the substrate.

56. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.

57. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.

58. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ JD NO:3.

59. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.

60. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5.

61. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.

62. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7.

63. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.

64. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9.

65. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.

66. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.

67. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ JD NO: 12.

68. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13.

69. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ JD NO: 14.

70. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.

71. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.

72. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.

73. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.

74. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.

75. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20.

76. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21.

77. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ JD NO:22.

78. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ JD NO: 23.

79. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ JD NO: 24.

80. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

81. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:26.

82. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27.

83. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:28.

84. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:29.

85. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30.

86. A polypeptide of claim , comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:31.

87. A polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:32.

88. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:33.

89. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:34.

90. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:35.

91. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:36.

92. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:37.

93. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID

NO:38.

94. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:39.

95. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:40.

96. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41.

97. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ED NO:42.

98. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID

NO:43.

99. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:44.

100. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:45.

101. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ED NO:46.

102. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ED NO:47.

103. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID

NO:48.

104. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:49.

105. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:50.

106. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:51.

107. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:52.

108. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID

NO:53.

109. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54.

110. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:55.

111. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ JD NO:56.

112. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ JD

NO:57.

113. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ JD NO:58.

114. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ JD NO:59.

115. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ED

NO: 60.

116. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ JD NO:61.

117. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ED NO:62.

118. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ JD NO:63.

119. A polynucleotide of claim 12, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ED NO:64.