WO2005036454A1 - Method for improving security and enhancing information storage capability - Google Patents
Method for improving security and enhancing information storage capability Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005036454A1 WO2005036454A1 PCT/US2004/012418 US2004012418W WO2005036454A1 WO 2005036454 A1 WO2005036454 A1 WO 2005036454A1 US 2004012418 W US2004012418 W US 2004012418W WO 2005036454 A1 WO2005036454 A1 WO 2005036454A1
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- symbology
- encodation
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
- G06K19/06046—Constructional details
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
- G06K19/06018—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking one-dimensional coding
- G06K19/06028—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking one-dimensional coding using bar codes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
- G06K19/06037—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking multi-dimensional coding
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
- G06K19/06046—Constructional details
- G06K19/06056—Constructional details the marking comprising a further embedded marking, e.g. a 1D bar code with the black bars containing a smaller sized coding
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/14—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation using light without selection of wavelength, e.g. sensing reflected white light
- G06K7/1404—Methods for optical code recognition
- G06K7/1408—Methods for optical code recognition the method being specifically adapted for the type of code
- G06K7/1434—Barcodes with supplemental or add-on codes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/08—Payment architectures
- G06Q20/20—Point-of-sale [POS] network systems
- G06Q20/208—Input by product or record sensing, e.g. weighing or scanner processing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07G—REGISTERING THE RECEIPT OF CASH, VALUABLES, OR TOKENS
- G07G1/00—Cash registers
- G07G1/0036—Checkout procedures
- G07G1/0045—Checkout procedures with a code reader for reading of an identifying code of the article to be registered, e.g. barcode reader or radio-frequency identity [RFID] reader
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07G—REGISTERING THE RECEIPT OF CASH, VALUABLES, OR TOKENS
- G07G1/00—Cash registers
- G07G1/0036—Checkout procedures
- G07G1/0045—Checkout procedures with a code reader for reading of an identifying code of the article to be registered, e.g. barcode reader or radio-frequency identity [RFID] reader
- G07G1/0054—Checkout procedures with a code reader for reading of an identifying code of the article to be registered, e.g. barcode reader or radio-frequency identity [RFID] reader with control of supplementary check-parameters, e.g. weight or number of articles
Definitions
- the present invention relates broadly to a method and apparatus for improving aspects of information security, information delivery, and information dissemination as well as information storage.
- the present invention may also relate to a method, apparatus, or system for constructing, deconstructing, and reconstructing coded symbols or parts of coded symbols by means of encodation or decodation methods 2.
- Bar codes carry information encoded into bars and spaces of various widths, arranged in predetermined patterns. The bars and spaces are made up of unit elements called modules within a selected symbology. At the last count, there were over one hundred (100) defined and known bar code symbologies. Unfortunately, only a handful of these symbologies are in current use, and fewer still are widely known and used internationally. A number of different one-dimensional bar code symbologies (alternatively called or referred to as lD-encodation schemes or ID symbologies) exist.
- UPC-A UPC-E
- EAN-8 EAN-13
- UCC/EAN-128 UCC/EAN-128 and/or other common-type and known ID bar codes as defined by the representative governing councils, and standards defining organizations.
- This may also include applicable Application Identifiers, UCC Coupon Value Codes and HEBC UCC EAN-128 Secondary Input Data formats encoded in UCC/EAN-128, among others known in the ID bar code symbology field.
- UCC Uniform Code Council, Inc.
- EAN International are voluntary standards organizations that together manage the EAN UCC system.
- AIM Automatic Identification Manufacturers Association
- AIDC AIDC are also standards defining organizations that set global standards for multiple facets of technology.
- a UPC-A bar code points to a line item in a database corresponding to that general product and the line item includes only these four (4) items of product information.
- two-dimensional (2-D) bar codes carry more information per substrate area than linear one-dimensional (1-D) bar codes.
- 2-D symbols or codes are called two-dimensional because the data in the code is contained in both the horizontal direction (like 1-D/linear codes) and additionally in the vertical direction.
- a number of different two-dimensional 2D symbologies exist. Some of the symbologies are: Aztec Code, Code 16K, Code 49, Data Matrix and Maxi-Code, etc.
- PDF-417 symbology is one type of 'stacked' two-dimensional bar code symbology used when needed to encode a greater amount of information within a limited amount of space, thus giving generating an even higher information density encodation scheme.
- An example of this type of symbology is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,304,786.
- One type of 2D symbology, "Matrix Type codes" (Maxi-Code, Data Matrix etc.) codes provide this type of high information density storage capacity in a reasonable size, but are also susceptible to inter-row cross-talk problems during use.
- RSS Reduced Space Symbologies
- Several variants of RSS exist including Limited RSS, Stacked RSS and Expanded RSS. Expanded RSS includes the ability, to encode limited amounts of additional data beyond the basic UCC/EAN Item Number.
- GTIN Global Trading Identification Number
- RSS-14 encodes the full 14 digit UCC/EAN Item Number in a linear symbol that can be scanned rasteringly or omni-directionally by suitably programmed scanners. See Symbol 1.
- RSS-14 LIMITED is a ID linear symbol that encodes a 14 digit UCC/EAN Item Number with a Packaging Indicator Logistical Variant of zero or one as a prefix to the following number. It is designed for use on small items where label space is horizontally restricted, and will not be scanned at point of sale (POS). See Symbol 2.
- RSS-14 STACKED is a variation of the RSS-14 symbology that is vertically truncated and stacked in two rows, and is used where label space is vertically restricted, and particularly on items that are not intended to be scanned at point of sale. See Symbol 3.
- RSS EXPANDED encodes a UCC EAN Item Number plus supplementary element strings such as weight and "best use before" date in a linear symbol that can be scanned omni-directionally by suitably programmed point-of-sale (POS) scanners.
- RSS Expanded can also be printed in multiple rows as a stacked symbol when the normal symbol would be too wide for the narrow applications.
- RSS Expanded has a maximum data capacity of 41 alphanumeric or 74 numeric characters. See Symbol 4. Symbol 4 111
- Any member of the RSS family can be printed as a stand-alone linear symbol or as the Linear (1-D) Component of a Composite (2-D) Symbol.
- the second new symbology, Composite Symbology consists of a 1-D symbol (RSS, UPC/EAN or UCC/EAN-128) paired with, and optionally in some cases 'electronically' and logically 'linked' to a 2-D symbol printed 'in the immediate area' of the ID symbol.
- the 2-D symbol is either a PDF-417 symbol, or a UCC/EAN specific variant of Micro-PDF-417.
- Micro-PDF-417 is the version of PDF-417 designed for small item marking applications (small size), for example in semiconductor and electronic component manufacture.
- CS Composite Symbol
- 2-D Composite Symbol
- LC Linear Component
- CC-A has a data capacity of up to 56 digits and uses a UCC EAN defined variant of Micro-PDF.
- B CC-B has a data capacity of up to 338 digits and uses standard Micro-PDF with a UCC EAN reserved codeword.
- C CC-C has a data capacity of up to 2361 digits and uses a standard PDF-417 with a UCC EAN reserved codeword.
- a key concept within the Composite Symbology (CS) is 'linking.
- the Composite Component (CC) of a Composite Symbol (CS) is printed in immediate conjunction with or in immediate reference with a 1-D bar code symbol, (the Linear Component (LC)).
- the 1-D (LC) symbol In 'linking,' the 1-D (LC) symbol always contains the primary product identification.
- the conventional Composite Component (CC) always contains a special codeword indicating that the data is in accordance with UCC EAN standards; e.g., (a) that a 1-D symbol is also present (required to read), and (b) that the 2-D bar code is
- the 1-D bar code also contains a "link,” indicating that a Composite Component (CC) is present and that the 1- D bar code is linked thereto.
- CC Composite Component
- “where possible” reflects the fact that while some 1- D/LC symbologies, such as RSS, can support such a link, other 1-D/LC symbologies such as UPC/EAN and UCC/EAN-128, cannot.
- the ID bar code used within the Composite Symbol (CS) can be RSS, UPC/EAN or UCC/EAN- 128.
- RSS can be used only with CC-A and CC-B symbologies.
- the following examples and symbols are included.
- Composite Symbology (CS) concepts are also applicable to other symbologies, including RSS, RSS-14 Truncated, RSS-14 Expanded, RSS-14 Stacked Omni-directional, UPC-E, EAN-13, EAN-8, with the corresponding Composite variants: CC-A/B, CC-A/B (14), CC-C and CC-C (14).
- conventional Composite Symbology (CS) which incorporates a 1-D linear component with a 2-D Composite Component, is a new class of symbology designed to address applications that are not being met by current technology solution sets.
- Composite Symbology (CS) should be understood as a combination of two encodation schemes, generally a ID and 2D scheme.
- a bar code for a particular type of medicine is generated by a manufacturer (ex. Aspirin).
- the bar code links to a data base and includes information regarding generally a manufacture, type of product, description of the product and other "higher-order information" (not specific-item information, as will be described).
- This same bar code is used on one-hundred (100) bottles of Aspirin placed in a single box with five-hundred (500) other bottles and placed on a pallet with five-hundred (500) other boxes and sent to a shipping agent.
- the shipping agent looses the one box and reports the loss to the manufacturer.
- the box of Aspirin was stolen by one who copies a previously legitimate bar code from the separate legitimate box, re-labels the stolen goods, and ships the now re-labeled goods to a pharmacy.
- the linked data base system can only track a product by "higher-order information" and cannot track a product by a designated specific-item information e.g., individual item/bottle/dose/pill (and because the counterfeit bar code is therefore legitimate)
- the pharmacy when scanning the counterfeit/stolen goods cannot detect the error, the manufacture cannot detect the error, and the pharmacy sells the stolen/counterfeit goods to the public.
- Various anti-counterfeiting steps and other measures have been taken.
- EPCTM Electronic Product Codes
- EPCTM is a new type of designated alpha-numeric code that operates like the old bar code symbologies, in that when used as a coded general identifier and scanned, links to a line in a database, in many cases an internet-maintained database.
- the EPCTM identifier consists of a string of characters containing information about a specific product or higher order information, i.e.: manufacturer, object classification, and other identifiers specific to an industry and in some rare cases, and a unique serial number for each designated item.
- the EPCTM system is linked solely with, and transmitted by, the RFID tag technology system, either in 64 or 96 bit configurations.
- the EPC system unfortunately necessitates all of the software, hardware, and RFID configurations included in an integrated superstructure, as well as being dependent on the unproven online database for tracking and reporting.
- one other anti-counterfeiting proposal includes the use of RFED technology.
- Radio Frequency Identification RFID has been advocated as the successor to the bar code because of its ability to store much information in a small button or wired label, and have that information read by out-of-line-of-sight readers, in either singularly or in multiple configurations employing RF signal receivers.
- Read/Write RFID tags may also allow the 'tagged' information to be electronically updated.
- drawbacks to the RFID system include the expensive, and the interconnected and integrated infrastructure necessary to support the utilization of RFID as a vehicle for the transportation of information. Additionally, since RFID technology employs tiny RF (Radio Frequency) signals collected by receivers, the location, type, and positioning of the receivers is critical. Many shippers, transporters, manufacturers, and retailers employ unshielded electrical and data lines throughout their facilities. Consequently, before efficient and secure RFID use is achieved, substantial infrastructure costs and reinvestment may be necessary. Additionally, while the future utility of RFID tracking is well known, individual privacy concerns have also grown in parallel with the growth of information tracking.
- One object of at least one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method or apparatus useful in improving tracking and identification of various items. Another object of one alternative embodiment of the present invention is to provide a convenient method for real-time secure serialization, identification, and tracking of an item. It is another object of at least one embodiment of the present invention to provide a bar code based tracking system enabling simple item verification and identification with a high security feature. Another object of one alternative embodiment of the present invention is to provide an optional method of constructing, deconstructing and reconstructing a bar code, where alternative proposed embodiments may optionally include bar codes of various types and configurations to include or un-include any of the Symbologies as defined by the aforementioned councils and organizations.
- Another object of one alternative embodiment of the present invention is to create a bar code encodation scheme (method) which minimizes or reduces the bar code start and stop characters, minimizes the bar code size carrying code words, implicitly encodes the bar code version, and reduces inter-row signal cross-talk. It is hoped that this embodiment and others will generate new bar code applications where traditional two- dimensional bar codes could not be used due to their limiting requirements.
- the present invention relates, in at least one alternative method or apparatus, a secured item specific identification system incorporating the steps of identifying an item to a determined degree and recording the identification data in a secure database, generating and providing a first composite identifying code labeling the item, generating a second code electronically linked with the first code and separately providing the same to an authorized and identifiable partner, reconstructing the first and second codes upon a receipt of the item into a authorized format, and a step of reading the authorized format and accessing the database to note the authenticity of the item.
- the first and second codes are optionally linked or provided in alternative and adaptive formats.
- additional security features structure accessing the database and additional type of codes are incorporated.
- the present invention provides a secured item specific identification system incorporating the steps of identifying an item to a determined degree, generating a first identifying code labeling the item, generating a second code electronically joined with the first code and separately providing the same to an partner, enabling an access to secure identification data regarding said item upon the use of both the first identifying code and the second code.
- the first and second codes are optionally linked or provided in alternative and adaptive composite symbology formats.
- the means for securely accessing includes means for securely updating the authorized-use storage system, whereby the system enables at least a receipt confirmation of the user specified item.
- a method for enhancing information security during item transfer further comprising the steps of: accessing the authorized-use accessible storage system and determining at least a location of the user specified item.
- the item specific designation includes both higher-order information and specific-item information effective to provide a user- determined unit designation to the user specified item.
- a method for enhancing information security during item transfer wherein: at least one of the first and second encoded symbology portions is a 2D symbology encodation, and the other of the first and second encoded symbology portions is a 2D symbology encodation, whereby the readable composite symbology encodation combines the 2D first and second encoded symbologies enabling an increased security during item transfer.
- the step of encoding the readable composite symbology encodation further comprises a step of: providing additional human readable references to the item specific designation on the at least first and second encoded symbology portions.
- the step of reconstructing includes at least one of a step of physically reconstructing and at step of electronically reconstructing the first and second symbology encoded portions into the readable composite symbology encodation, whereby the method enables an adaptive reconstructing method improving information security during item transfer.
- the first 2D encoded symbology portion is an RSS Limited Composite symbology
- the second ID encoded symbology portion is a RSS Limited Linear symbology.
- a software platform for managing the methods described above either within a facility, between supply chain partners, or business users linked via the world wide web or internet or intranet via a wire or wireless communication system.
- an apparatus for enabling an improved security and information transfer between a label generator generating a label for an item and an authorized party receiving the item wherein: the means for reconstructing enables at least one of a physical reconstruction and an electronic reconstruction of the composite symbology encodation.
- an apparatus for enabling an improved security and information transfer between a label generator generating a label for an item and an authorized party receiving the item wherein: the item specific designation includes at least specific-item information including a designated item serial number, the designated item serial number being at least one of a sequential number, a numeric number, an alpha-character number, and an alpha-numeric number, and the designated item serial number being at least one of an encrypted and non-encrypted number.
- Fig. 1 is a flow diagram describing selected steps of one alternative embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 2A is a representative example of a label according to one alternative embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 2B is one representative example of a secure identification tag according to the alternative embodiment shown in Fig. 2A.
- Fig. 3 is a descriptive diagram depicting steps in a labeling process according to one alternative embodiment of the present invention.
- Bar code technologies collectively encompasses the symbologies that encode data to be optically read, the printing technologies that produce machine-readable symbols, the scanners and decoders that capture visual images of the symbologies and covert them to computer-compatible digital data, and the verifiers that validate symbol quality.
- bar code symbologies, or languages to use an analogy collectively encompasses the symbologies that encode data to be optically read, the printing technologies that produce machine-readable symbols, the scanners and decoders that capture visual images of the symbologies and covert them to computer-compatible digital data, and the verifiers that validate symbol quality.
- bar code symbologies, or languages to use an analogy collectively phrases
- item/lot level/container/pill/box to meet, at lest in part, one of the goals of future RFID systems, namely individual unit pharmaceutical tracking or other specific item tracking (i.e. identifiable to a designated item for example a pill, syringe, bottle, container, pallet, box, machine, etc.).
- item-specific or specific-item information is critical in the high technology or pharmaceutical fields for tracking and safety but due to the very large manufacturing lot sizes, number of manufacturing plants, size of worldwide companies and for other reasons it is presently impractical to create a specific individual item serial number identifying a particular item because the identifying information will be to large to incorporate into present symbology systems.
- Composite Symbology should be broadly understood as a combination of two or more encodation schemes, generally a ID and 2D scheme but now also a 2D scheme and a second or additional 2D scheme or a plurality of 1D/2D schemes.
- CS Composite Symbology
- UCC/EAN Linear symbologies such as, but not limited to: UPC-A, UPC-E, EAN-8, EAN-13 and UCC/EAN-128; in various alternative embodiments to orchestrate this adaptation either after the UCC/EAN symbologies have been created, printed, placed on labels or other substrate; and in yet other alternative embodiments to 'link' information by means of adding information in a 2D or Composite format between the Linear and the Composite symbologies, in either a numeric or alpha-numeric or scrambled alpha-numeric format for UPC-A, UPC-E, EAN-8 and EAN-13, and UCC/EAN-128 in order to enhance, change, update, delete or link encoded data contained in the Linear.
- CS Composite Symbology
- an item to be tracked is labeled or identified as discussed below with a determined item specific designation, including for example higher order information such as associated manufacture, time, date, place, description, and NDC, and specific item information such as a serial number, and other item selective identifier effective to sufficiently identify a individual item in a discrete manner, e.g. a single ampoule of injectable medicine, or a single box containing a plurality of ampoules.
- a determined item specific designation including for example higher order information such as associated manufacture, time, date, place, description, and NDC, and specific item information such as a serial number, and other item selective identifier effective to sufficiently identify a individual item in a discrete manner, e.g. a single ampoule of injectable medicine, or a single box containing a plurality of ampoules.
- alternative embodiments of the present invention may be adapted for use in various manners to improve the ability to track or identify consumer products (e.g., pharmaceuticals, livestock, books, food items, clothing items, aircraft parts, automotive parts or other manufactured parts, cargo containers, luggage, personal identification documents (drivers licenses, passports, visa's, etc.), military construction items and parts); and as a result of this tracking or identifying achieve, at least in part, one of the concerns raised in the discussion above.
- alternative aspects of the present invention may be adapted for use in reducing counterfeiting, tracking events (such as sporting or entertainment events), minimizing human health concerns over patient consent or privacy or drug receipt, verifying product returns and recalls, tracking vaccines and other biological materials in a private manner, or tracking personnel (e.g.
- a first code is created (usually a linear or ID bar code but alternatively a separate 2D or Composite (CS) code may be used as the first code.
- This first code (A) (usually a linear code) is created by known technology bar code printing systems (usually by off-site printers or by in-line systems at a manufacturer's or user's production line) and would incorporate higher-level or higher- order information such as country code, manufacturer, product description, place of manufacture, etc.
- a second code (B) is then created.
- This second code (B) includes specific defined item-level information, specific-item information, or individual-use information such as lot, serial number, pallet, date of manufacture, expiration date, URL access data etc, that is known about a determined item.
- This second code (B) is generated as a Composite Symbology (CS) code and includes a first part (Bl) and a second part (B2), where one or both parts is a 2D composite component, and where only one part is a 2D composite component the remaining part is a ID linear component, depending upon multiple alternative embodiments.
- the second code (here B') includes a first part (Bl) is a linear component and a second part (B2) is a 2D component.
- the second code (B") includes a first part (Bl) as a first 2D component and a second part (B2) as a second 2D component.
- This type of separation renders the second code (B) unreadable (un-scannable and unrecognizable) and without utility without both (Bl) and (B2) or other portions as will be described.
- Alternative embodiments of the present invention may optionally provide additional electronic "hooks" or “tails” in either one of the first (Bl) or second parts (B2) of the second code (B) indicating to a properly programmed electronic reader that the other part of the second code (B) is a required element to the second code (rendering the Composite Symbology (CS) Code unreadable when separated) and preventing the reading of the second code (B) where either part (Bl, B2) is lacking.
- Alternative embodiments to this embodiment may optionally further divide the second code (B) into a third (B3) or even a forth part (B4), rendering the second code (B) unreadable without physically combining all the parts (Bl, B2, B3, or B4).
- first code (A) may be similarly physically split into a first part (Al) and a second part (A2) and operate in a similar 'unreadable' manner for an additional layer of counterfeit protection.
- the item-label would be printed with two partial codes, for example Al and B2, (requiring A2 and Bl for comprehensive scanning) thereby preventing scanning at even the higher-level order of information.
- human readable information may be printed immediately adjacent the code allowing for human-reading of the human-readable information and entering the information in a secure data base to reconstruct a damaged and un-scannable CS code based on the stored specific-item information.
- a manufacturer, employing the present system, method, product, or apparatus would first initially generate a list of desired tracking information including higher-level and item-level, specific-item, or individual- use information and store that information in a secure "track-able" and useable database system specific to the individual or use.
- An alternative embodiment to the database system would provide an internet-linked or internet-based system allowing access from multiple geographically dispersed locations (or authorized supply chain partners) each accessible via a secured communication link.
- a single use item e.g.
- the manufacture would electronically designate a first code (A) using CS or other technology code containing only higher-level information, and a second code (B) containing either both higher-level and item-level information or only item-level information, wherein the second code (B) is divided into at least a first part (Bl) and a second part (B2).
- A first code
- B second code
- the selection of which type of information (serial number, pallet number, part number etc.) to encode using the present embodiment of the invention is a decision for the individual user.
- an industry is common to individual users (e.g., the drug industry)
- the users may collectively designate a third party to uniformly designate an information strategy for specific-item information (i.e.
- This third party would then provide designated information units in a common data base or set of data bases to each user for incorporation with their secure scanning methods and application to designated specific items.
- the manufacture would then cause a physical item label to be printed for an item including the first code (A) and only one part or portion (Bl or B2) of the second code (B).
- the manufacturer would then provide the non-selected part (Bl or B2) of the second code (B) in a secure manner to an authorized end user (Doctor, pharmacy, Hospital user etc.) trained in its use.
- This type of secure manner may include placing the non-selected part (of second code (B)) on a user specific ID card identifiable to a person, on a scannable card, or in other physical and electronic ways (programmed into a scanner or scanning control system, etc) common to conventional bar code uses.
- second code (B) may be placed on a user specific ID card identifiable to a person, on a scannable card, or in other physical and electronic ways (programmed into a scanner or scanning control system, etc) common to conventional bar code uses.
- a two-path delivery practice is provided for at least the physically split second code (B).
- One path being the label itself, and the second path being the secure transfer to the authorized end user.
- the specific item label may be read by scanning the first code (A) into a data base and noting higher-level information (NDC, Manufacturer, etc.) but the label cannot be read by scanning the second code (B) without both parts.
- a counterfeiter, forger, or unauthorized user merely copying duplicating an existing label (e. g., stolen or lost label) cannot complete an electronic entry scan (and detect the code elements themselves) because the second code (B) cannot be read without both parts (Bl, B2).
- An authorized user would scan the first code (A) on the label into the data base and then by completing code (B) (by either physically holding the unused part of the second code (Bl) next to printed part (B2) and physically completing the second code (B) or by electronically combining (Bl) and (B2) via computer programming solutions) thereby allowing for a completed and successful specific-item or item-level scan of the second code (B) and hence the entire label.
- the present invention may be adapted and modified in alternative embodiments according to the situational security needs of the manufacture and customer. Several of the optional alternative embodiments are discussed below.
- a 1-D UPC-A Linear code is created with numeric values as shown: See Symbol 9.
- unreadable Symbol 10 may optionally be placed on a drug bottle, a syringe body, or on a single specific-item label, and Symbol 9 supplied in a secure manner (physically or electronically) to an authorized end user. When the authorized user combines Symbols 9 and 10 (physically or electronically) the completed code may be read providing a complete amount of item-level information. When Symbol 10 is combined and added to the Linear it would look like this: See Symbol 11. Symbol 11
- the first and second parts of the second code may be physically separated (printed separately) and separately provided to an end user, preventing copying by counterfeiters and guaranteeing that only the authorized end user employing the separately-provided part of the second code could reassemble the second code for a successful scan.
- another alternative embodiment of the present invention provides (e.g. a manufacturer) a portion of the continuous item-level data in a 1-D Linear code (a ID symbology encodation) and continues said information in the Composite code thereby providing a security link that enhances the value and secure utility of the machine readable CS bar code.
- a manufacturer created a UCC/EAN-128 1-D Linear code with the start of a phrase: "Now is the time for" (See Symbol 12)
- Symbol 17 and this re-construction would (via scanning software programming) necessarily create a URL as: www.anywebcite.com/additional secret and therefore be a "security enabled" URL contained in an enhanced and reconstructed UCC/EAN-128 with Composite bar code according to one alternative embodiment of the present invention.
- a portion of the code may contain a portion of a secure URL or secure URL accessing authorization in the 1-D Linear portion and continue the URL address into the Composite 2-D portion, enabling the creation of a secure and coded hyperlink to send a validated scanner unit or computer (employing the secure separated part of the code) via the hyperlink to a secure website on the World Wide Web for access to specific-item information. Since the Composite Symbology code is only readable when both portions are combined or electronically entered, an unauthorized user cannot access the web cite with only a portion of the Composite Symbology.
- another optional alternative embodiment employing aspects of the present invention dictates how important and/or life saving information may be added to a pre-existing UPC or EAN Linear bar code (it is noted herein, that any of the preceding embodiments may be similarly added to a preexisting label), maintained in confidence (according to the present invention) and be constructed/re-constructed by an authorized end user employing the missing code portion.
- a 1-D UPC-A Linear bar code contains numeric information about a product (for example a Candy Bar). See Symbol 18.
- an existing UPC or EAN bar code may be optionally "upgraded" into a secure Composite code to reflect, for example, a change in price after the item was finally priced and a UPC or EAN code label generated and applied to the product. See Symbol 21.
- a 2-D Composite may be created by an authorized manufacture, distributor, or end user is built to reflect the particular price change, e.g. 10% discount before 12/31/03. See Symbol 22.
- another alternative embodiment of the present invention provides an improvement for Human or Animal Drug information transfer (such as a newly discovered adverse drug interaction or information location for a pharmacist) would result by re-constructing the information that could exist in a bar code involving the UCC/EAN family of bar codes.
- an exemplary Drug company designs and creates an RSS ID Linear bar code for a pharmaceutical item. See Symbol 24. linn ilium ilium
- UCC/EAN-128 it is noted that the group of UCC/EAN bar codes that does not require an encoded 'link' from the ID Linear to add the Composite Component, is where at least one of the suggested alternative embodiments of this invention reside.
- a method is set forth allowing the storage of EPCTM type specific-item level information encoded in a secure Composite Symbology involving 2D bar codes and transmitting the information to an internet-based and/or intranet-based database in much the same manner as the expensive RFID tag for a fraction of the cost per EPCTM, requiring minimal supportive infrastructure.
- an exemplary manufacturer may conduct the following exemplary steps: 1. Identifying a product for manufacture and coding identification. 2.
- Determining the numbering system used i.e.: UPC-A, UPC-E, NDC, UPN, EAN- 13, EAN-8, EPCTM, or other industry specific enumerators. 3. Enumerating (where needed) the prefix for country according to the numbering system. 4. Enumerating (where needed) the packaging level according to the numbering system. 5. Enumerating the designated manufacturer number according to the numbering system. 6. Enumerating the item by type, object, size, amount, transmission, lot, expiration date, or other higher-order information identifiers according an industry specific need, in the format of the numbering system selected. 7. Enumerating a unique specific-item designator (ex. serial number) for each individual item (ex.
- Generating a linked security 1-D bar code enabling reading of combination of the scannable/readable 2-D code and the 1-D code (for each designated supply chain individual) only when joined physically or electronically joined during the scanning/reading process.
- a manufacturer may follow the steps of:
- the specific-item information e.g., item or amounts, strengths or other identifiable changes relating to a specific item
- 22. Recording the entry of each specific item for each authorized supply chain partner whereby a report of such authorized entry (or report of rejected unauthorized attempted entry) and partner provides a certifiable pedigree chain of that a specific designated item from the specific manufacturer to end users via computer with access to the World Wide Web.
- the phrase product and/or items should be understood as a word-label used by a manufacturer in a particular circumstance.
- a drug company may use the phrase “item” to identify a single dose (1-pill or 1- ampoule) of a drug but may simultaneously use the phrase “product” or “item” to identify a single package containing a single drug product (1-pill or ampoule) or several drug products (10 pills).
- a shipping company may designate tracking an "item” or a "product” as a pallet containing multiple-packaged items (products) designated as suitable for item-specific tracking purposes of the shipping company.
- data base, storage system, or internet data base or controlling system or managing program should be generally understood to represent a type of software (and optionally including hardware) system capable of maintaining a secure and authorized-use accessible data base or storage system (either on the internet or within an intranet or elsewhere) effective to act in any of the manners described herein (i.e., receiving and storing item specific designations, encoding these designations, printing labels and encoded portions of an encoded item specific designation, updating along the supply chain, issuing pedigree, tracking, and authorized user reports, or counterfeit, stolen, or lost goods reports, tracking access, updating information, rebuilding damaged Composite Symbology labels etc.)
- a drug company may generate an "item a" identifier (e.g.
- a "product a” box identifier e.g. box of 5 ampoules/pills
- a larger "product b” box identifier e.g. a box containing 10 boxes of 5 ampoules/pills
- a shipping company may designate an "item b" identifier (e.g., a single pallet containing 50 boxes of 10 boxes of 5 ampoules/pills).
- Each of these serialized numbers may be tracked/linked with shipper/manufacturer or third-party databases or a master data system for tracking along the supply/return/delivery/loss/recover chain depending upon a particular parties' and partner's tracking needs.
- a manufacturer makes a decision to identify a "product" or selected specific "item” and in a second step 2 assigns and designates an item specific numbering system providing a specific ID containing all the information the manufacturer determines should be tracked for that specific "product” or "item.”
- the manufacturer assigns a unit specific serial or designated number to the product and in a fourth step 4 authorizes a designated party to create a 2D composite bar code for that particular item or product in a known selectable type of composite code system.
- An example of a 2D composite bar code is provided.
- this 2D composite bar code may optionally include coded "hooks” requiring simultaneous scanning or electronic "reading” (with a data base system) a linked ID bar code to complete a scan and access the product/unit data base list. It is also optionally acceptable that the 2D composite code does not include
- the bar code is printed through commercially accepted printing methods, either off site or on site (manufacturing location), including but not limited to methods such as flexographic, letter press, ink jet, laser, thermal, or other non- enumerated printing method.
- a scanning program on-site the ID or 2D or combination of both are scanned and the serial numbers stored in a master data system.
- the label is then applied to the product or package.
- each item label is scanned and when a preset amount is reached, the scanner sends a signal to a down stream printer for the generation of a label with the corresponding information including all of the item-specific numbers (e.g., serial numbers) included in the box, carton, pallet, container or other packing to be applied to the designated container or packaging.
- the designated item, label, or package is then shipped to a supply chain partner wishing to securely verify both the receipt and of the authentic nature of the item/product.
- the supply chain partner has already generated or received a secure ID or 2D partner specific bar code linked in the manufacturers or other's master database including the specific-item information and optionally linked to a designated partner/user/employee/ specific scanner or CPU etc.
- the supply chain partner physically holds (or electronically combines) the partner specific ID bar code (one example shown) adjacent the 2D composite code thereby physically (or electronically) reconstructing in step 9 the complete scannable composite 1D+2D bar code (Composite Symbology code).
- the combined codes are shown in representation.
- step 10 the complete 1D+2D bar code is scanned with a scanner containing or linked with a computer containing a specific access mechanism (e.g., secure URL address for accessing an Internet database).
- step 11 the supply chain partner's scanner's CPU identifier tag (unique to each CPU) is compared by the master data system to an authorized user's CPU tag and accepted or rejected (this is one optional additional security feature).
- step 12 the supply chain partner is then prompted to log-in verifying information (via key board or additional bar code scan) and is accepted or rejected (an additional optional security feature).
- step 13 where the supply chain partner is verified, the combined ID and composite 2D bar code information is entered (physically where a label is damaged or electronically scanned) into the secure database system and compared to a manufacturer's authentic item product information.
- the data base system renders a determination/authentication regarding the item/product and the user and may optionally generate a pedigree/approval/rejection report or electronic notice comparing the received information and the stored information and (if authorized) optionally update the database information and location of the item/product at the supply chain partner.
- Figs 2 A and 2B one alternative embodiment of the present invention is described employing a designated unit/item/product label 20 and a supply chain authorized employee identification badge 21.
- label 20 is optionally placed on a single bottle of a product (SuperDrugTM) containing 100 tablets each of 25mg. It is envisioned that in alternative embodiments, label 20 may be modified depending upon a manufacturer or suppliers' needs (e.g., a pallet identifier for a shipping company, a single container for a container company, a cosmetic container or package, or a single tablet or single syringe or injectable ampoule for a drug manufacturer).
- a pallet identifier for a shipping company e.g., a pallet identifier for a shipping company, a single container for a container company, a cosmetic container or package, or a single tablet or single syringe or injectable ampoule for a drug manufacturer.
- Label 20 includes a first manufacturer-specific composite 1D/2D general identifier bar code portion 22 covering, for example the NDC and expiration information (including duplicate readable portions) and a second split or de-constructed item-sp cific 2D security composite bar code portion 23 requiring a "hook" or linked code to enable actual reading of code portion 23.
- Identification badge 21 includes a supply chain partner composite code 24 securely identifying the employee.
- supply chain partner code 24 is optionally created by the partner for internal tracking of the employee or for other uses determined by the supply chain partner.
- code 24 would enable the employee to access a protected computer/CPU in a shipping/receiving location or pharmaceutical lab location, and to operate that computer to log-in or log-out specific received or returned items.
- Identification badge 21 additionally includes the ID bar code 25 that is the second half of the split or de-constructed security composite code portion 23 in label 20.
- Code 25 may be optionally individually readable (without composite code portion 23) or not depending upon the preferences of the manufacturer, the designer of the secure tracking system, or the supply chain partner.
- bar code 25 is a single readable ID linear code "hooked" to composite code portion 23.
- the employee physically places an edge 26 of badge 21 and specifically ID code portion 25 closely adjacent 2D composite code portion 23 and then holds a scanner (not shown) in a position to read both ID code portion 25 and code portion 23 at the same time. The authorized employee then scans the now physically re-combined composite 1D/2D bar code.
- code portion 23 cannot be read without authorized code portion 25
- the combination of code portions 23/25 are specific to an individually designated item/product enabling a database to be updated only a single time and rejecting all other attempts, where code portion 23 is duplicated and re-scanned (by a copyist, infringer, or in error)
- the manufacturer's and supply chain partner's database will reject the item/product scan as a counterfeit, infringing, or previously scanned item and notify designated individuals according to an optional programming loop.
- an underlying security and authentication system enables an electronic or printed flag to be provided to designated individual upon the entry or attempted entry of a scan. In this manner, where a manufacture reports lost or stolen items, the data base flags those specific items, and if the items are rescanned in an unexpected location or by an unauthorized supply chain partner the system will reject the attempted scan and report the attempted counterfeit to the manufacturer.
- an overt type is another adaptation of the present alternative embodiment.
- FIG. 3 Another alternative method for practicing one aspect of the present invention is visually described in reference to an individual designated item product packaging code combined with a second individual (multiple item container) designated code at a manufacture.
- a master data and access/control system 10 either generates individualized numbers for each product as the products are created via an electronic assembly line link (not shown) or via human input and generates a list of unassigned individualized numbers awaiting assignment to a specific items or products undergoing production.
- master data system 10 may additionally include process control systems and links to any of the selected items (1-10 or other common processing items not shown) that functions actively to control a speed and action of the process labeling, recording, scanning, and coding process itself in addition to monitoring and recording code identifiers.
- system 10 may be selected from a plurality of systems capable of both the minimal steps discussed below and the much broader opportunities available in active process control systems, and as such may include additional established electronic links (not shown) and additional control or monitoring modules.
- a roll for example
- a scanner 2 regulates movement of the labels into a labeler 3 where the product is labeled with a readable ID label as the product passes by.
- each step or element may be combined with a master data base or master control system to both manage secure labeling and the production process.
- a scanner 4 in optional communication with master data system 10, regulates the passage of the product/label combination under a printer or to print head or mechanism in a conventionally known method of printing 5 which either prints a coded specific-item information (e.g., serial number) in a bar code format (with or without human readables), and/or prints an individualized serial number (item identifier) specific to that product into the existing 2D composite containing other identification such as, but not limited to lot/batch, expiration, quantity, etc.
- both scanner 4 and printer 5, or even the process control machinery itself may access or be controlled by a master data base system linking each product to each label and to each bar code generated in the process.
- labeler 3 prints a designated item code on the label prior to application to the product itself.
- the label and code is linked with the master data system 10, which reads and records the pertinent individual item data to the master data system 10, including the designated serial numbers and, after a pre-arranged amount of product passes by, master data system 10 signals this item- specific information (manufacturer number/NDC etc, product information, lot or batch number, and the first and last serial number) to the down-line printer head 7 (also linked with master data system 10).
- Printer 7 prints a label for a now-full package (this now-full package (item) label number is also recorded in master data system 10 linked to the individual item numbers).
- the label is applied to the package containing the individual items/products and a packager 8 accessing the now-full package closes and seals the package and sends the package down-line to a scanner 9 that scans the full-package label and records the box number in the master data system 10.
- a printer 10 prints a pallet-specific bar code incorporating or linking in the data base all the previous codes (full-package items and product-items) and with corresponding serial numbers therein. This last label is then supplied to the sealed pallet containing all the boxes and items/products.
- the present invention easily mimics the multi-level item-specific capacity of the more expensive and presently-unworkable RFID system providing substantial cost savings and eliminating the detriments of the RFID system noted earlier. Additionally, the present system, establishes the present practice of multi-level specific-item information tracking (and the supportive data base systems) that must be in place throughout a designated supply chain for a comprehensive transition to the RFID system in the future. In this alternative embodiment, a manufacturer can scan the entire coded pallet label identifying (via secure data base linking) all the individual serial numbers prior to shipping and record their exit from the manufacturing plant in a manner to that similarly envisioned by the RFTD system without the required added infrastructure.
- a shipper can scan and record the pallet serialized ID number and record receipt in the data based linked with the manufacturer.
- the shipper opens the pallet and then scans each individualized box or item/product as it is delivered in a manner linked with master data system 10, another designated system (on the Web), or not depending upon a shipper's desire.
- the authorized receiver or end user then scans the pallet level secure code acknowledging each individualized box or item/product upon receipt via the above described process in a manner linked with the master data base thereby receiving authentication and verification that the items/products received were actually manufactured by the manufacturer and have a pedigree.
- at least one embodiment of the present invention serves as simple pedigree verification means allowing a single authorized scan to record each individual product in or on a pallet or other container.
- the master system may optionally provide another way to print and secure additional supply chain master labels linked with the master system.
- the present invention allows an additional level of security for the additional supply chain partners enabling secure and authorizing scans of individual product codes in a single scan.
- end users open individual boxes, via secure links to the master database and employing designated and secure coded information, an authorized user may scan an individual item/product and provide proof of receipt to the original manufacturer or receive information regarding the original manufactured product, including for example, original amounts, strengths, lots, expiration dates, NDC, or other identifying enumerators.
- the present invention is easily adapted to a wide variety of scenario's adaptable across the broad range of manufacturing/shipping/market and levels (e.g. pharmaceutical, manufacturing, recall, governmental tracking (visa/passport/driver license), quality control, event tracking, human control systems (prisoner, jail, employee control systems), medical systems (clinical trials, vaccine tracking, drug administration systems) international and national shipping systems (FedEx, USPS, UPS etc.), and manufacturer-supplier to multiple additional supplier to customer level changes).
- One possible alternative serialization scenario of one embodiment of the present invention may optionally include the following steps: a. Manufacturer pre-prints a label offline with a commercial printer, or in an inline setting prints any encrypted 2D Composite bar code (2D symbology encodation) like this Reduced Space Symbology (RSS) Limited b.
- RSS Reduced Space Symbology
- the information contained in one embodiment would contain any 'product' or 'item' identifying data or specific item information in a globally recognized format or optionally a non-recognized customized format may be used specific to and created by a particular worldwide manufacturer and agreed to by its trading partners, (e.g., General Electric or Pfizer), c.
- the Label is applied to product and shipped.
- Receiver would need a corresponding (ID symbology encodation) here a RSS Limited Linear bar code with the appropriate 'hook' electronically built into the code for example this: I III 1 1 I llll II II II to complete the entire information encoded.
- This bar code may be optionally placed electronically in a scanning system, on a user ID badge (See e.g., Fig.
- Yet another possible alternative serialization scenario of one embodiment of the present invention may optionally include the following steps: (a) Manufacturer pre-prints a label or, in an online setting or manufacturing setting, prints any encrypted 2D Composite bar code (2D Symbology encodation) like this Reduced Space Symbology (RSS) Limited Composite, which in this example 1 oo k s 1 i te *i ; _ n i W _D ⁇ T_P-_ ⁇ - IKI (b)
- RSS Reduced Space Symbology
- the information contained in this present alternative embodiment would contain (for example) a 'hashed' National Drug Code (e.g.
- a third possible alternative serialization scenario of one embodiment of the present invention may optionally include the following steps: (a) A Manufacturer pre-prints a Composite Symbology label (on-site or off-site) containing the (in this example) a National Drug Code, Lot and Expiration Date and a designated individualized product or item Serial Number (either in a sequential, numeric, or random alpha or alpha-numeric manner or optionally encrypted manner) in a bar code like but not limited to RSS Limited formats, that would be machine readable and optionally contain human readable references like this: (10)XYZ123 (17) 050505-E5E llll I II llll I HI II llll ( 0 1 ) 103000698765 4 5 Or tlUS " (b) The product with the label is then shipped to a receiver.
- an appropriately pre-programmed scanner or reader parses out the relevant data into data fields, for example like this: NDC 0006987654 Lot XYZ123 Serial Number E5E or 01234567890 and scans these fields them into relevant data fields in a master data base linking the authorized shipping label with the authenticated receiving label.
- an operator may access a secure master data base and hand-enter the human readable references to recreate the secure symbology label for later scanning and use.
- one possible alternative embodiment made capable by modification and adaptation of selected features or aspects of the present invention applied to alternative customer needs may provide an RFID Electronic Product Code (EPC) transition by utilizing selected futures of the above described inventions as a bridge to the future RHD/EPC type systems developing within the next decade.
- EPC Electronic Product Code
- a management group may develop privately and provide as a service an Electronic Sequence Code (ESCTM) to serialize products at an individual, case, pallet, container or other level and provide an accessible Master Data Base and Authentication system.
- ESCTM Electronic Sequence Code
- an outside user would request or generate a designated number of "item" specific codes for use as labels and secure them employing one of the authentication processes discussed above.
- a secure application software platform a bar code engine, or other device or systems enabled to conduct at one of the optional actions noted above, including sending to authorized users electronic files of any ID or 2 D globally recognized bar code combinations or encrypted representations of same separately or together to a suitably configured commercial printer (on-line/stand-alone).
- a secure application software platform and bar code engine may be adaptively considered as or adapted to work within at least one of the optional systems and methods described herein.
- a bar code engine or software platform may be optionally programmed conduct the steps necessary to accomplish one of the alternative embodiments of the present invention or to determine selective steps performed by one alternative embodiment of the invention.
- a bar code engine or software platform may be designed to optionally include steps of (in one alternative embodiment of the present invention) enumeration, encoding, printing or other- steps as discussed herein, or any one of the steps individually depending upon a users particular system, apparatus, or method of use where off-the shelf and/or custom designed hardware and software units may be adaptively joined in a 'system,' 'platform,' or 'engine' in a manner effective to achieve at least one of the alternative embodiments noted herein.
- the descriptive phrase enumerating or enumeration is to be broadly interpreted as deciding upon or determining or selecting an identification system or numbering or code scheme of any kind according to and optionally including any of the ID, 2D or Composite bar code systems noted herein.
- This enumeration may additionally include the generation of a custom-designed identification system determined and agreed to by users of the identification system but presently not standardized by the UCC/EAN organizations.
- a particular enumerated item specific designation is encoded into a Composite symbology encodation containing both a RSS Limited Composite bar code and a RSS Limited Linear bar code.
- phrase item specific designation may optionally include information of one or both of a higher-order-type information (ex. NDC, country code, manufacturer etc.) and a specific-item-type information (e.g., serial, item, product number etc.) depending upon a user's desire for security features, and may be immediately readable or initially encrypted and readable only at a first initial encrypted level requiring a later second additional decryption to finally read the specific item information.
- composite symbologies may include 2D symbologies that are themselves composite symbologies.
- a nail, a screw, and a bolt may not be structural equivalents in that a nail relies on friction between a wooden part and a cylindrical surface, a screw's helical surface positively engages the wooden part, and a bolt's head and nut compress opposite sides of a wooden part, in the environment of fastening wooden parts, a nail, a screw, and a bolt may be readily understood by those skilled in the art as equivalent structures.
- a nail, a screw, and a bolt may be readily understood by those skilled in the art as equivalent structures.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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US20080011843A1 (en) | 2008-01-17 |
US20070119954A1 (en) | 2007-05-31 |
CA2535409A1 (en) | 2005-04-21 |
US20050061878A1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
EP1668570A1 (en) | 2006-06-14 |
US20060237547A1 (en) | 2006-10-26 |
US7261235B2 (en) | 2007-08-28 |
US7207481B2 (en) | 2007-04-24 |
AU2004280853A1 (en) | 2005-04-21 |
MXPA06001164A (en) | 2006-08-31 |
US20070119955A1 (en) | 2007-05-31 |
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