WO2003104423A2 - Meningeal-derived stem cells - Google Patents

Meningeal-derived stem cells Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2003104423A2
WO2003104423A2 PCT/US2003/018141 US0318141W WO03104423A2 WO 2003104423 A2 WO2003104423 A2 WO 2003104423A2 US 0318141 W US0318141 W US 0318141W WO 03104423 A2 WO03104423 A2 WO 03104423A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
meningeal
cell
derived stem
cells
stem cells
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2003/018141
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2003104423A3 (en
Inventor
Roy Ogle
Sunil Tholpady
Original Assignee
Roy Ogle
Sunil Tholpady
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Roy Ogle, Sunil Tholpady filed Critical Roy Ogle
Priority to AU2003247514A priority Critical patent/AU2003247514A1/en
Publication of WO2003104423A2 publication Critical patent/WO2003104423A2/en
Publication of WO2003104423A3 publication Critical patent/WO2003104423A3/en

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0652—Cells of skeletal and connective tissues; Mesenchyme
    • C12N5/0662—Stem cells
    • C12N5/0668—Mesenchymal stem cells from other natural sources
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0607—Non-embryonic pluripotent stem cells, e.g. MASC
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
    • C12N2500/05—Inorganic components
    • C12N2500/10—Metals; Metal chelators
    • C12N2500/20—Transition metals
    • C12N2500/24—Iron; Fe chelators; Transferrin
    • C12N2500/25—Insulin-transferrin; Insulin-transferrin-selenium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
    • C12N2500/30—Organic components
    • C12N2500/38—Vitamins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
    • C12N2500/30—Organic components
    • C12N2500/44—Thiols, e.g. mercaptoethanol
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
    • C12N2500/30—Organic components
    • C12N2500/46—Amines, e.g. putrescine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
    • C12N2500/90—Serum-free medium, which may still contain naturally-sourced components
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/01—Modulators of cAMP or cGMP, e.g. non-hydrolysable analogs, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, cholera toxin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/10—Growth factors
    • C12N2501/11—Epidermal growth factor [EGF]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/10—Growth factors
    • C12N2501/115—Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/10—Growth factors
    • C12N2501/135—Platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/10—Growth factors
    • C12N2501/15—Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/30—Hormones
    • C12N2501/33—Insulin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/30—Hormones
    • C12N2501/38—Hormones with nuclear receptors
    • C12N2501/385—Hormones with nuclear receptors of the family of the retinoic acid recptor, e.g. RAR, RXR; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [PPAR]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/30—Hormones
    • C12N2501/38—Hormones with nuclear receptors
    • C12N2501/39—Steroid hormones
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/70—Enzymes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/998—Proteins not provided for elsewhere
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2533/00—Supports or coatings for cell culture, characterised by material
    • C12N2533/50—Proteins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2533/00—Supports or coatings for cell culture, characterised by material
    • C12N2533/50—Proteins
    • C12N2533/52—Fibronectin; Laminin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2533/00—Supports or coatings for cell culture, characterised by material
    • C12N2533/50—Proteins
    • C12N2533/54—Collagen; Gelatin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2533/00—Supports or coatings for cell culture, characterised by material
    • C12N2533/90—Substrates of biological origin, e.g. extracellular matrix, decellularised tissue

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to stem cells and methods of preparing populations of progenitor cells that differentiate into a preselected cell type with high efficiency.
  • the brain and spinal cord are enclosed and protected by the meninges; tough and fibrous tissues comprising the dura mater and pia mater. Developmentally, these tissues form partly from the neural crest; a class of highly migratory and plastic cells that also form several diverse tissue types, such as bone, cartilage, muscle, gut, adrenal glands, etc.
  • the dura mater has been shown to regulate bone formation in the developing skull through tissue interactions mediated by growth factors originating in the dura (L.A. Opperman et al, "Tissue interactions with underlying dura mater inhibit osseous obliteration of developing cranial sutures," Dev. Dynamics, 198(4):312-322 (1993)).
  • pluripotential stem cell populations for a wide variety of potential therapeutic applications, including delivery of therapeutic genes, correction of gene defects, replacement/augmentation of existing dysfunctional cell populations (e.g., dopaminergic neurons in Parkinsons Disease), and generation of organs/tissues for surgical repair/replacement.
  • existing methods in the field have a number of major limitations that relate to obtaining purified populations of the desired cell types from pluripotent stem cells.
  • embryonic stem cells pose interesting possibilities as several studies show that these cells are pluripotent, however, the use of these cells is mired in ethical and political considerations. It is therefore likely that this technology will not be available for use in the near future.
  • the present invention is directed to such a novel stem cell population, which is isolated from meningeal tissues. This stem cell population has properties that provide significant advantages over the stem cells currently available.
  • One aspect of the present invention is directed to stem cells derived from the dura mater, the pia mater or the arachnoid mater, as well as methodologies for isolation, differentiation and explanation of these cells.
  • Meningeal tissue may be explanted (i.e., cells migrate out of adherent pieces of tissue) or enzymatically dissociated to yield primitive mesenchymal cells.
  • the tissues may include those removed by biopsy from a patient or tissues removed aseptically from a fetus. These cells exhibit characteristics of "adult" stem cells or progenitors: robust self-renewal and a high degree of developmental plasticity.
  • the stem cells may be readily propagated in culture (showing little senescence after 20 passages), and are capable of differentiating into various cell types.
  • the meningeal-derived stem cells of the present invention are multipotent.
  • the meningeal stem cells of the present invention can be taken from a small biopsy, and rapidly expanded to large populations of cells using a specially defined media that maintains their undifferentiated state. Transformation to neural cells can be accomplished rapidly (i.e., within several hours) and bone and cartilage within two weeks, by adding factors that support and maintain these cell phenotypes. Schwann cells, adipocytes and fibroblasts may be rapidly produced, as well. In addition, the number of cells that transform to a neural morphology is between 90% and 95%. Thus, these cells may have particular utility in treating central nervous system (CNS) degenerative disorders and spinal cord injuries.
  • CNS central nervous system
  • the rapid proliferative capacity and high rate of neuronal differentiation makes these applications well-suited for the stem cells, although numerous other applications exist, as well.
  • stem cells derived from the dura mater, the pia mater or the arachnoid mater in biomedical applications.
  • the stem cells of the present invention may be used for tissue regeneration, gene and drug delivery and cell replacement therapies. They may find additional applications in research settings, as well as alternate therapeutic modalities or clinical treatments.
  • Figure 1 is executed in color, and illustrates a histological identification of the meninges and cells within a newborn rat, in human tissue and in human fetal tissue, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 1 A depicts the dura mater of a newborn rat
  • Fig. IB depicts the dura cells of a newborn rat
  • Fig. 1C depicts the dura cells (exposed to dexamethasone) of a newborn rat
  • Fig. ID depicts the dura mater, pia mater and meninges of a newborn rat.
  • Fig. IE depicts the frontal and parietal bones of a human infant skull
  • Fig. IF depicts the dura mater and osteogenic front of a human fetal skull.
  • Figure 2 illustrates the neural differentiation of meningeal-derived stem cells in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 A depicts meningeal cells on a tissue culture plate; their flattened morphology is apparent.
  • Fig. 2B depicts meningeal cells exposed to steroid treatment; extensive branching and dendritic morphologies are apparent.
  • Fig. 2C depicts meningeal cells exposed to antioxidant treatment; cells are mostly bipolar-type neuronal morphologies.
  • Figure 3 is executed in color, and illustrates osseous differentiation of meningeal-derived stem cells in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figs. 1 depicts meningeal cells on a tissue culture plate; their flattened morphology is apparent.
  • Fig. 2B depicts meningeal cells exposed to steroid treatment; extensive branching and dendritic morphologies are apparent.
  • Fig. 2C depicts meningeal cells exposed to antioxidant treatment; cells are mostly bi
  • FIG. 3 A and 3B depict untreated meningeal cells showing no staining for alkaline phosphatase at low and high magnification, respectively.
  • Figs. 3C and 3D depict meningeal cells plated onto MATRIGEL, showing intense staining for alkaline phosphatase in cell condensations following two weeks in culture.
  • Figure 4 is executed in color, and illustrates chondrocytic differentiation of meningeal- derived stem cells in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Meningeal cells were allowed to grow in micromass culture for four weeks in chondrocytic differentiation media. Nodules were exposed to Alcian Blue, a dye that specifically stains sulfated proteoglycans found in cartilage.
  • Figure 5 is executed in color, and illustrates differentiation of meningeal-derived stem cells into Schwann cells in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Cells were stained for S-100.
  • Cells treated with a final growth factor treatment step stained more strongly (i.e., were more highly positive) for S-100 (Fig. 5 A) as compared with cells that did not receive this final treatment step (Fig. 5B).
  • nucleic acid As used herein, “nucleic acid,” “DNA,” and similar terms also include nucleic acid analogs, i.e., analogs having other than a phosphodiester backbone.
  • nucleic acid analogs i.e., analogs having other than a phosphodiester backbone.
  • peptide nucleic acids which are known in the art and have peptide bonds instead of phosphodiester bonds in the backbone, are considered within the scope of the present invention.
  • a “gene” refers to the nucleic acid coding sequence as well as the regulatory elements necessary for the DNA sequence to be transcribed into messenger RNA (rnRNA) and then translated into a sequence of amino acids characteristic of a specific polypeptide.
  • a "marker” is an atom or molecule that permits the specific detection of a molecule comprising that marker in the presence of similar molecules without such a marker. Markers include, for example radioactive isotopes, antigenic determinants, nucleic acids available for hybridization, chromophors, fluorophors, chemiluminescent molecules, electrochemically detectable molecules, molecules that provide for altered fluorescence-polarization or altered light- scattering and molecules that allow for enhanced survival of an cell or organism (i.e. a selectable marker).
  • a reporter gene is a gene that encodes for a marker.
  • purified and like terms relate to the isolation of a molecule or compound in a form that is substantially free of contaminants normally associated with the molecule or compound in a native or natural environment.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier encompasses any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS), water and emulsions such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion, and various types of wetting agents.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • totipotent or “totipotential” and like terms refers to cells that have the capability of developing into a complete organism or differentiating into any cell type of that organism.
  • pluripotential refers to cells that cannot develop into a complete organism, but retain developmental plasticity, and are capable of differentiating into some of the cell types of that organism.
  • a "differentiated cell type” refers to a cell that expresses gene products that are unique to that cell type.
  • a nerve cell is a cell type that expresses specific markers associated with smooth muscle cells, including ⁇ -III tubulin and neuron specific enolase (NSE).
  • NSE neuron specific enolase
  • the present invention is based on the inventors' surprising discovery that stem cell populations may be derived from the meninges. More specifically, the present invention is directed to compositions comprising purified meningeal stem cells, and, more particularly, stem cells isolated from the dura mater, pia mater or arachnoid mater, as well as methodologies for the isolation, differentiation and explanation of such stem cells. These stem cells may be used in accordance with the present invention in a wide variety of biomedical applications, including, but in no way limited to, tissue regeneration, gene and drug delivery and cell replacement therapies.
  • the cells are unusual not only in their anatomical location (the meninges have not heretofore been identified as a source of stem cells), but also in their behavior ⁇ the stem cells of the present invention are believed to be the only stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts without dexamethasone treatment. In fact, the stem cells of the present invention differentiate into neuronal cells in media containing dexamethasone, while all other stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts under similar treatment conditions.
  • the invention includes the generation of multiple cell types from the multipotent cell or cells that reside in the meningeal tissues surrounding and associated with the brain and spinal cord.
  • the invention is directed to the derivation of stem cells from these tissues and the differentiation of these stem cells into cell types beyond those that are normally associated with the meninges.
  • the procedures described herein produce a total population of cells
  • individual, clonal cell lines may be derived from the total population.
  • Large quantities of cells may be grown and harvested with the methods of the present invention for applications in, for example, gene, drug and molecule screening and delivery, tissue engineering, regeneration and replacement of nerve, bone, cartilage, muscle, fat and other organs, and treatment of spinal cord injury and CNS disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia and multiple sclerosis.
  • in vitro treatment includes insertion of a gene construct for delivery on implantation of the cells of the present invention.
  • a composition comprising a substantially pure population of totipotent or pluripotent cells.
  • the composition may include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the substantially pure population of cells comprises greater than 80% of totipotent or pluripotent cells; more preferably greater than 90% of totipotent or pluripotent cells; and most preferably a purity of 99% or 100% of totipotent or pluripotent cells.
  • a purified population of meningeal-derived stem cells wherein greater than 60% of the cells are induced to form nerve cells, bone cells, cartilage cells, Schwann cells, adipocytes and fibroblasts by contacting the cells with a nerve cell, bone cell, cartilage cell, Schwann cell, adipocyte or fibroblast inducing agent, respectively.
  • the tissues for isolation of the stem cells may include those removed by biopsy from patients or tissues removed aseptically from fetuses by any of a host of methodologies that will be readily understood and may be routinely performed by those of skill in the art.
  • meningeal stem cells may be prepared by obtaining a small, full thickness piece of tissue from the meninges surrounding the brain or spinal cord. This piece of tissue may include, e.g., an approximately 4mm punch biopsy.
  • dural cells that adhere to calvarial fragments e.g., those removed as autologous grafting materials or for burr holes during neurosurgery
  • a method for isolating meningeal stem cells by enzymatic digestion.
  • the tissue may first be washed in a physiologic buffer (e.g., PBS or Hanks balanced salt solution), and then placed in the same solution containing collagenase (300U) for a predetermined length of time to dissociate the tissue (typically the tissue is treated for about 5 to 30 minutes, and more preferably for about 15 minutes, at approximately 37°C).
  • the resultant dissociated tissue is then recovered, typically by centrifuging the tissue and washing the resultant pellet.
  • the pellet is then plated onto tissue culture dishes containing a growth medium.
  • the growth medium includes Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), approximately 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and approximately 1% glutamine.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • the tissue culture substrate can include, but is not limited to, tissue culture plate plastic, polyamino acids, fibronectin, type I collagen and various forms of laminin (e.g., pure mouse laminin-1 or MATRIGEL); all forms of laminin being hereinafter included in the term "laminin.”
  • MATRIGEL available from BD Biosciences Discovery Labware; Bedford, MA; hereinafter "BD Biosciences” is over 90% laminin-1, with the remaining portion including a mixture of type IV collagen, perlecan and nidogen/entactin.
  • This preparation is extracted from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor of mice and is subjected to multiple 45% ammonium sulfate precipitation to remove growth factors.
  • EHS Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm
  • laminin substrates are well known in the art, and, by way of example, is described in L.A. Davis et al, "Embryonic heart mesenchymal cell migration on laminin," Dev. Biol, 133:37-43 (1989); T.M. Sweeney et al, “Laminin potentiates differentiation of PCC4azal embryonal carcinoma into neurons," J Cell Set, 97:3-31 (1990); and T.M. Sweeney et al, "Repair of critical size rat calvarial defects using extracellular matrix gels," J.Neurosurg., 83(4):710-715 (1995).
  • the tissue may be placed on the culture substrate with a minimal amount of medium where it is allowed to adhere firmly; stem cells grow out of the tissue onto the plate.
  • a minimal amount of medium is a volume of medium sufficient to cover the tissue, preventing drying, but not so much that the tissue will float or become dislodged from the substrate before cells begin to emigrate.
  • an "excessive amount” of medium is a volume of medium in which the tissue floats and cells are unable to contact the substrate; disadvantageous for explant outgrowth.
  • Plastic or laminin-covered culture substrates may be particularly advantageous in this alternate isolation technique.
  • the stem cells that attach and grow in the culture dishes or plates may be subcultured and expanded for several generations. Cells may be passaged when they become 70-80% confluent, and are not allowed to become completely confluent (although this does not appear to alter differentiation capacity in the short term). No changes were observed in the cells' doubling behavior or cell characteristics over the longest culture period studied (i.e., sixty population doublings).
  • the self-renewal capacity that these cells demonstrate is one of the characteristics common to all stem cells. Because the cells possess a self-renewal capacity, it is not necessary (although still possible and may be particularly useful if these cells are studied as cell lines) to immortalize the cells using one of the many transfection techniques commonly used in the art. These techniques may be used to transfer genes of interest into the meningeal stem cells. Self- maintenance is but one of several characteristics that stem cells possess. Additionally, they have the capacity to proliferate, to produce of a large number of differentiated functional progeny, and to regenerate target tissue after injury. Moreover, stem cells are generally flexible with respect to the aforementioned functional capabilities (C.S. Potten et al, "Stem cells: attributes, cycles, spirals, pitfalls and uncertainties. Lessons for and from the crypt," Development - Supp., 110(4):1001-20 (1990)).
  • meningeal-derived cells may be turned into melanocytes and a variety of neural supporting cells and muscle cell types.
  • the cells of the present invention are a reservoir of developmental potential unique from any previously described and will increase the armamentarium available for stem cell-based therapies.
  • a major advantage of this particular stem cell is its capacity to differentiate into neural cells at a higher rate and greater percentage than either bone marrow stem cells or fat-derived stem cells (the other major adult stem cells known to form neurons).
  • purer stem cell populations can be implanted sooner into a damaged CNS than could be achieved with other adult-derived stem cells. Additionally, purer populations are believed to be advantageous because there is a larger biomass that actively participates in restoration and regeneration.
  • Another advantage of the cells of the present invention is that they can be derived from adult as well as fetal tissues. Thus, there are fewer ethical or legal implications in their use than with stem cells from embryonic and early fetal sources.
  • Another advantage relative to embryonic stem cells is that the cells of the present invention can be derived from an individual, propagated and differentiated in vitro, and delivered back to the same individual; thereby avoiding rejection issues. These issues limit the use of embryonic stem cells at present.
  • the ability to transplant cells without immunosuppressive drugs is also a major advantage, because these drugs tend to impair wound healing and regenerative capacity.
  • a further advantage of the cells of the present invention is the decreased senescence observed in the cell line, which allows for tremendous expansion ⁇ large masses of cells may be produced for transplantation based on only a small biopsy.
  • EXAMPLES The following Examples illustrate the differentiation of meningeal-derived stem cells into distinct cell types in vitro. Cells derived from both the covering of the brain and spinal cord were isolated, cultured and exposed to conditions that caused differentiation into cells with the morphology and specific gene expression of neuroblasts, Schwann cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and fibroblasts. The stem cells divide rapidly, with population doubling times of 36 hours; nearly as fast as the fastest primary human cell lines.
  • Fig. 2A Cells from the meninges that are allowed to become 70% confluent (Fig. 2A) are susceptible to differentiating into nerve under two conditions: antioxidant treatment and steroid hormone treatment.
  • a neuronal pre-induction media containing an antioxidant DMEM, 20% FBS, lmM ⁇ -mercaptoethanol
  • DMEM neuronal induction media also containing an antioxidant
  • DMEM 5mM ⁇ -mercaptoethanol
  • antioxidants i.e., reducing agents
  • BHA butylated hydroxyanisole
  • DTT dithiothreitol
  • tributylphosphine i.e., Cleland's reagent
  • dithioerythritol tributylphosphine
  • iodoacetamide tris-phosphine HC1, deoxythymidine-triphosphate trilithium salt
  • diethylthiatricarbocyanine perchlorate diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide
  • DECROLINE D available from BASF Corporation; Mount Olive, NJ.
  • the cells that form have a bipolar morphology and express nerve-specific markers (i.e., ⁇ -III tubulin, NSE).
  • a neuronal induction media incorporating the same causes neural differentiation as with the antioxidant media described above, but the cells cultured in this steroid hormone media are highly dendritic and have complex processes reminiscent of neural cells from the CNS (Fig. 2B). These cells also express the specific neuronal marker gene ⁇ -III tubulin.
  • vitamin A and its derivatives e.g., retinol, retinaldehyde and retinoic acid
  • steroids that may be used in accordance with this embodiment of the present invention include pregnenolone, aldosterone, testosterone, estradiol and cortisol.
  • Neural cell differentiation may also be stimulated with agents that stimulate increased intracellular cyclic AMP, including dibuteryl cAMP (dbcAMP) or iso-butrymethylxanthine in the 0.5-10 mM range.
  • agents that stimulate increased intracellular cyclic AMP including dibuteryl cAMP (dbcAMP) or iso-butrymethylxanthine in the 0.5-10 mM range.
  • Dural cells were forced to adopt a bony phenotype by two separate methods.
  • the second method involved exposing the cells to organic and inorganic phosphates.
  • Inorganic phosphates included varying levels (i.e., 3-6 mM) of sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate, and organic phosphates included 10 mM ⁇ -glycerol phosphate.
  • cells were exposed to 50 ⁇ g/ml ascorbic acid. Cells under these conditions also expressed alkaline phosphatase (data not shown).
  • Cartilage development is fundamentally different from other tissues in that complex three- dimensional interactions are required to form nodules of cartilage in vitro.
  • a 10 ⁇ L volume of a 1 x 10 7 cells/mL suspension was plated and allowed to attach to a tissue culture surface.
  • This micromass culture differentiated into cartilage within two weeks when placed in media that contained IX insulin-selenium-transferrin (ITS diluted 100-fold; available under the tradename ITS+ PREMIX from BD Biosciences) and lOng/ml transforming growth factor (TGF)- ⁇ l .
  • ITS+ PREMIX IX insulin-selenium-transferrin
  • TGF lOng/ml transforming growth factor
  • the dural stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into nerve support cells or Schwann cells. In response to a multi-day, multi-drug regimen, they became highly positive for S-100, a Schwann cell marker. In addition, they assumed a neuronal phenotype (Fig. 5).
  • the treatments included serum withdrawal, basal medium eagle (BME), retinoids and growth factors.
  • BME basal medium eagle
  • a first treatment step included DMEM / ImM BME, and was administered for one day.
  • a second treatment step included DMEM 710% FBS / 70ng/ml retinoic acid, and was administered for three days.
  • a third treatment step included DMEM / 10% FBS / 5 ⁇ M forskolin (FSK) / 200ng/ml heregulin (HER) / lOng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) / 5ng/ml platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and was administered for five days.
  • FSK forskolin
  • HER 200ng/ml heregulin
  • bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor
  • PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
  • Schwann cell differentiation may also be stimulated with agents that stimulate increased intracellular cyclic AMP, including dibuteryl cAMP (dbcAMP) or iso-butrymethylxanthine in the 0.5-10 mM range.
  • agents that stimulate increased intracellular cyclic AMP including dibuteryl cAMP (dbcAMP) or iso-butrymethylxanthine in the 0.5-10 mM range.
  • Adipogenesis was induced in media consisting of basal media (DMEM with 10% FBS), along with the following additives: 1 ⁇ M dexamethasone, 10 ⁇ M insulin, 200 ⁇ M indomethacin and 0.5 mM isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX).
  • Multilocular adipocytes positive for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma began to appear between one and three weeks following culture preparation.
  • the undifferentiated cells were grown in basal media (DMEM with 10% FBS) along with 50 mM ascorbic acid.
  • basal media DMEM with 10% FBS
  • a variety of constructs were derived by manipulating: (1) the concentration of collagen (from 1-10 mg/ml); (2) the cross-linking of the collagen by gluteraldehyde treatment; and (3) the type and amount of tensional force applied.

Abstract

Described herein are stem cells derived from the meninges; specifically, the dura mater, pia mater or arachnoid mater. Methods for isolating, differentiating and explanting these cells are described, as well. In particular embodiments, the stem cells of the present invention are differentiated into nerve cells, bone cells, cartilage cells and Schwann cells. The stem cells of the invention can be taken from a small biopsy, and rapidly expanded to large populations of cells using specially defined media that maintain their undifferentiated state. Use of the stem cells of the present invention in biomedical applications is also described.

Description

MENINGEAL-DERINED STEM CELLS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to stem cells and methods of preparing populations of progenitor cells that differentiate into a preselected cell type with high efficiency.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The brain and spinal cord are enclosed and protected by the meninges; tough and fibrous tissues comprising the dura mater and pia mater. Developmentally, these tissues form partly from the neural crest; a class of highly migratory and plastic cells that also form several diverse tissue types, such as bone, cartilage, muscle, gut, adrenal glands, etc. The dura mater has been shown to regulate bone formation in the developing skull through tissue interactions mediated by growth factors originating in the dura (L.A. Opperman et al, "Tissue interactions with underlying dura mater inhibit osseous obliteration of developing cranial sutures," Dev. Dynamics, 198(4):312-322 (1993)). During skull regeneration in humans and animals whose heads are still growing, the bone and other connective tissues of the skull are formed from cellular precursors in the dura (Fig. 1; D.B. Drake et al, "Calvarial deformity regeneration following subtotal craniectomy for craniosynostosis: a case report and theoretical implications," J. Craniofacial Surg., 4(2):85-90 (1993)).
Moreover, there is extensive interest in developing methods for using pluripotential stem cell populations for a wide variety of potential therapeutic applications, including delivery of therapeutic genes, correction of gene defects, replacement/augmentation of existing dysfunctional cell populations (e.g., dopaminergic neurons in Parkinsons Disease), and generation of organs/tissues for surgical repair/replacement. However, existing methods in the field have a number of major limitations that relate to obtaining purified populations of the desired cell types from pluripotent stem cells. By way of example, embryonic stem cells pose interesting possibilities as several studies show that these cells are pluripotent, however, the use of these cells is mired in ethical and political considerations. It is therefore likely that this technology will not be available for use in the near future.
There is a need in the art for a stem cell population that obviates the limitations of currently available stem cells; thereby enabling further research in this field, and also the therapeutic, clinical use of stem cells in various aspects of biomedicine. The present invention is directed to such a novel stem cell population, which is isolated from meningeal tissues. This stem cell population has properties that provide significant advantages over the stem cells currently available.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One aspect of the present invention is directed to stem cells derived from the dura mater, the pia mater or the arachnoid mater, as well as methodologies for isolation, differentiation and explanation of these cells. Meningeal tissue may be explanted (i.e., cells migrate out of adherent pieces of tissue) or enzymatically dissociated to yield primitive mesenchymal cells. The tissues may include those removed by biopsy from a patient or tissues removed aseptically from a fetus. These cells exhibit characteristics of "adult" stem cells or progenitors: robust self-renewal and a high degree of developmental plasticity. The stem cells may be readily propagated in culture (showing little senescence after 20 passages), and are capable of differentiating into various cell types. Thus, the meningeal-derived stem cells of the present invention are multipotent.
The meningeal stem cells of the present invention can be taken from a small biopsy, and rapidly expanded to large populations of cells using a specially defined media that maintains their undifferentiated state. Transformation to neural cells can be accomplished rapidly (i.e., within several hours) and bone and cartilage within two weeks, by adding factors that support and maintain these cell phenotypes. Schwann cells, adipocytes and fibroblasts may be rapidly produced, as well. In addition, the number of cells that transform to a neural morphology is between 90% and 95%. Thus, these cells may have particular utility in treating central nervous system (CNS) degenerative disorders and spinal cord injuries. The rapid proliferative capacity and high rate of neuronal differentiation makes these applications well-suited for the stem cells, although numerous other applications exist, as well.
In another aspect of the present invention, the use of stem cells derived from the dura mater, the pia mater or the arachnoid mater in biomedical applications is described. For example, the stem cells of the present invention may be used for tissue regeneration, gene and drug delivery and cell replacement therapies. They may find additional applications in research settings, as well as alternate therapeutic modalities or clinical treatments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figure 1 is executed in color, and illustrates a histological identification of the meninges and cells within a newborn rat, in human tissue and in human fetal tissue, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 1 A depicts the dura mater of a newborn rat; Fig. IB depicts the dura cells of a newborn rat; Fig. 1C depicts the dura cells (exposed to dexamethasone) of a newborn rat; and Fig. ID depicts the dura mater, pia mater and meninges of a newborn rat. Fig. IE depicts the frontal and parietal bones of a human infant skull, and Fig. IF depicts the dura mater and osteogenic front of a human fetal skull.
Figure 2 illustrates the neural differentiation of meningeal-derived stem cells in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 2 A depicts meningeal cells on a tissue culture plate; their flattened morphology is apparent. Fig. 2B depicts meningeal cells exposed to steroid treatment; extensive branching and dendritic morphologies are apparent. Fig. 2C depicts meningeal cells exposed to antioxidant treatment; cells are mostly bipolar-type neuronal morphologies. Figure 3 is executed in color, and illustrates osseous differentiation of meningeal-derived stem cells in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Figs. 3 A and 3B depict untreated meningeal cells showing no staining for alkaline phosphatase at low and high magnification, respectively. Figs. 3C and 3D depict meningeal cells plated onto MATRIGEL, showing intense staining for alkaline phosphatase in cell condensations following two weeks in culture.
Figure 4 is executed in color, and illustrates chondrocytic differentiation of meningeal- derived stem cells in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Meningeal cells were allowed to grow in micromass culture for four weeks in chondrocytic differentiation media. Nodules were exposed to Alcian Blue, a dye that specifically stains sulfated proteoglycans found in cartilage.
Figure 5 is executed in color, and illustrates differentiation of meningeal-derived stem cells into Schwann cells in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Cells were stained for S-100. Cells treated with a final growth factor treatment step stained more strongly (i.e., were more highly positive) for S-100 (Fig. 5 A) as compared with cells that did not receive this final treatment step (Fig. 5B).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In describing and claiming the invention, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions set forth below.
As used herein, "nucleic acid," "DNA," and similar terms also include nucleic acid analogs, i.e., analogs having other than a phosphodiester backbone. For example, the so-called "peptide nucleic acids," which are known in the art and have peptide bonds instead of phosphodiester bonds in the backbone, are considered within the scope of the present invention.
As used herein a "gene" refers to the nucleic acid coding sequence as well as the regulatory elements necessary for the DNA sequence to be transcribed into messenger RNA (rnRNA) and then translated into a sequence of amino acids characteristic of a specific polypeptide.
A "marker" is an atom or molecule that permits the specific detection of a molecule comprising that marker in the presence of similar molecules without such a marker. Markers include, for example radioactive isotopes, antigenic determinants, nucleic acids available for hybridization, chromophors, fluorophors, chemiluminescent molecules, electrochemically detectable molecules, molecules that provide for altered fluorescence-polarization or altered light- scattering and molecules that allow for enhanced survival of an cell or organism (i.e. a selectable marker). A reporter gene is a gene that encodes for a marker.
As used herein, the term "purified" and like terms relate to the isolation of a molecule or compound in a form that is substantially free of contaminants normally associated with the molecule or compound in a native or natural environment.
As used herein the term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" encompasses any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS), water and emulsions such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion, and various types of wetting agents.
As used herein the term "totipotent" or "totipotential" and like terms refers to cells that have the capability of developing into a complete organism or differentiating into any cell type of that organism.
As used herein the term "pluripotent" or "pluripotential" and like terms refers to cells that cannot develop into a complete organism, but retain developmental plasticity, and are capable of differentiating into some of the cell types of that organism.
As used herein a "differentiated cell type" refers to a cell that expresses gene products that are unique to that cell type. For example, a nerve cell is a cell type that expresses specific markers associated with smooth muscle cells, including β-III tubulin and neuron specific enolase (NSE).
The present invention is based on the inventors' surprising discovery that stem cell populations may be derived from the meninges. More specifically, the present invention is directed to compositions comprising purified meningeal stem cells, and, more particularly, stem cells isolated from the dura mater, pia mater or arachnoid mater, as well as methodologies for the isolation, differentiation and explanation of such stem cells. These stem cells may be used in accordance with the present invention in a wide variety of biomedical applications, including, but in no way limited to, tissue regeneration, gene and drug delivery and cell replacement therapies. The cells are unusual not only in their anatomical location (the meninges have not heretofore been identified as a source of stem cells), but also in their behavior ~ the stem cells of the present invention are believed to be the only stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts without dexamethasone treatment. In fact, the stem cells of the present invention differentiate into neuronal cells in media containing dexamethasone, while all other stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts under similar treatment conditions.
The invention includes the generation of multiple cell types from the multipotent cell or cells that reside in the meningeal tissues surrounding and associated with the brain and spinal cord. In particular, the invention is directed to the derivation of stem cells from these tissues and the differentiation of these stem cells into cell types beyond those that are normally associated with the meninges. Although the procedures described herein produce a total population of cells, individual, clonal cell lines may be derived from the total population. Large quantities of cells may be grown and harvested with the methods of the present invention for applications in, for example, gene, drug and molecule screening and delivery, tissue engineering, regeneration and replacement of nerve, bone, cartilage, muscle, fat and other organs, and treatment of spinal cord injury and CNS disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia and multiple sclerosis. Replacement or regeneration of tissue damaged through a variety of physiologic and pathologic processes including aging, cancer, trauma, infection, and congenital anomalies is an area of active and intense investigation, and may also be within the scope of conditions that may be addressed with the stem cells of the present invention. In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention, in vitro treatment includes insertion of a gene construct for delivery on implantation of the cells of the present invention.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a composition comprising a substantially pure population of totipotent or pluripotent cells is provided. The composition may include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In preferred embodiments, the substantially pure population of cells comprises greater than 80% of totipotent or pluripotent cells; more preferably greater than 90% of totipotent or pluripotent cells; and most preferably a purity of 99% or 100% of totipotent or pluripotent cells. In one embodiment, a purified population of meningeal-derived stem cells is provided, wherein greater than 60% of the cells are induced to form nerve cells, bone cells, cartilage cells, Schwann cells, adipocytes and fibroblasts by contacting the cells with a nerve cell, bone cell, cartilage cell, Schwann cell, adipocyte or fibroblast inducing agent, respectively.
The tissues for isolation of the stem cells may include those removed by biopsy from patients or tissues removed aseptically from fetuses by any of a host of methodologies that will be readily understood and may be routinely performed by those of skill in the art. By way of example, meningeal stem cells may be prepared by obtaining a small, full thickness piece of tissue from the meninges surrounding the brain or spinal cord. This piece of tissue may include, e.g., an approximately 4mm punch biopsy. Alternatively, dural cells that adhere to calvarial fragments (e.g., those removed as autologous grafting materials or for burr holes during neurosurgery) may be suitable for use as a piece of tissue in connection with the methods of the present invention.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided for isolating meningeal stem cells by enzymatic digestion. The tissue may first be washed in a physiologic buffer (e.g., PBS or Hanks balanced salt solution), and then placed in the same solution containing collagenase (300U) for a predetermined length of time to dissociate the tissue (typically the tissue is treated for about 5 to 30 minutes, and more preferably for about 15 minutes, at approximately 37°C). The resultant dissociated tissue is then recovered, typically by centrifuging the tissue and washing the resultant pellet. The pellet is then plated onto tissue culture dishes containing a growth medium. Preferably, the growth medium includes Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), approximately 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and approximately 1% glutamine. The tissue culture substrate can include, but is not limited to, tissue culture plate plastic, polyamino acids, fibronectin, type I collagen and various forms of laminin (e.g., pure mouse laminin-1 or MATRIGEL); all forms of laminin being hereinafter included in the term "laminin." By way of example, MATRIGEL (available from BD Biosciences Discovery Labware; Bedford, MA; hereinafter "BD Biosciences") is over 90% laminin-1, with the remaining portion including a mixture of type IV collagen, perlecan and nidogen/entactin. This preparation is extracted from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor of mice and is subjected to multiple 45% ammonium sulfate precipitation to remove growth factors. The use of laminin substrates is well known in the art, and, by way of example, is described in L.A. Davis et al, "Embryonic heart mesenchymal cell migration on laminin," Dev. Biol, 133:37-43 (1989); T.M. Sweeney et al, "Laminin potentiates differentiation of PCC4azal embryonal carcinoma into neurons," J Cell Set, 97:3-31 (1990); and T.M. Sweeney et al, "Repair of critical size rat calvarial defects using extracellular matrix gels," J.Neurosurg., 83(4):710-715 (1995).
In an alternate explanation isolation technique, the tissue may be placed on the culture substrate with a minimal amount of medium where it is allowed to adhere firmly; stem cells grow out of the tissue onto the plate. As used herein, a "minimal amount" of medium is a volume of medium sufficient to cover the tissue, preventing drying, but not so much that the tissue will float or become dislodged from the substrate before cells begin to emigrate. Conversely, an "excessive amount" of medium is a volume of medium in which the tissue floats and cells are unable to contact the substrate; disadvantageous for explant outgrowth. Plastic or laminin-covered culture substrates may be particularly advantageous in this alternate isolation technique.
The stem cells that attach and grow in the culture dishes or plates may be subcultured and expanded for several generations. Cells may be passaged when they become 70-80% confluent, and are not allowed to become completely confluent (although this does not appear to alter differentiation capacity in the short term). No changes were observed in the cells' doubling behavior or cell characteristics over the longest culture period studied (i.e., sixty population doublings).
The self-renewal capacity that these cells demonstrate is one of the characteristics common to all stem cells. Because the cells possess a self-renewal capacity, it is not necessary (although still possible and may be particularly useful if these cells are studied as cell lines) to immortalize the cells using one of the many transfection techniques commonly used in the art. These techniques may be used to transfer genes of interest into the meningeal stem cells. Self- maintenance is but one of several characteristics that stem cells possess. Additionally, they have the capacity to proliferate, to produce of a large number of differentiated functional progeny, and to regenerate target tissue after injury. Moreover, stem cells are generally flexible with respect to the aforementioned functional capabilities (C.S. Potten et al, "Stem cells: attributes, cycles, spirals, pitfalls and uncertainties. Lessons for and from the crypt," Development - Supp., 110(4):1001-20 (1990)).
While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the developmental origin of the meningeal cells as neural crest derivatives confers multipotent differentiation capacity to the cells. In accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, the inventors have exploited this capacity of cells derived from the dura mater to produce nerve, bone, cartilage and Schwann cells, as well as adipocytes and fϊbroblasts. In alternate embodiments of the present invention, meningeal-derived cells may be turned into melanocytes and a variety of neural supporting cells and muscle cell types.
There are several advantages to using meningeal-derived stem cells in clinical biomedicine and research applications, as opposed to other stem cell variants. The cells of the present invention are a reservoir of developmental potential unique from any previously described and will increase the armamentarium available for stem cell-based therapies. A major advantage of this particular stem cell is its capacity to differentiate into neural cells at a higher rate and greater percentage than either bone marrow stem cells or fat-derived stem cells (the other major adult stem cells known to form neurons). As such, purer stem cell populations can be implanted sooner into a damaged CNS than could be achieved with other adult-derived stem cells. Additionally, purer populations are believed to be advantageous because there is a larger biomass that actively participates in restoration and regeneration.
Another advantage of the cells of the present invention is that they can be derived from adult as well as fetal tissues. Thus, there are fewer ethical or legal implications in their use than with stem cells from embryonic and early fetal sources. Another advantage relative to embryonic stem cells is that the cells of the present invention can be derived from an individual, propagated and differentiated in vitro, and delivered back to the same individual; thereby avoiding rejection issues. These issues limit the use of embryonic stem cells at present. The ability to transplant cells without immunosuppressive drugs is also a major advantage, because these drugs tend to impair wound healing and regenerative capacity. Yet a further advantage of the cells of the present invention is the decreased senescence observed in the cell line, which allows for tremendous expansion ~ large masses of cells may be produced for transplantation based on only a small biopsy. EXAMPLES The following Examples illustrate the differentiation of meningeal-derived stem cells into distinct cell types in vitro. Cells derived from both the covering of the brain and spinal cord were isolated, cultured and exposed to conditions that caused differentiation into cells with the morphology and specific gene expression of neuroblasts, Schwann cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and fibroblasts. The stem cells divide rapidly, with population doubling times of 36 hours; nearly as fast as the fastest primary human cell lines.
EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Nerve Cells
Cells from the meninges that are allowed to become 70% confluent (Fig. 2A) are susceptible to differentiating into nerve under two conditions: antioxidant treatment and steroid hormone treatment. When cells are exposed to a neuronal pre-induction media containing an antioxidant (DMEM, 20% FBS, lmM β-mercaptoethanol) for 24 hours, followed by treatment with neuronal induction media also containing an antioxidant (DMEM, 5mM β-mercaptoethanol), the cells differentiate into neural-like cells within six hours (Fig. 2C). This can also be achieved with other antioxidants (i.e., reducing agents), such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (approximately 200μM), dithiothreitol (DTT; i.e., Cleland's reagent), as well as dithioerythritol, tributylphosphine, iodoacetamide, tris-phosphine HC1, deoxythymidine-triphosphate trilithium salt, diethylthiatricarbocyanine perchlorate, diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide and DECROLINE D (available from BASF Corporation; Mount Olive, NJ). These conditions are similar to those used to differentiate bone marrow-derived stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells (D. Woodbury et al, "Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neurons," J. Neuroscience Res., 61(4):364-70 (2000)). The cells that form have a bipolar morphology and express nerve-specific markers (i.e., β-III tubulin, NSE). The cells differentiate into what are morphologically distinct subsets of neurons when exposed to small concentrations (e.g., 100 nM) of dexamethasone; a steroid hormone. A neuronal induction media incorporating the same (DMEM, 10% FBS, lOOnM dexamethasone) causes neural differentiation as with the antioxidant media described above, but the cells cultured in this steroid hormone media are highly dendritic and have complex processes reminiscent of neural cells from the CNS (Fig. 2B). These cells also express the specific neuronal marker gene β-III tubulin.
While not truly within the steroid class of compounds, vitamin A and its derivatives (e.g., retinol, retinaldehyde and retinoic acid) act through the steroid response elements and elicited similar effects to dexamethasone, as did 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3. These may therefore be used as substitutes for dexamethasone. Other steroids that may be used in accordance with this embodiment of the present invention include pregnenolone, aldosterone, testosterone, estradiol and cortisol.
Neural cell differentiation may also be stimulated with agents that stimulate increased intracellular cyclic AMP, including dibuteryl cAMP (dbcAMP) or iso-butrymethylxanthine in the 0.5-10 mM range.
EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Bone Cells
Dural cells were forced to adopt a bony phenotype by two separate methods. The first included plating these cells on a MATRIGEL or laminin substrate (100 μg/cm2). Plated cells expressed alkaline phosphatase (a differentiated bone marker) within seven days, and adopted an osteocytic morphology (Figs. 3C & 3D). Untreated cells showed no staining for alkaline phosphatase (Figs. 3A & 3B). The second method involved exposing the cells to organic and inorganic phosphates. Inorganic phosphates included varying levels (i.e., 3-6 mM) of sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate, and organic phosphates included 10 mM β-glycerol phosphate. In addition, cells were exposed to 50 μg/ml ascorbic acid. Cells under these conditions also expressed alkaline phosphatase (data not shown).
EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of Cartilage
Cartilage development is fundamentally different from other tissues in that complex three- dimensional interactions are required to form nodules of cartilage in vitro. To accomplish this, a 10 μL volume of a 1 x 107 cells/mL suspension was plated and allowed to attach to a tissue culture surface. This micromass culture differentiated into cartilage within two weeks when placed in media that contained IX insulin-selenium-transferrin (ITS diluted 100-fold; available under the tradename ITS+ PREMIX from BD Biosciences) and lOng/ml transforming growth factor (TGF)- βl . The production of sulfated proteoglycan as demonstrated by Alcian Blue (available from Sigma- Aldrich Co.; St. Louis, MO) staining is indicative of chondrocytic differentiation (Fig. 4).
EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of Schwann Cells
The dural stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into nerve support cells or Schwann cells. In response to a multi-day, multi-drug regimen, they became highly positive for S-100, a Schwann cell marker. In addition, they assumed a neuronal phenotype (Fig. 5). The treatments included serum withdrawal, basal medium eagle (BME), retinoids and growth factors. Specifically, a first treatment step included DMEM / ImM BME, and was administered for one day. A second treatment step included DMEM 710% FBS / 70ng/ml retinoic acid, and was administered for three days. Finally, a third treatment step included DMEM / 10% FBS / 5μM forskolin (FSK) / 200ng/ml heregulin (HER) / lOng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) / 5ng/ml platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and was administered for five days. Cells treated with this final treatment step stained more strongly (Fig. 5 A) for S-100 than those that were not treated with this treatment step (Fig. 5B).
Schwann cell differentiation may also be stimulated with agents that stimulate increased intracellular cyclic AMP, including dibuteryl cAMP (dbcAMP) or iso-butrymethylxanthine in the 0.5-10 mM range.
EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of Adipocytes
Adipogenesis was induced in media consisting of basal media (DMEM with 10% FBS), along with the following additives: 1 μM dexamethasone, 10 μM insulin, 200 μM indomethacin and 0.5 mM isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX). Multilocular adipocytes positive for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma (data not shown) began to appear between one and three weeks following culture preparation.
EXAMPLE 6 Preparation of Fibroblasts
The undifferentiated cells were grown in basal media (DMEM with 10% FBS) along with 50 mM ascorbic acid. After loading a native type I collagen gel with cells in basal media, a variety of constructs were derived by manipulating: (1) the concentration of collagen (from 1-10 mg/ml); (2) the cross-linking of the collagen by gluteraldehyde treatment; and (3) the type and amount of tensional force applied. By way of example, if the cells were given two fixed points against which they contract, the structure formed resembled a tendon (data not shown). If a sheet of cross-linked collagen sponge was seeded with cells in basal media, the construct resembled the fibroblasts of the dermis (data not shown).
While the description above refers to particular embodiments of the present invention, it will be understood that many modifications may be made without departing from the spirit thereof. The accompanying claims are intended to cover such modifications as would fall within the true scope and spirit of the present invention. The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims, rather than the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.

Claims

WE CLAIM:
1. A stem cell line, comprising cells derived from a meningeal tissue.
2. The stem cell line of claim 1, wherein said meningeal tissue is selected from the group consisting of dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater and combinations thereof.
3. The stem cell line of claim 1, wherein said meningeal tissue is obtained by biopsy from a patient or aseptically from a fetus.
4. A composition comprising a substantially pure population of meningeal-derived stem cells.
5. The composition of claim 4, wherein said population of meningeal-derived stem cells includes greater than 80% of totipotent or pluripotent meningeal-derived stem cells.
6. The composition of claim 4, wherein said population of meningeal-derived stem cells includes greater than 90% of totipotent or pluripotent meningeal-derived stem cells.
7. The composition of claim 4, wherein said population of meningeal-derived stem cells includes greater than 99% of totipotent or pluripotent meningeal-derived stem cells.
8. The composition of claim 4, wherein greater than 60% of said population of meningeal- derived stem cells is induced to form a differentiated cell type selected from the group consisting of nerve cell, bone cell, cartilage cell, Schwann cell, adipocyte, fibroblast and melanocyte.
9. The composition of claim 8, wherein said differentiated cell type is nerve cell, and wherein said population of meningeal-derived stem cells is induced to form nerve cells with a nerve cell inducing agent selected from the group consisting of an antioxidant treatment, a steroid hormone or substitute steroid hormone treatment, an agent that stimulates intracellular cyclic AMP and combinations thereof.
10. The composition of claim 9, wherein said nerve cell inducing agent is an antioxidant treatment including an antioxidant selected from the group consisting of β- mercaptoethanol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), dithiothreitol (DTT), dithioerythritol, tributylphosphine, iodoacetamide, tris-phosphine HC1, deoxythymidine-triphosphate trilithium salt, diethylthiatricarbocyanine perchlorate, diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide and combinations thereof.
11. The composition of claim 9, wherein said nerve cell inducing agent is a steroid hormone or substitute steroid hormone treatment selected from the group consisting of dexamethasone, pregnenolone, aldosterone, testosterone, estradiol, cortisol, vitamin A and its derivatives, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and combinations thereof.
12. The composition of claim 8, wherein said differentiated cell type is bone cell, and wherein said population of meningeal-derived stem cells is induced to form bone cells with a bone cell inducing agent including laminin.
13. The composition of claim 8, wherein said differentiated cell type is bone cell, and wherein said population of meningeal-derived stem cells is induced to form bone cells with a bone cell inducing agent selected from the group consisting of organic phosphates, inorganic phosphates, ascorbic acid and combinations thereof.
14. The composition of claim 8, wherein said differentiated cell type is cartilage cell, and wherein said population of meningeal-derived stem cells is induced to form cartilage cells with a cartilage cell inducing agent selected from the group consisting of an insulin- selenium-transferrin composition, transforming growth factor (TGF)-βl and combinations thereof.
15. The composition of claim 8, wherein said differentiated cell type is Schwann cell, and wherein said population of meningeal-derived stem cells is induced to form Schwann cells with a Schwann cell inducing treatment regimen, comprising: administering a first treatment, including Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) and basal medium eagle (BME); and administering a second treatment, including DMEM, fetal bovine serum (FBS) and retinoid acid.
16. The composition of claim 15, wherein said treatment regimen further includes: administering a third treatment, including DMEM, FBS, forskolin (FSK), heregulin (HER), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF).
17. The composition of claim 16, wherein said first treatment is administered for about one day, said second treatment is administered for about three days and said third treatment is administered for about five days.
18. The composition of claim 8, wherein said differentiated cell type is Schwann cell, and wherein said population of meningeal-derived stem cells is induced to form Schwann cells with a Schwann cell inducing agent that stimulates intracellular cyclic AMP.
19. The composition of claim 8, wherein said differentiated cell type is adipocyte, and wherein said population of meningeal-derived stem cells is induced to form adipocytes with an adipocyte inducing agent including dexamethasone, insulin, indomethacin and isobutyl- methylxanthine (IBMX).
20. The composition of claim 8, wherein said differentiated cell type is fibroblast, and wherein said population of meningeal-derived stem cells is induced to form fibroblasts with a fibroblast inducing agent including ascorbic acid.
21. The composition of claim 4, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
22. A method for differentiating a meningeal-derived stem cell into a nerve cell, comprising: selecting a nerve cell inducing agent from the group consisting of an antioxidant, a steroid hormone, a substitute steroid hormone, an agent that stimulates intracellular cyclic AMP and combinations thereof; and exposing said meningeal-derived stem cell to a neuronal induction media including said nerve cell inducing agent.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein prior to exposing said meningeal-derived stem cell to said neuronal induction media, said method further includes: exposing said meningeal-derived stem cell to a neuronal pre-induction media including said nerve cell inducing agent.
24. The method of claim 22, wherein said nerve cell inducing agent is selected from the group consisting of β-mercaptoethanol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), dithiothreitol (DTT), dithioerythritol, tributylphosphine, iodoacetamide, tris-phosphine HC1, deoxythymidine- triphosphate trilithium salt, diethylthiatricarbocyanine perchlorate, diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide, dexamethasone, pregnenolone, aldosterone, testosterone, estradiol, cortisol, vitamin A and its derivatives, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and combinations thereof.
25. A method for differentiating a meningeal-derived stem cell into a bone cell, comprising: selecting a bone cell inducing agent from the group consisting of a laminin substrate, organic phosphates, inorganic phosphates, ascorbic acid and combinations thereof; and exposing said meningeal-derived stem cell to said bone cell inducing agent.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein said bone cell inducing agent is said laminin substrate, and exposing said meningeal-derived stem cell to said bone cell inducing agent further comprises plating said meningeal-derived stem cell on said bone cell inducing agent.
27. A method for differentiating a meningeal-derived stem cell into a cartilage cell, comprising: selecting a cartilage cell inducing agent from the group consisting of an insulin- selenium-transferrin (ITS) composition, transforming growth factor (TGF)-βl and combinations thereof; and exposing said meningeal-derived stem cell to said cartilage cell inducing agent.
28. A method for differentiating a meningeal-derived stem cell into a Schwann cell, comprising: administering a first treatment, including Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) and basal medium eagle (BME); and administering a second treatment, including DMEM, fetal bovine serum (FBS) and retinoid acid.
29. The method of claim 28, further comprising: administering a third treatment, including DMEM, FBS, forskolin (FSK), heregulin (HER), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF).
30. The method of claim 28, wherein said first treatment is administered for about one day, said second treatment is administered for about three days and said third treatment is administered for about five days.
31. A method for differentiating a meningeal-derived stem cell into an adipocyte, comprising: selecting an adipocyte inducing agent including dexamethasone, insulin, indomethacin and isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX); and exposing said meningeal-derived stem cell to said adipocyte inducing agent.
32. A method for differentiating a meningeal-derived stem cell into a fibroblast, comprising: selecting a fibroblast inducing agent including ascorbic acid; and exposing said meningeal-derived stem cell to said fibroblast inducing agent.
33. A method of isolating meningeal-derived stem cells, comprising: obtaining meningeal tissue from a subject; washing said memngeal tissue in a physiologic buffer to produce washed meningeal tissue; placing said washed meningeal tissue in a solution including said physiologic buffer and collagenase to produce dissociated meningeal tissue; recovering said dissociated meningeal tissue; and plating said dissociated meningeal tissue onto a culture substrate including a growth medium to culture said meningeal-derived stem cells.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein obtaining said meningeal tissue is performed by a technique selected from biopsy from said subject and aseptic removal from said subject.
35. The method of claim 33, wherein said physiologic buffer is selected from the group consisting of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Hanks balanced salt solution and combinations thereof.
36. The method of claim 33, wherein placing said washed meningeal tissue in said solution further includes maintaining said washed meningeal tissue in said solution for about 5 to about 30 minutes at a temperature of about 37°C.
37. The method of claim 33, wherein recovering said dissociated meningeal tissue further includes centrifuging said meningeal tissue and washing a resulting pellet.
38. The method of claim 33, wherein said culture substrate is selected from the group consisting of a tissue culture plate plastic, a laminin-covered substrate, a polyamino acid, fibronectin and type I collagen.
39. The method of claim 33, wherein said growth medium includes Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM), about 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and about 1% glutamine.
40. A method of isolating meningeal-derived stem cells, comprising: obtaining meningeal tissue from a subject; washing said meningeal tissue in a physiologic buffer to produce washed meningeal tissue; placing said washed meningeal tissue on a culture substrate including a growth medium to culture said meningeal-derived stem cells.
41. The method of claim 40, wherein obtaining said meningeal tissue is performed by a technique selected from biopsy from said subject and aseptic removal from said subject.
42. The method of claim 40, wherein said physiologic buffer is selected from the group consisting of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Hanks balanced salt solution and combinations thereof.
43. The method of claim 40, wherein said culture substrate is selected from the group consisting of a tissue culture plate plastic, a laminin-covered substrate, a polyamino acid, fibronectin and type I collagen.
44. The method of claim 40, wherein said growth medium includes Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM), about 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and about 1% glutamine.
45. A method of delivering a gene to a recipient, comprising: inserting a gene construct into a meningeal-derived stem cell; and implanting said meningeal-derived stem cell into said recipient.
PCT/US2003/018141 2002-06-11 2003-06-10 Meningeal-derived stem cells WO2003104423A2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2003247514A AU2003247514A1 (en) 2002-06-11 2003-06-10 Meningeal-derived stem cells

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US38779302P 2002-06-11 2002-06-11
US60/387,793 2002-06-11

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2003104423A2 true WO2003104423A2 (en) 2003-12-18
WO2003104423A3 WO2003104423A3 (en) 2007-12-06

Family

ID=29736364

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2003/018141 WO2003104423A2 (en) 2002-06-11 2003-06-10 Meningeal-derived stem cells

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (2) US7410797B2 (en)
AU (1) AU2003247514A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2003104423A2 (en)

Families Citing this family (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2571355T3 (en) 2002-12-16 2016-05-24 Technion Res & Dev Foundation Culture system without feeder cells or xenocontaminants for human embryonic stem cells
US8491883B2 (en) * 2003-06-27 2013-07-23 Advanced Technologies And Regenerative Medicine, Llc Treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using umbilical derived cells
US8518390B2 (en) 2003-06-27 2013-08-27 Advanced Technologies And Regenerative Medicine, Llc Treatment of stroke and other acute neural degenerative disorders via intranasal administration of umbilical cord-derived cells
US7875272B2 (en) * 2003-06-27 2011-01-25 Ethicon, Incorporated Treatment of stroke and other acute neuraldegenerative disorders using postpartum derived cells
US9592258B2 (en) 2003-06-27 2017-03-14 DePuy Synthes Products, Inc. Treatment of neurological injury by administration of human umbilical cord tissue-derived cells
US9572840B2 (en) 2003-06-27 2017-02-21 DePuy Synthes Products, Inc. Regeneration and repair of neural tissue using postpartum-derived cells
US8790637B2 (en) 2003-06-27 2014-07-29 DePuy Synthes Products, LLC Repair and regeneration of ocular tissue using postpartum-derived cells
EP1641913B1 (en) 2003-06-27 2016-01-06 DePuy Synthes Products, Inc. Postpartum cells derived from umbilical cord tissue, and methods of making and using the same
WO2006101548A2 (en) * 2004-12-21 2006-09-28 Ethicon, Inc. Postpartum cells derived from umbilical cord tissue, and methods of making, culturing, and using the same
US20060153815A1 (en) * 2004-12-21 2006-07-13 Agnieszka Seyda Tissue engineering devices for the repair and regeneration of tissue
WO2006083394A2 (en) * 2004-12-21 2006-08-10 Ethicon, Inc. Postpartum cells derived from placental tissue, and methods of making, culturing, and using the same
CA2592435C (en) 2004-12-23 2017-03-28 Ethicon, Incorporated Treatment of stroke and other acute neural degenerative disorders using postpartum derived cells
PL1831356T3 (en) 2004-12-23 2017-07-31 DePuy Synthes Products, Inc. Postpartum cells derived from umbilical cord tissue, and methods of making and using the same
EP1962719A4 (en) 2005-08-29 2011-05-04 Technion Res And Dev Of Foundation Ltd Media for culturing stem cells
PL1971681T3 (en) * 2005-12-16 2018-01-31 Depuy Synthes Products Inc Compositions and methods for inhibiting adverse immune response in histocompatibility-mismatched transplantation
WO2007073552A1 (en) * 2005-12-19 2007-06-28 Ethicon, Inc. In vitro expansion of postpartum derived cells in roller bottles
WO2007076522A2 (en) * 2005-12-28 2007-07-05 Ethicon, Incorporated Treatment of peripheral vascular disease using postpartum-derived cells
US9125906B2 (en) 2005-12-28 2015-09-08 DePuy Synthes Products, Inc. Treatment of peripheral vascular disease using umbilical cord tissue-derived cells
EP3441459B1 (en) 2006-08-02 2021-03-17 Technion Research & Development Foundation Limited Methods of expanding embryonic stem cells in a suspension culture
EP2607477B1 (en) 2007-05-03 2020-09-23 The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc. Multipotent stem cells and uses thereof
US8574567B2 (en) 2007-05-03 2013-11-05 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Multipotent stem cells and uses thereof
US8034329B2 (en) * 2007-10-05 2011-10-11 Advanced Technologies And Regenerative Medicine, Llc Repair and regeneration of renal tissue using human umbilical cord tissue-derived cells
US8236538B2 (en) 2007-12-20 2012-08-07 Advanced Technologies And Regenerative Medicine, Llc Methods for sterilizing materials containing biologically active agents
CN101492676B (en) * 2008-09-16 2011-02-16 中国科学院广州生物医药与健康研究院 Method for producing derivational pluripotent stem cell with meninges cell and uses thereof
EP2379089B1 (en) * 2008-12-19 2019-04-17 DePuy Synthes Products, Inc. Regeneration and repair of neural tissue following injury
US10557116B2 (en) 2008-12-19 2020-02-11 DePuy Synthes Products, Inc. Treatment of lung and pulmonary diseases and disorders
EP2379087B1 (en) * 2008-12-19 2014-08-20 DePuy Synthes Products, LLC Umbilical cord tissue derived cells for treating neuropathic pain and spasticity
US10179900B2 (en) * 2008-12-19 2019-01-15 DePuy Synthes Products, Inc. Conditioned media and methods of making a conditioned media
AU2010229651B2 (en) * 2009-03-26 2014-05-08 Advanced Technologies And Regenerative Medicine, Llc Human umbilical cord tissue cells as therapy for Alzheimer' s disease
CA2783437C (en) 2009-11-12 2020-08-04 Technion Research & Development Foundation Ltd. Culture media, cell cultures and methods of culturing pluripotent stem cells in an undifferentiated state
SG11201403465PA (en) 2011-12-23 2014-10-30 Atrm Llc Detection of human umbilical cord tissue-derived cells
US11446084B2 (en) 2019-07-12 2022-09-20 Neuralink Corp. Laser drilling of pia mater

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5356807A (en) * 1992-09-08 1994-10-18 Cornell Research Foundation Cultured cell line of adult diploid cells from human brain and meningeal tissue
US5849585A (en) * 1995-05-10 1998-12-15 Genetech, Inc. Isolating and culturing Schwann cells

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5605938A (en) * 1991-05-31 1997-02-25 Gliatech, Inc. Methods and compositions for inhibition of cell invasion and fibrosis using dextran sulfate
US5750376A (en) * 1991-07-08 1998-05-12 Neurospheres Holdings Ltd. In vitro growth and proliferation of genetically modified multipotent neural stem cells and their progeny
EP0631623A4 (en) * 1992-03-04 1996-09-25 Synaptic Pharma Corp Dna encoding taurine and gaba transporters and uses thereof.
US5426098A (en) * 1993-09-02 1995-06-20 Celtrix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Increase in hematopoietic progenitor cells in peripheral blood by transforming growth factor beta
US5843780A (en) * 1995-01-20 1998-12-01 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Primate embryonic stem cells
GB9517780D0 (en) * 1995-08-31 1995-11-01 Roslin Inst Edinburgh Biological manipulation
JP2001508028A (en) * 1996-07-11 2001-06-19 ワーナー―ランバート・コンパニー Methods for treating and preventing neurodegenerative diseases by administering thiazolidinone
US20020016002A1 (en) * 2000-01-24 2002-02-07 Jean Toma Multipotent neural stem cells from peripheral tissues and uses thereof

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5356807A (en) * 1992-09-08 1994-10-18 Cornell Research Foundation Cultured cell line of adult diploid cells from human brain and meningeal tissue
US5849585A (en) * 1995-05-10 1998-12-15 Genetech, Inc. Isolating and culturing Schwann cells

Non-Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
GREENWALD ET AL.: 'Regional Differentiation of Cranial Suture-Association Dura Mater in Vivo and in Vitro: Implications for Suture Fusion and Patency' JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH vol. 15, no. 12, 2000, pages 2413 - 2430, XP002975095 *
PITTENGER ET AL.: 'Multilineage Potential of Adult Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells' SCIENCE vol. 284, 02 April 1999, pages 143 - 147, XP002936517 *
SANCHEZ-RAMOS ET AL.: 'Differentiation of Neuron-like Cells from Bone Marrow Stromal Cells' MOVEMENT DISORDERS vol. 13, SUPPLEMENT 12, 1998, page 122, XP002975096 *
WOODBURY ET AL.: 'Adult Rat and Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Differentiate into Neurons' JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH vol. 61, 2000, pages 364 - 370, XP002940452 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20080026462A1 (en) 2008-01-31
WO2003104423A3 (en) 2007-12-06
AU2003247514A1 (en) 2003-12-22
US20040014211A1 (en) 2004-01-22
US7410797B2 (en) 2008-08-12
AU2003247514A8 (en) 2008-02-28

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US7410797B2 (en) Meningeal-derived stem cells
Wu et al. Muscle-derived stem cells: isolation, characterization, differentiation, and application in cell and gene therapy
Kuhbier et al. Isolation, characterization, differentiation, and application of adipose-derived stem cells
Huang et al. Plasticity of stem cells derived from adult periodontal ligament
Salgado et al. Adult stem cells in bone and cartilage tissue engineering
DE60028666T2 (en) Use of adipose-derived stromal cells for differentiation into chondrocytes and their use to repair cartilage tissue
Barry Biology and clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells
US20060110825A1 (en) Process for the preparation of stem cells from human muscle tissue and adipose tissue, and stem cell obtainable by this process
KR100871984B1 (en) Multipotent Stem Cell Derived from Placenta Tissue and Cellular Therapeutic Agents Comprising the Same
CA2867953C (en) Regulating stem cells
WO2007080591A2 (en) Adult stem cell-derived connective tissue progenitors for tissue engineering
Fecek et al. Chondrogenic derivatives of embryonic stem cells seeded into 3D polycaprolactone scaffolds generated cartilage tissue in vivo
KR20070015588A (en) Method of forming mesenchymal stem cells from embryonic stem cells
AU2019204103B2 (en) Subpopulations of spore-like cells and uses thereof
Ansari et al. Dental and orofacial mesenchymal stem cells in craniofacial regeneration: The prosthodontist’s point of view
Pan et al. Current state of the development of mesenchymal stem cells into clinically applicable Schwann cell transplants
US9446073B2 (en) Non-lineage committed precursor cells from the dental papillary tissue of teeth
KR20230025800A (en) Method for producing synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells and method for producing cell preparations for joint treatment
Dai et al. The human skin-derived precursors for regenerative medicine: current state, challenges, and perspectives
JP2005531298A (en) Redifferentiated cells to repair cartilage defects
TWI419970B (en) A method to producing a spheroid population of adult stem cells
JP2022189188A (en) Method for producing mesenchymal stem cell
Ramazanoglu et al. Potential use of dental stem cells for craniofacial tissue regeneration
WO2023032945A1 (en) Therapeutic agent for arthropathy, and method for producing therapeutic agent for arthropathy
Murali et al. Harnessing the Potential of Stem Cells from Different Sources for Tissue Engineering

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ OM PH PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SK SL TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG UZ VN YU ZA ZM ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP

WWW Wipo information: withdrawn in national office

Country of ref document: JP

DFPE Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)