WO2004038292A1 - Gas micro burner - Google Patents

Gas micro burner Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004038292A1
WO2004038292A1 PCT/US2003/033937 US0333937W WO2004038292A1 WO 2004038292 A1 WO2004038292 A1 WO 2004038292A1 US 0333937 W US0333937 W US 0333937W WO 2004038292 A1 WO2004038292 A1 WO 2004038292A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
gas burner
fuel
flow communication
chamber
burner
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2003/033937
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Frank Kelley St. Charles
Kayyani C. Adiga
Original Assignee
British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited filed Critical British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited
Priority to BR0315654-0A priority Critical patent/BR0315654A/en
Priority to JP2004547168A priority patent/JP2006504065A/en
Priority to EP03779287A priority patent/EP1558871A4/en
Priority to MXPA05004416A priority patent/MXPA05004416A/en
Priority to CA002503494A priority patent/CA2503494C/en
Priority to AU2003284965A priority patent/AU2003284965B2/en
Publication of WO2004038292A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004038292A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23DBURNERS
    • F23D14/00Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/02Premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air upstream of the combustion zone
    • F23D14/04Premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air upstream of the combustion zone induction type, e.g. Bunsen burner
    • F23D14/10Premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air upstream of the combustion zone induction type, e.g. Bunsen burner with elongated tubular burner head
    • F23D14/105Premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air upstream of the combustion zone induction type, e.g. Bunsen burner with elongated tubular burner head with injector axis parallel to the burner head axis
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23DBURNERS
    • F23D14/00Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/12Radiant burners
    • F23D14/14Radiant burners using screens or perforated plates
    • F23D14/145Radiant burners using screens or perforated plates combustion being stabilised at a screen or a perforated plate
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23QIGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
    • F23Q2/00Lighters containing fuel, e.g. for cigarettes
    • F23Q2/16Lighters with gaseous fuel, e.g. the gas being stored in liquid phase
    • F23Q2/162Lighters with gaseous fuel, e.g. the gas being stored in liquid phase with non-adjustable gas flame
    • F23Q2/163Burners (gas valves)
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23DBURNERS
    • F23D2203/00Gaseous fuel burners
    • F23D2203/10Flame diffusing means
    • F23D2203/101Flame diffusing means characterised by surface shape
    • F23D2203/1012Flame diffusing means characterised by surface shape tubular
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23DBURNERS
    • F23D2212/00Burner material specifications
    • F23D2212/20Burner material specifications metallic
    • F23D2212/201Fibres

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to gas combustion burners. More particularly, the
  • present invention relates to an integral gas burner for a smoking article employing
  • Small scale gas combustion burners such as those used in cigarette lighters, are
  • flame lighter may be quite short in length. Unfortunately, diffusion flame burners tend to produce soot from unburned
  • a pre-mixed flame is the product of a combustion process wherein the
  • pre-mixing of the fuel and air is stable and will not bend if the burner is rotated.
  • oxygen-rich flame produced in such a gas burner leaves predominantly C0 2 , H 2 0 and N 2
  • combustion is usually performed with a venturi, which draws air into the burner as fuel
  • the burner affects the overall size of the combination of the burner and fuel storage
  • the present invention is directed to a burner assembly for
  • the burner assembly includes a fuel inlet, nozzle, an
  • oxygenation chamber with at least one air inlet, a mixing chamber, at least one permeable
  • the fuel is a flame holder, an optional flame tube, and an optional burner housing.
  • inlet connects the burner assembly to the gaseous fuel storage tank.
  • the adjustment mechanism may be attached to the fuel inlet to regulate the fuel mass flow rate from a fuel storage container.
  • the nozzle is in flow communication with the fuel inlet
  • the nozzle feeds fuel from the fuel inlet to the oxygenation chamber.
  • At least one air inlet is disposed in one or more of the walls of the oxygenation chamber. Air
  • the size of the nozzle influences the mass flow rate of air drawn into the venturi tube
  • a mixing chamber is in flow communication with the oxygenation chamber.
  • mixing chamber provides for the efficient mixing of the air and the gaseous fuel in a
  • the mixing chamber has either an inner wall which includes a
  • frustoconical section, or a ferrule may be disposed within the mixing chamber to provide
  • the diverging side wall of the mixing chamber provides an interior
  • At least one permeable barrier is
  • permeable barrier may be disposed at the outlet of the mixing chamber or be spaced therefrom.
  • the permeable barrier may be a porous metal or ceramic plate, or another
  • the permeable barrier restricts the flow of the fuel/air mixture
  • a flame holder is disposed in the gas burner downstream of and in flow
  • the flame holder includes at least one
  • An ignition means is
  • the flame holder prevents the flame generated by the combustion
  • An optional flame tube may be
  • the flame tube localizes the flame and prevents diffusion of air to it.
  • the flame generated by the burner is a stable pre-mixed flame that has at least a
  • the flame generated within the gas burner will not bend and is, thus, unaffected by
  • the gas burner may be enclosed within a flame tube. Enclosing the flame allows the gas burner to be
  • conventional cigarette lighters For example, conventional butane lighters generally
  • burner of the present invention generates a heat output of approximately 6 - 12 Watts.
  • Such power output allows such a gas burner to be used in an integral lighter for a smoking
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the gas burner of the present invention with
  • FIG. la is a perspective view of the gas burner of FIG. 1 with a cigarette inserted
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the gas burner taken along line 2-2of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the gas burner of the present invention attached
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the gas burner of the
  • FIG. 5 is an exploded view of yet another embodiment of the gas burner of the
  • FIG. 6 is an end on view of the burner housing of the gas burner of FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the burner housing of FIG. 6 taken along line 7-
  • FIG. 8 is an end on view of the nozzle of the gas burner of FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 9 is a side view of the nozzle of FIG. 8 with selected portions shown in
  • FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the nozzle of FIG. 8 taken along lines 10-10.
  • FIG. 11 is an expanded view of area 10 of the nozzle of FIG. 10.
  • FIG. 12 is an end view of the ferrule of the gas burner of FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 13 is a cross sectional view of the ferrule of FIG. 12 taken along line 13-13.
  • FIG. 14 is an end view of a shim of the gas burner of FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 15 is a side view of the shim of FIG. 14.
  • FIG. 16 is a front view of the permeable barrier of the gas burner of FIG. 5 with
  • FIG. 17 is a side view of the permeable barrier of FIG. 16.
  • FIG. 18 is a front view of the flame holder of the gas burner of FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 19 is a side view of the flame holder of FIG. 18 with selected portions shown
  • FIG. 19a is a front view of another embodiment of the permeable barrier of the gas
  • FIG. 19b is a side view of the permeable barrier of FIG. 19a.
  • FIG. 20 is a front view of another embodiment of the flame holder of the gas
  • FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of the flame holder of FIG. 20 taken along line
  • FIG. 22 is a front view of another embodiment of the permeable barrier of the gas
  • FIG. 23 is a side view of the permeable barrier of FIG. 22.
  • FIG. 24 is a side view of another embodiment of the burner housing of the gas
  • FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of the burner housing of FIG. 24 taken along
  • FIG. 26 is another cross-sectional view of the burner housing of FIG. 24 taken
  • a gas burner 10 includes a fuel inlet 20, a venturi, which
  • nozzle 30 includes a nozzle 30 and an oxygenation chamber 40 with at least one air inlet 45, a mixing chamber 50, at least one permeable barrier or mixing screen 60 and a flame hol d er
  • the gas burner 10 produces a stable pre-mixed flame that is generated with lower
  • burner 10 of the present invention may be sized smaller than conventional commercial gas
  • FIG. 1 shows the gas burner 10 of the present invention.
  • the fuel inlet 20 connects
  • the fuel may be any gaseous fuel known in which it is contained, to the gas burner 10.
  • the fuel may be any gaseous fuel known in
  • the nozzle 30 narrows the available volume through which fuel
  • the nozzle 30 may travel through the gas burner 10.
  • the nozzle 30 has an orifice 35, as shown in FIG.
  • the inner wall 32 of nozzle 30 may
  • Orifice 35 may have a
  • air inlet(s) 45 are open to ambient and allow air to be
  • At least one air inlet 45 is in flow
  • the gas burner 10 may have four or more air inlets 45
  • air inlet 45 may have any appropriate configuration.
  • air inlet 45 may have a cylindrical
  • an air inlet may be disposed concentrically
  • oxygenation chamber 40 cooperate to form a high-efficiency venturi.
  • the oxygenation chamber 40 is approximately 3-
  • the oxygenation chamber 45 is in flow communication with the mixing chamber
  • the mixing chamber 50 may have an inner side wall 51 at least a portion 52
  • the mixing chamber In a preferred embodiment, the frustoconical portion 52 of the
  • mixing chamber 50 is approximately 2-4 mm in length.
  • At least one permeable barrier 60 is in flow communication
  • the permeable barrier 60 is preferably disposed
  • permeable barrier 60 creates a pressure differential on either side thereof, the higher static pressure being upstream of the permeable barrier 60 and the lower pressure being
  • the permeable barrier 60 may be formed of a variety of materials and have a
  • the permeable barrier 60 may include a wire mesh formed of a
  • a wire mesh formed of nickel wire having a diameter of 0.114mm was
  • the permeable barrier 60 may be a porous plate
  • a porous plate may have a few large holes, as
  • FIG. 5 16 and 17, or many smaller holes, as shown in FIG. 19a and 19b.
  • the fuel/air mixture travels through the permeable barrier 60.
  • the permeable barrier 60 is the permeable barrier
  • permeable barrier 60 serves to decelerate the mixture flow so that the flame produced
  • the porosity or void fraction of the permeable barrier 60 should be selected from the hydrocarbons. Therefore, the porosity or void fraction of the permeable barrier 60 should be selected from the hydrocarbons. Therefore, the porosity or void fraction of the permeable barrier 60 should be selected from the hydrocarbons. Therefore, the porosity or void fraction of the permeable barrier 60 should be selected from the hydrocarbons. Therefore, the porosity or void fraction of the permeable barrier 60 should
  • the permeable barrier be such that, when combined with a nozzle 30 of a particular size, the permeable barrier
  • the porosity is the percentage of open area present within the permeable barrier.
  • the porosity represents the available area through which the fuel/air mixture may flow
  • the permeable barrier has a
  • the permeable barrier 60 varies with the diameter of the nozzle 30.
  • the diameter of nozzle 30 also affects the entrainment of air within the
  • the nozzle diameter decreases.
  • the diameter of the nozzle 30 is within the range of 30 to 60 microns.
  • the present invention contemplates
  • Oxygenation chamber 140 has a spherical side wall
  • proximal wall 142 in which is disposed an orifice, similar to
  • Air inlet(s) 145 may be
  • chamber 140 is in flow communication with both nozzle 130 and mixing chamber 150,
  • a flame holder or burner plate 70 is in flow communication
  • Flame holder 70 has at least one opening 71 therein
  • the porosity of the flame holder 70 affects the entrainment rate of air into the oxygenation
  • the openings 71 may be circular and may be arranged around the center of
  • the flame holder 70 For example, three substantially circular openings 71 may be
  • openings 71 may be disposed 120 9 apart around the center of the flame holder 70.
  • the flameholder 70 may have non-circular openings.
  • the flameholder 70 may have non-circular openings. For example, as
  • flame holder 270 may have three kidney-shaped openings 271
  • the flame holder 70 has one or more openings therein.
  • the flame holder 70 allows the fuel/air mixture to flow therethrough to the point of ignition.
  • the flame holder 70 has one or more openings therein. The flame holder 70 allows the fuel/air mixture to flow therethrough to the point of ignition. However, the flame holder
  • holder 70 is spaced approximately 1 mm from the mixing distal end of the mixing
  • the gas burner 10 may include an ignition source 99
  • the ignition source 99 may be any source
  • the gas burner 10 may also include a flame tube 80 or 180
  • the flame tube 80 prevents diffusion of
  • the flame tube 80 may be formed of any metallic, ceramic or
  • the gas burner 10 may be housed within a burner housing 90, as shown in FIGS . 3 ,
  • the burner housing 90 may enclose some or all of the fuel inlet 20, nozzle 30,
  • oxygenation chamber 40 mixing chamber 50, penneable barrier 60, flame holder 70 and
  • the burner housing 90 may be
  • the gas burner 10 may be provided in an assembly.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of FIG. 1
  • FIG. 5 shows an exploded view of one embodiment of the gas burner 10.
  • nozzle 30, ferrule 55, permeable barrier 60 and flame holder 70 are disposed in a burner
  • burner housing 90 includes oxygenation chamber 40, air
  • Shims 59 are disposed between
  • Shims 59 provide adequate spacing
  • the gas burner 10 of the present invention provides for such efficient mixing of
  • low molecular weight hydrocarbon fuels such as butane
  • gas burner 10 may be approximately 50% shorter than the length of a commercially
  • the present invention may be disposed in a smoking article in which a smokable material
  • FIG. 1 a shows the gas burner 10 with a
  • Cigarette 4 may include tobacco 5 or any other
  • article including the gas burner 10, may approach the size of a conventional cigarette.

Abstract

A micro gas burner is provided that generates a stable, pre-mixed flame that produces little to no soot or unburned hydrocarbons. The gas burner includes a fuel inlet, nozzle, oxygenation chamber with at least one air inlet, a mixing chamber having a frustoconical inner wall, at least one permeable barrier and a flame holder. The gas burner thoroughly mixes fuel and entrained air to form a nearly stoichiometric mixture prior to combustion. The gas burner mixes the fuel and air so thoroughly that it requires a lower fuel flow rate than would otherwise be necessary to produce a stable, pre-mixed flame. The gas burner may include an optional flame tube in which a flame is contained and sequestered from diffusing air.

Description

GAS MICRO BURNER
BY
Frank K. St. Charles. 112 Raven Avenue, Perry, Georgia 31069 US Kayyani C. Adiga, 4999 Oxford Road, Macon, Georgia 31210 US
CROSS-REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS
This PCT Patent Application claims priority to and benefit of, currently
pending, U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 10/217,695, filed on 25 October
2002, which is incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to gas combustion burners. More particularly, the
present invention relates to an integral gas burner for a smoking article employing
combustion of a pre-mixed gaseous fuel.
Small scale gas combustion burners, such as those used in cigarette lighters, are
well lαiown in the art. Most cigarette lighters use buoyancy to entrain air for diffusion
combustion. The fuel vapors and air meet at the point of ignition and burn
instantaneously. Hence, the fuel and air are not mixed upstream from the point of
ignition in such lighters. Since no apparatus for pre-mixing is necessary, a diff sion
flame lighter may be quite short in length. Unfortunately, diffusion flame burners tend to produce soot from unburned
hydrocarbons and pyrrolitic products that occur due to incomplete combustion of the
gaseous fuel. Furthermore, flames produced by diffusion burners tend to be unstable and
bend as the burner is rotated.
The production of a pre-mixed flame in a gas combustion burner is also well
known in the art. A pre-mixed flame is the product of a combustion process wherein the
fuel is mixed with air upstream of the point of ignition. By the time the fuel/air mixture
reaches the point of ignition, a stoichiometrically sufficient amount of oxygen is available
for the combustion reaction to proceed to near completion. The flame produced by the
pre-mixing of the fuel and air is stable and will not bend if the burner is rotated.
Furthermore, since the fuel/air mixture tends to combust completely, a pre-mixing gas
burner produces little to no soot or unreacted hydrocarbons. The stoichiometric or
oxygen-rich flame produced in such a gas burner leaves predominantly C02, H20 and N2
as the only combustion byproducts.
In the production of a pre-mixed flame, the mixing of the fuel and air prior to
combustion is usually performed with a venturi, which draws air into the burner as fuel
passes therethrough. However, the presence of an effective venturi tends to add to the
overall length of the burner apparatus. In addition, the fuel mass flow rate requirement of
the burner affects the overall size of the combination of the burner and fuel storage
container. For example, the smallest fuel flow rate for a butane lighter that sustains a
stable pre-mixed flame approaches approximately 0.71 mg/s. Reducing the fuel mass flow rate requirement thereby allows for a reduction in the overall size of the burner and
fuel storage container.
Reducing the size of the burner and fuel tank expands the scope of possible applications
of such a burner.
It is, therefore, desirable to provide a gas burner that produces a stable pre-mixed
flame and that is small enough to be used in a variety of applications, such as smoking
articles.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a gas burner that generates a
stable pre-mixed flame with low fuel mass flow rate requirements.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a gas burner that may be
used for a smoking article and that also may be sized smaller than conventional gas
lighters.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a mixing chamber for a gas
burner that provides highly efficient mixing of fuel and air in a small volume.
More particularly, the present invention is directed to a burner assembly for
combustion of gaseous fuel. The burner assembly includes a fuel inlet, nozzle, an
oxygenation chamber with at least one air inlet, a mixing chamber, at least one permeable
barrier, a flame holder, an optional flame tube, and an optional burner housing. The fuel
inlet connects the burner assembly to the gaseous fuel storage tank. An optional flow
adjustment mechanism may be attached to the fuel inlet to regulate the fuel mass flow rate from a fuel storage container. The nozzle is in flow communication with the fuel inlet
and affects both the static pressure and the velocity of the fuel stream passing
therethrough. The nozzle feeds fuel from the fuel inlet to the oxygenation chamber. The
inner diameter of the nozzle is significantly smaller than that of the fuel inlet, thereby
accelerating the fuel stream passing therethrough. The static pressure of the fuel stream
drops as it travels from the constricted nozzle into the larger oxygenation chamber. At
least one air inlet is disposed in one or more of the walls of the oxygenation chamber. Air
is drawn into the oxygenation chamber through the air inlet(s) by the reduction in static
pressure caused by the gaseous fuel entering the oxygenation chamber through the nozzle.
The size of the nozzle influences the mass flow rate of air drawn into the venturi tube
through the air inlets.
A mixing chamber is in flow communication with the oxygenation chamber. The
mixing chamber provides for the efficient mixing of the air and the gaseous fuel in a
relatively small volume. The mixing chamber has either an inner wall which includes a
frustoconical section, or a ferrule may be disposed within the mixing chamber to provide
an inner wall with a frustoconical section. In either case, the interior of the mixing
chamber expands from the proximal end, which is adjacent to the oxygenation chamber,
to the distal end. The diverging side wall of the mixing chamber provides an interior
space in which the fuel and air may efficiently mix. At least one permeable barrier is
disposed downstream of and in flow communication with the mixing chamber. The
permeable barrier may be disposed at the outlet of the mixing chamber or be spaced therefrom. The permeable barrier may be a porous metal or ceramic plate, or another
permeable material or structure that inhibits the flow of the fuel/air mixture from the
mixing chamber. The permeable barrier restricts the flow of the fuel/air mixture and
causes a drop in the mixture's static pressure. The result of the flow restriction is
recirculation of a portion of the fuel/air stream within the mixing chamber. Recirculation
eddies tend to form within the mixing chamber around the axis of the flow stream. This
recirculation provides for a more complete mixing of the fuel/air stream prior to ignition.
A flame holder is disposed in the gas burner downstream of and in flow
communication with the permeable barrier(s). The flame holder includes at least one
opening therein which further restricts the fuel/air stream flow. An ignition means is
disposed downstream of the flame holder and precipitates the combustion of the fuel/air
stream upon activation. The flame holder prevents the flame generated by the combustion
of the fuel/air stream from flashing back through the burner. An optional flame tube may
also be provided. The flame tube localizes the flame and prevents diffusion of air to it.
The flame generated by the burner is a stable pre-mixed flame that has at least a
stoichiometrically sufficient amount of air for complete combustion of the fuel.
The flame generated within the gas burner will not bend and is, thus, unaffected by
the orientation of the burner. Furthermore, the combustion process carried out in the
burner does not require diffused air to assist in complete reaction; therefore, the flame
may be enclosed within a flame tube. Enclosing the flame allows the gas burner to be
employed in a variety of applications, such as an integral cigarette lighter, in which other flames, which rely on diffusing air, would be inappropriate. The burner generates a
stable, pre-mixed flame with a significantly smaller fuel flow rate than required by
conventional cigarette lighters. For example, conventional butane lighters generally
require fuel mass flow rates of at least 0.71 mg/s, whereas the gas burner of the present
invention produces a sustainable pre-mixed flame with a fuel flow rate in the range of
approximately 0.14 mg/s - 0.28 mg/s. At this specified range, a lighter utilizing the gas
burner of the present invention generates a heat output of approximately 6 - 12 Watts.
Such power output allows such a gas burner to be used in an integral lighter for a smoking
article.
It will become apparent that other objects and advantages of the present invention
will be obvious to those skilled in the art upon reading the detailed description of the
preferred embodiment set forth hereinafter.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the gas burner of the present invention with
selected portions shown in phantom lines.
FIG. la is a perspective view of the gas burner of FIG. 1 with a cigarette inserted
therein and with selected portions shown in phantom lines and other selected portions in
cutaway.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the gas burner taken along line 2-2of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the gas burner of the present invention attached
to a fuel storage container and enclosed in a burner housing. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the gas burner of the
present invention.
FIG. 5 is an exploded view of yet another embodiment of the gas burner of the
present invention.
FIG. 6 is an end on view of the burner housing of the gas burner of FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the burner housing of FIG. 6 taken along line 7-
7.
FIG. 8 is an end on view of the nozzle of the gas burner of FIG. 5.
FIG. 9 is a side view of the nozzle of FIG. 8 with selected portions shown in
phantom lines.
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the nozzle of FIG. 8 taken along lines 10-10.
FIG. 11 is an expanded view of area 10 of the nozzle of FIG. 10.
FIG. 12 is an end view of the ferrule of the gas burner of FIG. 5.
FIG. 13 is a cross sectional view of the ferrule of FIG. 12 taken along line 13-13.
FIG. 14 is an end view of a shim of the gas burner of FIG. 5.
FIG. 15 is a side view of the shim of FIG. 14.
FIG. 16 is a front view of the permeable barrier of the gas burner of FIG. 5 with
selected portions shown in phantom lines.
FIG. 17 is a side view of the permeable barrier of FIG. 16.
FIG. 18 is a front view of the flame holder of the gas burner of FIG. 5. FIG. 19 is a side view of the flame holder of FIG. 18 with selected portions shown
, in phantom lines.
FIG. 19a is a front view of another embodiment of the permeable barrier of the gas
burner of the present invention.
FIG. 19b is a side view of the permeable barrier of FIG. 19a.
FIG. 20 is a front view of another embodiment of the flame holder of the gas
burner of FIG. 5.
FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of the flame holder of FIG. 20 taken along line
21-21.
FIG. 22 is a front view of another embodiment of the permeable barrier of the gas
burner of the present invention.
FIG. 23 is a side view of the permeable barrier of FIG. 22.
FIG. 24 is a side view of another embodiment of the burner housing of the gas
burner of the present invention with selected portions shown in phantom lines.
FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of the burner housing of FIG. 24 taken along
lines 25-25.
FIG. 26 is another cross-sectional view of the burner housing of FIG. 24 taken
along lines 26-26.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
As shown in the figures, a gas burner 10 includes a fuel inlet 20, a venturi, which
includes a nozzle 30 and an oxygenation chamber 40 with at least one air inlet 45, a mixing chamber 50, at least one permeable barrier or mixing screen 60 and a flame holder
70. The gas burner 10 produces a stable pre-mixed flame that is generated with lower
fuel mass flow rates than conventional burners. As a result, a lighter employing the gas
burner 10 of the present invention may be sized smaller than conventional commercial gas
5 lighters.
FIG. 1 shows the gas burner 10 of the present invention. The fuel inlet 20 connects
a fuel storage container 15, as shown in FIG. 3, with the nozzle 30. The fuel inlet 20
provides a pathway through which gaseous fuel may be fed from the storage container 15,
in which it is contained, to the gas burner 10. The fuel may be any gaseous fuel known in
[ 0 the art, including low molecular weight hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, propane,
butane, and acetylene. The nozzle 30 narrows the available volume through which fuel
may travel through the gas burner 10. The nozzle 30 has an orifice 35, as shown in FIG.
11, that opens into the oxygenation chamber 40. The inner wall 32 of nozzle 30 may
include a frustoconical section 33, as shown in FIGS. 9-11. Orifice 35 may have a
15 circular edge or any other appropriately shaped edge that allows fuel to flow therethrough.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, air inlet(s) 45 are open to ambient and allow air to be
drawn into the oxygenation chamber 40. At least one air inlet 45 is in flow
communication with oxygenation chamber 40. In two preferred embodiments, as shown
0 in FIGS. 5-7 and FIGS. 24-26, the gas burner 10 may have four or more air inlets 45
conducting air from ambient to the oxygenation chamber 40. Additionally, air inlet 45 may have any appropriate configuration. For example, air inlet 45 may have a cylindrical
sidewall 47 extending through the sidewall 41 of oxygenation chamber 40, as shown in
FIGS. 5-7. As an alternative to air inlet 45, an air inlet may be disposed concentrically
with orifice 35 within proximal wall 42 of oxygenation chamber 40. The nozzle 30 and
oxygenation chamber 40 cooperate to form a high-efficiency venturi. The pressurized
flow of fuel through the nozzle 30 and orifice 35 into the oxygenation chamber 40 causes
a reduction in the static pressure of the flow within the oxygenation chamber 40. This
reduction of the static pressure draws air through the air inlet 45 into the oxygenation
chamber 45. In a preferred embodiment, the oxygenation chamber 40 is approximately 3-
4 mm in length.
The oxygenation chamber 45 is in flow communication with the mixing chamber
50. The fuel and entrained air flow from the oxygenation chamber into the mixing
chamber 50. The mixing chamber 50 may have an inner side wall 51 at least a portion 52
of which is frustoconical. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 5, 12 and 13, a mixing ferrule
55 having a frustoconical inner wall 56 may be included in the gas burner 10 and serve as
the mixing chamber. In a preferred embodiment, the frustoconical portion 52 of the
mixing chamber 50 is approximately 2-4 mm in length.
As shown in FIG. 2, at least one permeable barrier 60 is in flow communication
with the mixing chamber 50. The permeable barrier 60 is preferably disposed
downstream from the mixing chamber 40, as shown in FIGS. 1-4. The presence of the
permeable barrier 60 creates a pressure differential on either side thereof, the higher static pressure being upstream of the permeable barrier 60 and the lower pressure being
downstream therefrom. The pressure differential thereby provides for the formation of
recirculation eddies within the fuel/air stream to either side of the axis of the mixing
chamber. The mixing of the air and the fuel occurs on the molecular level and proceeds
to near complete mixing before the fuel/air mixture leaves the mixing chamber 50.
The permeable barrier 60 may be formed of a variety of materials and have a
variety of configurations. The permeable barrier 60 may include a wire mesh formed of a
metallic or polymeric material, as shown in FIGS. 22-23. For example, in a preferred
embodiment, a wire mesh formed of nickel wire having a diameter of 0.114mm was
included in the permeable barrier. Other metals from which the wire mesh may be formed
include brass and steel. Alternatively, the permeable barrier 60 may be a porous plate
formed of metallic or ceramic material. A porous plate may have a few large holes, as
shown in FIG. 5, 16 and 17, or many smaller holes, as shown in FIG. 19a and 19b.
Regardless of the configuration and the materials of construction of the permeable barrier
60, the fuel/air mixture travels through the permeable barrier 60. The permeable barrier
60 provides for further mixing of the gaseous fuel and air as they pass therethrough. The
drop in static pressure experienced by the fuel/air mixture as it travels through the
permeable barrier 60 serves to decelerate the mixture flow so that the flame produced
downstream will not lift off from the flame holder 70, shown in FIG. 1, 5, 18 and 19.
The pressure differential created by the permeable barrier 60 adversely affects the
rate of entrainment of air within the burner 10. More particularly, as the pressure drop caused by the permeable barrier 60 increases, the flow rate of air entrained by the venturi
decreases, thereby producing a fuel/air mixture that tends to be more fuel-rich. As a
result, the porosity of the permeable barrier 60 must be taken into account in selecting a
barrier that provides an appropriate fuel and air ratio. The goal of mixing the fuel and the
air prior to ignition is to attain a mixture ratio of fuel to air that approaches a
stoichiometric ratio, or that is slightly oxygen-rich. The result of a stoichiometrically
balanced mixture of fuel and air is that the mixture will proceed to nearly complete
combustion upon ignition, thereby producing a stable flame without soot or unburned
hydrocarbons. Therefore, the porosity or void fraction of the permeable barrier 60 should
be such that, when combined with a nozzle 30 of a particular size, the permeable barrier
60 provides a mass flow rate of air entrained within the oxygenation chamber 40 that
leads to a near stoichiometric ratio between the gaseous fuel and air.
The porosity is the percentage of open area present within the permeable barrier.
The porosity represents the available area through which the fuel/air mixture may flow
from the mixing chamber 50. In a preferred embodiment, the permeable barrier has a
porosity of between 35% and 40% for a 30 micron diameter nozzle 30, in order to achieve
a fuel to air ratio that is stoichiometric or slightly oxygen-rich. The preferred porosity of
the permeable barrier 60 varies with the diameter of the nozzle 30.
The diameter of nozzle 30 also affects the entrainment of air within the
oxygenation chamber 40. The pressure drop of the fuel flow increases as the diameter of
the nozzle diameter decreases. In a preferred embodiment, the diameter of the nozzle 30 is within the range of 30 to 60 microns. However, the present invention contemplates
nozzle diameters outside of this given range. For nozzles with diameters approaching 50
microns and greater, an alternative embodiment of the oxygenation chamber 140 of the
present invention is shown in FIG.4. Oxygenation chamber 140 has a spherical side wall
141 and a recessed portion in proximal wall 142 in which is disposed an orifice, similar to
orifice 35 shown in FIG. 11, into which nozzle 130 opens. Air inlet(s) 145 may be
disposed within spherical side wall 141 and/or in proximal wall 142. Oxygenation
chamber 140 is in flow communication with both nozzle 130 and mixing chamber 150,
which has a frustoconical side wall 151.
As shown in FIG. 1, a flame holder or burner plate 70 is in flow communication
with the permeable barrier 60. Flame holder 70 has at least one opening 71 therein
through which the pre-mixed fuel and air stream flows. As with the permeable barrier 60,
the porosity of the flame holder 70 affects the entrainment rate of air into the oxygenation
chamber 40. The openings 71 may be circular and may be arranged around the center of
the flame holder 70. For example, three substantially circular openings 71 may be
disposed within flame holder 70, as shown in FIGS. 1, 5, 18, and 19. The three circular
openings 71 may be disposed 1209 apart around the center of the flame holder 70.
Alternatively, the flameholder 70 may have non-circular openings. For example, as
shown in FIGS. 20 and 21 , flame holder 270 may have three kidney-shaped openings 271
through which the fuel/air stream flows. It is contemplated by the present invention that
the flame holder 70 has one or more openings therein. The flame holder 70 allows the fuel/air mixture to flow therethrough to the point of ignition. However, the flame holder
70 prevents the pre-mixed flame produced by the combustion of the fuel/air mixture from
traveling upstream through the gas burner 10. In a preferred embodiment, the flame
holder 70 is spaced approximately 1 mm from the mixing distal end of the mixing
chamber 50.
As shown in FIG. 3, the gas burner 10 may include an ignition source 99
positioned downstream of the flame holder 70. The ignition source 99 may be any source
known in the art, such as a piezoelectric element, electrical or flint ignitor.
As shown in FIGS. 1-5, the gas burner 10 may also include a flame tube 80 or 180
in which a pre-mixed flame may be contained. The flame tube 80 prevents diffusion of
air to the pre-mixed flame. The flame tube 80 may be formed of any metallic, ceramic or
polymeric material that may withstand the temperatures produced by the combustion
process that occurs in gas burner 10. The flame produced within the gas burner 10 is
disposed substantially within the flame tube 80
The gas burner 10 may be housed within a burner housing 90, as shown in FIGS . 3 ,
and 5. The burner housing 90 may enclose some or all of the fuel inlet 20, nozzle 30,
oxygenation chamber 40, mixing chamber 50, penneable barrier 60, flame holder 70 and
flame tube 80, as well as a gaseous fuel storage cartridge. The burner housing 90 may be
formed of metallic, ceramic or polymeric material.
As shown in FIGS. 5-19, the gas burner 10 may be provided in an assembly. FIG.
5 shows an exploded view of one embodiment of the gas burner 10. In this embodiment, nozzle 30, ferrule 55, permeable barrier 60 and flame holder 70 are disposed in a burner
housing 90. In this embodiment, burner housing 90 includes oxygenation chamber 40, air
inlets 45 and flame tube 80 integrally formed therein. Shims 59 are disposed between
ferrule 55, permeable barrier 60 and flame holder 70. Shims 59 provide adequate spacing
between these components.
The gas burner 10 of the present invention provides for such efficient mixing of
low molecular weight hydrocarbon fuels, such as butane, with air that the length of the
gas burner 10 may be approximately 50% shorter than the length of a commercially
available butane burner that produces a pre-mixed flame. As a result, the gas burner 10 of
the present invention may be disposed in a smoking article in which a smokable material
is burned by an integral lighter included therein. FIG. 1 a shows the gas burner 10 with a
cigarette 4 disposed in flame tube 80. Cigarette 4 may include tobacco 5 or any other
aerosol-generating smokable material well known in the art. The size of such a smoking
article, including the gas burner 10, may approach the size of a conventional cigarette.
The foregoing detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present
invention are given primarily for clearness of understanding and no unnecessary
limitations are to be understood therefrom for modifications will become obvious to those
skilled in the art upon reading the disclosure and may be made without departing from the
spirit of the invention and scope of the appended claims.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:
1. A gas burner comprising:
a mixing chamber having an inlet, an outlet, and a frustoconical portion of an inner
wall that diverges from said inlet;
at least one permeable barrier disposed at said outlet of said mixing chamber and in
flow communication with said mixing chamber; and,
a flame holder in flow communication with said at least one permeable barrier.
2. The gas burner of claim 1, including an oxygenation chamber in flow
communication
with said mixing chamber.
3. The gas burner of claim 2, including at least one air inlet in flow communication
with
said oxygenation chamber.
4. The gas burner of claim 3, said at least one air inlet being open to ambient.
5. The gas burner of claim 3 , said at least one air inlet disposed in a side wall of said
oxygenation chamber.
6. The gas burner of claim 2, including a nozzle in flow communication with said
oxygenation chamber.
7. The gas burner of claim 6, wherein said nozzle includes an orifice opening in to
said
oxygenation chamber.
8. The gas burner of claim 7, at least one air inlet concentrically disposed with said
orifice in a proximal wall of said oxygenation chamber.
9. The gas burner of claim 6, said nozzle being in flow communication with a fuel
inlet.
10. The gas burner of claim 9, said fuel inlet being in flow communication with a fuel
storage container.
11. The gas burner of claim 10, said fuel storage container containing a gaseous fuel.
12. The gas burner of claim 11, said a gaseous fuel including a low molecular weight
hydrocarbon.
13. The gas burner of claim 12, wherein said low molecular weight hydrocarbon is
selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, propane, butane, and acetylene.
14. The gas burner of claim 1 , including a burner housing.
15. The gas burner of claim 14, said mixing chamber, said permeable barrier and said
flame holder being disposed within said burner housing.
16. The gas burner of claim 1, said mixing chamber including a ferrule disposed
therein.
17. The gas burner of claim 1, said flame holder having three openings therein.
18. The gas burner of claim 17, wherein each of said three openings are substantially
circular.
19. The gas burner of claim 18, said three openings being spaced 1202 apart around a
center of said flame holder.
20. The gas burner of claim 17, wherein each of said three openings are kidney-
shaped.
21. The gas burner of claim 1, said at least one permeable barrier including a wire
mesh.
22. The gas burner of claim 21, said wire mesh being formed of a metal.
23. The gas burner of claim 24, wherein said metal is selected from the group
consisting of nickel, brass, and steel.
24. The gas burner of claim 1, said at least one peraieable barrier being formed of a
ceramic.
25. The gas burner of claim 1 , said at least one permeable barrier having a porosity of
approximately 35% and 40%.
26. The gas burner of claim 1, including an ignition means in flow communication
with
said flame holder.
27. The gas burner of claim 26, said ignition means being a peizoelectric ignitor.
28. The gas burner of claim 1 , including a nozzle having an inner diameter of about 30
to about 60 microns.
29. The gas burner of claim 1, said mixing chamber being about 3mm to about 4mm in
length.
30. The gas burner of claim 1, including an oxygenation chamber in flow
communication
with said mixing chamber, said oxygenation chamber having a spherical side wall.
31. The gas burner of claim 30, said oxygenation chamber including a proximal wall
having a recessed portion therein.
32. The gas burner of claim 1 , including a flame tube in flow communication with said
flame holder.
33. The gas burner of claim 32, said flame tube being foπned of a ceramic material.
34. A gas burner comprising:
a nozzle;
a oxygenation chamber in flow communication with said nozzle;
at least one air inlet in flow communication with said oxygenation chamber;
a mixing chamber in flow communication with said oxygenation chamber, said
mixing chamber having a frustoconical inner wall; and,
a flame holder in flow communication with said mixing chamber, said flame
holder having at least one opening therein.
35. The gas burner of claim 34, said at least one air inlet being open to ambient.
36. The gas burner of claim 34, wherein said nozzle includes an orifice opening in to
said oxygenation chamber.
37. The gas burner of claim 7, at least one air inlet concentrically disposed with said
orifice in a proximal wall of said oxygenation chamber.
PCT/US2003/033937 2002-10-25 2003-10-24 Gas micro burner WO2004038292A1 (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BR0315654-0A BR0315654A (en) 2002-10-25 2003-10-24 Gas burner
JP2004547168A JP2006504065A (en) 2002-10-25 2003-10-24 Gas micro burner
EP03779287A EP1558871A4 (en) 2002-10-25 2003-10-24 Gas micro burner
MXPA05004416A MXPA05004416A (en) 2002-10-25 2003-10-24 Gas micro burner.
CA002503494A CA2503494C (en) 2002-10-25 2003-10-24 Gas micro burner
AU2003284965A AU2003284965B2 (en) 2002-10-25 2003-10-24 Gas micro burner

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/217,695 US6827573B2 (en) 2002-10-25 2002-10-25 Gas micro burner
US10/217,695 2002-10-25

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2004038292A1 true WO2004038292A1 (en) 2004-05-06

Family

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Country Link
US (1) US6827573B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1558871A4 (en)
JP (1) JP2006504065A (en)
KR (1) KR100707581B1 (en)
CN (1) CN100489389C (en)
AU (1) AU2003284965B2 (en)
BR (1) BR0315654A (en)
CA (1) CA2503494C (en)
MX (1) MXPA05004416A (en)
RU (1) RU2307984C2 (en)
WO (1) WO2004038292A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA200503202B (en)

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CA2503494C (en) 2008-07-22
BR0315654A (en) 2005-08-30
KR20050071612A (en) 2005-07-07
JP2006504065A (en) 2006-02-02
CN100489389C (en) 2009-05-20
CA2503494A1 (en) 2004-05-06
EP1558871A4 (en) 2007-07-04
ZA200503202B (en) 2006-10-25
KR100707581B1 (en) 2007-04-13
CN1732358A (en) 2006-02-08
US6827573B2 (en) 2004-12-07
RU2005115966A (en) 2006-06-27
MXPA05004416A (en) 2005-07-27
EP1558871A1 (en) 2005-08-03
RU2307984C2 (en) 2007-10-10
AU2003284965A1 (en) 2004-05-13
US20040081933A1 (en) 2004-04-29
AU2003284965B2 (en) 2006-10-26

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