WO2004073562A1 - Expandable intervertebral implant cage - Google Patents
Expandable intervertebral implant cage Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004073562A1 WO2004073562A1 PCT/US2004/003991 US2004003991W WO2004073562A1 WO 2004073562 A1 WO2004073562 A1 WO 2004073562A1 US 2004003991 W US2004003991 W US 2004003991W WO 2004073562 A1 WO2004073562 A1 WO 2004073562A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/44—Joints for the spine, e.g. vertebrae, spinal discs
- A61F2/4455—Joints for the spine, e.g. vertebrae, spinal discs for the fusion of spinal bodies, e.g. intervertebral fusion of adjacent spinal bodies, e.g. fusion cages
- A61F2/447—Joints for the spine, e.g. vertebrae, spinal discs for the fusion of spinal bodies, e.g. intervertebral fusion of adjacent spinal bodies, e.g. fusion cages substantially parallelepipedal, e.g. having a rectangular or trapezoidal cross-section
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/44—Joints for the spine, e.g. vertebrae, spinal discs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/3094—Designing or manufacturing processes
- A61F2/30965—Reinforcing the prosthesis by embedding particles or fibres during moulding or dipping
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F2002/30518—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements with possibility of relative movement between the prosthetic parts
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
- A61F2002/30316—The prosthesis having different structural features at different locations within the same prosthesis; Connections between prosthetic parts; Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
- A61F2002/30329—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2002/30518—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements with possibility of relative movement between the prosthetic parts
- A61F2002/3052—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements with possibility of relative movement between the prosthetic parts unrestrained in only one direction, e.g. moving unidirectionally
- A61F2002/30522—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements with possibility of relative movement between the prosthetic parts unrestrained in only one direction, e.g. moving unidirectionally releasable, e.g. using a releasable ratchet
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
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- A61F2002/30535—Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
- A61F2002/30537—Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for adjustable
- A61F2002/3055—Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for adjustable for adjusting length
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
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- A61F2002/30535—Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
- A61F2002/30537—Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for adjustable
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
- A61F2002/30316—The prosthesis having different structural features at different locations within the same prosthesis; Connections between prosthetic parts; Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
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- A61F2002/30593—Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for hollow
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F2/30—Joints
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- A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
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- A61F2310/00173—Graphite
Definitions
- This disclosure relates generally to methods and devices for stabilizing adjacent vertebral elements. More particularly, this disclosure relates to an expandable intervertebral implant.
- intervertebral implants have been utilized for stabilizing adjacent vertebral elements and facilitating the development of bone union between the vertebral elements.
- the intervertebral implants are not adjustable by the surgeon during the surgical procedure. Therefore, the surgeon must choose the size that most closely matches the desired height, length and width dimensions, and then make the implant fit. Because these implants are of a pre-determined size and shape, the implant site must correspond to the implant configuration. This can require extensive site preparation to complete implantation. Extensive site preparation can compromise the success of ' the implantation procedure by causing excessive damage to the receiving vertebral elements. In addition, procedures requiring extensive site preparation can result in relatively long surgeries that may increase patient risk.
- U.S. Patent 6,174,334 This implant includes a pair of shells that when assembled form an implant assembly. Teeth are formed on each shell so that the shells can be unidirectionally spread apart. Each tooth has a ramping surface that is oblique to the line of relative movement ofthe shells. The ramping surface meets an abutment surface that is perpendicular to the line of relative movement. In other words, each ofthe teeth formed on the shells has a surface that is 90 degrees relative to the direction in which the shells are spread apart from one another.
- the present disclosure relates to an expandable invertebral implant including first and second members configured to expand between a first position and a second position along an expansion axis ofthe implant.
- the implant includes an engagement structure disposed between the first and second members ofthe implant.
- the engagement structure has at least one engaging surface having a non-perpendicular orientation relative to the expansion axis ofthe implant.
- the present disclosure relates to an intervertebral implant having external and internal members.
- Each ofthe external and internal members includes interlocking teeth structure.
- the engagement surfaces are arranged in a non-perpendicular orientation relative to the direction of implant expansion,
- the interlocking teeth structure ofthe external and internal members include engagement surfaces, the engagement surfaces being arranged in a non-perpendicular orientation relative to a first wall of each of the external and internal members.
- the present disclosure relates to an expandable intervertebral implant including external and internal members.
- the implant also includes a locking arrangement configured to lock the implant in an expanded position.
- the locking arrangement includes a first configuration of teeth formed on the external member and a second configuration of teeth formed on the internal member. The first configuration of teeth are raked in an upwardly direction and the second configuration of teeth are raked in a downwardly direction.
- the present disclosure relates to an expandable intervertebral implant having first and second members, and an interlocking structure formed on each ofthe first and second members. The interlocking structure is configured to flex the walls ofthe second member toward the walls of the first member when compressive forces are applied to the first and second members.
- FIG. 1 is front elevational view of one embodiment of an expandable intervertebral implant according to the principles ofthe present disclosure, the implant is shown in a non-expanded position;
- FIG. 4 is an exploded front perspective view of the implant of FIG. 3;
- FIG. 5 is a front elevational view ofthe implant of FIG. 4;
- FIG. 6 is an exploded rear perspective view of an alternative embodiment of an expandable intervertebral implant, according to the principles of the present disclosure;
- FIG. 7 is an exploded front perspective view ofthe implant of FIG. 6;
- FIG. 8 is a front elevational view ofthe implant of FIG. 7;
- FIG. 9 is an exploded front perspective view of yet another embodiment of an expandable intervertebral implant according to the principles of the present disclosure;
- FIG. 10 is a front elevational view ofthe implant of FIG. 9;
- FIG. 11 is an enlarged, partial, front elevational view of an implant according the principles ofthe present disclosure.
- FIG. 12 is a detailed view of FIG. 11.
- an expandable intervertebral implant 10 is shown, according to the principles ofthe present disclosure.
- the implant 10 in FIG. 1 is shown inserted between two vertebral elements Nl, V2 in a non-expanded configuration.
- the implant 10 is shown in an expanded configuration.
- the implant 10 generally includes a first external member 12 and a second internal member 14.
- the implant also includes an engagement structure or locking arrangement 50 that permits linear expansion in a direction represented by arrow B in FIG. 2.
- the intervertebral implant 10 is expanded from a first height to a selected second height, and secured at the selected second height by the engagement structure or locking arrangement 50.
- the implant 10 is configured to permit expansion to, and be secured at, a variety of selected second heights by incrementally expanding or ratcheting the implant along an axis of expansion A- A. As will be described hereinafter, the implant is also configured to permit linear retraction from the selected second height. The direction ofthe linear expansion and linear retraction are ofthe same direction, as represented by arrow B.
- the internal and external members 12, 14 ofthe implant 10 can be machined and/or molded to provide the features herein disclosed.
- the members 12, 14 may be made ofthe same material, or different materials. Representative materials typically include biocompatible materials such as stainless steel, ceramics, graphite, carbon fiber materials, and various plastics and composites ofthe foregoing.
- the internal and external members 12, 14 are made of titanium.
- the first external member 12 ofthe implant 10 generally includes a base portion 16, and first and second external walls 18, 20.
- the first and second external walls 18, 20 each have a free end 18a, 20a and an attached end 18b, 20b (FIG. 5).
- the attached ends 18b, 20b are connected to the base portion 16, and the free ends 18a, 20a extend from the base portion 16 in a generally perpendicular orientation.
- Each ofthe first and second walls 18, 20 includes an inside wall surface 22, 23 and an outside wall surface 24, 25 (FIG. 3).
- a ledge structure 70 is formed on each side ofthe implant 10.
- compressive forces between the vertebral elements VI, V2, which are consequently exerted on the implant can be significant.
- the ledge structures 70 provide added stability to the implant 10 by increasing the contact surface area 66 (FIG. 4) ofthe base portion 16 adjacent to the vertebral element (N2).
- the ledge structure 70 stabilizes the implant by more widely distributing the compressive loads across the increased contact surface area 66.
- the ledge structures 70 are formed on the external member 12 adjacent to the base portion 16.
- the ledge structures 70 extend generally from a first end 62 (FIG. 3) ofthe implant 10 to a second end 64, and project outwardly from the external member 12.
- a variety of structural configurations that provide added stability to the implant can be used.
- the length LI ofthe external member is preferably between 0.5 and 1.2 inches; more preferably the length LI is between 0.7 and 0.9 inches; and most preferably the length LI is about 0.8 inches.
- the second internal member 14 ofthe implant 10 generally includes a base portion 26, and first and second internal walls 28, 30.
- the first and second internal walls 28, 30 each have a free end 28a, 30a and an attached end 28b, 30b (FIG. 3).
- the attached ends 28b, 30b are connected to the base portion 26, and the free ends 28a, 30a extend from the base portion 26 in a generally perpendicular orientation.
- Each ofthe first and second walls 28, 30 include an inside wall surface 32, 33 and an outside wall surface 34, 35.
- the implant 10 includes an implant handling arrangement 91.
- the implant handling arrangement 91 is configured so that the implant 10 can be handled and manipulated by a surgical tool (not shown) during a surgical procedure.
- the implant handling arrangement 92 ofthe illustrated embodiment is located on the internal member 14 and includes implant handling structures 92 formed on the inside walls surfaces 32, 33 ofthe first and second walls 28, 30.
- the handling structures 92 include a projection 94 that projects inward towards the opposing wall 28 or 30.
- a hole 96 is formed in the projection 94 and is configured to receive an end of a surgical tool, for example.
- Example instrument embodiments that can be used with the present implants are described in a U.S. application entitled INSTRUMENTS FOR USE WITH IMPLANTS, AND METHODS, having Attorney Docket No. 6683.0076US01, being filed concurrently herewith; which application is incorporated herein, by reference.
- the internal member 14 has a width W2, a height H2, and a length L2.
- the width W2 extends between the outside wall surfaces 34, 35 ofthe first and second walls 28, 30.
- the width W2 is preferably between 0.2 and 0.6 inches; more preferably the width W2 is between 0.3 and 0.5 inches; most preferably the width W2 is about 0.4 inches.
- the height H2 of internal member 14 extends from the base portion 26 to the free ends 28a, 30a ofthe walls 28, 30.
- the height H2 is preferably between 0.2 and 0.5 inches; more preferably the height H2 is between 0.2 and 0.4 inches; most preferably the height is about 0.3 inches.
- the length L2 ofthe implant extends generally from the first end 62 ofthe implant to the second end 64 ofthe implant.
- the length L2 is preferably between 0.5 and 1.2 inches; more preferably the length L2 is between 0.7 and 0.9 inches; most preferably the length L2 is about
- the external walls 18, 20 ofthe external member 12 are configured and sized for receipt ofthe internal walls 28, 30 ofthe internal member 14.
- the width W2 ofthe internal member 14, defined by the outside wall surfaces 34, 35, is configured to interact with the inside wall surfaces 22, 23 ofthe external member 12. It is contemplated that in an alternative arrangement, the walls ofthe internal member 14 can be sized and configured such that the inside wall surfaces 32, 33 of the internal member 14 interact with the outside wall surfaces 24, 25 ofthe external member 12.
- the external member 12 is configured to be a rigid structure or construction. That is, the first and second walls 18, 20 ofthe external member 12 are configured to reduce or eliminate flexure ofthe walls 18, 20 during implant expansion.
- the first and second walls 18, 20 ofthe external member 12 have a thickness TI.
- the thickness TI is design to provide rigidity to the external member 12 so that the walls 18, 20 do not laterally displace or flex.
- first and second walls 28, 30 ofthe internal member 14 have a thickness T2.
- the thickness T2 is less than the thickness TI ofthe external member's walls, and is designed to permit lateral displacement or flexure during ratcheting expansion ofthe implant 10.
- the internal member 14 includes slots 68 (FIGS. 3 and 5) formed adjacent to the attached ends 28b, 30b ofthe walls 28, 30 and the base portion 26.
- the slots 68 have an arcuate shape (FIG. 5) extending from a curvature or curved nose segment 27 ofthe base portion 26.
- the slots 68 extend along the length L2 ofthe internal member 14 from the first end 62 ofthe implant to the second end 64 ofthe implant (FIG. 3).
- the slots 68 provide a flexible joint that is designed to permit lateral displacement or flexure ofthe first and second internal walls 28, 30 during expansion ofthe implant 10.
- the base portion and walls 16, 18, and 20 ofthe first member 12 and the base portion and walls 26, 28, and 30 ofthe internal member 14 form an opening 44 at the first end 62 ofthe implant 10 (FIG. 3).
- an opening 46 is formed at the second end 64 ofthe implant 10.
- tools can be inserted within the openings 44, 46 to grasp or manipulate the implant 10 during a surgical procedure, hi addition, the openings 44, 46 provide an access to the interior area of the implant.
- the implant 10 has been inserted and expanded between two vertebral elements Nl, N2 (FIG. 2), bone growth material can be ' packed within the interior area ofthe implant through either opening 44, 46.
- the base portion 26 ofthe internal member 14 includes an aperture or window 42.
- the window 42 is provided to encourage bone growth through the implant and between the vertebral elements VI, V2 (FIGS. 1 and 2).
- the window 42 is centrally located in the base portion 26 and has a generally oval shape.
- the base portion 16 ofthe external member 12 also includes structure to encourage bone growth through the implant and between the vertebral elements VI, V2 (FIGS. 1 and 2).
- the base 16 includes a pair of windows 40 centrally located within the base portion 16. It is contemplated that the implant 10 can include other window configurations having more or less windows of other shapes configured to encourage interlocking bone growth between the vertebral elements.
- the engagement structure or locking arrangement 50 (FIGS. 1 and 2) ofthe implant 10 includes a first interlocking teeth structure 52 (FIGS. 3-5) formed on the first and second walls 18, 20 ofthe external member 12, and a corresponding second interlocking teeth structure 54 formed on the first and second walls 28, 30 of the internal member 14.
- the first interlocking teeth structure 52 ofthe locking arrangement 50 includes a first configuration of teeth 56 located on the inside wall surfaces 22, 23 of the external member 12;
- the second interlocking teeth structure 54 ofthe locking arrangement 50 includes a second configuration of teeth 58 located on the outside wall surfaces 34, 35 ofthe internal member 14.
- each ofthe teeth ofthe first configuration of teeth 56 includes an engagement surface 76 and an adjacent surface 78.
- each ofthe teeth in the second configuration 58 includes an engagement surface 86 and an adjacent surface 88.
- the engagement surfaces 76, 86 meet the adjacent surface 78, 88 at a tip 80, 90, respectively.
- the teeth have a rake angle; in particular, the engagement surfaces 76, 86 ofthe configurations of teeth 56, 58 incline from a perpendicular plane (represented by dashed lines) relative to a plane X-X ofthe walls ofthe member 12, 14.
- the engagement surfaces 76, 86 are arranged in a non-perpendicular orientation relative to the walls ofthe external and internal members, and relative to the direction of implant expansion (represent by arrow B in FIG. 2).
- the engagement surfaces 76 ofthe first configuration of teeth 56 are raked or oriented at an angle Al (relative to perpendicular as illustrated by the dash line).
- the angle Al is preferably between one degree and eight degrees, more preferably about four degrees.
- the engagement surfaces 86 ofthe second configuration of teeth 58 are oriented at an angle A2 (relative to perpendicular as illustrated by the dash line).
- the angle A2 is preferably between one degree and eight degrees, more preferably about 4 degrees relative to horizontal. In alternative arrangement, only a portion ofthe tooth may be raked or oriented an angle relative to the walls.
- the teeth 56, 58 can have a perpendicular portion and an angled portion configured in accord with the principles disclosed.
- the engagement surfaces 76 ofthe first interlocking teeth structure 52 formed on the external member 12 is preferably angled between 91 degrees and 98 degrees relative to the inside wall surfaces 22,.23 ofthe walls 18, 20 ofthe external member; more preferably approximately 94 degrees relative to the inside wall surfaces.
- the engagement surfaces 86 ofthe second interlocking teeth structure 54 formed on the internal member 14 is preferably angled between 91 degrees and 98 degrees relative to the outside wall surfaces 34, 35 ofthe walls 38, 30 ofthe internal member; more preferably approximately 94 degrees relative to the outside wall surfaces.
- the internal member 214 includes a base portion 226 and first and second internal walls 228, 230.
- the base portion 226 defines a window 242 provided to encourage interlocking bone growth between vertebral elements VI, V2 (e.g. FIGS. 1 and 2).
- An implant handling arrangement 291, including implant handling structures 292, is formed on inside wall surfaces 232, 233 ofthe internal walls 228, 230 of the interior member 214.
- the internal member 314 includes a base portion 326 and first and second internal walls 328, 330.
- the base portion 326 defines a window 342 provided to encourage interlocking bone growth between vertebral elements VI , V2 (e.g. FIGS. 1 and 2).
- An implant handling arrangement 391, including implant handling structures 392, is formed on inside wall surfaces 332, 333 ofthe internal walls 328, 330 ofthe interior member 314.
- the external member 312 includes abase portion 316 and first and second internal walls 318, 320.
- the base portion 316 also defines at least one window 340 provided to encourage interlocking bone growth between vertebral elements VI, V2 (e.g. FIGS. 1 and 2).
- the external member 312 includes convex outer surfaces, 324, 325.
- the locking arrangement 350 includes a first interlocking teeth structure 352 (FIG. 10) formed on the first and second walls 318, 320 ofthe external member 312, and a corresponding second interlocking teeth structure 354 formed on the first and second walls 328, 330 ofthe internal member 314.
- the implant 10 can be removed after installation and expansion, by disengaging the locking arrangement 50.
- the locking arrangement 50 can be disengaged by drawing or flexing the walls 28, 30 ofthe internal member 14 toward one another so that the second interlocking teeth structure 54 ofthe internal member 14 disengage from the first interlocking teeth structure 52 ofthe external member 12. Disengagement can be accomplished by inserting a surgical tool into the holes 94 ofthe implant handling structure 92, and squeezing the walls 28, 30 together, for example.
- the first and second interlocking teeth structures 52, 54 have been disengaged, the compressive forces acting upon the external and internal members 12, 14 will compress the implant to the first non-expanded height.
- the second expanded height can be changed by disengaging the interlocking teeth structures 52, 54 and permitting the implant to ratchet to a reduced second height.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
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CA002515773A CA2515773A1 (en) | 2003-02-14 | 2004-02-12 | Expandable intervertebral implant cage |
EP04710579A EP1596770A1 (en) | 2003-02-14 | 2004-02-12 | Expandable intervertebral implant cage |
AU2004212914A AU2004212914A1 (en) | 2003-02-14 | 2004-02-12 | Expandable intervertebral implant cage |
JP2006503488A JP2006517836A (en) | 2003-02-14 | 2004-02-12 | Extendable intervertebral implant cage |
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US10/685,767 US7094257B2 (en) | 2003-02-14 | 2003-10-14 | Expandable intervertebral implant cage |
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WO2004073562A1 true WO2004073562A1 (en) | 2004-09-02 |
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EP (1) | EP1596770A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2006517836A (en) |
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AU (1) | AU2004212914A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20040162618A1 (en) | 2004-08-19 |
CA2515773A1 (en) | 2004-09-02 |
US7094257B2 (en) | 2006-08-22 |
EP1596770A1 (en) | 2005-11-23 |
AU2004212914A1 (en) | 2004-09-02 |
JP2006517836A (en) | 2006-08-03 |
KR20050118166A (en) | 2005-12-15 |
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