WO2005017593A1 - Optical fiber cable - Google Patents

Optical fiber cable Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005017593A1
WO2005017593A1 PCT/GB2004/003007 GB2004003007W WO2005017593A1 WO 2005017593 A1 WO2005017593 A1 WO 2005017593A1 GB 2004003007 W GB2004003007 W GB 2004003007W WO 2005017593 A1 WO2005017593 A1 WO 2005017593A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cable
optical fiber
cladding
metal coating
metal
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2004/003007
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Rogerio T. Ramos
Vladimir Vaynshteyn
Original Assignee
Sensor Highway Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sensor Highway Limited filed Critical Sensor Highway Limited
Publication of WO2005017593A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005017593A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02395—Glass optical fibre with a protective coating, e.g. two layer polymer coating deposited directly on a silica cladding surface during fibre manufacture
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
    • C03C25/10—Coating
    • C03C25/104—Coating to obtain optical fibres
    • C03C25/106—Single coatings
    • C03C25/1061—Inorganic coatings
    • C03C25/1063—Metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
    • C03C25/10—Coating
    • C03C25/12—General methods of coating; Devices therefor
    • C03C25/18—Extrusion
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/13—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency
    • E21B47/135—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency using light waves, e.g. infrared or ultraviolet waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
    • G02B6/4401—Optical cables
    • G02B6/4402—Optical cables with one single optical waveguide

Definitions

  • the invention generally relates to optical fibers. More particularly, the invention relates to optical fiber cables that have the functionality of optical fibers with the structural integrity of more robust cables.
  • Typical optical fibers such as those used in telecommunication applications, are often very fragile. This fragility greatly limits their possible application, unless additional components are incorporated into their structure to provide extra strength.
  • Applications which require a higher strength fiber and therefore the incorporation of additional components include certain sensing applications, such as in the oil field, pipeline monitoring, tunnel monitoring, and power cable monitoring. In order to increase the strength of such optical fibers and therefore to enable their use in applications that require a higher strength fiber, such fibers are sometimes enclosed within a protective metal tube or cable.
  • the optical fiber may have certain characteristics that are undesirable.
  • the optical fiber unit may have an unacceptably low tensile strength.
  • the optical fiber unit may have an unacceptably high density.
  • the metal coating may be applied to the optical fiber by drawing the fiber through molten metal that freezes on the fiber surface.
  • the metal coating may comprise nickel, copper, chromium, copper, tin, gold, aluminum, or any combination thereof.
  • the coated optical fiber may be used in oilfield applications, including instances wherein the coated optical fiber supports the weight of at least one downhole tool.
  • the coated optical fiber may also be used in other applications that require an optical fiber that has a strength that is comparatively higher than typical optical fibers.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic of a prior art optical fiber
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic of one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic of one embodiment by which the metal coating is applied to an optical fiber.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic of the optical fiber cable used as a slickline in an oilfield application.
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic of the optical fiber cable used within a permanent completion.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION Figure 1 shows a prior art optical fiber 10, such as the typical optical fiber used for telecommunication applications.
  • the prior art fiber 10 includes a core 12, a cladding 14, and a buffer 16. As is known, light is propagated through the core 12.
  • the core 12 is made from silica.
  • Cladding 14 usually has an index of refraction that is different that that of the core 14.
  • the cladding 14 also typically has a diameter of 0J25mm.
  • a metal tube or cable 18 may be placed surrounding the exterior of the fiber 10. As shown in Figure 1, the metal tube 18 surrounds buffer 16; however, alternatively, the metal tube 18 may replace the buffer 16 and surround the cladding 14 directly.
  • the present invention is the application of a metal coating on a cladding to provide the overall optical fiber unit with greater strength.
  • An optical fiber cable 11 comprises a core 12, a cladding 20, and a metal coating 22.
  • the core 12 can be constructed and formed from materials as known in the prior art.
  • the core 12 may be multimode or single mode.
  • the cladding 20 surrounds the core 12, and the metal coating 22 surrounds the cladding 20.
  • the cladding 20 of the present invention's fiber cable 11 has a diameter that is much larger than the cladding 14 of the prior art optical fiber 10.
  • the cladding 20 may have a diameter that measures between 0.2 mm and 5.0 mm.
  • the metal coating 22 may comprise a coating of a metal that can bind to the silica that comprises the cladding 20. Acceptable metals include, but are not limited to, nickel, copper, chromium, copper, tin, gold, aluminum, or any combination thereof (such as nickel chromium).
  • the metal coating 22 may be .05 mm to 0.55 mm thick.
  • the metal coating 22 may be applied to the cladding 20 by drawing the cladding 20 and core 12, for instance in the direction of arrow 26, through a molten batch 24 of the relevant metal.
  • the molten batch 24 of metal may be kept at a temperature higher than the melting temperature of the relevant metal or alloy.
  • the relevant metal or alloy then freezes on the surface of the cladding 20 to form the metal coating 22 as the fiber 10 leaves the molten batch 24 and is exposed to temperatures lower than the melting point of the metal or alloy.
  • the metal coating 22 provides the optical fiber cable 11 with a higher tensile strength (typically three or more times higher than steel) and a lower density (typically three or more times higher than steel).
  • the optical fiber cable 11 may also include multiple layers of metal coatings 22. Different metals may be used on each layer.
  • the optical fiber cable 11 may be used in oil field applications, such as shown in Figures 4 and 5.
  • the optical fiber cable 11 is used as a slickline, as the term is known in the oil field.
  • the slickline optical fiber cable 11 is typically deployed from a reel, which may be housed in a truck, into a wellbore 30.
  • a downhole tool 32 such as a packer, a sensor (for any parameter), or a perforating gun, may be attached proximate the lower end of the optical fiber cable 11.
  • the higher-strength of the optical fiber cable 11 enables the optical fiber cable 11 to not only support its own weight (which can be significant given the length of cable that can be deployed into a wellbore), but also the downhole tool 32.
  • the reel can be operated to deploy or retrieve the optical fiber cable 11 a multiple number of times.
  • the optical fiber cable 11 is deployed as part of a permanent completion, including a production tubing 34.
  • the production tubing 34 is deployed in the wellbore 30.
  • the production tubing 34 serves as a fluid conduit between the surface 28 and downhole locations, including formations intersected by the wellbore 30.
  • the optical fiber cable 11 may be deployed interior or exterior to the production tubing 34.
  • the optical fiber cable 11 may be used as a sensor itself.
  • the optical fiber cable 11 may be used as a temperature sensor using optical time domain reflectometry.
  • the optical fiber cable 11 may be connected to an opto-electronic unit 40, as shown in Figure 5.
  • unit 40 may send optical pulses down the core 12 of the optical fiber cable 11, which signals are reflected back to the unit 40 via backscattered light.
  • the backscatted light is analyzed to output a temperature profile along the length of the optical fiber cable 11.
  • the optical fiber cable 11 may also be used as a pressure sensor by incorporating the relevant optical components within the cable 11.
  • the optical fiber cable 11 includes fiber Bragg gratings that, as known in the art, function with an opto-electronic unit 40 as an optical pressure sensor.
  • the optical fiber cable 11 may also be used to send optical signals to activate downhole tools, such as tool 32 or another tool incorporated into or proximate the production tubing 34. Other tools may include valves, sensors, guns, chokes, packers, and pumps.
  • the optical fiber cable 11 would also be connected to a corresponding opto-electronic unit in this case.
  • the optical fiber cable 11 may also be used to transmit data to and from the surface 28 and a downhole location.
  • the optical fiber cable 11 would also be connected to a corresponding opto-electronic unit in this case.
  • the optical fibre cable may also be used in other non-oilfield applications like fire detection in tunnels, pipeline monitoring, structure monitoring, aerospace, and process monitoring.

Abstract

An optical fiber that includes a metal coating (22) on its exterior, which metal coating enables the optical fiber to be used as a cable. The metal coating may be applied to the optical fiber by drawing the fiber through molten metal that freezes on the fiber surface. The metal coating may comprise nickel, copper, chromium, copper, tin, gold, aluminum, or any combination thereof. The coated optical fiber may be used in oilfield applications, including instances wherein the coated optical fiber supports the weight of at least one downhole tool. The coated optical fiber may also be used in other applications that require an optical fiber that has a strength that is comparatively higher than typical optical fibers.

Description

OPTICAL FIBER CABLE BACKGROUND The invention generally relates to optical fibers. More particularly, the invention relates to optical fiber cables that have the functionality of optical fibers with the structural integrity of more robust cables. Typical optical fibers, such as those used in telecommunication applications, are often very fragile. This fragility greatly limits their possible application, unless additional components are incorporated into their structure to provide extra strength. Applications which require a higher strength fiber and therefore the incorporation of additional components include certain sensing applications, such as in the oil field, pipeline monitoring, tunnel monitoring, and power cable monitoring. In order to increase the strength of such optical fibers and therefore to enable their use in applications that require a higher strength fiber, such fibers are sometimes enclosed within a protective metal tube or cable. However, even with or sometimes due to the inclusion of such additional components, the optical fiber may have certain characteristics that are undesirable. For instance, the optical fiber unit may have an unacceptably low tensile strength. Or, the optical fiber unit may have an unacceptably high density. Thus, there exists a continuing need for an arrangement and/or technique that addresses one or more of the problems that are stated above. SUMMARY An optical fiber that includes a metal coating on its exterior, which metal coating enables the optical fiber to be used as a cable. The metal coating may be applied to the optical fiber by drawing the fiber through molten metal that freezes on the fiber surface. The metal coating may comprise nickel, copper, chromium, copper, tin, gold, aluminum, or any combination thereof. The coated optical fiber may be used in oilfield applications, including instances wherein the coated optical fiber supports the weight of at least one downhole tool. The coated optical fiber may also be used in other applications that require an optical fiber that has a strength that is comparatively higher than typical optical fibers. Advantages and other features of the invention will become apparent from the following description, drawing and claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a schematic of a prior art optical fiber Fig. 2 is a schematic of one embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 3 is a schematic of one embodiment by which the metal coating is applied to an optical fiber. Fig. 4 is a schematic of the optical fiber cable used as a slickline in an oilfield application. Fig. 5 is a schematic of the optical fiber cable used within a permanent completion. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Figure 1 shows a prior art optical fiber 10, such as the typical optical fiber used for telecommunication applications. The prior art fiber 10 includes a core 12, a cladding 14, and a buffer 16. As is known, light is propagated through the core 12. The core 12 is made from silica. Cladding 14 usually has an index of refraction that is different that that of the core 14. The cladding 14 also typically has a diameter of 0J25mm. A buffer 16, which may be comprised of polyimide or acrylate, is applied around the cladding 14 and provides some protection to the core 12 and cladding 14. In order to provide more strength to the fiber 10, a metal tube or cable 18 may be placed surrounding the exterior of the fiber 10. As shown in Figure 1, the metal tube 18 surrounds buffer 16; however, alternatively, the metal tube 18 may replace the buffer 16 and surround the cladding 14 directly. The present invention is the application of a metal coating on a cladding to provide the overall optical fiber unit with greater strength. The greater strength of the optical fiber unit enables its use in applications that require a higher-strength fiber, such as those applications previously indicated. One embodiment of the present invention is generally shown in Figure 2 at 11. An optical fiber cable 11 comprises a core 12, a cladding 20, and a metal coating 22. The core 12 can be constructed and formed from materials as known in the prior art. The core 12 may be multimode or single mode. The cladding 20 surrounds the core 12, and the metal coating 22 surrounds the cladding 20. As compared to the prior art optical fiber 10 of Figure 1, the cladding 20 of the present invention's fiber cable 11 has a diameter that is much larger than the cladding 14 of the prior art optical fiber 10. For instance, the cladding 20 may have a diameter that measures between 0.2 mm and 5.0 mm. Although the cladding 20 of the present invention has the same optical function as the cladding 14 of the prior art optical fiber 10, the larger diameter of the cladding 20 also adds to the strength and structural integrity of the present invention's optical fiber cable 11. The metal coating 22 may comprise a coating of a metal that can bind to the silica that comprises the cladding 20. Acceptable metals include, but are not limited to, nickel, copper, chromium, copper, tin, gold, aluminum, or any combination thereof (such as nickel chromium). The metal coating 22 may be .05 mm to 0.55 mm thick. In one embodiment, as shown in Figure 3, the metal coating 22 may be applied to the cladding 20 by drawing the cladding 20 and core 12, for instance in the direction of arrow 26, through a molten batch 24 of the relevant metal. The molten batch 24 of metal may be kept at a temperature higher than the melting temperature of the relevant metal or alloy. The relevant metal or alloy then freezes on the surface of the cladding 20 to form the metal coating 22 as the fiber 10 leaves the molten batch 24 and is exposed to temperatures lower than the melting point of the metal or alloy. In comparison with the prior art optical fiber 10, the metal coating 22 provides the optical fiber cable 11 with a higher tensile strength (typically three or more times higher than steel) and a lower density (typically three or more times higher than steel). The optical fiber cable 11 may also include multiple layers of metal coatings 22. Different metals may be used on each layer. In one embodiment, the optical fiber cable 11 may be used in oil field applications, such as shown in Figures 4 and 5. In Figure 4, the optical fiber cable 11 is used as a slickline, as the term is known in the oil field. The slickline optical fiber cable 11 is typically deployed from a reel, which may be housed in a truck, into a wellbore 30. A downhole tool 32, such as a packer, a sensor (for any parameter), or a perforating gun, may be attached proximate the lower end of the optical fiber cable 11. The higher-strength of the optical fiber cable 11 enables the optical fiber cable 11 to not only support its own weight (which can be significant given the length of cable that can be deployed into a wellbore), but also the downhole tool 32. The reel can be operated to deploy or retrieve the optical fiber cable 11 a multiple number of times. In Figure 5, the optical fiber cable 11 is deployed as part of a permanent completion, including a production tubing 34. The production tubing 34 is deployed in the wellbore 30. The production tubing 34 serves as a fluid conduit between the surface 28 and downhole locations, including formations intersected by the wellbore 30. The optical fiber cable 11 may be deployed interior or exterior to the production tubing 34. In any oilfield application, including those shown in Figures 4 and 5, the optical fiber cable 11 may be used as a sensor itself. For instance, the optical fiber cable 11 may be used as a temperature sensor using optical time domain reflectometry. In this case, the optical fiber cable 11 may be connected to an opto-electronic unit 40, as shown in Figure 5. As is known in the art, unit 40 may send optical pulses down the core 12 of the optical fiber cable 11, which signals are reflected back to the unit 40 via backscattered light. As disclosed in U.S. Patents No. 4,823,166 and 5,592,282 issued to Hartog, both of which are incorporated herein by reference, the backscatted light is analyzed to output a temperature profile along the length of the optical fiber cable 11. The optical fiber cable 11 may also be used as a pressure sensor by incorporating the relevant optical components within the cable 11. In one instance, the optical fiber cable 11 includes fiber Bragg gratings that, as known in the art, function with an opto-electronic unit 40 as an optical pressure sensor. The optical fiber cable 11 may also be used to send optical signals to activate downhole tools, such as tool 32 or another tool incorporated into or proximate the production tubing 34. Other tools may include valves, sensors, guns, chokes, packers, and pumps. The optical fiber cable 11 would also be connected to a corresponding opto-electronic unit in this case. In addition, the optical fiber cable 11 may also be used to transmit data to and from the surface 28 and a downhole location. The optical fiber cable 11 would also be connected to a corresponding opto-electronic unit in this case. The optical fibre cable may also be used in other non-oilfield applications like fire detection in tunnels, pipeline monitoring, structure monitoring, aerospace, and process monitoring. While the invention has been disclosed with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

CLAIMS I claim:
1. An optical fiber cable, comprising: a core; a cladding; and a metal coating surrounding the cladding.
2. The cable of claim 1, wherein the cladding has a diameter between 0.2 mm and 5 mm.
3. The cable of claim 1 , wherein the metal coating is comprised of a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, copper, chromium, copper, tin, gold, aluminum, or any combination thereof.
4. The cable of claim 1, wherein the metal coating is applied to the cladding by drawing the cladding through a molten batch of a metal.
5. The cable of claim 4, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of nickel, copper, chromium, copper, tin, gold, aluminum, or any combination thereof.
6. The cable of claim 1 , wherein the cable is used in an oilfield application.
7. The cable of claim 6, wherein the cable is used as a slickline.
8. The cable of claim 7, wherein the cable supports the weight of a downhole tool.
9. The cable of claim 6, wherein the cable is used in a permanent completion.
10. The cable of claim 1 , wherein optical signals are transmitted through the core.
11. The cable of claim 10, wherein the optical signal comprises data.
12. The cable of claim 10, wherein the optical signal activates a downhole tool.
13. The cable of claim 10, wherein the optical signal comprises a temperature profile along the cable.
PCT/GB2004/003007 2003-08-13 2004-07-12 Optical fiber cable WO2005017593A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0318953A GB2404994A (en) 2003-08-13 2003-08-13 Optical fiber cable
GB0318953.7 2003-08-13

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2005017593A1 true WO2005017593A1 (en) 2005-02-24

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WO (1) WO2005017593A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

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WO2006114410A1 (en) * 2005-04-27 2006-11-02 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. U-shaped fiber optical cable assembly for use in a heated well and methods for installing and using the assembly

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US9593573B2 (en) * 2008-12-22 2017-03-14 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Fiber optic slickline and tools
CA2773714A1 (en) 2009-09-17 2011-03-24 Schlumberger Canada Limited Oilfield optical data transmission assembly joint

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US4823166A (en) * 1985-08-20 1989-04-18 York Limited Optical time-domain reflectometry
US5944865A (en) * 1996-04-25 1999-08-31 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Apparatus for fabricating an optical fiber coated with metal and method therefor
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US4660928A (en) * 1984-09-21 1987-04-28 Spectran Corporation High tensile strength optical fiber
US4823166A (en) * 1985-08-20 1989-04-18 York Limited Optical time-domain reflectometry
US5944865A (en) * 1996-04-25 1999-08-31 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Apparatus for fabricating an optical fiber coated with metal and method therefor
US20030094281A1 (en) * 2000-06-29 2003-05-22 Tubel Paulo S. Method and system for monitoring smart structures utilizing distributed optical sensors
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Cited By (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2006114410A1 (en) * 2005-04-27 2006-11-02 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. U-shaped fiber optical cable assembly for use in a heated well and methods for installing and using the assembly
GB2440061A (en) * 2005-04-27 2008-01-16 Shell Int Research U-shaped fiber optical cable assembly for use in a heated well and methods for installing and using the assembly
GB2440061B (en) * 2005-04-27 2011-03-02 Shell Int Research U-shaped fiber optical cable assembly for use in a heated well and methods for installing and using the assembly

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
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GB2404994A (en) 2005-02-16

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