WO2004019476A2 - A process of obtaining electricity through transfer of mass - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process of obtaining free electricity through virtual and sequential transfer of mass by much reduced net pressure (apparently force) and application of new concepts in science. New concepts (pressure motion equivalence, latent work and latent force) pave the way for a real, universally usable over-unity coefficient of performance, making the process and the apparatus possible. Gravitational potential energy of a liquid, falling from a height of a reservoir containing the liquid, fed to a generator, converts into electricity, while the waste of the generator is recycled by utilizing a small fraction of the generated electricity, through a pocket mechanism inside the reservoir-bottom, consisting of a pocket (to collect the waste liquid) fitted with a liquid-tight piston, on which a push is given to virtually and sequentially transfer the waste liquid through an outlet pipe which runs just up to the reservoir-top liquid level and another push is given from the other side of the piston to place the piston back to its previous position by placing and withdrawing only additional masses (working on net pressure) on the platform attached to the piston.

Description

FREE ELECTRICITY THROUGH VIRTUAL AND SEQUENTIAL TRANSFER OF MASS BY MUCH REDUCED NET FORCE AND APPLICATION OF NEW CONCEPTS IN SCIENCE

1. TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a process of obtaining free electricity through virtual and sequential transfer of mass by much reduced net pressure (apparently force) and application of new concepts in science, and introduction of an apparatus for carrying out the process. The new concepts convert the existing thoughts of impossibilities regarding obtaining free electricity into probabilities and pave the way towards developing the process. The endless free electricity obtained thereby, is also pollution-free. The process relates to continuously converting the gravitational potential energy of a liquid(preferably, a high density, non-compressible, non- viscous, ordinary-temperature-conditioned), falling from a height of a reservoir (preferably, high and large) containing the liquid, fed to a generator, converts into electricity, while the waste of the generator is recycled by utilizing a small fraction of the generated electricity, through virtual and sequential transfer of mass by much reduced net pressure (apparently force).

2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 2.1 Necessity, utility and industrial applicability

Human civilization depends on energy. But no form of energy comes to us free of charge, nor all sources of energy are eco-friendly. Most of the energy upon which we depend is exhaustible. This means that, there are only limited supplies and the amount available for the future is reduced every time some of these are used. Fuel like coal, natural gas and oil fall into this category. In contrast, wind power, water-fall power and solar energy are classed as renewable because they are replenished each day by the earth's natural processes. The world's main source of energy, the oil, is not only an exhaustible one, but also quite unfriendly to the environment, let alone its very low (33%) conversion efficiency into electricity. Nuclear power programmes, which may offer cheaper power than coal or oil, are being delayed owing to the widespread fear of radio-active leakage. Power from direct conversion of solar energy is not yet cost-effective for widespread usage, mainly because of its low conversion efficiency developed so far.

In the present age of energy crisis, emphasis is given for improving fuel efficiencies, minimization of waste, searching for efficient, renewable and environment-friendly energy sources. The inner nature of energy is studied in the science of physics, while chemistry reveals the way in which energy is released when different substances react with each other. The world of energy has many different aspects and finding out about them is a fascinating journey of discovery which is of vital importance to us ail.

Energy can be converted from one form to another. Electricity is the most wanted, convenient and widely used form of energy in our day-to-day life. Till this invention, the idea of obtaining any form of free energy, was rather a fiction, attempted by inventors unversed in physical laws. Through hundreds of years, no less attempts have either been made by people versed with the knowledge of prevalent physical laws . Today, the idea of free energy is much more than a mere scientific curiosity - it can solve the present energy crisis. Unlimited free-energy in a pollution-free environment is a revolution in itself, for better living in a prosperous and healthier world. The apparatus producing free energy (electricity) which is practically fuel-less, cost-free and pollution-free will make it possible to have independent generators in household and industries, doing away with transmission lines and substations. Remote places can also have their self power sources. However, for use in air-transport, light energy storage tanks will have to be carried, filled by this unlimited energy source. 2.2 Related prior Art : Quest for free energy (electricity)

Inventors never stopped dreaming of obtaining free energy (electricity), although, it is not rational thinking in the eyes of prevalent scientific physical laws. However, apart from occasional media gimmicks, nothing concrete is known or has been published yet, nor has anybody come up with a scientifically and/or practically workable idea, although many patents have been granted since the seventeenth century, even in recent years and in the most developed countries, this has been so.

2.2.1 Motor-Generator set

A motor can be a prime-mover to an electric-generator. The electricity thus produced may be thought to be used for running the motor in a claim for it to be the easiest free energy machine. But such a system will not work, even without supplying power to an outside load. Both, the generator and the motor have system losses which mainly include friction, copper and iron losses. The generator will not be able to supply enough power to the prime- mover motor by overcoming the system losses of both, let alone the question of supplying power to any outside load.

In Patent NO.CN1229301, the electric motor drives machinery and in turn the electric generator, and the energy generated is claimed to be higher than that is needed by the electric motor, but no further details have yet been made publicly available.

2.2.2 Self-oscillatory systems

A L-C tank circuit, the pendulum, the mechanical spring with a suspended weight and the balance wheel with a spiral spring, are known for their natural oscillations, and may be thought to be utilized for free energy device. But even in most ideal (theoretical) conditions, i.e. resistance-less capacitor-inductor tank circuit, frictionless pendulum, weightless spring of suspended weight, frictionless fly-wheel-spiral spring, which are supposed to oscillate freely up to eternity, if one tries to take work from them, the oscillation will start decreasing and ultimately stop in a very short time. Because, by trying to take out work from them, the very idealness of the systems will be lost by introducing resistance and frictions in the systems thereby.

In US Patent No.4422530, a pendulum structure has been described that is claimed to operate as near as possible as a perpetual motion machine to provide activity and entertainment to one using the same.

2.2.3 Charging the capacitor with high voltage

The energy stored in a capacitor is equal to (1 / 2) cv². One can think of V² as the clue for free energy. But the energy needed to charge a capacitor is also proportional to v² and a minimum of (1 / 2) cv² energy is needed to charge a capacitor of capacity C, to the voltage level of V, let alone the leakage losses. 2.2.4 Ordinary engine-reversible engine combination Referring to Fig. 1, if a reversible engine is run backward as a refrigerator, removing heat Q_c from the cold reservoir and rejecting heat O, to the hot reservoir while requiring work W, and if an ordinary engine had a greater efficiency than this refrigerator, then it could utilize the heat reject Q_h' = Q_h and perform work W (> W), to deliver an amount W to the refrigerator by returning Q_c' heat to the cold reservoir. Thus, net work W-W was possible to be extracted, just by removing Q.-Q.' from the cold reservoir. But unfortunately, an ordinary engine is not more efficient than a reversible engine.

2.2.5 Utilization of environmental heat

In US Patent No.3990245, a novel idea of utilizing naturally occurring environmental heat energy into utilizable mechanical and/or electrical energy has been described. An electrically driven fan blows ambient temperature-air across heat exchanger heat-exchanging tubes for taking the heat from the air into gaseous freon , which warmed gas is thereafter further heated by heat of compression when passed through a compressor pump, another part of the combination, the total heat of which is heat-exchanged in isolated (separated) heat exchange relationship with another closed cycle of freon in a condenser boiler adopted to vaporize the freon which is channeled to a gas turbine drivably connected to an electric generator for the generation of electricity, the extraneous and/or waste heat energy emanating from around the turbine being collected by a heat exchanger and coolant thereof which turbine coolant is ,in the heated state, channeled to another heat exchanger tubing in a separate closed cycle, over which tubing the fan also blows to both cool the heated turbine coolant and the thereby warmed air thereafter striking the freon containing heat-exchanging tubes to thereby enhance the beginning of a second and repeat cycle of continuing operation. Although, an environment having high (70°F) air temperature is essential for the apparatus to work and the converter has an overall energy conversion efficiency of about 40%, the idea of obtaining a cost-free energy is worth experimenting. Basically, it should be an ordinary engine, run by environmental temperature, and the heat reject recycled in a non-continuous environment.

In international Patent No.WO03008877, an energy-free refrigeration door providing condensation control, thermal insulation and a desired amount of visible transmittance has been described. More particularly, the refrigeration door of the invention achieves these described characteristics through the application of a low emissive coating without electrically heating the door. Although the invention claims to serve a useful purpose ,it is by no means a work of obtaining free energy for general purposes.

2.2.6 Utilizing free atmospheric pressure

To an altitude of 34ft (theoretical) or 26 ft (practical, in order to avoid water vapor), water can be lifted, through any strong transparent air-tight pipe of any cross-section, just by utilizing natural air pressure. A curious man, living in the second floor, can think of having 6-ft of water above 20-ft from the ground, just by closing the pipe at the 20-ft level with a key to remove the 6-ft water, then again opening the key after creating the necessary 6-ft vacuum for a fresh 6-ft supply. But the work needed to create a vacuum at a 20-ft altitude of that volume, will be at least the amount of energy needed to lift that volume of water. 2.2.7 Hydraulic Ram

The hydraulic ram is an automatic pump by means of which a large quantity of water falling through a small height is utilized in lifting a small quantity of water to a much greater height. Although the ram can lift water to a much greater height without any external power, both the efficiency of the ram ,as a pump or as a machine is below unity and cannot be utilized for free energy supply.

2.2.8 Efficient Electrolysis for storage and regeneration

In US Patent application No.20020117857,an electrical energy storage and regeneration system uses the electricity generated by the dynamic brakes(currently being dissipated as heat) of a diesel-electric locomotive to convert water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas by hydro-electrolysis. The gases are compressed, cooled and stored in tanks for subsequent use to supply fuel cells. Electricity generated by an electro-chemical reaction in the fuel cells is used to power the locomotive traction motors when needed. Fuel cells are used to regenerate electricity from the energy of the gas. Another US Patent application No. 20020022165, concerns a regenerative fuel cell system. The system includes an electrolyzing device that is placed in communication with an aqueous solution for converting the aqueous solution into a hydrogen gas. An aqueous buoyancy electrical drive is placed in fluid communication with the hydrogen gas produced by the electrolyzing device. A fuel cell is placed in fluid communication with the hydrogen gas and is adapted to convert the chemical energy in the hydrogen gas and the oxygen into electrical power. The invention utilizes a buoyancy engine to harness the latent potential energy caused by the change of phase from a liquid to a gas produced by an electrolyzer to increase the system efficiency of a regenerative fuel cell.

US Patent No.6126794, describes an apparatus for producing orthohydrogen and/or parahydrogen. The apparatus includes a container holding water and at least one pair of closely-spaced electrodes arranged within the container and submerged in the water. A first power supply provides a particular first pulsed signal to the electrodes. A coil may also be arranged within the container and submerged in the water if the production of parahydrogen is also required. A second power supply provides a second pulsed signal to the coil through a switch to apply energy to the water. When the second power supply is disconnected from the coil by the switch and only the electrodes receive a pulsed signal, then orthohydrogen can be produced. The invention is aimed at operating without a chemical catalyst, so that the cell may run merely on tap water.

US Patent No.4936961, describes a method for obtaining the release of a fuel gas mixture including hydrogen and oxygen from water in which the water is processed as a dielectric medium in an electrical resonant circuit. Fuel cell comprises a water capacitor cell.

The above mentioned electrolysis processes, aided by outside energy sources ,are useful for minimizing energy wastage, but cannot be used as a free energy process.

2.2.9 Utilization of Sea- ater Pressure

US Patent No.6348148, relates to a reverse osmosis method of removing the salt from water in the ocean or inland bodies of salt water, using the pressure of the sea water itself, and the forces of gravity.

The invention is a special-purpose free-energy method ,but not a general one. 2.2.10 Utilization of Mechanical Gear In Patent No. GR1003255, a motor is installed in a box that drives shafts bearing gears. Thus the force produced is claimed to be multiplied many times and is propagated to the eight corners of the box. Placing self-activating dynamos that are driven by the gears at its corners, the original energy is claimed to be multiplied 16-fold, recycling a dynamo so as to supply the engine, thus claiming a perpetual motion. Patent No. GR 1002977, also claims to be a perpetual motion machine consisting of two similar, metal wheels which have gears; these gears are parallelepiped and form (camber) angles of 45 and 135 degrees with the plane defined from the corresponding contact of the edge of the wheel to which they are connected. It is essentially a weight-gear arrangement.

Patent No. JP8042442, also claims to multiply electric power by electric power and obtain clean electric power by constituting in such a manner that power generator resistance force resists so as to assist with the rotation of an idler wheel and changing the resistance force into inertia force and the idler wheel weight controls. An idler wheel is fixed on an attachment at the center of a small gear. A large gear having a diameter double that of the small gear, an angle wheel , and an idler wheel gear are attached to both ends.

With mechanical gears and/or fly-wheel type arrangement, mechanical advantages may be accomplished and/or inertia may be overcome, but with no energy multiplication.

2.2.1 1 Utilization of Permanent Magnet

US Patent No.6362718, describes an electromagnetic generator without moving parts and includes a permanent magnet and a magnetic core including first and second magnetic paths. A first input coil and a first output coil extend around portions of the first magnetic path, while a second input coil and a second output coil extend around portions of the second magnetic path. The input coils are alternatively pulsed to provide induced current pulses in the output coils. Driving electrical current through each of the input coils reduces a level of flux from the permanent magnet within the magnet path around which the input coil extends. In an alternative embodiment of an electromagnetic generator, the magnetic core includes annular spaced-apart plates, with posts and permanent magnets extending in an alternating fashion between the plates. An output coil extends around each of these posts. Input coils extending around portions of the plates are pulsed to cause the induction of current within the output coils. The invention relates to a magnetic generator used to produce electrical power without moving parts, and, more particularly, to such a device having a capability, when operating, of producing electrical power without an external application of input power through input coils. The invention claims an experimentally -measured data of obtaining 48 watts (12 ma,4000V) with an input of 14 watts ( 140ma, lOOV) only, thus achieving a coefficient of performance (c.p.) of 3.4.

The invention has not taken into account the input energy of the permanent magnet installed within the apparatus while calculating the c.p.. The magnet will be eventually demagnetized and the apparatus will not work, unless replaced. The real c.p. will definitely come down to below unity if this factor is taken into consideration.

In Patent No.WO02071583, the required mechanical energy created is through the usage of the repulsive force, each to the other, of like magnetic poles when brought into close proximity of each other. The magnets are embedded or inserted into the walls of two truncated cones, one smaller so that it fits inside the larger, with the north poles facing inward from the walls of the larger cone and the north poles facing out from the outside walls of the smaller cone. The magnets are aligned on opposing 45° angles so that there is always points of maximum repulsion. The larger cone is in a fixed position. The inner smaller cone is centered on a fixed spindle and free to spin.

Patent No. WO0213359, describes a magnet-powered engine to be used as a source of motive energy. Applying one of the gears to the cylinders, the main axis/cylinder will have a clockwise movement while the secondary axes/cylinders will have an anti-clockwise movement with double speed. The engine energy is given by permanent magnets used in the repulsion position, like the two magnets at the end of two arms when they approach at a very short distance.

US Patent No. 5436518, describes, a plurality of electromagnets fixedly mounted to the support member in such a manner that they are spaced at predetermined distances around the periphery of the magnetic body, each magnetic circuit of the electromagnets being adapted to be independent of one another, and excitation change-over means for the electromagnets, the excitation change-over means being adapted to sequentially magnetize one of the electromagnets which is positioned forwardly with regard to a rotational direction of the rotational output shaft, so as to impart to the particular electromagnet a magnetic polarity opposite to that of the magnetic pole of the permanent magnet, whereby magnetic flux passing through the magnetic body converges in one direction so as to apply a rotational torque to the rotational output shaft. No force opposing movement of a rotor or movable element is generated. This invention claims to transform magnetic energy into operative energy with maximum efficiency utilizing a magnetic force inherent in a permanent magnet as an energy source.

US Patent No.5402021, concerns a magnetic propulsion system including a plurality of specifically arranged permanent magnets and a magnetic vehicle propelled thereby along a path defined by the permanent magnets. The magnetic vehicle which is to be propelled includes a rigidly attached armature comprising several curved magnets. The propulsion system further includes two parallel walls of permanent magnets arranged so as to define the lateral sides of a vehicle path. A first wall, includes a series of generally rectangular magnets, each magnet arranged with a North-to-South axis pointing longitudinally down the wall in the intended direction of vehicle travel. Each of the rectangular magnets is separated from the next successive rectangular magnet by a thinner magnet, which thinner magnet is arranged with its North-to-South axis pointing laterally toward the opposite wall and therefore perpendicular with respect to the North-to-South axis of the rectangular magnets. The opposite (or second) wall includes the same general arrangement of magnets, except that the North-to-South axis for each of the generally rectangular magnets is in a direction opposite from the direction of vehicle travel and the North-to- South axis of the thinner magnets points away from the first wall. In addition, the propulsion system includes several spin accelerators.

US patent No. 5191258, describes an alternating electric current generator and comprises an armature rotatably carried by a drive shaft and positioned between stabilized, non-moving magnetic elements. The armature has first and second magnetic field transmitting sections with a magnetized section sandwiched there between. As electric load is applied to the generator, a counter-magnetic field is generated through the armature to increase speed of the drive shaft and thereby lessen torque required to rotate the drive shaft. US Patent No.4877983, describes a permanent magnet armature magnetically propelled along a guided path by interaction with the field within a flux zone limited on either side of the path by an arrangement of permanent stator magnets.

US Patent No.4215330, concerns a permanent magnet propulsion system wherein a steel ball is propelled up an inclined plane between two rows of permanent bar magnets, the said magnets being in spaced relationship with all north seeking poles of one of the said rows facing in substantially the same direction and with all south seeking poles in the other row facing in substantially the same but opposite direction to the first of said rows. The magnetic axes of each of the magnets of the first said row are in staggered relationship to the axes of opposing magnets of the second said row. The magnetic field acting on the ball is configured whereby the ball after reaching the top of the inclined plane is able to drop from the said plane out of the field. A pair of parallel tracks positioned between the spaced rows of magnets guide the ball and a clamping means orient and retain the magnets.

US Patent No.4151431, is directed to the method of utilizing the unpaired electron spins in ferro- magnetic and other materials as a source of magnetic fields for producing power without any electron flow as occurs in normal conductors, and to permanent magnet motors for utilizing this method to produce a power source. In the practice of the invention the unpaired electron spins occurring within permanent magnets are utilized to produce a motive power source solely through the super-conducting characteristics of a permanent magnet and the magnetic flux created by the magnets are controlled and concentrated to orient the magnetic forces generated in such a manner as to do useful continuous work, such as the displacement of a rotor with respect to a stator. The timing and orientation of magnetic forces at the rotor and stator components produced by permanent magnets to produce a motor is accomplished with the proper geometrical relationship of these components.

US Patent No.4077001, deals with a dc/dc converter comprising a permanent magnet having spaced-apart poles and a permanent magnetic field extending between the poles of the magnet. A variable-reluctance core is disposed in the field in fixed relation to the magnet and the reluctance of the core is varied to cause the pattern of the lines of force of the magnetic field to shift. An output conductor is disposed in the field in fixed relation to the magnet and is positioned to be cut by the shifting lines of permanent magnetic force so that a voltage is induced in the conductor.

The above mentioned inventions utilizing permanent magnets, actually improved the efficiencies of the rotating motors and /or generators by providing proper combination of materials, geometry, magnetic concentration, utilization of unidirectional propelling forces and non-moving magnetic element etc., but the efforts are far away from a process of free-energy.

A number of other patents utilizing permanent magnets, also claimed perpetual motion, e.g.CN 1345117, CN1317869, CN1247408, CN1281949, CN1244065, JP2000032736, CN1222786, CNl 193840, CN1163508, JP10070891, CNl 120262, JP2032773 etc. But no details have yet been made publicly available. 2.2.12 Vortex generators and buoyancy engines

US Patent No.6305165, concerns a method of transporting a stream of air without forming air bubbles through water medium using convergent air/water vortex generating means and tried to describe a simple math model, used to estimate the energy requirements of a water vortex generator, followed by another model constructed for fluid mechanical analyses of water surface resistance and friction of a modified buoyancy engine. The final results attempted to demonstrate the feasibility of converting the potential energy of buoyancy into kinetic energy using floatation of conveyer mounted airtight containers. To reduce water resistance and friction the generic buoyancy engine was modified by installing flow smoothing skirt panels on the containers to provide smooth continuous surfaces. Thin boundary layer of effervescent bubble filled water with specific gravity less than unity was considered for reducing friction force. The amount of torque generated by applying the friction adjusted force tangential ly on the 3 m radius wheel of the conveyer system was claimed to be given by (26,158N)(3 m)=78,474 Nm (57,879 lbf ft), at 5m/sec operating speed, which does not however reflect the possible friction reduction due to use of the effervescent water at the boundary layer.

US Patent No. 5944480 claims to deal with a motor that combines buoyant and gravitational forces to create a highly efficient limitless source of energy and comprises: a reservoir containing liquid; a vertical cylinder in communication with, extending from the liquid reservoir, containing liquid and having a top and a bottom; a continuous chain extending vertically through the fluid contained in the vertical cylinder, the chain including a plurality of floats spaced along and linked together by connecting cable, each float having an external cup that carries a small amount of liquid to the top of the cylinder and discharges the liquid back into the cylinder as the float exits the same; an upper sprocket wheel around which the continuous chain travels and where the direction of the continuous chain changes from upward away from the top of the vertical cylinder to downward through ambient air; a lower sprocket wheel around which the continuous chain travels and where the direction of the continuous chain changes from downward to upward into the bottom of the vertical cylinder; an upper valve at the top of the vertical cylinder through which the float containing continuous chain passes in an arrangement fitted with upper and lower valves and cams. With the top valve closed and the lower valve open, a vacuum-like condition is created thereby preventing the escape of the liquid from the vertical cylinder.

Patent No. WO 9822710, deals with a Hydraulic Gravitational Energy Transformer (HGET) which can transform the hydrostatic pressure of liquid in the reservoir of machine, which acts upon the blades of a rotor into the torque of the rotor, turns it and at the same time enables leaking of liquid out of the reservoir and in this way provides permanent production of energy by the limited quantity of liquid like mini-hydroelectric plants. Existing dams of traditional hydroelectric power plants water accumulations should be used for liquid reservoirs.

Patent No.W09747877, describes an engine of the kind having a float reciprocable vertically in a chamber, means to supply liquid to the chamber from a head of liquid to raise the float and means to allow the water to exhaust from the chamber to lower the float. Such an engine is typically a water engine. The engines described are ideally suited for use in the control of sluice gates used in the control of water flow (e.g, at locks, in canals or in rivers).

US Patent No. 4981015, describes one or more buoyancy engine units utilizing buoyancy motive force (BMF) and are herein defined. For relatively deep fluids a plurality of buckets hinged together mouth to bottom with a gas tight seal between the said buckets forming an endless chain can rotate over sprockets attached to parallel shafts spaced apart to control chain tension as either shaft delivers buoyancy motive force (BMF). Each buoyancy engine unit will produce continuous duty rotation and thereby power, when the receptacles are alternately filled with gas and then the fluid in which they are submerged.

US Patent No.4742242, concerns a buoyancy engine having a wheel, incorporating recesses on its periphery to contain linked buoyant lifting bodies, and is attached by arms to a driveshaft and immersed in a vessel of liquid. The driveshaft is rotatably mounted on sealed bearings in the vessel walls. The buoyant lifting bodies are linked into a continuous loop by flexible attaching hinges. The lifting bodies are introduced at the base of the wheel through an injection tube. The injection tube contains air injectors, powered by a compressor or blower. When operating, the lifting bodies are injected into the vessel at a point below the wheel. As lifting bodies reach the top of their ascent, they are routed out of the vessel, over idler pulleys to the base of the vessel and are reintroduced through the injection tube. The buoyancy of the lifting bodies thus attached to the wheel imparts an upward rotary motion to the wheel, which energy is transmitted via the driveshaft to rotate an electric generator.

US Patent No.4683720,describes a buoyancy engine having a plurality of pistons in cylinders immersed in a vessel of liquid. A crankshaft is rotatably mounted on sealed bearings in the vessel's walls. The pistons are attached to the crankshaft by connecting rods. The pistons are designed to hold relatively buoyant compressed air injected into them by computer controlled injectors. When operating, the crankshaft has one or more pistons moving upward due to the buoyancy of the air which they contain, and one or more empty pistons moving downward.

US Patent No.4196590.describes a wheel having a plurality of vanes which extend centrally out to the periphery thereof, is rotatably mounted on the walls of a main compartment. A first liquid is contained within this main compartment. A second liquid having a substantially lower boiling temperature than the first is contained within a second "boiler" compartment, the second compartment being mounted in the first and at least partially submerged in the first liquid. A source of heat is applied to the first compartment to heat this compartment and the liquid contained therein to a high enough temperature so as to cause the second liquid to boil.The vapor generated by virtue of the boiling of the second liquid is conveyed to a location beneath the wheel where it is released through port means such that the vapor bubbles rise in the first liquid and in rising are caught within the vanes of the wheel, which then exerts a buoyancy force, thereby rotatably driving the wheel.

The above mentioned vortex generators and/or buoyancy engines are not meant for obtaining free energy, excepting the US Patent No. 6305165, where efforts have been made to place a mathematical analysis. But in that analysis also, neither a clear idea on the energy input requirement on air/water vortex generators nor on the practical energy losses (friction etc.) have been given. Efforts have however been taken to reduce water resistance and friction of the generic engine. Creating vacuum-like condition and operating air/water vortex , catering to friction (obstruction) and other practical losses need energy, perhaps much more than the respective inventors have estimated or anticipated. Some of the buoyancy engines mentioned above, are essentially mini- hydro plants, which work with limited supply of water in small reservoirs Patent Nos. CN 1124822 and CNl 102239, also claim perpetual motion, but no details have yet been made publicly available.

2.2.13 Utilization of Gravity Patent No. WO 03/001057,claims to provide a method for converting stored graviton pressure into electrical energy. Graviton pressure energy in concentrated by storing a fluid at a depth such that the fluid attains a pressure of 14 pounds per square inch or greater. The graviton pressure charged fluid is directed to flow through a graviton pressure conversion chamber to convert stored graviton pressure into motion. The motion produced within the graviton pressure conversion chamber is used to turn a turbine which is operatively connected to an electrical generator.

Now, the scientists have not yet observed the hypothetical graviton particles. The inventor has mentioned that the test data gave a figure of 0.693 for Bervian coefficient for Turvitron and a figure of 10.0 was expected for energy ratio. But neither any theoretical or any practical (through the working principles of the apparatus) explanation has been given in support. More over, the energy required for vacuum creation and other losses may prove it impossible to achieve a figure even close to unity.

Patent No WO 0235090, claims a simple low cost perpetual motion invention to generate driving power which could be installed and established anywhere on earth without the need to utilize any of the traditional energy available commodities, , to cause or force movement. The basic idea of this invention is to bring a certain static weight into confrontation with another certain static weight by utilizing a shuttle float to create an imbalance between the two different static weights in order to cause and maintain everlasting movement.

But with a shuttle float, achieving a perpetual motion is highly unlikely.

US Patent No. 5077959, describes an extra-wide self-propelled lawn mower that employs twin hydrostatic transmissions to power left and right drive wheels situated behind a forward mowing deck. There are left and right primary speed control levers and adjacent hand grips on the mower hand assembly. These have linkages that include a common pivot shaft and respective spring couplings to control the actuator arms of the hydrostatic transmissions.. The secondary levers are squeezed to override the primary speed control and slow the respective transmission for braking or to effect a turn, pivoting about the inside wheel. Squeezing the secondary control lever completely will cause the wheel on that side to reverse, effecting a pivoting at the center of the mower. US Patent No.4509329 describes a gravity-actuated thermal engine, that includes at least two separate fluid-tight enclosures. A solid mass is associated with each enclosure. A coupling rigidly interconnects the enclosures. A motive fluid is enclosed within each enclosure whose pressure varies in response to temperature changes. Each solid mass is movable in response to a pressure change in its associated enclosure. The engine is responsive to alternating thermal effects which cause alternating variations in the pressures of the enclosures resulting in alternating shifts of the center of gravity of the engine, thereby rotating the engine about the axis of rotation.

US Patent No.4372123, describes a thermal-gravity engine driven by a changing of the temperature of a vaporizable working fluid in a closed-loop fluid system and the force of gravity operates on a reciprocating lever.

One or more weight chambers , a storage chamber , and flow lines there between are arranged in a closed-loop fluid flow system through which the working fluid is pumped. A temperature differential is produced between the two chambers to pump liquid from the storage chamber into each weight chamber in an up position to increase the weight of the weight chamber on an end of the reciprocating lever to move it down in response to the increased weight. The storage chamber is located below each weight chamber. The oscillating motion of each lever is connected by a ratchet assembly to a rotary motion and a flywheel is used to store the energy. US Patent No.4100743, concerns a gravity engine which converts one form of energy into another by using the expansion of a fluid medium to propel each of a plurality of bodies upwardly within one of a pair of adjacent vertical passageways. The expansion of a gas, such as steam supplied from a boiler heated by a solar panel, in a chamber and controlled by valves provides the force to propel the bodies against the force of gravity upwardly to the top of the first passageway. A guide directs the bodies from the top of the first passageway to the top of a second passageway wherein the bodies are stacked so that their combined weight acts upon a pocketed drive wheel at the bottom of the second passageway. The drive wheel is coupled to means such as an electrical generator to convert at least a portion of the potential energy of the stacked bodies into another form of energy.

US Patent No.4095429, provides an engine system for utilizing the difference in temperature and pressure at vertical heights in the atmosphere for generating an evaporating and condensing system for drawing electrical or other power therefrom. More particularly the invention includes a vertically extending conduit which defines therein in the lower region an evaporating area at which point liquid is evaporated to move upwardly through the vertical conduit to the upper region thereof. At a point within the condensing area the vapor will precipitate. The liquid now condensed within the liquid conduits will move downwardly and be gathered at a lower altitude in an accumulating chamber which is adapted to accumulate therein as a vertically extending column of liquid. This liquid now has stored potential energy due to its height above the original evaporating area. As such, the potential energy of this liquid can be converted into a usable form of energy output by means of a power generator means or fluid driven turbine.

The rest of the above mentioned inventions are solar energy or outside heat energy assisted gravity engines and are therefore not free-energy processes.

However, a number of patents e.g CN1239187, CNl 163350, FR2745857, JP7259723, CNl 100182, CN1097241 claim perpetual motion. But no details have yet been made publicly available.

2.2.14 DC Energy Amplifying

Patent No. WO 0133703 claims a perpetual motion machine which amplifies, in terms of superordinate concept, electric energy relatively by a special dc generator or the like for actuating and operating an omnidirectional rotating field using an electric motor or the like, permits repetitive amplifications by replacing an electric capacity or the like, and is cyclically constituted appropriately. The machine comprises a compendium of devices for providing the required dc current and ac current mechanically and electrically, characterized in that an output larger than an input is obtained by using amplifying components depending on continuous energy conversion technologies including overall constituting results, recycled electric power or the like being utilized effectively and efficiently.

Although no details have yet been made publicly available, from the little abstract given, it does not in any way explain or suggest towards a perpetual motion process.

2.2.15 Ferro-electric substance Patent No. JP 63289271 ,describes obtaining a counter-gravity engine having a high efficiency by applying a high voltage electric current by making an electrostatic capacitor (condenser)setting an extremely thin electrode having a large mass interposed, by using ferro-electric substance having a small specific gravity. The electric power applied onto the electrode is accumulated onto a dielectric substance set between the electrodes by separating the electric charge in the reverse direction, and since an electrolyte separates the electric charge at this amount, an electric current in the reverse direction flows between the electrode plates. When the electric charge in the quantity generated by the dielectric substance is separated, the said electric charge is fixed in the dielectric 5 substance, and transfer is suppressed, and the turning moment is set reverse to the electrode plate. In other words, the total sum of the energy (spin force)of this system is reversed.

2.2.16 Unknown Currents

Patent No. CN 1237029, claims a perpetual motion machine technically featuring that one of two unknown currents flows through ordinary conducting metal wire, leading to mutual action between the ring made up by coiling the said metal wire and bar magnet, which can make the magnet rotate automatically and continuously.

Patent No.CN 1237030, claims a method for obtaining two unknown currents and technically features that two correspondent metals are mixed in atom ratio of 1 : 1 to obtain an alloy in a certain geometrical shape, the alloy is put in a magnetic field, and when it is alternatively run between very static state and very dynamic state, the magnetic force lines are cut to generate unlimitedly increased and unlimitedly decreased unknown currents. The 5 said unknown currents can be used to manufacture perpetual motion machine.

No further details on either of the inventions of the same inventor, is yet publicly available.

2.2.17 Radiation

Patent No.JP 2001068295, concerns to generate energy with a simple structure by stacking many disk-like permanent magnets, covering the tip with polysilicone, reducing the magnetic lines of force outgoing from the tip of the permanent magnets, and discharging X-rays from the vicinity of the tip until the effect of the permanent magnets terminates .Since the magnetic lines of force generated by disk-like laminated permanent magnets are shielded by a polysilicone cover provided at the tip of the laminated permanent magnets , electromagnetic waves such as ultraviolet rays or X-rays are generated from this portion. The electromagnetic waves such as X-rays are continuously generated as long as the laminated permanent magnets exert an effect, and no energy resource is 25 required.

No details have yet been made publicly available.

US Patent No. 3530316, describes a method and apparatus for producing and/or amplifying electric current utilizing radioactive material. Current from a suitable source is passed through a conductor in contact with or under the influence of radioactive material to produce a current of higher magnitude than the input current. The current of higher magnitude than the input current may be conducted by a conductive can containing radioactive material, metallic rods surrounding or dispersed within radioactive material or by a coil disposed around the radioactive material

The invention is a novel and genuinely extra-ordinary idea, but further research on the subject is needed for utilizing the concept for practical useful purposes.

" It therefore appears that no inventor has actually worked on virtual and sequential transfer of mass or on the concepts explained in sections 3.2.1 to 3.2.7. 3.DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

3.1 Objects of the invention

The objectives of the invention are :

(i) To find out a process for obtaining free electricity, preferably pollution-free, with a view to opening the gate for almost free, fuel-less, environment-friendly energy source for mankind.

(ii) To introduce independent energy sources in household, industries and also for remote places, minimizing the need of transmission lines and substations, through fuel-free and pollution-free energy.

(iii) To convert the prevalent scientific thoughts of impossibilities regarding obtaining free energy into probabilities by introducing new concepts thereby. (iv) To introduce and utilize the virtual and sequential transfer of mass by much reduced net pressure (apparently force) concept.

(v) To introduce an apparatus for carrying out the process

3.2 New concepts in science : Helping tools for achieving the objects

3.2.1 Weight and height equilibrium paradox : Mysteries unveiled with useful ideas In Fig.2, two equal-mass solids of the same material, having heights h] and h₂ (h] > h₂) are in balance. But in Fig. 3, the liquid in the three legs maintain equal height, in spite of unequal weights of liquid above level 1, in spite of different atmospheric force applied and in spite of different cross-sectional areas at the bases at level 1, in the respective legs. If the solids in Fig. 2, are replaced by the same material liquids of the same height and volume as the solids have, in two equal-mass containers made for the purpose, the balance will still be maintained. The equal-arm balance is in balance when the forces (weights) on the arms are equal. Therefore, in Fig. 2, the equal-weight solids or the liquids (along with equal-weight containers), remained in balance in spite of different heights. On the other hand, liquid flows from high pressure to low pressure, and thus equal pressure is maintained through equal heights, since liquid pressure is proportional to height only, for same p and g, and does not depend on cross-sectional areas. Therefore, the liquid maintains the same height in all three legs, in Fig. 3. It is to be noted that, atmospheric pressure on all the ree legs is also equal. The different atmospheric forces on different legs are only due to different cross-sectional areas on the top of the respective legs. It is further to be noted that the cross-sectional areas at the bases at level 1 of different legs could not be accepted as the effective cross- sectional areas, because of irregular shapes of all the three legs. Effective cross-sectional area can be found out from the formula : A _ef&cti_ve ⁼ (weight of liquid above the base level) / (height above base level x p x g).

In hydraulic lifts and/or presses (fig.9), the cross-sectional areas of the pistons (2,6) are considered as the effective cross-sectional areas, since the pressure is applied through piston only, thus the whole of the piston area becomes the effective area . Moreover, by using a piston and by applying a Force F_a (1) on the piston (2) of cross-sectional area A, in the left leg through a distance of d_a (3), liquid in the right leg may be raised by d_b (5) [= d_a x (A_a / Aj, )] , neglecting the weight of the piston , where A_t, is the cross sectional area of the piston (6) . It is interesting to point out that, if an equivalent amount of mass ( =F_a / g ) of the same liquid is placed over liquid in the left leg without the piston, the liquid in the right leg will not rise by the same height d_b (5),as before.

3.2.2 Fluid Specialties : Useful tools

One of the two specialties of a fluid lies in its very definition, it can flow and alter its shape to conform to the outline of its container. The other being Pascal's principle, the pressure applied at one point in an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every part of the fluid and to the walls of the container naturally. Archimedes' principle of losing apparent weight by a body fully or partially submerged in water or the buoyant force is not a specialty of a liquid, it is rather an outcome of reduced net gravitational force. The buoyant force is nothing but a gravitational force applied through liquid, naturally. Two equal masses connected by a light string passing over a light pulley with negligible friction in its bearings also remain at rest at any position, each balancing the other, apparently in weightless condition. A body needs to be immersed in a liquid for the upward thrust, which itself signifies that the liquid does not have the property of so called 'buoyancy' of its own. Gravitational force acts towards the center of the earth naturally, but can be applied in all directions through strings and pulleys, artificially. 3.2.3 Preliminary Review of Newton's first and third laws of motion : The new concepts of Latent Work and Latent Force.

If a constant force F is exerted on an object, causing it to move a distance x, parallel to F then the work W done by the force is defined to be the product of the magnitude of the force, times the distance through which it acts as the object is moved. Only the component of force that is parallel to the displacement contributes to the work. From the point of view of physical science, it is essential that the force must move the object. As long as Atlas (Fig. 5) held the earth stationary or the man is holding the weight at a fixed height (Fig.4), neither of them does any work in the strict definition of work.

Energy is defined by saying : "Energy is the ability to do work". The energy of motion is called kinetic energy, while potential energy can be thought of as stored energy and is available to be converted into work or some other form of energy.

It is correct to state that the task of holding the weight at a fixed height h (Fig. 4), could be accomplished by tying the rope at a fixed point. But it does not matter, who or how the task is accomplished, as long as it is accomplished. Atlas (Fig. 5) is holding the earth at a fixed height h, then there is no way of distinguishing between his (Atlas's) big task and the man's holding a small mass at the same height (Fig. 4). Again, if it is required to raise the earth or the small mass, each to a further height of d, then Atlas needs to work an amount that is equal to (weight of earth x d), while the man's need is (weight of small mass x d) only. Moreover, if Atlas, or the man or the tied rope refused to do their earlier tasks of holding the respective weights, the weights had to be raised through a whole distance of (h + d), instead of d only. Actually, by holding the weights to a height h , they are doing some useful tasks, they are preserving or saving work, which is equal to (weight x h), which is again similar and equal to potential energy. Such useful tasks, although, not work in the strict sense, may be termed as potential work, preserved work or latent work , similar to stored energy in case of potential energy. The potential work is lost in case one refuses to accomplish that task, the question though of refusal does not arise in case of potential energy. One can however say that potential energy is the result of potential work.

In contemporary physics books, in trying to explain Newton's third law of motion i.e. 'To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction', it is often said that forces come in pairs, these are equal in magnitude and oppositely directed, and act on different bodies and therefore do not cancel each other. If a hammer exerts a force on a nail, the nail exerts an equal but oppositely directed force on the hammer.

Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The presently accepted value of universal gravitational constant G is 6.673 x 10^"" N- m² kg².

Now, if the law of universal gravitation is applied to two different bodies, then, one attracts the other body with a force of the same magnitude but oppositely directed, but not as a reaction to each other, as Newton's third law of motion claims. Both the forces are action forces, neither of them is a reaction force, and both remain, by acting on different bodies. Both the forces act under the same principle of the law of universal gravitation, since both are bodies. In the case of exerting a force on a nail, if hand muscle power is associated with the hammer, the matter becomes a impulse one and is dealt with in Newton's second law. The muscle power is altogether a different force from the universal gravitational force. Had it not been so, the painter on a platform (Fig. 8) could not have lifted the platform by remaining wholly inside the platform. The generator inside the painter to supply muscle power, does not come under the purview of universal gravitational law or any natural force. Again, forces do not occur in pairs only. A particle attracts every other particle in the universe, and every other particle attracts the particle. However, the question of exerting equal and opposite force in case of a mass resting on the earth's surface will be discussed later in this section and also in section 3.2.7.

With the introduction of Newton's second law of motion, Newton's first law becomes redundant. It is clear from Newton's second law that, in the absence of net force, there cannot be any acceleration (or retardation) and zero acceleration means a constant velocity (including zero velocity) which is essentially the first law of motion (Newton's). Moreover, in a universe full of bodies, the idea of uniform velocity is rather imaginary, where it is hard to imagine a point of net zero force, the question of a straight line of zero net force or a moving point with zero net force with the same constant velocity, to offer a particle to travel through that line, or moving point line, appears to be beyond the perception of human beings yet. Therefore, unless that perception is accomplished, the exercise of Newton's first law, is rather meaningless. Until such time, Newton's second law is there, to cover even the imaginary constant velocity. If one can imagine a constant velocity and know what happens if a force is applied for some time in the same direction, to a body moving with an imaginary constant velocity (before the application of the force), he can also naturally imagine what will happen, after the force is withdrawn, at least from Newton's second law of motion i.e with the withdrawal of the force, there remains nothing to increase or to decrease the velocity the particle acquires, just before the withdrawal of the force. Similarly, if an opposite force is applied to a moving particle, moving with constant velocity, things can be explained with the help of Newton's 2nd law, if the force is withdrawn just at the time the velocity of the particle is reduced to zero, or at the time, it started to move in the opposite direction. More over, Newton's first law of motion holds in an inertial frame of reference and in all respective reference frames. The law of invariance states that "the laws of Physics must have the same form in all inertial reference frames" ,a general statement., that from Galileo to Einstein, physicists have come to believe.

An example of reactionary force is friction .It is a non-continuous passive force and acts only when a body wants to penetrate through or pass over a surface. Therefore ,a frictional force is essentially a reactionary force, it acts when a force disturbs it. If the frictional force between the box of books (20 Kg) and the table is 78N, and if a horizontal force of 50 N is applied in the direction shown in Fig. 6, the box of books remains stationary. It also remains stationary even with a horizontal pull of 70N. But, if a force of 100N is applied, the box accelerates at the rate of 1. lm/Sec². The 50N or the 70N horizontal forces, although they could not move the box of books at all, are not useless. An addition of 50N or 30N forces respectively, to these earlier forces could accelerate the box at the rate of l.lm sec². A whole of 100N force would have been needed, if any of these forces (e.g. 50N or 30N) were not there. Such a force, which only needs to be strengthened with the addition of a balance force, to perform a desired job can be classed as a 'unsung potential' force or 'latent' force.

In order to explain a body of mass 'm' apparently resting on the earth's surface (or on the table, the table resting on the earth's surface), Newton's second law is often applied to illustrate the force balance. It is said that the weight of the body (mg) is encountered by a normal force (N), which is said to act normally to the earth's surface outwardly, resisting the body from sinking into earth's surface. The component of gravitational force perpendicular to the surface is said to be opposed by an equal but opposite normal force, if the body is not to sink into the surface at all. Therefore, the normal force is nothing but an imaginary force, opposing the gravitational pull(or any other force applied to the surface) and resisting the body from sinking into the earth's surface(or any other surface) normally. But the following questions still remain to be looked into:

(a) whether the body of mass 'm' is precisely at rest, even relative to the earth, when the earth itself is moving (along with the body in question, perhaps like a single entity) under the net influence of other bodies in the universe, specially when the nature and magnitude of the normal force is not precisely known, and when it is difficult to say how much chance the body is getting in such a condition, to sink into the earth's surface.

(b) what happens, if there were only two masses in the universe, the said body and the earth itself. Whether the two extremely unequal masses would remain at rest, failing to penetrate into the other, or would start moving in the direction of the bigger mass's pull, with both the active forces still remaining and a common mass appearing, reducing the pull and the effective radius, and to make the situation even more complex, the emergence of inner and outer shells.

However, the study of the above mentioned questions is not a subject matter of this invention. This invention is only in the look out for prospective natural forces and to know the forces which are likely to oppose them, specially the hidden (non-obvious) force like the frictional force. Therefore it is pertinent to have a closer look on the frictional and normal forces and will be dealt in 3.2.7. 3.2.4 Coupling and De-coupling in a negligible net force condition.

Referring to fig.10 , two equal masses (1, 2) are connected by a light string (7) passing over a pulley (6). They remain in any position, each balancing the other. As long as the masses are connected by the string, they are said to be in coupled condition. The masses can be de-coupled, by simply cutting (5) the string. The left (1) and right (2) masses will fall down through a distance of di (3) and d₂ (4) respectively. The masses (1, 2) can be coupled again with the addition of an additional string of (dι+ d₂) length. The masses may be coupled with the old string, by lifting the masses to their previous positions. The example given so far, is rather a crude mechanism of coupling and de-coupling. Depending on the requirements, electrical, mechanical, electro-mechanical coupling and/or de-coupling mechanisms are used by considering the advantages and/ or disadvantages in each individual case.

Referring to fig.11 , a U-tube (1), filled with liquid (4), is fitted with a key K (3). With the key open, the liquid will maintain an equal level (2) in both legs. The cross-sectional area on both sides of the key is equal. If the liquid pressure on both sides is also equal with the same liquid height, the net force (N) acting normally on the sliding key K, used for opening the cross-section becomes zero. The frictional force F_fr = μN will also become zero. In such a negligible net force condition, the opening and closing of the key will hardly consume any energy. The key could be a sliding key or simply a

non-return valve. In the latter case, the key does not allow the liquid to back flow in case the pressure from the higher-pressure source is reduced or becomes lesser. The key K, evidently does the job of coupling or decoupling of the liquid pressure of two sides of the tube. In case, the net force acting normally on the sliding key is not negligible, e.g. in case of different liquid levels with key in closed position, proper combination of materials are needed to be chosen for low coefficient of friction, in order to minimize the energy required for the operation of the key. Table - 1, illustrates the coefficients of friction with different combination of materials in different conditions.

3.2.5 Limitless gravitational potential energy within a limited height : An inquisitive leap towards free enegy

Presently, scientists are ready to accept to a minimum of three basic forces in nature e.g. the gravitational force, the strong force and the electro-weak force.

Gravitational potential energy is used in hydro-electric power plants. The gravitational potential energy of mass 'm' raised to a height τι' above the earth's surface is given by mgh . When a mass 'm' is allowed to fall freely, from a height *h', it attains a velocity v(= - /2gh) and its kinetic energy at that moment is (1/2) mv², and is equal to mgh since v(= -/2gh) , same as the potential energy at an altitude h . The kinetic energy moves the turbine blades of the hydro-power plants and a total amount mgh is available to be converted into electricity.

A hydro-plant gets continuous supply of water i.e. continuous 'm' at a height Tr", and can continuously convert 'mgh' into electricity. Again, if an amount of water m, at a very very high altitude is available, then the 'mgh' becomes big, and a large amount of energy is available to be converted into electricity. But when neither 'm' nor Ti' is unlimited, one possible way of getting unlimited amount of energy is the repeated use of 'm' and the repeated use of 'm' is only possible, if *m' could be raised to the height "h' with an energy less than mgh, preferably with a small fraction of mgh .

Presently, however scientists believe that the amount of energy required to raise a mass 'm' to an altitude V is at least equal to mgh, thus rejecting the proposition straightaway. However, the present invention relates to finding out a way, a process, to fulfil the dream of free energy, and to introduce an apparatus for carrying out the process.

3.2.6 Virtual transfer of mass by much reduced net pressure (apparently force)

It is true, an amount of 'mgh' energy is at least needed to raise a mass 'm' to an altitude of 'h' generally. Therefore, different ways are needed to be searched to do the job, at the cost of lesser energy.

Referring to fig.12 ,one can think of using a pulley (5) to pull the mass 'm' (l)up by another mass 'm' (2) through a height ^*h' (3). But, every time a mass 'm' (2) must be placed at that altitude V (4) to do the job, it in itself requires an energy of mgh each time, thus frustrating the cause.

Referring to fig.13 ,one can think of a light container (3) of height Y (4) at a depth *h' (2) [h»t] within a reservoir (1), filled with a liquid. The container (3) is there to collect the waste from a generator (6), run by the fell of liquid from height V. But, when the container gets filled with mass 'm' (waste from generator), an amount of 'mgt' energy will at least be required to pull the container above the liquid level of the reservoir. However, if a hole is made at the bottom of the container, after it gets filled with the waste, then practically no energy will be required to pull the container filled with the liquid, with a hole at the bottom. But, to place the empty container (hole repaired) down to a depth ^*h' again, to collect the next installment of the waste from the generator, will involve at least an amount of 'mgh' energy, again frustrating the cause. Now, instead of actual transfer of mass through the whole altitude Ti', in one stroke, the virtual transfer schemes can be thought of, which are explained below :

Nine identical balls, occupying 1-9 places (10th place lying vacant), all sticking to the next ball in a line as shown in position (a) in fig.14 , are placed. All the nine balls together are shifted to the right side [position (b)] through a distance 'd' by a little push (11) in the direction of the arrow.. Therefore place no. 1 falls empty and place no. 10 gets a ball. Initially place no. 1 had a ball and place no. 10 was empty. Since all the nine balls are identical with no marking, it appears that the ball at place no. 1 has been shifted to place no. 10, while the empty place of place no. 10 seems to have traveled to place no. 1, although neither the ball nor the empty place, has actually traveled all the distance of 9d, the actual distance between places 1 and 10. Such an apparent transfer may be classed as virtual transfer. Referring to fig.13 ,the above mentioned trick of virtual transfer may be applied again in transferring the waste liquid in the container and thereafter creating an empty space at a depth h (2) in the reservoir (1). Every time the container (3) is filled up by the waste of the generator (6), a little push through a distance 't ' (4) [h»t] may be thought of being applied on the liquid in the container (3), instead of the whole altitude Ii' so that an equivalent amount reaches the hquid level of the reservoir. Although the liquid in the container would travel through a distance Y only. At the very outset, one can say that transferring balls horizontally in a frictionless floor, practically requires no energy. The case of lifting a mass upwards, is a quite different story. Therefore, the case of virtual transfer of mass upwards must be examined thoroughly.

As already discussed in 3.2.2, solid masses require artificial means like pulley with strings to transmit the pull in other directions. But, through liquids, pressure can be transmitted in all directions, naturally. Besides, the waste from the generator is also a liquid. Therefore, liquid medium may be tried at first , to examine the workability of virtual transfer of mass upwards. Understandably, heavy, non-compressible non-viscous, ordinary temperature conditioned liquid is preferable. As already discussed in 3.2.1 (fig.9 is referred to), by applying a force F„, over a piston, having a cross-sectional area A_a, in the left leg, through downward distance of dj from the equilibrium liquid level in the left leg, an amount of d_b A_t, by volume of liquid may be raised above the equilibrium liquid level in the right leg of a U-tube, through an altitude d_b Now,

Volume d_A_b = Volume d_aA_a (1)

F_a x dg = [(A_b-oypg] x d_b (2) [Since, work done in the left leg must be equal to the work done in the right leg.] Therefore, F_a = (pg A„) d_b (3)

From the equation (3) above, it is clear that force F_a is equivalent to liquid height 'd_b' on the piston of cross- section A_a, and that the force raises the liquid in the right leg through a height of 'd_b'. This signifies that equal heights of liquid are still maintained (neglecting the mass and thickness of the piston), in spite of using the piston in applying the force in the left leg of a U-tube having different cross sectional areas in the legs. This suggests a clue that, if the right leg is cut to the initial equilibrium level, and a light and thin liquid-tight piston is placed over the equilibrium level in the long left leg , and liquid is poured to the height 't' in the left leg, then the piston will come down through a distance 't' forcing an equivalent amount of liquid (height 't', cross-section A_a) to pass through the cut right leg, while an equivalent amount from the bottom most part of the left-leg will be shifted to the right. This further suggests that, if the piston (light and thin) is placed just above a height 't' from the bottom of the left leg, pouring liquid to the height t' over the equilibrium level in left leg (right leg cut to that level), then the piston will come down through a distance '.' forcing the liquid underneath it to be shifted to the right while an equivalent amount will come out from the top of the right leg.

Referring to fig.15 , the above signifies the virtual transfer of mass 'm' (9) at any clear depth τι' (5) transferred over that height by a net energy of mgt (h»t), instead of mgh.. Although the finding is encouraging, a major job still remains to be done i.e. creating an empty space at the bottom the of left leg of that volume (t x A_a), which involves the task of lifting the piston along with the liquid height (h + t) through a distance 't' (7), thus requiring an amount of energy more than mgh, yet creating another problem. The solution of the problem will be dealt in the following section(s).

.3.2.7 Closer look at Normal and Frictional Forces : Concepts of Pressure-Motion Equivalence. Sequential Work and Universally usable Over-unity Coefficient of Performance

Friction is considered to be a force, acting always opposite to the motion. Static frictional force automatically adjusts itself, both in magnitude and direction, to cancel, exactly whatever force is applied for the motion, up to a certain limit. Once that limit is crossed, the body starts moving and experiences kinetic friction. Frictional force is due to the bonding of the molecules between the surfaces in very close contact, and is proportional to the microscopic area of contact. When the motion starts, the molecular bonds are continuously made and broken and small pieces of surfaces are broken off. Experimentally it is found that kinetic friction is less than static friction. The above description is a common sense expectation. The more the pressure is applied between the surfaces as a result of weight or tightness of the pistons within the cylinders, larger is the microscopic area of contact and greater is the friction. Actually, it is the microscopic penetration between the surfaces which needs to be overcome, if motion is required. While in motion, the surfeces get lesser time (chance) to be penetrated. This is why kinetic friction is experimentally found lesser than the static friction. To understand simply, friction is the obstruction to be overcome ( penetration between the surfeces in close contact under pressure), as such 'obstruction' would have been a better word in place of 'friction', to represent and explain the phenomenon meaningfully. The word 'obstruction' is also analogous to 'reluctance' and 'resistance' in magnetic and electrical circuits respectively.

Again, friction is a non-continuos, passive, reactionary and retarding force, since it acts only to retard when a body moves or wants to move as a result of the applied force. These properties, more particularly that 'it automatically adjusts itself to the force applied' a compromise to active forces, signifies that it is not a real force, and the term 'obstruction' looks more appropriate.

A few postulates are put forward before any further discussion on the other topics of this section :

(a) 'Normal force' and / or 'action-reaction' phenomena have no scientific basis. (b) Pressure and motion are equivalent :

(i) Pressure (not necessarily force) is the driving agent for any kind of linear movement.

. (ii) Pressure (and not necessarily force) is the driving agent for any kind of motion, if pressure can be given a meaningful generalized definition other than force per unit area.

(iii) There must be some high-energy pressure particles 'nh', which is common to all basic forces in nature. (c)The Universally usable Over-unity Coefficient of performance (UOCP) is a reality, which opens the gate for obtaining free energy.

(d) 'Latent force' and ' Latent work' are very useful practical concepts.

A man standing on the earth's surface does not sink into the earth's surface as a result of either the earth's pulling the man or the man's pulling the earth, because of the 'obstruction' (friction) of the earth's soil alright, but there is no need to import any fictitious or imaginary force, such as 'normal force' to satisfy the force balance on the idea of an equilibrium condition, since they are not at rest and are moving. In this universe, there are innumerable number of bodies, besides the earth and man. In this universe, every particle's (body's) position and movement is determined by the resultant pressure ( apparently force) on the particle by the rest of the particles (bodies) in the universe. However, a pertinent question which remains yet to be answered is that, whether the man's pull is contributing to the earth's position and movement or not. In my opinion, the answer is definitely 'yes', however insignificant that contribution might be. On the other hand, the earth has a contribution in the position and movement of man, and in fact, practically the only contribution, since the earth is an extremely big mass and also nearest to man, which causes the man to stick to the earth. Neither of the action forces, as a result of gravitational force between man and the earth is balanced by any kind of fictitious force and remain as 'latent forces', which keep on trying to penetrate into each other, as already illustrated in section 3.2.3.

The force with which a man pushes a brick-wall anchored to the earth, does not come under the purview of gravitational force or any other natural force. However, until the man can push hard enough to tilt the wall, all his efforts will remain as 'latent force' as long as he keeps on pushing. But in no case, his push is balanced by any kind of force such as 'normal force' or any 'reaction force', since the wall cannot offer any push of its own like the man, except the gravitational force. In this case, one additional force, i.e. the man's muscle power will be added to the gravitational force, in determining the resultant position and movement of the concerned bodies.

In the case of a mass suspended by a string over a pulley, and the suing being fixed to the earth's surface, is not a case of free fell, but an artificial arrangement, where both the earth's pull on the mass and the mass's pull on the earth are artificially communicated through the string, and they remain, causing tension in the string, which is not balanced by any kind of normal force or reaction force, but the forces remain as 'latent forces'. However, if a man holds the string instead of fixing it to the earth, the man does some 'latent work', which is equal to the potential energy of the mass as already explained in section 3.2.3 and should not be confused as a action-reaction phenomenon. The latent force is not balanced by any kind of fictitious force such as normal force or by any action-reaction phenomenon as suggested by Newton's third law. On the contrary they are extremely useful forces in practice which we shall observe as we progress and we will gradually understand why the so called action- reaction phenomenon is perhaps one of the most costly mistakes in the history of science.

Pressure and motion are equivalent. Fluid flows from high pressure to low pressure. If a glass of water, connected through a tube with the ocean, is placed at a higher altitude, water flows from the glass to the ocean. Heat flows from high temperature to low temperature. Electricity flows from higher E.M.F to lower E.M.F. A huge lOOOAh battery cannot charge a tiny battery of 9V ( but only 0.3 Ah). The lady by putting only a 50kg load, can lift two Cadillac cars (3160kg), by a hydraulic press (Fig. 7), where the radius of the smaller and larger pistons are 1.5cm and 12cm respectively (Fig. 7). Hydraulic press works on Pascal's law. Pascal's law holds for liquids as well as for gases, with some minor modifications due to a change in the volume of a gas when the pressure is changed. The examples given here, occur because of the pressure charisma in liquids and gases and are perhaps known to us all.

In order to examine what happens in the case of solids, Fig. 7 is referred to again. Since the diameters of the smaller and the larger pistons are (1.5 x 2) cm and (12 x 2) cm respectively, a load of 50 kg on the smaller platform will be able to balance the load of 3200 kg [ = 50Kg x (^M/₃)²] on the larger platform when the pressure in the left wing [(50kg x 9.81)/{(π /4) x 3² }] will become equal to the pressure in the right wing [(3200kg x 9.81V{( π 14) x 24² }]. If any load less than 3200 kg, e.g. two Cadillac cars is (3160 kg) placed on the larger piston, the smaller piston will start coming down, and the larger piston will start rising. But, if any load larger than 3200 kg is placed on the larger piston, the reverse action will take place, i.e. 3200 kg load starts descending, while the 50 kg load starts rising. T e descending-ascending action will take place until the pressure becomes equal in both the wings. With the descending-ascending action a difference in liquid level is created, which is added to make the pressure level same again on both sides.

Evidently, the volume of descent is equal to the volume of ascent. However, since the area of the ascending- descending wings are different, heights of ascent or descent will be in the ratio of the areas. It is important to note that, since the medium of transmission of pressure is liquid, and a liquid can adjust itself to the shape of the container, such a pressure transmission can take place in liquids (and gases). Another important thing that is to be noted is that the ascending-descending action i.e. motion, takes place because of the pressure difference and not because of the loads (forces) on the platforms (a 50Kg load lifts the 3160Kg load). So pressure (not necessarily force) is the driving agent for any kind of linear movement, at least in case of fluids, which is proven here. However, if the medium of transmission is replaced by a solid, such a transmission cannot take place, since in solids, the molecules are so rigidly bound together, the load on the platform cannot change the shape of the solid block and the question of ascending or descending volume does not arise.

Pressure can be transmitted through the liquid, and the difference of pressure becomes the driving agent for the motion. But in case of solids, in the absence of such transmission, the full strength of the loads remain and is applied to the solid block. What happens is, the resultant of all the forces acting on the solid block pushes the solid block which acts as a piston instead, and the pressure is applied (as a result of the resultant force) on the area in the direction of the resultant force and the applied resultant pressure, if not countered by any other greater pressure (i.e. environmental) from the other side, will start moving the solid block in the direction of the applied resultant pressure. Evidently, in the case of pressure on both sides being equal, the solid block will not move, otherwise it will move in the direction of the greater pressure. Air pressure surrounding the solid block is practically equal in all sides. Apparently, when a solid is subjected to different forces from different directions, it moves in the direction of the resultant force, as if it is moved by the resultant force, but this happens only because of the absence of any counter pressure from the opposite direction of the resultant force. However, such movement is encountered by 'obstruction' or so called frictional force. But such obstruction (frictional force) is also the result of pressure (not force) applied between the surfaces in close contact with each other. The greater the pressure on the surfeces, the more is the microscopic area of contact, resulting in more obstruction (friction). Therefore, even the obstruction (friction) opposing the movement is proportional to the applied pressure on the surfaces in close contact Thus, it can be concluded that pressure and not necessarily force is the driving agents for any kind of linear motion.

Having been satisfied that pressure is the driving agent for any linear movement, it is time for examining the rotational movements. An equal arm balance, balances two equal weights. The unequal arm balance can balance unequal weights if the torque on both sides are equal i.e. W_! x lι= w₂ x 1₂ .where W_! and w₂ are the unequal weights (w]>w₂), hung from the unequal arms li and 1₂ (\_t < 1₂) respectively. The torque 'τ'about point 'O' is defined as τ=r F sin θ, where r is the magnitude of the displacement from the axis to the point of application of the force F and θ is the angle between the direction of the force and the direction of 'r'. The formula of torque can be rewritten as τ = F, .r, where F, is the tangential component of F to r . Therefore, the ability of F, to rotate the body depends not only on its magnitude but also on how far from it, and thus force F, is applied. Evidently, the torque is not a force, but a quantity, measuring how effectively a force causes rotation. The torque which is responsible for rotational motion, can be viewed as a 'rotational pressure'. In case of linear movement, pressure is equal to F/A, and in case of rotational pressure, it is F,.r ( F_Lr), where F, is the tangential component of F to r and r is the distance from the axis of rotation.

In my opinion, if pressure can be given a meaningful definition, it will be found that pressure (not necessarily force) is the driving agent for any kind of movement, however the exercise of which is not a subject matter of this invention. As far as this invention is concerned , we are satisfied with linear motion only. However, it is expected that any meaningful broad definition of pressure and its relation with all kinds of movement, will open the gate to find high energy pressure particle (nh) and many more sub-particles, common to all the natural forces in the universe.

The Coefficient of Performance (c.p.) of a refrigerator is given by QJW = Q_/( Q_ - Q_c) = T_/(T_h-T_). Thus, a refrigerator having a c.p. 6, working in a room temperature of 30°C, can obtain as low as (-)13°C. A refrigerator, working in reverse Carnot Cycle, puts work into the system and transfers heat from a low temperature to a higher one. The higher the c.p., the less the work is needed for the operation of the refrigerator. Although the purpose of the refrigerator is served with least possible work as a result of higher c.p., it is of no use for the purposes of obtaining free energy in general.

In US patent No : 3990245, the energy converter device claims to obtain a cost-free energy of 1.05KW, utilizing the environmental heat energy at 70° F, and has an extremely high coefficient of performance (although overall energy conversion efficiency is only 40%). This patent's claims of c.p. is extremely useful, but not universally usable, since a high environmental temperature is required for the system to work.

In US patent No. 6362718, the motionless electromagnetic generator, claims to have a c.p. of 3.4. But this c.p. is not real, since the de-magnetization of the permanent magnets inside the generator has not been taken into account.

A universally usable over-unity c.p. is required to build an apparatus for obtaining free energy. n section 3.2.6, it has already been shown that a mass of 'm' , at any clear depth 'h', may be virtually transferred over that height of 'h' by a net energy of mgt (h»t) instead of mgh (Fig. 15 is referred). Although, the phrase, 'virtual transfer' has been used, the reality is that the whole column of liquid in the right side has to be lifted, to push the liquid of mass 'm' to the right side . In spite of that, a useful theoretical (frictional and other losses have not yet been taken into account) c.p. of h/t (h»t) has already been achieved. One of the reasons behind such a universally usable high c.p. is the utilization of the concept of net pressure by utilizing the 'latent force' in the form of a liquid column of height 'h' to the left, already existing there and not balanced by any action-reaction phenomenon.

Apparently, not much of a difference will be observed between Fig. 7 (hydraulic press) and fig.15. But in the hydraulic press, the hydraulic oil (the liquid) has been used as a transmission medium only. But in fig.15, use of the weight of liquid or its equivalent, together with concepts of net pressure ( apparently force ), latent force, latent work and the pressure-motion equivalence make the heart of the process, and an extremely high c.p. is achieved.

From the equilibrium level, whether it is a 2-tube, 3-tube [ fig. 16 (a),(b)and(c) , together with an analogous electrical pressure figure (fig. 17) are referred] or multi-tube arrangement, volume of liquid descent in tubes is equal to the volume of rise of liquid in all other tubes. Referring to fig. 16, the cross-sectional areas of tubes (1),(2) and (3) are proportional to 1:1:2 . 4 units of liquid placed in tube 1, over equilibrium level will be distributed in all the tubes, in the proportion of the cross-sectional areas, but because of double cross-sectional area in tube 3 , there will be equal rise of liquid in all the tubes. In a hydraulic press (Fig. 7) , the idea is that, the lady puts a lesser load through a greater distance and the Cadillac cars are lifted through a proportionately lesser distance, and thus the energy balance is maintained, with no over-unity c.p. But in fig. 15, the descent of a whole column of liquid (not just the additional load on the top) accomplishes a proportionate rise of the whole of other rising columns of liquid, and thus the energy balanced is still maintained. But in a descending column, the already existing liquid or its equivalent is not needed to be considered in c.p. calculations, since the movement is accomplished with the placing or withdrawing of the additional load on the top only, and therefore this pre- existing liquid column is considered as 'latent force' instead. Thus a universally usable extremely high c.p. is achieved. What is happening is , a net pressure difference is being created by the placing or withdrawing of the additional load, and once the pressure difference is created the motion is automatic in all the columns till the equilibrium pressure is regained. It is further to be noted that, the pressure difference , the driving agent, works against gravity. Again, since the process works in a net pressure condition and work is done through virtual transfer, the energy loss in obstruction (friction) and other accounts is minimum, and a universally usable extremely high net c.p. is achieved.

At the end of section 3.2.6, a problem, (perhaps) the last major one, remained to be solved, e.g. creating an empty space at the bottom of the left leg of volume (t x A_a ) which involves the task of lifting the piston along with the liquid of height (h+t) through a distance 't', which apparently requires an energy of more than mgh. The solution lies in the reverse action i.e. withdrawing the additional load from the previously descending liquid and placing it on the rising liquid. Thus enjoying the high c.p., in the same way.

From practical considerations, however, a pair of U-tubes in a system of a 2-way working of piston(fig. 19 and section 5.2 are referred) and an essentially 3-tube arrangement in a system of a single- way working of piston(fig. 18 and section 5.1 are referred) has been used.

The process of this invention works by net pressure, as such is a rather slow and time consuming one. Therefore, a number of pockets are used instead of a single-pocket, in such a sequence that the pockets together can work at the rate of waste that comes from the generator. However, the system can be made faster, by putting some additional masses on the platform, which in turn reduces the c.p. Sequential work is essentially a piecemeal work concept, basically different from power, but by delivering continuous output with multi-pocket arrangement in a sequence, it becomes effectively analogous to power.

However, power from any conventional device is beset by many limitations, but the sequential work in this invention is not beset by any such limitation, at least theoretically. In this section 3.2.7, it has already been opined that the energy balance has been maintained. This opinion is within the framework of conventional ideas of work-energy, which simply is equivalent to force multiplied by distance traveled in case of 'work', and the ability to perform that work in case of 'energy'. But with the emergence of new concepts such as 'Latent Work', 'Latent Force' more particularly the concepts of 'Pressure- Motion Equivalence' (PME) and 'Universally usable Over-unity Coefficient of Performance' (UOCP) everything connected with force, work and energy need to be reviewed and re-defined. Thus energy, power, force, pressure, efficiency, coefficient of performance, the whole string of related phenomena must be reviewed. It is expected that UOCP, and the new meaningful pressure definition and sequential work will be a greater favorite and more in demand than the conventional efficiency, force and power to the scientists in future. The so called fictitious normal force, action-reaction imaginations will be discarded, and Latent Force, Latent Work , Pressure-Motion Equivalence Phenomena and UOCP will come in the limelight. Friction will be renamed as 'obstruction', 'Muscle Power' (power from any living being) will be considered different from all the other natural forces and above all, high energy 'pressure particles' (nh) and sub-particles will be found, which are common to all the basic forces in nature. 3.3 The Process of Free Electricity

The process relates to continuously converting the gravitational potential energy of liquid (preferably, a high density, non-compressible, non-viscous, ordinary temperature conditioned), felling from a height 'h' of a reservoir (preferably, high and large) containing the liquid, fed to a generator, converts into electricity, while the waste of the generator is recycled by utilizing a small fraction of the generated electricity through virtual and sequential transfer of mass by much reduced net pressure(apparently force) and application of new concepts in science.

The generator is placed at ground level outside the reservoir. A pocket mechanism, placed inside the reservoir, sequentially but continuously transfers the waste from the generator, virtually to the top reservoir level with a very high Coefficient of Performance.

The 'pocket mechanism' consists of a pocket, fitted with a liquid- tight piston. The waste from the generator (after extracting its potential energy in the form of electricity) is entered in the pocket , piecemeal. A number of pockets are used in sequence, such that the pockets together can work at the rate of waste that comes from the generator, and continuous flow is maintained thereby.

A push is given to the piston which pushes the waste out of the pocket through an outlet tube fitted with the pocket with a one-way valve, opening outwards only. The phrase 'virtual transfer' is used, since the liquid mass does not go to the reservoir top in one stroke, but eventually reaches there after a few strokes in sequence. Nevertheless, in every stroke, the push must be of enough strength to overcome the back pressure of the liquid in the outlet column (which reaches just to the reservoir top liquid level), in addition to catering for frictional and other obstructions. Another push is needed to place the piston back to its previous position. For practical considerations, a pair of U-tubes (one of each U-tube is the outlet tube fitted with a one- way valve as already mentioned) in a system of 2-way working of piston (fig. 19 and section 5.2 are referred) and in a system of single- way working of piston, an essentially 3-tube arrangement (fig.18 and section 5.1 are referred) has been used.

Both the 'pushes', as mentioned above, are given by much reduced net pressure (apparently force), once by placing additional loads (existing load in the form of existing liquid column or its equivalent is utilized as Latent Force) on the descending column of liquid or its equivalent which causes higher pressure in the descending column of liquid or its equivalent. The same net pressure and/or pressure-motion equivalence theory is utilized in case of reverse action, i.e. the other push, wherein the additional loads are simply withdrawn in case of a single- way working of the piston and in case of a 2-way working of the piston, additional loads are withdrawn and similar loads are placed on the previously ascending column of liquid or its equivalent ( evidently, never on the outlet tubes).

For most minimum friction (obstruction), material combination used in the pistons and the cylinders are chosen for least coefficient of friction (Table 1 referred) which also can at the same time serve the purpose, while the keys are operated during zero or most minimum net pressure( apparently force) applied on them, as far as possible.

Either of the double- way working of piston system (DWPS) or the single-way working of piston system (SWPS) is a preferred embodiment since neither of the system has a clear edge over the other because of the fact that the DWPS with five pistons (in addition to 2 rods through 2 holes) simultaneously(fig. 19 is referred) moving suffer more frictional (obstruction) losses than the SWPS where only two pistons (including 1 rod through single hole )are working(fig. 18 is referred), on the other hand in DWPS every stroke is productive in contrast to SWPS where only alternate strokes are productive and as such a continual research on the coefficient of friction between the material surfeces used for pistons and cylinders will eventually decide any edge.

4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig. 1 is an illustration of a hypothetical combination of an ordinary engine and a reversible engine (run backward as a refrigerator) .

Fig. 2 illustrates that an equal-arm balance is in balance when the forces (weights) on the arms are equal, irrespective of different heights of masses.

Fig. 3 illustrates that the liquid maintains the same height , irrespective of different weights of liquid in different legs at any base level. Fig.4 illustrates the conventional belief that no work is done by the man holding the weight at a fixed height with the idea that the same task could be accomplished by tying the rope to a fixed point.

Fig. 5 illustrates the concept of 'Latent Work'. Conventionally, no work is done by Atlas in holding the earth stationary. The earth fells down if Atlas leaves it, which signifies that Atlas does some latent work.

Fig. 6 illustrates the concept of 'Latent Force. A box of books moves only if the applied force is greater than the force of friction between the books and the table. Till that limit, all the applied forces are latent forces.

Fig. 7 is an illustrative view of a hydraulic press. A lady lifts two cars weighing 3160Kg with a load of 50Kg.

Fig. 8 is an illustrative view of a painter remaining wholly inside a platform and lifting herself up by pulling the rope.

Fig. 9 illustrates that cross-sectional areas of pistons are effective cross-sectional areas in case of hydraulic lifts. Fig. 10 illustrates a crude mechanism of coupling and de-coupling of forces.

Fig. 11 illustrates a simple mechanism of coupling and de-coupling of liquid pressure.

Fig. 12 illustrates that every time a mass is needed to be placed at a height to lift an identical mass to that height.

Fig. 13 illustrates an idea of collecting waste liquid (from a generator) inside the reservoir in a container, in an effort of recycling the liquid.

Fig. 14 illustrates virtual transfer of a ball through a distance of 9d, although the ball actually moves through a distance of d .

Fig. 15 illustrates virtual transfer of mass 'm' at a depth of 'h', over that height by a net energy of mgt (h > t ), where t is the equivalent height of that mass. Fig. 16 illustrates that the volume of liquid descent in tube(s) is equal to the volume of liquid rise in tube(s) from an equilibrium level.

Fig. 17 illustrates an analogous electrical pressure figure of Fig. 16.

Fig. 18 illustrates the apparatus for carrying out the invention with a single- way working of the piston.

Fig. 19 illustrates the apparatus for carrying out the invention with a double-way working of the piston.

5.PREFERRED MODE(S) FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

5.1 Single-way working of the piston

In describing the apparatus for carrying out the process with a single-way working of piston, Fig 18 is referred to. The apparatus consists of a pocket (3), having an inside horizontal cross-section 'A' and a clear capacity-height 't', placed at a clear depth 'h' (4) [ h »t] in a high and large reservoir (1), which is filled to the level (2) with the liquid. A liquid-tight piston (5), having a cross-section 'A', travels vertically mroughout the height 't' of the pocket (3). A platform (6) is vertically connected with the piston with a vertical rod (7). Practically a one piece piston family (5-6-7), has an equivalent mass of p ii,. A.h. Additional masses [e.g. (8), (9), (10) and (11)] can be placed on the platform (6), and can be withdrawn by pulling the strings. The upper enclosure UE (22) isolates the upper part of the pocket (3), platform (6), piston rod (7), and the additional masses on the platform from the liquid in the reservoir (1). Waste liquid coming from the generator (24), enters the pocket (3) by opening the key (15) fitted just outside the pocket to the inlet(30) at the lowest level of the left side of the pocket (3), and also by opening the air-pipe key (13) of the air-pipe (21),connected to the pocket [key (13) is fitted to the pipe (21) outside the pocket at the pocket-top capacity-level ] at its bottom-most part . The inlet(30), is the only liquid inlet to the pocket (3). The liquid outlet(28) of the pocket (3) is also fitted at the lowest level of pocket (3), but at the right side. A valve (14), opening outwards only, is fitted to the outlet pipe (28), just outside the pocket (3). The thickness of the piston (5) is such that when it comes down to the bottom-most position of the pocket, both these, the outlet and the inlet are practically closed. Through the outlet pipe, liquid can just reach the reservoir liquid level (2), through the (short leg) outlet pipe (28). A light thin rod (16), having a length (t + Δt_h), vertically runs through the liquid-tight hole (29) of height Δt_h (34) at the bottom of pocket (3), and normally and con-centrally connects piston (5) with another piston (light) (19), which has a cross-section (A+Δ_A) and thickness Δt₎₉ (35), where Δ_A is for calculation purposes with the aim of optimization while taking friction (obstruction) and other factors in consideration. The piston (19), vertically runs

5 throughout the height 't' (18) in a cylindrical chamber (20) of cross-section (A+Δ_A) [ the chamber (20) is fitted just below pocket (3)], and can rest on the circular pad (26) at the bottom-most part of the chamber (20). The lower enclosure-structure LE (23), is fitted below the chamber (20), both as a support as well as an open-ended enclosure. The liquid can enter the chamber (20), through the bottom of the chamber, by pushing the piston (19) upwards. The piston family (5-6-7) together with any additional masses on the platform (6), puts pressure on the

10 piston (19), through the rod (16).Both the pistons (19) and (5) move simultaneously within their respective cylinders and with proper masses on the platform (6), the piston (19) may ultimately rest on the circular pad (26),and the other piston (5) inside the bottom of pocket (3). An air-pipe (33) is connected with the chamber (20) at its top-most right hand corner just beyond the piston's (19) reach and is always open.

Liquid may fell from the reservoir (1) to the generator (24), through the siphon pipe (25) [ or a pipe connected a 15 little below the liquid level to the reservoir (1)].

A number of pockets are used in a sequence so that the pockets together can work at the rate of waste liquid coming from the generator.

Sequence 1

The sequence starts with both the pistons (5) and (19) in the bottom-most position of the pocket (3) and the .0 chamber (20) respectively with the masses (8) and (11) placed on the platform (6), where mass (8) =ρ _liq (A+Δ_A)(t + Δ_H ) and mass (11) = p H, [ (A+Δ_A)( t + Δt_h + Δtι₉ - Δh_rl6pl9 - Δ_H) + Δ_A h] and where Δh_rl6pi9 is the equivalent height of masses rod (16) and piston (19) together and Δ_H is the equivalent height for catering for friction (obstruction) and other losses. Key (13) is opened and the mass (8) is lifted. With only mass (11) on the platform (6), both the pistons [(19) and (5) ] along with the thin rod(16) will start lifting, each through a vertical height 't', - since the pressure beneath the piston (19) is (h+2t + Δt_h + Δt₁₉) p ii, g, which is greater than the pressure due to the piston family (5-6-7), which is only p _iiq hg, even if mass (11) is on the platform (further explained in section 5.3). The chamber will be filled with the liquid beneath the piston (19), but because of the thin rod (16), the pocket stays practically empty. At this stage, pocket (3) is ready to receive waste liquid from the generator.

Sequence 2

50 The siphon is made workable. Liquid from the reservoir (1) starts felling on the generator(24). Key (15) is opened. Waste liquid from the generator starts filling the pocket. The chamber (20) is already filled with the liquid beneath the piston (19). Both the Keys (15) and (13) are closed when the pocket gets filled. Masses (8), (9) and (10) are then placed on the platform (6). Mass (9) [ = p H, t A],.while mass (10) is for catering for the opening of valve (14) and friction (obstruction) and other losses.. At this stage, both the pistons (3) and (19) will start coming down, forcing the liquid in the pocket and in the chamber out through the outlet pipe (28) and back to the reservoir(outside the pocket) respectively, even if the outlet pipes (28) and chamber (20) are filled with the liquid and have back pressure, since the maximum possible back pressure beneath the chamber (20) is (h+2t +Δt_h + Δt.₉ ) P ii_q g_> which is lower than the pressure due to piston family, masses (8) and (1 1) plus the liquid beneath the piston (19) within the chamber (20),and also because of the maximum possible back pressure (further explanation given in section 3.5 ) from the pipe (28) is (h+t) p ι,_q g, which is again lower than the pressure due to piston family (5-6-7), masses (9) and (10) plus the liquid beneath the piston (5), within the pocket (3). Sequence 3

Once the liquids in the pocket and in the chamber are pushed out, the masses (8), (9) and (10) are lifted and keys (13) and (15) are opened.. With only the mass (11) on the platform, piston (5) and (9) will start lifting again, to give room for fresh intake from the generator and the cycle is repeated.

5.2 Double-way working of the piston In describing the apparatus for carrying out the process with a double-way working of piston, Fig 19 is referred to. The apparatus consists of a pocket (3), having a vertical cross-section 'A' and a clear horizontal length 't' (4), placed at a clear depth 'h' (10) [h»t] in a high and large reservoir (1), which is filled to the level (2) with the liquid. A liquid-tight thin piston (5), having a vertical cross-section 'A', travels horizontally throughout the clear length 't' (4). Two outlet pipes (6) and (7) are connected vertically, both of height just to the liquid level (2), at the left and right most top corners of the pocket (3), and are fitted with valves (8) and (9) respectively, both the valves opening outward only. The thickness of the piston (5) is such that when it reaches either the left or right extreme end of the pocket (5), the respective outlet pipe is practically closed. To facilitate pushing the piston (5) from both sides, two other pistons (12) and (13) are provided and are con- centrally connected with rods (14) and (15) with the piston (5), through liquid-tight holes (16) and (17) respectively, at the left and right side of pocket (3). These pistons e.g. (12) and (13) are each of cross-section 'A' and travel through pipes (18) and (19) respectively, each of cross-section 'A'. Each of these three horizontal pistons e.g. (5), (12) and (13), can horizontally travel to a maximum of length 't'. On the left side, yet another piston (20), also of cross-section 'A', travels a length 't', but vertically within the vertical cylindrical chamber (26). The chamber (26) and the pipe (18) are connected in elbow fashion, keeping the inside cross-section 'A' throughout. The space between piston (20) in its upper-most position in the chamber (26) and piston (12) in its extreme left position, is filled with the liquid (28), so that any pressure by piston (20), can be transmitted undiminished on piston (12) and ultimately to piston (5). A platform (24) is vertically connected with piston (20) with a vertical rod (22). Practically a one piece piston family (20-22-24), has an equivalent mass of p n_q Ah. Additional masses may be placed on the platform (24) [e.g. (30), (32), (34) and (36)] and can be withdrawn by pulling the strings. The enclosure (38) isolates the upper part of the cylindrical chamber (26), platform (24), the piston rod (22) and any additional masses on the platform (24) from the liquid in the reservoir (1). Identical arrangements are made on the right side, with another set, piston (21), piston rod (23), platform (25) [on which masses (31),(33),(35) and (37) may be placed ] , cylindrical chamber (27), enclosure (39), and the pipe (19) and the chamber (27) connected also in elbow fashion and filled with liquid (29) in between pistons (21) and (13). Two thin air-pipes (40) and (41) are connected with the pipes (18) and (19) respectively, just outside the left and right side of the pocket [ and just beyond the respective piston's {(12) or (13)}] reach and are always kept open. Two other air-pipes (42) and (43) are connected to pocket (3), at the extreme left and right sides of pocket (3), but are fitted with keys (44) and (45) respectively, just outside the pocket. Liquid may fell from the reservoir (1), to the generator (11), through the siphon pipe (46) [ or a pipe connected a little below the liquid level to reservoir (1)]. Waste liquid from generator (11) may enter pocket (3), through pipe (47), fitted with a key (48), just outside the pocket.

A number of pockets are used in a sequence so that the pockets together can work at the rate of waste liquid coming from the generator.

Sequence 1

The sequence starts with pistons (5), (20) and (21) in the middle of pocket (3), cylindrical chamber (26) and cylindrical chamber (27) respectively having no masses on platforms and keys (44) and (45) open. Masses (31), (33) [ each = t A p _iiq ], and (35), (37) [ both for catering to opening of valve (8) and friction (obstruction) and other losses] are placed on platform (25). Pistons (5), (12) and (13) will start shifting to the extreme left sides, while piston (20) will start being lifted to the extreme top-most position in the cylinder (26), but piston (21) will start coming down to the bottom-most position in cylindrical chamber (27), since the pressure due to piston family (21-23-25) plus the masses (31) and (35) is greater than the maximum possible back pressure by the piston femily (20-22-24) plus the liquid within the cylindrical chamber (26) and also because the pressure due to piston femily (21-23-25) plus the masses (33) and (37) is greater than the maximum possible back pressure (further explained in section 5.3 ) from the pipe (6). When piston (5) crosses the inlet pipe (47) connection to the pocket,, pocket (3) is ready to take waste liquid from the generator (11).

Sequence 2

The siphon (46) is made workable. Liquid from reservoir (1) starts felling on the generator (11). Key (48) is opened,. Waste liquid from the generator (11) starts filling the pocket (3). Keys (48) and (45) are closed, when the pocket gets filled. The masses (31),(33),(35) and (37) are lifted from the platform (25). Masses (30), (32) [ each = t A p ii, ], and (34), (36) [ both for catering to opening of valve (9) and friction (obstruction) and other losses] are placed one the platform (24). These will push the pistons (12), (5) and (13) rightwards and the piston (21) upwards, pushing the liquid in the pocket out through the outlet pipe (7), even if the outlet pipe (7) is filled with liquid, since the piston family pressure (20-22-24) plus the pressure due to masses (30) and (34) is greater than the maximum possible back pressure due to the piston family (21-23-25) and the liquid within the cylindrical chamber (27) and also because the piston family pressure (20-22-24) plus pressure due to masses (32) and (36) is greater than the maximum possible back pressure from the pipe (7).

Sequence 3 Once piston (5) crosses the inlet pipe (47) connection to the pocket, the filling of the pocket by waste from the generator starts again from the other side of the piston by opening key (48). Once the previous intake is forced out through the pipe (7), key (45) is opened. Keys (48) and (44) are closed. Masses on the platform (20) are lifted and masses (31 ), (33), (35) and (37) are placed on the other platform (25) and the cycle is repeated.

5.3 Pressure and Energy calculations : Referring to fig. 18, with both the pistons (5) and (19) in the bottom-most position of pocket (3) and the chamber (20) respectively with only mass (11) on the platform, the pressure pushing the piston (19) is (h+2t + Δt_h + Δt_l9) Pi,, g and the counter pressure due to piston family (5-6-7) mass [Ah p_bq] , mass (11) [ (A+Δ_A) ( t + Δt_h + Δtι₉ - Δh_rι_6pι₉ - ΔH) +Δ_A h] pι_ιq and masses of rod (16) and piston (19) is given by : pι,_q g [ { Ah + (A+Δ_Λ)( t +Δt_b + Δt₎₉ - Δ_H ) + Δ_A h } / (A + Δ_A )] and the pressure difference is given by : pj_iq g (h + 2t + Δt_h + Δt₎₉ ) - pι_, g [ { A h + (A+Δ_A)( t + Δt + Δt,₉ -Δ_H ) + Δ_A h } / (A + Δ_A )] = pu, g(t+ Δ_H ) .When the piston (19) reaches the chamber (20) top along with piston (5) in its respective pocket-top, the pressure underneath piston (19) is reduced by pι,_q gt and the pressure difference is reduced to pι,_q g Δ_H , and remains.

Referring to fig. 18, when both the pistons (5) and (19) are descending in their respective compartments filled with liquid underneath them, with all the masses [ (8), (9), (10) and (11) ] on the platform and also referring to fig. 15, it is to be noted that the mass that is needed on the platform to virtually transfer the mass of liquid (At pι,_q) underneath the piston (5) is At p^ (frictional and other losses have however to be added) and similarly for the mass of liquid (A + A0) t p^ underneath the piston (19) is (A + Δ^t pi*, + [(A + Δ_Λ) (h + 1 + Δt_b + Δt_w - Δh_rl6pl9) P_h, - Ah p_t,_q] = pι,_q [ (2t + Δt_h + Δt_w - Δh,,^_!, )(A+ Δ_A) + Δ_Ah] [since mass over piston (19) is only { hA p_„q +(A + Δ_A)Δh_rl6pl9 p_b, } and is needed it to be strengthened to (A + A0) (h + t + Δt_h + Δt]₉ ) pi,, ], plus the requirements of catering for friction (obstruction) and other losses. The masses (8) = pj,_q (A + Δ_A)( t + Δ_H) and (11) = pι„, [ (A+Δ_A)( t +Δt_h + Δt₎₉ - Δh_rl6Pi₉ -Δ_H) +Δ_A h ] together have a mass of pι,_q [ (2t + Δt_h + Δtι₉ - Δh_ri₆-ι₉ ) (A + Δ ) + Δ_Ah], and mass (9) has a mass of At ρ_Iιq. Evidently mass (10) must cater for the opening of valve (14), and all the friction (obstruction) and other losses during descent of both the pistons i.e (5) and (19).

In DWPS, all the cylinders and pistons are of cross-section 'A' and have a 'playing length' of 't' and therefore the calculations are straight forward, and have already been explained in 5. 2 . The only thing that is to be noted is that the masses (35) and (37) in case of piston (5) moving to the left and the masses (34) and (36) together, in case of piston (5) moving to the right, caters for opening of valves (8) and (9) respectively in addition to all friction (obstruction) and other losses during respective time.

It is to be noted that all the valves [ (8) and (9) in DWPS and (14) in SWPS] are operated by masses on the respective platforms, but the keys [ (13) and (15) in SWPS and (48), (44) and (45) in DWPS] are either operated electrically with electronic controls, provided with sensors, or with mechanical pressure controlled and /or float valves. However, for maintaining continuous flow of waste liquid from the generator, the arrangement becomes a little more complicated with the increase in the number of keys and for maintaining the proper sequence. However, either the electrically operated and electronically controlled keys or mechanical pressure controlled and /or float valve may as well be used.

Now, placing of the masses on the platform does not practically require any energy, but pulling them to a height 't' does require it. In lifting the masses (30), (32), (34) and (36) [ or (31), (33), (35) and (37) ] through a distance oft' in DWPS and the masses (8) , (9) and (10) through a distance 't' in SWPS, require energy of [tg x {2Atpι-, + (mass required for catering to opening of key (8) or (9) plus friction and other losses }] in case of DWPS and [tg x { 2 At pi,, + (mass required for catering to opening of valves (14) plus friction and other losses during both ascending and descending of pistons }, if Δ_A is set equal to zero] in case of SWPS. Let the energy spent ( per virtual transfer of 'm' amount of waste liquid from the generator to the reservoir top liquid level ) in mass lifting and placing, operation of keys and the valves be written as:

2 mgt [ 1 + k, + k₂ + k₃ + k, + k₅], where m = pι_iq At , Ki = coefficient required for holding and releasing the masses, K₂ = coefficient required for the opening of the valve (8) or (9) in case of DWPS and valve (14) in case of SWPS, K₃ = coefficient required for operation of the keys (13) and (15) in case of SWPS and (48), (44) [ or (48) and (45) alternately] in case of DWPS, K₄ = frictional (Obstruction) and other losses and K₅ = coefficient required for continuous flow in multi- pocket arrangement. Figures 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.40 (during both ascending and descending of the pistons) and 0.10 in case of SWPS and 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.40 (for pistons moving in one way only) and 0.10 in case of DWPS are practically obtainable. It is to be noted that the figures are identical in both SWPS and DWPS, in spite of 5 pistons (in addition to 2 rods through 2 holes) simultaneously working in case of DWPS in contrast to SWPS with only 2 pistons (in addition to 1 rod through single hole) working simultaneously. This is so because in DWPS every stroke is productive, where as in SWPS alternate strokes are productive.

Therefore the energy spent in virtually transferring 'm' amount of mass of liquid from the pocket to the reservoir top liquid level (including maintaining continuous flow of waste liquid from the generator) in either SWPS or DWPS is given by :

2 m (1 + 0.01 + 0.05 + 0.10 + 0.40 + 0.10) t g = 3.32 mtg

Now, electricity generated per 'm' amount of liquid fall from the reservoir top to the generator (with 90% efficiency) is given by : mgh x 0.9 Since h»t, 0.9 mgh » 3.32 mgt.

The above signifies a virtual transfer of mass , utilizing only a fraction of the generated electricity and thus achieving all the objects aimed for.

5.4 Remarks

In view of the foregoing, it will be seen that objects of the invention are achieved and other advantages attained. Although the foregoing includes a description of the preferred modes contemplated for carrying out the invention, various modifications are conceivable.

As various modifications could be made in the construction of methods herein described and illustrated without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the foregoing description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative rather than limiting.

Claims

6. CLAIMSI Claim :

1. A process of obtaining free electricity through virtual and sequential transfer of mass by much reduced net pressure ( apparently force) and application of new concepts in science and introduction of an apparatus for carrying out the process, wherein the apparatus consists of : a reservoir (preferably, high and large) containing liquid (preferably, a high density, non-compressible, low- viscous, ordinary temperature conditioned), a generator (placed at ground level outside the reservoir) which converts the gravitational potential energy of the felling liquid from the reservoir top into electricity, a pocket-mechanism (within and at the bottom of the reservoir) which collects the waste liquid in a pocket from the generator and transfers the same to the reservoir top liquid level virtually and sequentially with a very high Coefficient of Performance (C.P) thus spending only a minimum fraction of generated electricity, a pocket (within the pocket-mechanism) fitted with a liquid-tight piston on which a push is given to drive out the waste liquid from the pocket through an outlet -pipe (which runs just up to the reservoir top liquid level) fitted with a one-way valve opening outwards only and another push given from the other side of the piston to place the piston back to the previous position, a Double- way Working Piston System (DWPS) with a pair of (common-pocket) U-tubes (one tube of each U-tube is a generator waste liquid outlet tube which just reaches the reservoir top liquid level and is connected with the pocket and fitted with a non-return valve, while the other tube of each of the U-tubes is an enclosure for a vertical column of liquid or its equivalent) and alternatively a Single-way Working Piston System with an essentially 3- tube arrangement (one tube is an outlet tube as in DWPS, one is the enclosure for vertical column of liquid or its equivalent and the third is a cylindrical chamber which is open to the reservoir liquid from the outward side of a piston fitted within the chamber), wherein each of the said vertical enclosure pair in the DWPS is connected with the common- pocket in elbow feshion to two sides of the pocket and within each elbow two extra pistons (one runs horizontally and the other vertically) filled with liquid in between them (the extra pistons) facilitates any load on the vertical piston to be transmitted (horizontally) ultimately to the piston in the pocket with an arrangement wherein each of the horizontal pistons in the elbows are con-centrally connected with thin rods through the liquid-tight holes at two ends of the pocket and thus all the five pistons (including pocket piston) move simultaneously during ascending-descending of the two vertical columns or their equivalent and in case of SWPS, while the said extra cylindrical chamber is fitted beneath the pocket and the pistons (pocket piston and the chamber piston) are con-centrally connected through a liquid-tight hole beneath the pocket with a thin rod causing both the pistons to move simultaneously and vertically within their respective compartments , wherein each of the two vertical pistons in DWPS running through vertical cylinders (vertical part of the elbow) is connected with a platform with a vertical rod which equivalently constitutes the vertical column having a total mass of hpii,, A ( essentially one piece piston family comprising piston, vertical rod and platform together has a mass of hpi_iq A, where h is the reservoir liquid height and A is the cross section of either of the vertical cylinder or of the horizontal pocket) and in SWPS a similar piston femily equivalently constitutes the single vertical column, wherein either of the DWPS or the SWPS is a preferred embodiment since neither of the systems has a clear edge over the other because of the feet that the DWPS with five pistons (in addition to two rods moving through two holes at the two sides of the pocket) moving simultaneously suffers more frictional (obstruction) losses than the SWPS where only two pistons (in addition to one rod moving through single hole beneath the pocket) are working and on the other hand every stroke in DWPS is productive in contrast with SWPS where only alternate strokes are productive and as such a continual research on the coefficient of friction between the material surfeces used for pistons and cylinders will eventually decide any edge, wherein the systems work with much reduced net pressure ( apparently force) by placing additional loads on the said platform of the piston family ( the equivalent descending column of liquid) which causes higher pressure in the equivalent descending column, and in the reverse action the additional loads are simply withdrawn in case of a SWPS, and in case of DWPS the additional loads on the equivalent descending column are withdrawn while similar loads are placed on the previously ascending column (equivalent) but never on the liquid of the outlet tubes, wherein a pair of air-tubes in case of DWPS and a single air-tube in case of SWPS (all of height more than the reservoir liquid top level and are fitted with keys) are connected with the pocket respectively and the respective key is kept open during the entering of the waste liquid into the pocket, but is kept closed while putting pressure on the waste liquid, whereas the air pipes connected with the horizontal elbow pipes beyond the extra horizontal pistons in case of DWPS, and in case of SWPS the air-pipe fitted to the extra chamber beyond the chamber piston, which are also of height more than the reservoir top liquid level but with no keys, wherein a number of pockets are used in a sequence so that the pockets together can work at the rate of waste liquid coming from the generator, wherein the process of free electricity consists steps and concepts that : a mass 'm' placed on a piston (light and thin),placed over an equilibrium level in the left leg (right leg is cut to that equilibrium level ) of a U-tube filled with the liquid , will shift an equal amount (m) of liquid at any depth 'h' in the left leg towards the right leg ( and the same amount will be pushed out of the cut right leg ), which signifies a virtual transfer of mass 'm' with only an energy of 'mgt' instead of 'mgh' ( 'h' can be » 't' ), where 't' is equivalent liquid height of mass 'm' at the cross-sectional area of the left leg, pressure (not necessarily force) is the driving agent behind any linear motion, pressure (not necessarily force) is the driving agent behind any kind of motion in the frame work of broad meaningful definition of pressure (e.g. torque may be viewed as rotational pressure, its effectiveness depends not only on its magnitude but also on how far from it. If linear pressure is F/A, the rotational pressure is Fix), pressure and motion are equivalent, the said pressure-motion equivalence postulate leads to believe in the existence of high-energy (nh) particles and sub-particles common to all basic forces in nature, net pressure is always a driving agent for motion, where as net force is not always a driving agent for motion, pressure works against gravity, since a big mass may be lifted with a smaller mass with the help of pressure, friction is simply the obstruction to be overcome, the microscopic penetration between the surfaces in close contact under pressure, if motion is required, a body in motion gets lesser time (chance) of the said microscopic penetration, and experiences lesser friction (obstruction), conventional friction is a passive, reactionary, non-continuous and 'retarding only' imaginary force, compromising with other active forces and may better be termed as 'obstruction' analogous to resistance and reluctance in electric and magnetic circuits respectively, to understand and explain the phenomenon more meaningfully, normal force and /or active -reaction phenomena have no scientific basis, a task done in holding a mass over a fixed height without any movement is neither neutralized nor is useless, but is only needed to be strengthened to do some useful conventional 'work', may be termed as 'latent work', a force failing to move a mass because of conventional static friction, is neither neutralized nor is useless, but only needs to be strengthened to observe the movement, may be termed as 'latent force', a body needs to be immersed in a liquid for the upward thrust, in itself signifies that the fluid does not have the property of so called 'buoyancy' of its own, such apparent weightlessness may be observed in solids by connecting two equal masses by a light string passing over a light pulley with negligible friction in its bearings, and they remain at rest in any position, one of the two specialties of a fluid lies in its very definition, it can flow and alter its shape to conform to the outline of its container, the other being Pascal's redefined principle, the pressure applied at one point in an enclosed fluid is undiminished to every part of the fluid and to the walls of the container naturally, the said word 'naturally', added to Pascal's principle, is for highlighting its natural 'all directional transmission' property from any artificial arrangement (e.g. with pulleys and strings, gears, belts etc.), muscle power of any living being is altogether different from any other natural forces in nature, sequential work is essentially a piecemeal work concept, basically different from conventional power, but with a multi-channel arrangement which results in a continuous flow, makes it equivalent to conventional power, although sequential work is not beset by the kind of limitations that power produced from any conventional device faces, weight ( equal masses balance in equal-arm balance) and height (liquid maintains equal height equilibrium) paradox may be unveiled by introducing effective cross- sectional area formula in case of liquids and is given by : A _effe_ct™ = (weight of liquid above the base level) / (height above base level x p x g), pressure can be transmitted through liquid, and the difference of pressure is the driving agent for motion, but in the absence of such transmission in solids (since a solid cannot change its shape to conform to the outline of the surrounding), full strengths of the applied forces remain and are applied to the solid block, when a solid is subjected to different forces, from different directions, it moves in the direction of the resultant force, as if it is moved by the resultant force, but this happens because of the absence of any counter pressure from the opposite direction of the resultant force, universally usable over-unity coefficient of performance (UOCP) leads to a universally usable system or process with which conventional 'work' can be performed at less expense, net pressure is the driving agent alright, but the common pressure associated with the difference in pressure in different wings, is neither balanced nor is useless and remains (similar to latent force and/ or latent work) but plays a vital role in the said UOCP, the said common pressure in different wings in conjunction with difference in pressure gives scope to act in a parallel way (common pressure in different wings is not needed to be added in series) amongst the wings, the concept of virtual transfer of mass is essentially a transfer of mass in sequence, as a result of sequential work, and the phrase virtual transfer has been used to signify that the mass is deemed to be transferred to its destination, but in reality the same will eventually reach there through the process of sequence, the root cause behind net pressure playing the said the vital role in UOCP, is that net pressure does not set only the uncommon portions in different wings in motion, but the common portions also along with it, thereby performing greater conventional work at lesser expense, in hydraulic press the liquid (hydraulic oil) is used as a transmission medium only, but use of weight of liquid or its equivalent , together with concepts of net pressure (apparently force), latent force, latent work and the pressure-motion equivalence make the heart of the process of this invention and a high UOCP is obtained, the energy balance has been maintained in this invention of free electricity, but this is so within the framework of conventional ideas of work-energy, which simply is force multiplied by distance in case of 'work' and the ability to perform that work in case of 'energy', the new concepts of 'latent work', 'latent force', and more particularly the concepts of Pressure-Motion Equivalence (PME), and Universally usable Over-unity Coefficient of Performance (UOCP) necessitates everything connected to force, work and energy (e.g. energy, power, force, pressure, efficiency, coefficient of performance, the whole string of phenomena) to be reviewed and redefined.

2. The free electricity process of claim 1, requires no conventional fuel or renewable energy source and is practically fuel-less and as such is basically a perpetual motion process, although there is need of stopping the apparatus for maintenance, repair and overhauling jobs in addition to replenishing the liquid in the reservoir because of minor losses of liquid due to evaporation and other factors.

3. The free electricity process of claim 1, is green-house effect free and pollution free and gives scope to set-up the apparatus at the premises of the users, which reduces the need of long distance transmission lines and big substations and also is independently usable in remote places.

4. The free electricity process of claim 1, although depends on gravity, can be used in air-transports by carrying storage tanks filled with free electricity.

5. Materials used in pistons and cylinders in the said apparatus of claim 1, are optimized from the considerations of coefficient of friction, withstanding the continuous stress, durability and reliability.

6. Keys used in the apparatus of claim 1, are opened and/or closed during minimum net pressure applied on them and are mechanical pressure-controlled and/or float-type valves or electrically operated and electronically controlled with sensors, while the valves are usual non-return valves, with light shuttle keys.