WO2004076808A1 - Compositions and methods of cementing in subterranean formations using a swelling agent to inhibit the influx of water into a cement slurry - Google Patents
Compositions and methods of cementing in subterranean formations using a swelling agent to inhibit the influx of water into a cement slurry Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004076808A1 WO2004076808A1 PCT/GB2003/005537 GB0305537W WO2004076808A1 WO 2004076808 A1 WO2004076808 A1 WO 2004076808A1 GB 0305537 W GB0305537 W GB 0305537W WO 2004076808 A1 WO2004076808 A1 WO 2004076808A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- swelling agent
- water
- cement
- subterranean formation
- swelling
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 113
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 106
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 104
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 95
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract description 23
- 230000004941 influx Effects 0.000 title description 15
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- XZPVPNZTYPUODG-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Cl-] XZPVPNZTYPUODG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000009974 thixotropic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004181 carboxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 carboxyalkyl polysaccharide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002057 carboxymethyl group Chemical group [H]OC(=O)C([H])([H])[*] 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical group [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001010 compromised effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 26
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 7
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920006037 cross link polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011396 hydraulic cement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000518 rheometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- PQUXFUBNSYCQAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2,3-difluorophenyl)ethanone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC(F)=C1F PQUXFUBNSYCQAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004971 Cross linker Substances 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011148 calcium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012631 diagnostic technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002595 magnetic resonance imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940047670 sodium acrylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices, or the like
- E21B33/14—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices, or the like for cementing casings into boreholes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/42—Compositions for cementing, e.g. for cementing casings into boreholes; Compositions for plugging, e.g. for killing wells
- C09K8/46—Compositions for cementing, e.g. for cementing casings into boreholes; Compositions for plugging, e.g. for killing wells containing inorganic binders, e.g. Portland cement
- C09K8/467—Compositions for cementing, e.g. for cementing casings into boreholes; Compositions for plugging, e.g. for killing wells containing inorganic binders, e.g. Portland cement containing additives for specific purposes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2103/00—Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B2103/0045—Polymers chosen for their physico-chemical characteristics
- C04B2103/0049—Water-swellable polymers
Definitions
- This invention generally relates to compositions and methods for cementing in subterranean formations. More specifically, the invention relates to introducing a swelling agent to a subterranean formation to reduce the amount of water flowing into a cement slurry placed in the subterranean formation, thereby preventing the integrity of the cement slurry from being compromised.
- Well cementing is a process used in penetrating subterranean formations that produce oil and gas.
- a well bore is drilled while a drilling fluid is circulated through the well bore.
- the circulation of the drilling fluid is then terminated, and a string of pipe, e.g., casing, is run in the well bore.
- the drilling fluid in the well bore is conditioned by circulating it downwardly through the interior of the pipe and upwardly through the annulus, which is located between the exterior of the pipe and the walls of the well bore.
- primary cementing is typically performed whereby a slurry of cement in water is placed in the annulus and permitted to set, i.e., harden into a solid mass, to thereby attach the string of pipe to the walls of the well bore and seal the annulus.
- secondary cementing operations i.e., any cementing operation after the primary cementing operation, may also be performed.
- One example of a secondary cementing operation is squeeze cementing whereby a cement slurry is forced under pressure to areas of lost integrity in the annulus to seal off those areas.
- One problem commonly encountered during primary and secondary cementing operations is the movement of water from the subterranean formation into the well bore, resulting in the influx of water into cement slurries that have been placed in the well bore.
- the influx of water occurs during a transition phase in which the cement slurry changes from a true hydraulic fluid to a highly viscous mass showing some solid characteristics.
- the cement slurry acts as a true liquid and thus transmits hydrostatic pressure.
- certain events occur that cause the cement slurry to lose its ability to transmit hydrostatic pressure.
- One of those events is the loss of fluid from the slurry to the subterranean zone.
- Another event is the development of static gel strength, i.e., stiffness, in the slurry.
- static gel strength i.e., stiffness
- the present invention includes methods for performing well cementing.
- a cement slurry is passed into a subterranean formation, and a swelling agent is also passed into the subterranean formation to reduce an amount of water flowing into the cement slurry.
- the swelling agent may be combined with a carrier fluid that is displaced into the subterranean formation before the cement slurry is displaced therein.
- the swelling agent may be pre-mixed with the cement slurry, followed by concurrently displacing the swelling agent and the cement slurry into the subterranean formation. After passing into the subterranean formation, the swelling agent absorbs water therein.
- the swelling agent absorbs water, it swells to form a gel mass that substantially blocks the flow path of water into the cement slurry placed in the subterranean formation. Accordingly, the swelling agent helps prevent the integrity of the cement slurry from being compromised by the influx and crossflows of water.
- the present invention further includes cement compositions and methods for making the cement composition.
- the cement compositions comprise cement combined with a swelling agent that is capable of absorbing water and of swelling as it absorbs the water.
- the swelling agent is also insoluble in water and thus resists dilution by water in the subterranean formation.
- the swelling agent is preferably a crosslinked polyacrylamide.
- well cementing methods are performed in which an effective amount of one or more swelling agents is passed into a well bore to reduce the influx of water into a cement slurry placed in the well bore.
- the presence of the swelling agent in the well bore serves to reduce the amount of water available to intermix with and dilute the cement slurry.
- the swelling agent may be placed into the well bore before the cement is passed into the well bore, concurrent with the passing of cement into the well bore, or after the cement is passed into the wellbore.
- a primary cementing process is carried out according to standard well cementing practices.
- the primary cementing process includes drilling a well bore down lo a subterranean zone while circulating a drilling fluid through the well bore.
- a string of pipe e.g., casing, is then run in the well bore.
- the drilling fluid is conditioned by circulating it downwardly through the interior of the pipe and upwardly through the annulus, which is located between the exterior of the pipe and the walls of the well bore.
- a carrier solution containing the swelling agent and a carrier fluid may then be displaced into the well bore, followed by displacing a cement slurry down through the pipe and up through the annulus in the well bore.
- the swelling agent may be combined with the cement slurry before concurrently displacing the swelling agent and the cement slurry into the well bore.
- any secondary cementing operations known in the art may also be performed using the swelling agent.
- the cement sheath formed in the annulus as a result of primary cementing may contain permeable areas such as fractures, fissures, high permeability streaks, and/or annular voids through which water can flow. Channels of water thus may undesirably flow behind the casing.
- a cement squeezing technique may be employed to force cement into the permeable areas or voidage so as to seal or block the flow paths of water.
- a swelling agent may be displaced into the well bore via a carrier fluid, or alternatively, it may be combined with a cement slurry before the slurry is displaced into the well bore.
- the well bore is monitored to detect and locate sources of water (such as fissures, cracks, fractures, streaks, flow channels, voids, and the like) that are suitable for plugging via introduction of the swelling agent.
- sources of water such as fissures, cracks, fractures, streaks, flow channels, voids, and the like
- Any suitable means or methods for locating such sources of water may be used as known to those of skill in the art.
- production logs such as temperature, fluid density, hydro, and flowmeter logs can be used singly or in combination to detect where water is flowing into the well bore.
- a magnetic resonance imaging log (TMRIL) tool may be employed to analyze the well bore to determine where mobile water is present. Additional disclosure regarding MRJLL tools can be found in U.S. Patent No.
- the swelling agent Detecting the locations of flowing water in the well bore allows the swelling agent to be strategically placed in close proximity to the source of the flowing water.
- the swelling agent can be placed in fractures, fissures, streaks, and voids found in the rock surrounding the well bore or in the cement sheath located in the annulus of the well bore.
- the swelling agent does not immediately absorb water but begins to absorb water after there has been sufficient time to place it downhole in close proximity to the water source.
- the swelling agent While downhole, the swelling agent begins to absorb the water and swell into a gel mass that is substantially resistant to the flow of water therethrough, thereby effectively plugging the fractures, fissures, streaks, and voids through which the water could otherwise pass for at least a period of time sufficient to allow the cement to set up, harden, and thus become impervious to further degradation with a potential form influx or flow of water from formation sources.
- the swelling agent is defined as and may be any suitable material that absorbs water and swells (i.e., expands) as it absorbs the water.
- the swelling agent is insoluble in water and thus avoids becoming diluted and washed away by the water flowing through the well bore.
- the swelling agent forms a gel mass upon swelling that can be effective for blocking a flow path of the water into the cement slurry.
- the gel mass has a relatively low permeability to water and thus creates a barrier between the water and cement slurries placed in the well bore.
- a gel is herein defined as a crosslinked polymer network swollen in a liquid.
- the crosslinker is part of the polymer and thus will not absorb out of the polymer.
- Suitable swelling agents include those known as superabsorbents, which are commonly used in absorbent products such as diapers, training pants, and feminine care products.
- Superabsorbents are swellable crosslinked polymers, which have the ability to absorb and store many times their own weight of aqueous liquids by forming a gel. The superabsorbents retain the liquid that they absorb and typically do not release the liquid, even under pressure.
- Examples of superabsorbents are sodium acrylate-based polymers having three dimensional, network-like molecular structures.
- the polymer chains are formed by the reaction/joining of millions of identical units of acrylic acid monomer, which have been substantially neutralized with sodium hydroxide (caustic soda).
- Crosslinking chemicals tie the chains together to form a three-dimensional network, enabling the superabsorbents to absorb water or water-based solutions into the spaces in the molecular network, and thus forming a gel and locking up the liquid.
- suitable swelling agents include, but are not limited to, polyacrylamide, polyacrylate, hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile, carboxyalkyl cellulose, carboxymethyl starch, salts of carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxyalkyl polysaceharide, and combinations thereof.
- the swelling agent is preferably a crystalline polymer that has been dehydrated, more preferably a crosslinked polyacrylamide, and most preferably a crosslinked polyacrylamide in the form of a hard crystal.
- a crosslinked polyacrylamide known as DIAMOND SEAL polymer may be purchased from Baroid Drilling Fluids, Inc.
- the DIAMOND SEAL polymer is available in grind sizes of 1 mm, 4 mm, and 14 mm and may be ground even smaller if needed. For example, a smaller grind size may be required to allow its crystals to enter very small fractures, fissures, and so forth.
- the DIAMOND SEAL polymer possesses certain qualities that make it an exceptional swelling agent.
- the DIAMOND SEAL polymer is water-insoluble and is resistant to deterioration by carbon dioxide, bacteria, and subterranean minerals.
- DIAMOND SEAL polymer can withstand temperatures up to at least 250 °F without experiencing breakdown and thus may be used in the majority of locations where well bores are 3 drilled.
- Other suitable swelling agents are described in European Patent No. 0566118, which is incorporated by reference herein.
- the swelling agent is preferably hydrophilic and is thus physically attracted to water molecules.
- the swelling agent is a crystalline polymer
- the polymer chain deflects and surrounds the water molecules during water absorption. In effect, the polymer undergoes a change from that of a dehydrated crystal to that of a hydrated gel as it absorbs water.
- the gel preferably exhibits a high resistance to the migration of water therethrough. That is, the molecules of the gel are sufficiently packed together to substantially inhibit water from passing through the gel. Further, the gel can plug permeable areas of the well bore or the cement sheath because it can withstand substantial amounts of pressure without being dislodged or extruded.
- the swelling agent undergoes hydration, its physical size increases by about 10 to 400 times its original volume.
- the amount and rate by which the swelling agent increases in size vary depending upon its temperature, its grain size, and the ionic strength of the carrier fluid.
- the temperature of a well bore generally increases from top to bottom such that the rate of swelling increases as the swelling agent passes downhole.
- the rate of swelling also increases as the grain size of the swelling agent decreases and as the ionic strength of the carrier fluid decreases.
- the mass of a DIAMOND SEAL polymer having a 14 mm grind size increases by 0 % in 20 minutes after contacting water at ⁇ 0° F, 150 % in 35 minutes after contacting the water, and 400 % in 45 minutes after contacting the water.
- the mass of the DIAMOND SEAL polymer increases by 0 % in 15 minutes after contacting water at 145° F, 200 % in 25 minutes after contacting the water, and 400 % in 35 minutes after contacting the water.
- the mass of the DIAMOND SEAL polymer increases by 0 % in 45 minutes after contacting 9.2 pounds/gallon (ppg) brine water at 80° F, 25 % in 60 minutes after contacting the brine water, and 50 % in 75 minutes after contacting the brine water.
- the mass of the DIAMOND SEAL polymer increases by 0 % in 30 minutes after contacting 9.2 ppg brine water at 145° F, 25 % in 45 minutes after contacting the brine water, and 50 % in 60 minutes after contacting the brine water.
- the swelling agent may be combined with a carrier fluid to form a carrier solution before being placed in a well bore.
- the carrier fluid may be any suitable fluid for moving the swelling agent to desired locations in the well bore.
- the swelling agent is incorporated therein in an effective amount for plugging a source of water upon being placed down hole and the effective amount may vary depending on factors such as the type of the carrier fluid, the amount of mobile water flow in the well bore, the size of the water source (i.e., size of a fracture, fissure, etc.), and the like.
- the carrier fluid is preferably a pumpable fluid.
- carrier fluids with which the swelling agent may be combined include but are not limited to fresh water, deionized water, brine water of varying salinity, chloride solutions such as calcium dichloride and potassium chloride solutions, hydrocarbons such as produced oil and diesel oil, and synthetic fluids such as ester or polymer based fluids.
- the amount of swelling agent that may be combined with the carrier fluid depends on a number of factors including the type of carrier fluid, the volume capacities of the well's tubulars in conjunction with the placement rate logistical timing, the flow rate and pressure from the mobile water in and intruding into the well bore, and diagnostics performed to define the apparent voidage or communicating areas.
- the carrier fluid contains relatively high concentrations of the swelling agent and remains sufficiently non-viscous in order to be pumped downhole.
- the swelling agent may be present in the carrier fluid in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 5.0 ppg, more preferably from about 0.01 to about 2.0 ppg.
- the carrier fluid containing the swelling agent is displaced into the well bore before cement slurries are displaced into the well bore.
- the designed placement procedure may address such conditions as loss circulation (fluid within the wellbore lost to particular portions of the formations and depth intervals), encountered intervals with crossflowing water, and influxes of water. As a result, the viscosities and rheologies of the subsequently placed cement slurries are less likely to be altered by the carrier fluid.
- cement compositions of the present invention may contain cements such as hydraulic cement composed of calcium, aluminum, silicon, oxygen, and/or sulfur which sets and hardens by reaction with water.
- hydraulic cements are Portland cements, pozzolan cements, gypsum cements, high alumina content cements, silica cements, and high alkalinity cements.
- the cement is preferably a Portland cement, more preferably a class A, B, C, G, or H Portland cement, and most preferably a class C or H Portland cement.
- a sufficient amount of fluid may also be added to the cement to form a pumpable cementitious slurry.
- the fluid is preferably fresh water or salt water, e.g., an unsaturated aqueous salt solution or a saturated aqueous salt solution such as brine or seawater.
- An effective amount of swelling agent is combined with such cement compositions to plug a source of water upon placing the cement down hole, and the effective amount may vary depending on factors such as the type of cement, the amount of mobile water flow in the well bore, the pore pressure and influx rate of the water source (i.e., size of a fracture, fissure, etc.), and the like.
- the cement compositions may contain from about 1 to about 50 % by weight swelling agent per total weight of a cement composition such that a density of the cement composition ranges from about 9.0 to about 12.0 pounds per gallon.
- additives may be added to the cement compositions for improving or changing the properties of the cement composition.
- additives include, but are not limited to set, fluid loss control additives, de- foamers, dispersing agents, set accelerators, and formation conditioning agents.
- Such cement compositions may be made by any suitable method as known to those of skill in the art.
- the swelling agent may be removed from the well bore or area of its placement after it has been used for its intended purpose.
- the swelling agent is a polymer
- the backbone structure of the polymer may be broken down such that it becomes more like a liquid. Any known means may be used to break down or collapse the polymer.
- the polymer may be contacted with an oxidizer such as sodium hypochlorite (i.e., bleach), or combinations thereof to eliminate the polymer from the well bore, preferably by pumping such compounds down the well bore and contacting the swollen swelling agent in situ.
- DIAMOND SEAL polymer Different grind sizes of the DIAMOND SEAL polymer (DS) were mixed with various carrier solutions at different concentrations to form several test samples. These carrier solutions were fresh water, field produced brine water, NaCl brine made by adding NaCl to fresh water, and CaCl 2 aqueous solution made by adding CaCl to fresh water. The test samples were then subjected to different temperatures and observed to determine the swelling time and the amount of swelling of the DIAMOND SEAL polymer. Table 1 below shows the results of this example. Table 1
- the swelling time of the DIAMOND SEAL polymer varied depending on the ionic strength of the carrier fluid being used.
- the time required for the DIAMOND SEAL polymer to swell i.e., the swelling time
- the DIAMOND SEAL polymer experienced the most amount of swelling in the fresh water and the least amount of swelling in the CaCl 2 solution, indicating that it absorbs more water when in fresh water than in water containing salts.
- the amount of swelling generally decreased as the concentration of the DIAMOND SEAL polymer in the carrier fluid increased.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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AU2003290276A AU2003290276A1 (en) | 2003-02-27 | 2003-12-18 | Compositions and methods of cementing in subterranean formations using a swelling agent to inhibit the influx of water into a cement slurry |
CA2517093A CA2517093C (en) | 2003-02-27 | 2003-12-18 | Compositions and methods of cementing in subterranean formations using a swelling agent to inhibit the influx of water into a cement slurry |
MXPA05009173A MXPA05009173A (en) | 2003-02-27 | 2003-12-18 | Compositions and methods of cementing in subterranean formations using a swelling agent to inhibit the influx of water into a cement slurry. |
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US10/375,183 US7866394B2 (en) | 2003-02-27 | 2003-02-27 | Compositions and methods of cementing in subterranean formations using a swelling agent to inhibit the influx of water into a cement slurry |
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AR (1) | AR042837A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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MXPA05009173A (en) | 2005-10-26 |
US7866394B2 (en) | 2011-01-11 |
CA2517093A1 (en) | 2004-09-10 |
CA2517093C (en) | 2010-05-11 |
US20040168802A1 (en) | 2004-09-02 |
AR042837A1 (en) | 2005-07-06 |
AU2003290276A1 (en) | 2004-09-17 |
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