WO2005092985A1 - Banana peel- or banana tree-based material, uses thereof and method for obtaining same - Google Patents

Banana peel- or banana tree-based material, uses thereof and method for obtaining same Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005092985A1
WO2005092985A1 PCT/FR2004/000439 FR2004000439W WO2005092985A1 WO 2005092985 A1 WO2005092985 A1 WO 2005092985A1 FR 2004000439 W FR2004000439 W FR 2004000439W WO 2005092985 A1 WO2005092985 A1 WO 2005092985A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
banana
chips
material according
binder
dry
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/FR2004/000439
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Joseph Carpanzano
Original Assignee
Joseph Carpanzano
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Joseph Carpanzano filed Critical Joseph Carpanzano
Priority to PCT/FR2004/000439 priority Critical patent/WO2005092985A1/en
Publication of WO2005092985A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005092985A1/en

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/10—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products
    • E04C2/16—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products of fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
    • A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
    • A01G24/27—Pulp, e.g. bagasse
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/40—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure
    • A01G24/42—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure of granular or aggregated structure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/40—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure
    • A01G24/44—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure in block, mat or sheet form
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
    • B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
    • A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
    • A01G24/23—Wood, e.g. wood chips or sawdust
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B2001/742—Use of special materials; Materials having special structures or shape
    • E04B2001/745—Vegetal products, e.g. plant stems, barks

Definitions

  • Material based on banana or banana peel uses and process for obtaining such a material
  • the present invention relates to a material essentially comprising vegetable fibers. More specifically, the present invention relates to a material consisting of skin chips of bananas and / or banana trees having liquid absorption properties, thermal and acoustic insulation properties, as well as surprising flame retardant properties.
  • the technical field of the invention is that of the manufacture of plant materials, in particular insulating materials for the construction of dwellings and industrial premises or else the confinement of materials or enclosures brought to very high or very low temperatures.
  • the thermal insulation materials conventionally used in the building sector are essentially materials based on mineral wools such as glass wool or rock wool or else based on polymeric materials such as polystyrenes or polyurethanes.
  • acoustic insulation materials generally consist of polyurethane foams, melamine foams, felts or complexes of these foams with absorbent plastic materials. While they allow good thermal and acoustic insulation of constructions, these materials have the disadvantage of having poor resistance to heat and fire, which makes them dangerous in the event of fire and requires at least flame retardants which increase their cost, without reducing their dangerousness. Indeed, under the action of heat, polystyrene emits styrenes and other toxic gases contained in its flame retardant additives. It constantly lets out pentane throughout its lifetime. Polyurethanes are often considered the most effective insulators. They are often used in the form of expansive foam to caulk door and window frames.
  • Hemp wool is a good thermal and acoustic insulator, completely natural and therefore easily recyclable.
  • their production requires very high resources; Indeed, it is necessary to cultivate the hemp, to harvest it then to extract the fibers before treating them by fraying then expansion to make wools.
  • hemp since hemp is naturally flammable, these wools require fireproofing treatment which increases their cost compared to conventional insulation wools.
  • Cotton wool has the advantage of being able to be produced from recycled cotton fibers obtained for example by fraying old fabrics, cleaning and compacting the fibers. However, these cotton wools are expensive and have very low mechanical strength and are moreover very flammable, which makes them unsuitable for their use in building insulation.
  • the object of the present invention is, inter alia, to provide a material which is simple and inexpensive to produce and which overcomes, at least in part, the disadvantages of known insulation materials .
  • the object of the present invention is more particularly to provide a material which has both thermal insulation and sound insulation properties as well as flame retardant properties, which has no toxicity for humans and which is completely recyclable.
  • the present invention achieves its object by a material, in particular for thermal and / or acoustic insulation, characterized in that it consists essentially of dry shavings of banana and / or banana peel.
  • dry chips is understood here to mean pieces of banana peel or banana pseudostem, mainly composed of fibers, obtained by mechanical grinding and then dehydrated, for example by steaming.
  • bananas andbananas are understood to mean all kinds and species of bananas and banana trees grouped under the taxonomic genus “Musa”, of the “Musaceae” family, and among which, among others, there are more generally dessert bananas like Cavendish and cooking bananas like plantains.
  • the banana peels and / or banana pseudostem can be used in their natural state to constitute the material of the invention without requiring treatments or extracts; this makes it possible to considerably limit the production costs of the material but also that it is completely natural and thus fully and very easily recyclable.
  • the material according to the invention has, surprisingly, thermal insulation properties much superior to known insulation materials, in particular compared to the other natural plant materials used for their insulating properties, both at temperatures positive than negative.
  • the applicant has in fact found that the banana peels as well as the banana pseudostem, which are plant elements composed essentially of fibers, starch and liquid constituents, have surprising thermal properties, and more particularly resistance properties to heat and cold.
  • the material of the invention is also non-flammable, the banana fibers being a self-extinguishing natural flame retardant. This characteristic constitutes an essential advantage of the material according to the invention in that it requires only a light flame retardant treatment of the dry chips forming the material in order to prevent or delay the surface carbonization phenomena of the material subjected to prolonged contact with flames.
  • the material of the invention has absorption properties which make it a very good liquid retentive.
  • a plate of the material according to the invention is capable of absorbing a volume of liquid at least equal to its own volume.
  • Such absorption properties combined with the insulation properties of the material of the invention, make it possible in particular to be able to maintain, for example in crop applications, a high level of humidity for a very long period in the absence watering, which allows for example a saving of water during periods of heat, but also to retain water in the ground and prevent frost around the roots of plants in winter.
  • the material according to the invention is in the form of said agglomerated dry chips. The material is densified in this way, in particular by pressing and / or vacuum suction, in order to improve its mechanical strength as well as its absorption and thermal insulation properties.
  • the material of the invention further comprises at least one binder, preferably a non-flammable binder.
  • a binder allows the shavings of banana and / or banana skins constituting said material to be joined together, and thus to improve its agglomeration, its rigidity and its mechanical strength as well as to facilitate its shaping, but also, depending on the desired applications, to enhance the insulation properties as a function of frequencies or temperatures.
  • the binder chosen may preferably be an inorganic binder such as a hydraulic binder based on sodium silicate (Na 2 Si0 3 ), which is a non-flammable binder, very little toxic and recyclable.
  • an organic binder such as a cellulose adhesive.
  • the extremely simple constitution of the material according to the invention essentially based on dry shavings of banana and / or banana peel, optionally added with a binder or other suitable additives chosen according to the uses of the material, allows a packaging, shaping, and conservation of the material in various forms, which will be more particularly chosen according to the applications.
  • the material according to the invention is however preferably in the form of panels, plates or sheets consisting essentially of so-called dry shavings of banana peels and / or banana trees agglomerated with a said binder.
  • the material of the invention consists of at least 80% of dry shavings of banana or banana peel, preferably at least 90%, and if necessary 100%.
  • the material according to the invention consists essentially of said dry chips of which at least one dimension, preferably the largest dimension, is between 0.5 cm and 10 cm, and preferably between 1 cm and 5 cm.
  • These chips can for example be obtained by mechanical grinding, in particular using a knife mill, skins bananas or banana pseudostem and drying of said chips obtained after grinding.
  • Such chips advantageously allow easy manufacture of rigid or semi-rigid elements, and at the very least retaining their shape, such as panels, plates and sheets of the type described above or also sleeves or tubes, but also a use of the material in the “raw” state, in bulk, as absorbent and retentive of liquids, for example in mixture in the grounds or compositions for the hydration and the culture of plants, or in hydroponic culture above ground .
  • These chips are also suitable for coating applications by mechanical or manual flocking or by overmolding on complex parts of thermal or mechanical machines among others.
  • the panels, plates or sheets of the material of the invention can be of various dimensions, density and thicknesses, defined in a standard manner but also if necessary made to order for specific needs and applications.
  • insulating materials capable of being used in plating or coating on or against panels of another material to be insulated such as plaster or wood for example, or even an insulating layer trapped between at least two said panels of another material.
  • batt consisting essentially of a thickness of material according to the invention, preferably agglomerated without binder, trapped between two sheets or layers of at least one flame retardant textile.
  • the material according to the invention will be particularly suitable for use as a thermal insulator, for example example, and without limitation, in the field such as the construction of private homes or public buildings.
  • the material of the invention may also be suitable, in the form of panels, plates, or even sheets or batting, for uses as an acoustic insulator, and in the same fields as stated above.
  • tests to measure the sound absorption coefficient at the impedance tube carried out in accordance with standard NF EN ISO 10534-1 and 2 made it possible to determine that the material according to the invention exhibits sound insulation properties substantially identical, or even better, than that of raw glass wool, with absorption coefficient values at medium frequencies between 0.5 and 0.9.
  • the material according to the invention may also finally be suitable, in the form of panels, plates or sheets, in veneer or coating in particular, for uses as a fire retardant for the production of doors and fire partitions, in real estate constructions for example or for the containment of automobile interiors.
  • the material of the invention has a surprising resistance to heat and fire.
  • a plate with a thickness of 3 cm formed by pressing shavings of agglomerated banana peels with a binder based on sodium silicate on which a flame is applied at a temperature of 600 ° C. for a period of 30 minutes. does not catch fire and does not undergo any apparent visual degradation.
  • the same plate subjected to a flame of 1300 ° C for 10 minutes does not catch fire and is not perforated, nor even conducts heat over its thickness, only a reddening and a slight surface carbonization of the plate at level of the point of impact of the flame occurring without formation of flames in the material or propagation of combustion.
  • the material according to the invention is particularly advantageous in that hitherto no materials have been known which simultaneously, and moreover naturally, have absorption, thermal and acoustic insulation properties as well as protection against fire which can on the one hand be sufficiently resistant and economical for use in all industrial fields, and which moreover is fully recyclable.
  • the material of the invention can be chosen for the purposes of a preferred use from those described above with respect to these said properties; but it can also be used for all of these said advantageous properties.
  • it is advantageously suitable, in particular in the form of panels and plates, for uses as thermal insulation, acoustic insulation and fire-retardant material.
  • said material may be formulated in the form of a composition based on said material and on other components and additives suitable in the context of said uses.
  • Another particularly advantageous characteristic of the material according to the invention lies in its simplicity of manufacture, itself provided by its simplicity of constitution.
  • a process is carried out in accordance with the invention in which: - The pulp and / or the core of said banana peels and / or banana peels are separated, respectively, and said skins and / are ground or pseudostem so as to reduce them in the form of mixed chips of fibers, of water and of substances contained in them, said mixed chips are pressed so as to eliminate substantially all of the water contained in them, and Said pressed chips are dehydrated by drying.
  • the method according to the invention is particularly advantageous in that it is very simple to carry out, starting from bananas or bananas in the natural state, untreated or prepared beforehand.
  • the process of the invention is thus particularly economical, not requiring the extraction or manufacture of the raw material, nor heavy installations for reprocessing the skins or the rods.
  • the shavings of banana or banana peels can be packaged as they are, if necessary slightly agglomerated, to form an absorbent material which will be used in culture for its water retention properties or else to constitute fleeces, by imprisoning a thickness of material between two sheets of at least one flexible and preferably flame-retardant material, in particular at least one textile material.
  • the chips can also be agglomerated with a binder to form panels, plates or sheets of material which is both thermal and acoustic insulator and which is also flame retardant for uses in construction, coating or the like.
  • the method of manufacturing the material according to the invention will also include a step of mixing and shaping the chips with a non-flammable binder, in the form of panels, plates or sheet, as well as, if necessary , a flame retardant treatment step after grinding.
  • a binder for example with a hydraulic binder based on sodium silicate, makes it possible to obtain a material which has good mechanical strength, good rigidity as well as good handling which in particular makes it suitable for very simple use as an insulating or flame retardant material in various fields.
  • an insulating and absorbent material is produced which consists essentially, preferably of at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, of dry shavings of banana peels.
  • said mixture is pressed using a hydraulic press at a pressure of between 200 and 400 kg / cm 2 depending on the thickness of crushed chips to be pressed.
  • said residual mixture of skins is pressed between pressing dies heated to a temperature of the order of 100 at 120 ° C, which allows surface drying of the chips during pressing.
  • This pressing operation of the skin chips enables most of the water and other liquids contained in the said banana chips to be removed before drying the chips. The subsequent drying of the chips is thus facilitated.
  • the shavings of partially dried pressed banana peels are extracted from the press, and these are then completely dehydrated by drying in forced air ovens or in ovens at a temperature between 150 and 250 ° C, for a duration between 20 and 60 min depending on the residual moisture of the chips after pressing.
  • the banana peel shavings can be stored and packaged as they are. They will thus be used particularly for the purposes of absorption and retention of liquid for the cultivation and hydration of plants, for example as a mixture in the potting soils or else in the form of slightly compressed plates for hydroponic cultures.
  • the dried banana peel shavings can also advantageously be used for making panels and sheets of various sizes, thicknesses and stiffness.
  • a binder for example an organic binder such as a cellulose glue.
  • an inorganic binder is used, and more particularly an aqueous binder based on sodium silicate, of general chemical formula Na 2 Si ⁇ 3, in particular a binder containing 20% to 40% of sodium silicate for 60 to 80% water and known chemically as "neutral liquid sodium silicate".
  • This aqueous binder is in the form of a viscous and colorless liquid, thus allowing easy mixing with the dried shavings of banana peels, which solidifies both air and heat and which has the essential advantages of being non-flammable and non-combustible (Euroclasses A1 and A2), very non-toxic and easily recyclable.
  • a binder is for example produced and marketed respectively by the companies under Belgian law SILMACO NV and BREN NTAG NV under the reference "Silicate of Soda 38/40".
  • the dried shavings of banana peels are thus mixed with a small amount of binder in the liquid state to form a paste with a content of at least 80%, and preferably at least 90% in dehydrated banana skin shavings.
  • Said paste thus produced is then introduced into molds or jigs and pressed using a heating press to carry out the shaping of said panels, plates or sheets of material according to the invention.
  • a flame retardant treatment of the banana peel shavings is carried out after grinding and before drying and mixed with the binder based on sodium silicate. so that the material produced is completely non-flammable and non-combustible.
  • Such a fireproofing treatment is for example carried out with the product “Firestop SPB-443” marketed by the company MAG MA INTERNATIONAL BV
  • the panels and sheets of material thus produced are then removed from the mold and can be kept and stored as is. of their future use, or else cut according to particular formats, for example in slabs or panels of dimensions standards. They can also if necessary undergo a post-treatment against putrefaction or even be coated to improve their aesthetics and especially their mechanical resistance or their intrinsic properties of insulation or absorption as well as resistance to fire.
  • Such a material composed essentially of dry shavings of agglomerated banana peels have surprising absorption, thermal and acoustic insulation properties, as well as fire resistance which allow its use in a very large number of applications and fields or such properties are sought.
  • thermal and acoustic insulator in the field of building construction and other engineering structures to achieve the insulation of partitions and ceilings, in the form of slabs or panels of varying thicknesses and densities.
  • thermal and acoustic insulator in the field of building construction and other engineering structures to achieve the insulation of partitions and ceilings, in the form of slabs or panels of varying thicknesses and densities.
  • it can also be used in this area as a lining, coating or non-flammable insulating layer for the construction of structures and doors resistant to fire, in particular for the construction of public establishments such as high schools, hospitals and other administrations, but also for private real estate constructions such as buildings, residences and private homes or industrial premises.
  • the material of the invention can be used to carry out applications for confining nozzles, exhaust pipes for boilers or chimneys or also for confining and insulating cold rooms and other refrigerated vehicles.
  • the material may for example advantageously be in the form of fleeces formed by trapping a layer of a determined thickness of dry skin shavings bananas, preferably at least partially agglomerated by pressing, between at least one layer of flame-retardant woven or nonwoven material.
  • the material according to the invention can also be shaped in forming molds, if necessary in veneer or in mixture with thermoplastic materials, to make gaskets and dashboards for cars.

Abstract

The invention concerns a material based on plant fibers, consisting essentially of banana peel and/or banana tree chips, a method for making same and uses thereof, said material exhibiting liquid absorbing properties, heat-and sound-insulating properties, as well as fireproof properties.

Description

Matériau à base de peaux de bananes ou de bananier, utilisations et procédé d'obtention d'un tel matériau Material based on banana or banana peel, uses and process for obtaining such a material
La présente invention est relative à un matériau comportant essentiellement des fibres végétales. Plus précisément, la présente invention concerne un matériau constitué de copeaux de peau de bananes et/ou de bananiers présentant des propriétés d'absorption de liquide, des propriétés d'isolation thermiques et acoustiques, ainsi que des propriétés d'ignifuge surprenantes. Le domaine technique de l'invention est celui de la fabrication de matériaux végétaux, en particulier de matériaux isolants pour les constructions d'habitations et de locaux industriels ou encore le confinement de matériels ou enceintes portés à très hautes ou très basses températures. Les matériaux d'isolation thermiques classiquement utilisés dans le domaine du bâtiment sont essentiellement des matériaux à base de laines minérales telles que la laine de verre ou la laine de roche ou encore à base de matériaux polymères comme les polystyrènes, ou les polyuréthanes. De même, les matériaux d'isolation acoustique sont généralement constitués de mousses de polyuréthanes, mousses de mélamine, de feutres ou de complexes de ces mousses avec de matériaux plastiques absorbants. S'ils permettent une bonne isolation thermique et acoustique des constructions, ces matériaux ont toutefois l'inconvénient de présenter une faible tenue à la chaleur et au feu, ce qui les rend dangereux en cas d'incendies et nécessite pour le moins des traitements d'ignifugations qui augmentent leur coût, sans pour autant diminuer leur dangerosité. En effet, sous l'action de la chaleur, le polystyrène émet des styrènes et autres gaz toxiques contenus dans ses additifs ignifuges. Il laisse constamment échapper du pentane pendant toute sa durée de vie. Les polyuréthanes sont souvent considérés comme les isolants les plus efficaces. Ils sont souvent employés sous forme de mousse expansives pour calfeutrer les cadres de portes et de fenêtres. Toutefois, ils libèrent des aminés (substances dangereuses) et leurs additifs ignifuges sont également toxiques. Les laines de roches et de verre présentent une toxicité moindre que les isolants synthétiques mais elles contiennent des fibres respirables très irritantes pour le bricoleur qui est amené à les manipuler, avec parfois des risques de cancérogénicité. Les propriétés d'isolation de ces laines diminuent également très fortement avec l'humidité et c'est la raison pour laquelle ont leur adjoint en surface des revêtements non-tissés pare-vapeur, permettant le passage de l'air mais bloquant celui de l'eau. De plus, les isolants synthétiques ou à base de fibres minérales sont également difficilement recyclables en raison souvent des additifs ignifuges ou liants chimiques ou revêtements qu'ils comportent. On connaît également des matériaux isolants à base de fibres végétales tels que les laines de chanvre ou de coton ainsi que les fibres de coco ou de palmier. Les laines de chanvre constituent de bons isolants thermiques et acoustiques, entièrement naturels et donc facilement recyclables. Toutefois, leur production nécessite de très lou rds moyens ; en effet, il faut cultiver le chanvre, le récolter puis extraire les fibres avant de les traiter par effilochage puis expansion pour en faire des laines. De plus, le chanvre étant naturellement inflammable, ces laines nécessitent un traitement d'ignifugation qui augmentent leur coût comparativement aux laines isolantes classiques. Les laines de coton présentent l'avantage de pouvoir être produite à partir de fibres de coton recyclées obtenues par exemple par effilochage de vieux tissus, nettoyage et compactage des fibres. Néanmoins, ces laines de coton sont chers et présentent une très faible tenue mécanique et sont de plus très inflammables ce qui les rend impropres pour leur utilisation en isolation de constructions. Enfin, les isolants à base de fibres de coco ou de palmiers sont très chers et nécessitent de très lourds moyens pour réaliser l'extraction et le traitement des fibres. Considérant les désavantages des matériaux d'isolations connus, le but de la présente invention est, entre autres, de fournir un matériau qui soit simple et peu cher à produire et qui remédie, au moins en partie, aux inconvénients des matériaux d'isolation connus. Le but de la présente invention est plus particulièrement de fournir un matériau qui présente à la fois des propriétés d'isolation thermique et d'isolation acoustique ainsi que des propriétés d'ignifuge, qui ne présente aucune toxicité pour l'homme et qui soit totalement recyclable. La présente invention atteint son but par un matériau, notamment pour l'isolation thermique et/ou acoustique, caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué essentiellement de copeaux secs de peaux de bananes et/ou de bananiers. On entend ici par « copeaux secs » des morceaux de peaux de bananes ou de pseudotroncs de bananiers, composés principalement de fibres, et obtenus par broyage mécanique puis déshydratés, par exemple par étuvage. De même, on entend par « bananes » et « bananiers » toutes sortes et espèces de bananes et de bananiers regroupées sous le genre taxonomique « Musa » , de la famille des « Musacées » , et parmi lesquels, entre autres, on distingue plus généralement les bananes dessert comme la « Cavendish » et les bananes à cuire comme les bananes plantain. Les peaux de bananes et/ou les pseudotroncs de bananiers peuvent être utilisés à l'état naturel pour constituer le matériau de l'invention sans nécessiter de traitements ni d'extractions ; ceci permet de limiter considérablement les coût de production du matériau mais également que celui-ci soit totalement naturel et ainsi intégralement et très facilement recyclable. Le matériau selon l'invention présente, de façon surprenante, des propriétés d'isolation thermique bien supérieures aux matériaux d'isolation connus, en particulier par rapport aux autres matériaux d'origine végétale naturels utilisés pour leurs propriétés isolantes, et ce tant aux températures positives que négatives. Le demandeur a en effet constaté que les peaux de bananes ainsi que les pseudotroncs de bananiers, qui sont des éléments végétaux composés essentiellement de fibres, d'amidon et de constituants liquides, présentent des propriétés thermiques surprenantes, et plus particulièrement des propriétés de résistance à la chaleur et froid. Ainsi un manchon d'une épaisseur comprise entre 0,5 et 1 cm du matériau de l'invention appliqué sur un conduit d'échappement d'une chaudière produisant un courant d'air chaud d'une température de 300°C environ permet d'isoler ledit conduit d'échappement de façon surprenante, l'élévation de température sur la surface externe du manchon au contact de l'air étant négligeable et permettant un contact manuel sur ledit manchon sans impression de chaleur excessive ni brûlures, même lors d'un contact prolongé de plusieurs dizaines de secondes. Le matériau de l'invention est également ininflammable, les fibres de bananes étant un ignifuge naturel auto-extinguible. Cette caractéristique constitue un avantage essentiel du matériau selon l'invention en ce qu'il ne nécessite qu'un léger traitement d'ignifugation des copeaux secs formant le matériau afin de prévenir ou retarder les phénomènes de carbonisation surfacique du matériau soumis à un contact prolongé avec des flammes. En outre, le matériau de l'invention présente des propriétés d'absorption qui en font un très bon rétenteur de liquides. En effet, on a constaté qu'une plaque du matériau selon l'invention était capable d'absorber un volume de liquide au moins égale à son propre volume. De telles propriétés d'absorption, combinées aux propriétés d'isolation du matériau de l'invention, permettent en particulier de pouvoir maintenir, par exemple dans des applications de cultures, un niveau d'hygrométrie élevé pendant une très longue durée en l'absence d'arrosage, ce qui permet par exemple une économie d'eau durant des périodes de chaleur, mais également de retenir l'eau dans les terres et prévenir du gel autours des racines de plantes en hiver. Selon une caractéristique préférée, le matériau selon l'invention se présente sous forme de dits copeaux secs agglomérés. On densifie de cette manière le matériau, notamment par pressage et/ou aspiration par mise sous vide, afin d'améliorer sa tenue mécanique ainsi que ses propriétés d'absorption et d'isolation thermique. De façon avantageuse encore, le matériau de l'invention comporte en outre au moins un liant, de préférence un liant ininflammable. L'utilisation d'un liant permet de solidariser les copeaux de peaux de bananes et/ou de bananiers constituant ledit matériau entre eux, et ainsi d'améliorer son agglomération, sa rigidité et sa résistance mécanique ainsi que de faciliter sa mise en forme, mais également selon les applications souhaitées d'exhausser les propriétés d'isolation en fonction des fréquences ou des températures. Le liant choisi peut être de préférence, un liant inorganique tel qu'un liant hydraulique à base de silicate de sodium (Na2Si03), qui est un liant ininflammable, très peu toxique et recyclable. En variante, on peut également utiliser un liant organique tel qu'une colle cellulosique. La constitution extrêmement simple du matériau selon l'invention à base essentiellement de copeaux secs de peaux de bananes et/ou de bananiers, le cas échéant adjoints d'un liant ou d'autres additifs appropriés choisis en fonction des utilisations du matériau, permet un conditionnement, une mise en forme, et une conservation du matériau sous des formes variées, qui seront plus particulièrement choisies en fonction des applications. Le matériau selon l'invention se présente toutefois préférentiellement sous forme de panneaux, de plaques ou de feuilles constitués essentiellement de dits de copeaux secs de peaux de bananes et/ou de bananiers agglomérés avec un dit liant. De façon préférée, le matériau de l'invention est constitué d'au moins 80% de copeaux secs de peaux de bananes ou de bananiers, de préférence au moins 90%, et le cas échéant de 100%. Une telle proportion de copeaux dans le matériau confère au matériau de l'invention une très faible toxicité pour l'environnement, et une très bonne recyclabilité, même lorsque lesdits copeaux sont agglomérés avec un liant. De plus, cela réduit fortement les coûts de matière première et donc de production du matériau. Selon une caractéristique préférée, le matériau selon l'invention est constitué essentiellement de dits copeaux secs dont au moins une dimension, de préférence la plus grande dimension, est comprise entre 0,5 cm et 10 cm, et de préférence entre 1 cm et 5 cm. Ces copeaux pourront être par exemple obtenus par broyage mécanique, notamment à l'aide d'un broyeur à couteaux, de peaux de bananes ou de pseudotroncs de bananiers et séchage desdits copeaux obtenus après broyage. De tels copeaux permettent avantageusement une fabrication aisée d'éléments rigides ou semi-rigides, et à tout le moins gardant leur forme, tels que des panneaux, plaques et de feuilles du type décrit ci-dessus ou encore des manchons ou tubes, mais aussi une utilisation du matériau à l'état « brut » , en vrac, comme absorbant et rétenteur de liquides, par exemple en mélange dans les terres ou des compositions pour l'hydratation et la culture de végétaux, ou en en culture hydroponiques hors-sols. Ces copeaux conviennent également pour des applications de revêtement par flocage mécanique ou manuel ou encore par surmoulage sur des pièces complexes de machines thermiques ou mécaniques entre autres. Les panneaux, plaques ou feuilles du matériau de l'invention peuvent être de dimensions, densité et épaisseurs variées, définis de façon standard mais également le cas échéant réalisés à la commande pour des besoins et applications spécifiques. Ils peuvent ainsi constituer un matériau isolant apte à être utilisé en placage ou revêtement sur ou contre des panneaux d'un autre matériau à isoler tel que du plâtre ou de bois par exemple, ou encore une couche isolante emprisonnée entre au moins deux dits panneaux d'un autre matériau. Il est également possible, en particulier pour des applications de calfeutrage et de confinement, de constituer un molleton constitué essentiellement d'une épaisseur de matériau selon l'invention, de préférence aggloméré sans liant, emprisonnée entre deux feuilles ou couches d'au moins un textile ignifugé. Dans ces formes, le matériau selon l'invention conviendra particulièrement à une utilisation comme isolant thermique, par exemple, et de façon non limitative, dans le domaine comme la construction d'habitations particulières ou de bâtiments publics. De façon avantageuse, il se présentera alors sous forme de panneaux ou de plaques de dimensions standards, identiques par exemple à celles de panneaux de polystyrène disponibles dans le commerce, comportant desdits copeaux secs agglomérés de préférence avec un dit liant, et qui pourront être plaqués pour réaliser l'isolation thermique des murs et plafonds. Il pourra également être utilisé, de façon non limitative, pour réaliser le confinement de conduits de chaudières ou de cheminées, de ballons d'eau chaude pour particuliers ou professionnels, dans l'industrie aéronautique ou automobile pour le confinement de moteurs thermiques, de conduits d'échappement ou autres. Le matériau de l'invention permet également de réaliser l'isolation de dispositifs de production de froid comme les chambres froides, les réfrigérateurs, les voitures et camions frigorifiques. Le matériau de l'invention peut également convenir, sous forme de panneaux, de plaques, ou encore de feuilles ou molletons, à des utilisations comme isolant acoustique, et dans les mêmes domaines qu'énoncés précédemment. En effet, des essais de mesure du coefficient d'absorption acoustique au tube d'impédance effectués conformément à la norme NF EN ISO 10534- 1 et 2 ont permis de déterminer que le matériau selon l'invention présente des propriétés d'isolation phonique sensiblement identiques, voire meilleures, que celles d'une laine de verre brute, avec des valeurs de coefficient d'absorption au moyennes fréquences comprises entre 0,5 et 0,9. Le matériau selon l'invention peut également convenir enfin, sous forme de panneaux, de plaques ou de feuilles, en placage ou revêtement notamment, à des utilisations comme ignifuge pour la réalisation de portes et de cloisonnements coupe-feu, dans des constructions immobilières par exemple ou pour le confinement d'habitacles d'automobiles. En effet, le matériau de l'invention présente une résistance à la chaleur et au feu surprenante. Ainsi, une plaque d'une épaisseur de 3 cm formée par pressage de copeaux de peaux de bananes agglomérés avec un liant à base de silicate de sodium sur laquelle on applique une flamme à une température de 600°C pendant une durée de 30 minutes ne prend pas feu et ne subit aucune dégradation visuelle apparente. De même, la même plaque soumise à une flamme de 1300°C pendant 10 minutes ne prend pas feu et n'est pas perforée, ni même ne conduit la chaleur sur son épaisseur, seuls un rougissement et une légère carbonisation surfacique de la plaque au niveau du point d'impact de la flamme se produisant et ce sans formation de flammes dans le matériau ni propagation de la combustion. Le matériau selon l'invention est particulièrement avantageux en ce que l'on ne connaissait jusqu'ici de matériaux qui présentent simultanément, et qui plus est naturellement, des propriétés d'absorption, d'isolation thermique et acoustique ainsi que de protection contre le feu qui puisse d'une part être suffisamment résistant et économique pour une utilisation dans tous domaines industriels, et qui de plus soit entièrement recyclables. A ce titre, le matériau de l'invention peut être choisi aux fins d'une utilisation privilégiée parmi celles décrites ci-avant relativement à ces dites propriétés ; mais il peut également être utilisé pour l'ensemble de ces dites propriétés avantageuses. En particulier dans le domaine du bâtiment, il convient avantageusement, en particulier sous forme de panneaux et de plaques, à des utilisations comme isolant thermique, isolant acoustique et matériau ignifuge. Pour les différentes utilisations envisagées selon la présente invention, ledit matériaux pourra être formulé sous forme de composition à base dudit matériau et d'autres composants et additifs appropriés dans le cadre desdites utilisations. Une autre caractéristique particulièrement avantageuse du matériau selon l'invention réside dans sa simplicité de fabrication, elle-même procurée par sa simplicité de constitution. Pour la fabrication dudit matériau, on réalise, conformément à l'invention, un procédé dans lequel : - On sépare respectivement la pulpe et/ou le cœur desdites peaux de bananes et/ou de pseudotroncs de bananiers, et On broie lesdites peaux et/ou pseudotroncs de manière à les réduire sous forme de copeaux mélangés de fibres, d'eau et de substances contenus dans ceux-ci, On presse lesdits copeaux mélangés de manière à éliminer sensiblement la totalité de l'eau contenue dans ceux-ci, et On déshydrate lesdits copeaux pressés par séchage. Le procédé selon l'invention est particulièrement avantageux en ce qu'il est très simple à réaliser, à partir de bananes ou de bananiers à l'état naturel, non traités ou préparés au préalable. On peut ainsi en particulier utiliser tous les excédents de productions bananières, les déchets de bananes issus de l'industrie alimentaire où seule la pulpe du fruit est utilisée, ainsi que les pseudotroncs de bananiers, qui sont coupés chaque année après récolte des régimes de bananes. Le procédé de l'invention est ainsi particulièrement économique, ne nécessitant pas l'extraction ou la fabrication de la matière première, ni d'installations lourdes de retraitement des peaux ou des tiges. Une fois les copeaux de peaux de bananes ou de bananiers obtenus, ceux-ci peuvent être conditionnés en l'état, le cas échéant légèrement agglomérés, pour former un matériau absorbant qui sera utilisé en culture pour ses propriétés de rétention d'eau ou encore pour constituer des molletons, par emprisonnement d'une épaisseur de matériau entre deux feuille d'au moins un matériau souple et de préférence ignifugé, en particulier au moins un matériau textile. Les copeaux peuvent également être agglomérés avec un liant pour former des panneaux, plaques ou feuilles de matériau à la fois isolant thermique, acoustique et qui plus est ignifuge pour des utilisations en constructions, revêtement ou autres. Dans ce cas, le procédé de fabrication du matériau selon l'invention comportera en outre une étape de mélange et de mise en forme des copeaux avec un liant, ininflammable, sous forme de panneaux, plaques ou de feuille, ainsi que, le cas échéant, une étape de traitement ignifugeant des copeaux après broyage. Le mélange et la mise en forme des copeaux avec un liant, par exemple avec un liant hydraulique à base de silicate de sodium, permet d'obtenir un matériau qui présente une bonne résistance mécanique, une bonne rigidité ainsi qu'une bonne maniabilité qui le rende en particulier apte à être utilisé très simplement comme matériau isolant ou ignifuge dans des domaines variés. En fonction du liant choisi, il est souhaitable de réaliser une étape de traitement ignifugeant des copeaux broyés pour prévenir les risques de dénaturation des propriétés naturelles d'ininflammabilité des copeaux de peaux de bananes ou de bananiers après mélange avec le liant ou encore améliorer ces dites propriétés dans le matériau mis en forme. Les autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention ressortiront mieux à la lecture de la description détaillée d'un mode particulier de réalisation et d'utilisation du matériau selon l'invention, faites ici à titre non limitatif. Dans ce mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention, on fabrique un matériau isolant et absorbant constitué essentiellement, de préférence d'au moins 80%, de préférence au moins 90%, de copeaux secs de peaux de bananes. En variante, on peut remplacer les peaux de bananes par des pseudotroncs de bananiers, ou bien utiliser un mélange de peaux de bananes et de bananiers, mais seule la fabrication d'un matériau à base de peaux de bananes sera décrite ici, la mise en œuvre de l'invention étant rigoureusement identique avec desdits pseudotroncs de bananiers On récupère dans un premier temps les peaux de bananes (ou des bananes entières), dont on sépare les restes de pulpes (ou la pulpe entière) pour ne conserver que les peaux. De préférence, cette séparation de la pulpe et de la peau du fruit est réalisée par épluchage ou pressurage des bananes Une fois les peaux et la pulpe de bananes séparées, on broie ces peaux à l'aide d'un broyeur mécanique, notamment un broyeur à couteaux, de manière à constituer des copeaux de peaux de l'ordre de 2 à 10 cm de long, que Ton récupère sous forme d'un mélange grossier formé desdits copeaux et de substances contenues sous forme liquide dans les peaux tels qu'eau et amidon entre autres. Après broyage des peaux, on élimine la majorité de Teau et autres jus naturels contenus dans le mélange de copeaux broyés. Pour ce faire, on presse ledit mélange à l'aide d'une presse hydraulique sous une pression comprise entre 200 et 400 kg/cm2 en fonction des épaisseurs de copeaux broyés à presser. De préférence, ledit mélange résiduel de peaux est pressé entre des matrices de pressage chauffées à une température de Tordre de 100 à 120°C, ce qui permet d'effectuer un séchage superficiel des copeaux lors du pressage. Cette opération de pressage des copeaux de peaux permet d'évacuer la plus grande partie de Teau et autres liquides contenus dans lesdits copeaux de bananes avant de réaliser le séchage des ces copeaux On facilite ainsi le séchage postérieur desdits copeaux. Après pressage, on extrait de la presse les copeaux de peaux de bananes pressés partiellement séchés, et on déshydrate ensuite totalement ces derniers par séchage dans des étuves à air puisé ou dans des fours à une température comprise entre 150 et 250°C, pendant une durée comprise entre 20 et 60 min en fonction de l'humidité résiduelle des copeaux après pressage. Une fois séchés, les copeaux de peau de bananes peuvent être conservés et conditionnés en l'état. Ils serviront ainsi particulièrement à des fins d'absorption et de rétention de liquide pour la culture et l'hydratation de végétaux, par exemple en mélange dans les terreaux de culture ou encore sous forme de plaques légèrement compressées pour les cultures hydroponiques. On peut ainsi maintenir pendant des durées prolongées un niveau d'hygrométrie suffisant pour permettre la croissance de végétaux sans arrosage. On réalise ainsi d'importante économies d'eau, en particulier lors de période de chaleur et de sécheresse. Les copeaux de peaux de bananes séchés peuvent également, de façon avantageuse, être utilisé pour la confection de panneaux et feuilles de formats, épaisseurs et rigidité variés. A cet effet, les copeaux secs de peaux de bananes sont tout d'abord mélangés avec un liant, par exemple un liant organique comme une colle cellulosique. De préférence, on utilise un liant inorganique, et plus particulièrement un liant aqueux à base de silicate de sodium, de formule chimique générale Na2Siθ3, notamment un liant contenant 20% à 40% de silicate de sodium pour 60 à 80% d'eau et connu sous le nom chimique de « silicate de sodium liquide neutre » . Ce liant aqueux se présente sous la forme d'un liquide visqueux et incolore, permettant ainsi un mélange aisé avec les copeaux séchés de peaux de bananes, qui solidifie et l'air et à la chaleur et qui présente les avantages essentiel d'être ininflammable et incombustible (Euroclasses A1 et A2) , très peu toxique et facilement recyclable. Un tel liant est par exemple produit et commercialisé respectivement par les sociétés de droit belge SILMACO N.V et BREN NTAG N.V. sous la référence « Silicate de Soude 38/40 » . On mélange ainsi les copeaux séchés de peaux de bananes avec une faible quantité de liant à l'état liquide pour former une pâte d'une teneur d'au moins 80%, et de préférence au moins 90% en copeaux de peau de bananes déshydratés et d'au moins 20%, de préférence au moins 10% d'extrait sec de liant à base de silicate de sodium. Ladite pâte ainsi réalisée est ensuite introduite dans des moules ou des gabarits et pressée à l'aide d'une presse chauffante pour réaliser la mise en forme desdits panneaux, plaques ou feuilles de matériau selon l'invention. De préférence, pour la réalisation de panneaux ou feuilles avec un liant tel que le silicate de sodium, on réalise un traitement préalable d'ignifugation des copeaux de peaux de bananes après broyage et avant séchage et mélange avec le liant à base de silicate de sodium pour que le matériau réalisé soit intégralement ininflammable et incombustible. Un tel traitement d'ignifugation est par exemple réalisé avec le produit « Firestop SPB-443 » commercialisé par la société MAG MA INTERNATIONAL B.V. Les panneaux et feuilles de matériau ainsi réalisés sont ensuite démoulés et peuvent être conservés et stockés en l'état en vue de leur utilisation futures, ou bien découpés selon des formats particuliers, par exemple en dalles ou panneaux de dimensions standards. Ils peuvent également le cas échéant subir un posttraitement contre la putréfaction ou encore être enduits pour améliorer leur esthétisme et surtout leur tenue mécanique ou leurs propriétés intrinsèques d'isolation ou d'absorption ainsi que de tenue au feu. Un tel matériau composé essentiellement de copeaux secs de peaux de bananes agglomérés présentent des propriétés surprenantes d'absorption, d'isolation thermique et acoustique, ainsi que de résistance au feu qui permettent son utilisation dans un très grand nombre d'applications et domaines ou de telles propriétés sont recherchées. En particulier, il peut être utilisé comme isolant thermique et acoustique dans le domaine des constructions immobilières et d'autres ouvrages d'art pour réaliser l'isolation des cloisons et plafonds, sous formes de dalles ou de panneaux d'épaisseurs et de densités variables par exemple, en 'encore de flocage mécanique ou manuel avec des copeaux secs non agglomérés utilisés de façon traditionnelle pour de telles opérations de flocage. Il pourra également dans ce domaine être utilisé comme doublure, revêtement ou couche isolante ininflammable pour la constitution de structures et de portes résistantes au feu, en particulier pour la construction d'établissements publics comme des lycées, hôpitaux et autres administrations, mais également pour des constructions immobilières privées telles qu'immeubles, résidences et habitations particulières ou encore locaux industriels. Le matériau de l'invention peut être utilisé pour réaliser des applications de confinement de tuyères, de conduits d'échappements de chaudières ou de cheminées ou encore pour le confinement et l'isolation de chambres froides et autres véhicules frigorifiques. Pour ces applications, le matériau peut par exemple avantageusement se présenté sous forme de molletons constitués par emprisonnement d'une couche d'une épaisseur déterminée de copeaux secs de peaux de bananes, de préférence au moins partiellement agglomérés par pressage, entre au moins couche d'un matériau tissé ou non-tissé ignifugé. De façon avantageuse, le matériau selon l'invention peut également être mis en forme dans des moules de formage, le cas échéant en placage ou en mélange avec des matériaux thermoplastiques, pour confectionner des garnitu res et tableaux de bords pour automobile. Le matériau selon l'invention et le procédé d'obtention de celui- ci ont été ici décrits selon un mode de réalisation et des utilisations préférés, qui ne sont en l'espèce aucunement limitatifs ; en particulier beaucoup d'autres utilisations du matériau de l'invention sont possibles, dans des formes variées de celui-ci, sans pour autant s'écarter du champ de la présente invention. The present invention relates to a material essentially comprising vegetable fibers. More specifically, the present invention relates to a material consisting of skin chips of bananas and / or banana trees having liquid absorption properties, thermal and acoustic insulation properties, as well as surprising flame retardant properties. The technical field of the invention is that of the manufacture of plant materials, in particular insulating materials for the construction of dwellings and industrial premises or else the confinement of materials or enclosures brought to very high or very low temperatures. The thermal insulation materials conventionally used in the building sector are essentially materials based on mineral wools such as glass wool or rock wool or else based on polymeric materials such as polystyrenes or polyurethanes. Likewise, acoustic insulation materials generally consist of polyurethane foams, melamine foams, felts or complexes of these foams with absorbent plastic materials. While they allow good thermal and acoustic insulation of constructions, these materials have the disadvantage of having poor resistance to heat and fire, which makes them dangerous in the event of fire and requires at least flame retardants which increase their cost, without reducing their dangerousness. Indeed, under the action of heat, polystyrene emits styrenes and other toxic gases contained in its flame retardant additives. It constantly lets out pentane throughout its lifetime. Polyurethanes are often considered the most effective insulators. They are often used in the form of expansive foam to caulk door and window frames. However, they release amines (dangerous substances) and their flame retardant additives are also toxic. Rock and glass wool have less toxicity than synthetic insulation, but they contain breathable fibers which are very irritating to the handyman who has to handle them, sometimes with the risk of carcinogenicity. The insulation properties of these wools also decrease very strongly with humidity, which is why their non-woven vapor barrier coatings are added to their surface, allowing the passage of air but blocking that of the air. 'water. In addition, synthetic insulations or those based on mineral fibers are also difficult to recycle, often due to the flame retardant additives or chemical binders or coatings which they contain. Insulating materials based on vegetable fibers such as hemp or cotton wool as well as coconut or palm fibers are also known. Hemp wool is a good thermal and acoustic insulator, completely natural and therefore easily recyclable. However, their production requires very high resources; Indeed, it is necessary to cultivate the hemp, to harvest it then to extract the fibers before treating them by fraying then expansion to make wools. In addition, since hemp is naturally flammable, these wools require fireproofing treatment which increases their cost compared to conventional insulation wools. Cotton wool has the advantage of being able to be produced from recycled cotton fibers obtained for example by fraying old fabrics, cleaning and compacting the fibers. However, these cotton wools are expensive and have very low mechanical strength and are moreover very flammable, which makes them unsuitable for their use in building insulation. Finally, insulators based on coconut or palm fibers are very expensive and require very heavy means to carry out the extraction and treatment of the fibers. Considering the disadvantages of known insulation materials, the object of the present invention is, inter alia, to provide a material which is simple and inexpensive to produce and which overcomes, at least in part, the disadvantages of known insulation materials . The object of the present invention is more particularly to provide a material which has both thermal insulation and sound insulation properties as well as flame retardant properties, which has no toxicity for humans and which is completely recyclable. The present invention achieves its object by a material, in particular for thermal and / or acoustic insulation, characterized in that it consists essentially of dry shavings of banana and / or banana peel. The term “dry chips” is understood here to mean pieces of banana peel or banana pseudostem, mainly composed of fibers, obtained by mechanical grinding and then dehydrated, for example by steaming. Similarly, “bananas” and “bananas” are understood to mean all kinds and species of bananas and banana trees grouped under the taxonomic genus “Musa”, of the “Musaceae” family, and among which, among others, there are more generally dessert bananas like Cavendish and cooking bananas like plantains. The banana peels and / or banana pseudostem can be used in their natural state to constitute the material of the invention without requiring treatments or extracts; this makes it possible to considerably limit the production costs of the material but also that it is completely natural and thus fully and very easily recyclable. The material according to the invention has, surprisingly, thermal insulation properties much superior to known insulation materials, in particular compared to the other natural plant materials used for their insulating properties, both at temperatures positive than negative. The applicant has in fact found that the banana peels as well as the banana pseudostem, which are plant elements composed essentially of fibers, starch and liquid constituents, have surprising thermal properties, and more particularly resistance properties to heat and cold. Thus a sleeve with a thickness of between 0.5 and 1 cm of the material of the invention applied to an exhaust pipe of a boiler producing a current of hot air with a temperature of approximately 300 ° C. allows 'isolate said exhaust duct surprisingly, the rise in temperature on the external surface of the sleeve in contact with air being negligible and allowing manual contact on said sleeve without impression of excessive heat or burns, even during a contact extended by several tens of seconds. The material of the invention is also non-flammable, the banana fibers being a self-extinguishing natural flame retardant. This characteristic constitutes an essential advantage of the material according to the invention in that it requires only a light flame retardant treatment of the dry chips forming the material in order to prevent or delay the surface carbonization phenomena of the material subjected to prolonged contact with flames. In addition, the material of the invention has absorption properties which make it a very good liquid retentive. Indeed, it has been found that a plate of the material according to the invention is capable of absorbing a volume of liquid at least equal to its own volume. Such absorption properties, combined with the insulation properties of the material of the invention, make it possible in particular to be able to maintain, for example in crop applications, a high level of humidity for a very long period in the absence watering, which allows for example a saving of water during periods of heat, but also to retain water in the ground and prevent frost around the roots of plants in winter. According to a preferred characteristic, the material according to the invention is in the form of said agglomerated dry chips. The material is densified in this way, in particular by pressing and / or vacuum suction, in order to improve its mechanical strength as well as its absorption and thermal insulation properties. Also advantageously, the material of the invention further comprises at least one binder, preferably a non-flammable binder. The use of a binder allows the shavings of banana and / or banana skins constituting said material to be joined together, and thus to improve its agglomeration, its rigidity and its mechanical strength as well as to facilitate its shaping, but also, depending on the desired applications, to enhance the insulation properties as a function of frequencies or temperatures. The binder chosen may preferably be an inorganic binder such as a hydraulic binder based on sodium silicate (Na 2 Si0 3 ), which is a non-flammable binder, very little toxic and recyclable. Alternatively, one can also use an organic binder such as a cellulose adhesive. The extremely simple constitution of the material according to the invention essentially based on dry shavings of banana and / or banana peel, optionally added with a binder or other suitable additives chosen according to the uses of the material, allows a packaging, shaping, and conservation of the material in various forms, which will be more particularly chosen according to the applications. The material according to the invention is however preferably in the form of panels, plates or sheets consisting essentially of so-called dry shavings of banana peels and / or banana trees agglomerated with a said binder. Preferably, the material of the invention consists of at least 80% of dry shavings of banana or banana peel, preferably at least 90%, and if necessary 100%. Such a proportion of chips in the material gives the material of the invention very low toxicity to the environment, and very good recyclability, even when said chips are agglomerated with a binder. In addition, this greatly reduces the costs of raw material and therefore of production of the material. According to a preferred characteristic, the material according to the invention consists essentially of said dry chips of which at least one dimension, preferably the largest dimension, is between 0.5 cm and 10 cm, and preferably between 1 cm and 5 cm. These chips can for example be obtained by mechanical grinding, in particular using a knife mill, skins bananas or banana pseudostem and drying of said chips obtained after grinding. Such chips advantageously allow easy manufacture of rigid or semi-rigid elements, and at the very least retaining their shape, such as panels, plates and sheets of the type described above or also sleeves or tubes, but also a use of the material in the “raw” state, in bulk, as absorbent and retentive of liquids, for example in mixture in the grounds or compositions for the hydration and the culture of plants, or in hydroponic culture above ground . These chips are also suitable for coating applications by mechanical or manual flocking or by overmolding on complex parts of thermal or mechanical machines among others. The panels, plates or sheets of the material of the invention can be of various dimensions, density and thicknesses, defined in a standard manner but also if necessary made to order for specific needs and applications. They can thus constitute an insulating material capable of being used in plating or coating on or against panels of another material to be insulated such as plaster or wood for example, or even an insulating layer trapped between at least two said panels of another material. It is also possible, in particular for caulking and containment applications, to constitute a batt consisting essentially of a thickness of material according to the invention, preferably agglomerated without binder, trapped between two sheets or layers of at least one flame retardant textile. In these forms, the material according to the invention will be particularly suitable for use as a thermal insulator, for example example, and without limitation, in the field such as the construction of private homes or public buildings. Advantageously, it will then be in the form of panels or plates of standard dimensions, identical for example to those of commercially available polystyrene panels, comprising said dry chips preferably agglomerated with a said binder, and which may be plated. for thermal insulation of walls and ceilings. It can also be used, without limitation, to achieve the confinement of boiler ducts or chimneys, hot water tanks for individuals or professionals, in the aeronautical or automotive industry for the containment of heat engines, ducts exhaust or others. The material of the invention also makes it possible to insulate cold production devices such as cold rooms, refrigerators, cars and refrigerated trucks. The material of the invention may also be suitable, in the form of panels, plates, or even sheets or batting, for uses as an acoustic insulator, and in the same fields as stated above. In fact, tests to measure the sound absorption coefficient at the impedance tube carried out in accordance with standard NF EN ISO 10534-1 and 2 made it possible to determine that the material according to the invention exhibits sound insulation properties substantially identical, or even better, than that of raw glass wool, with absorption coefficient values at medium frequencies between 0.5 and 0.9. The material according to the invention may also finally be suitable, in the form of panels, plates or sheets, in veneer or coating in particular, for uses as a fire retardant for the production of doors and fire partitions, in real estate constructions for example or for the containment of automobile interiors. Indeed, the material of the invention has a surprising resistance to heat and fire. Thus, a plate with a thickness of 3 cm formed by pressing shavings of agglomerated banana peels with a binder based on sodium silicate on which a flame is applied at a temperature of 600 ° C. for a period of 30 minutes. does not catch fire and does not undergo any apparent visual degradation. Similarly, the same plate subjected to a flame of 1300 ° C for 10 minutes does not catch fire and is not perforated, nor even conducts heat over its thickness, only a reddening and a slight surface carbonization of the plate at level of the point of impact of the flame occurring without formation of flames in the material or propagation of combustion. The material according to the invention is particularly advantageous in that hitherto no materials have been known which simultaneously, and moreover naturally, have absorption, thermal and acoustic insulation properties as well as protection against fire which can on the one hand be sufficiently resistant and economical for use in all industrial fields, and which moreover is fully recyclable. As such, the material of the invention can be chosen for the purposes of a preferred use from those described above with respect to these said properties; but it can also be used for all of these said advantageous properties. In particular in the building sector, it is advantageously suitable, in particular in the form of panels and plates, for uses as thermal insulation, acoustic insulation and fire-retardant material. For the various uses envisaged according to the present invention, said material may be formulated in the form of a composition based on said material and on other components and additives suitable in the context of said uses. Another particularly advantageous characteristic of the material according to the invention lies in its simplicity of manufacture, itself provided by its simplicity of constitution. For the manufacture of said material, a process is carried out in accordance with the invention in which: - The pulp and / or the core of said banana peels and / or banana peels are separated, respectively, and said skins and / are ground or pseudostem so as to reduce them in the form of mixed chips of fibers, of water and of substances contained in them, said mixed chips are pressed so as to eliminate substantially all of the water contained in them, and Said pressed chips are dehydrated by drying. The method according to the invention is particularly advantageous in that it is very simple to carry out, starting from bananas or bananas in the natural state, untreated or prepared beforehand. In particular, we can use all the surpluses from banana production, banana waste from the food industry where only the fruit pulp is used, as well as banana pseudostones, which are cut each year after harvesting banana bunches. . The process of the invention is thus particularly economical, not requiring the extraction or manufacture of the raw material, nor heavy installations for reprocessing the skins or the rods. Once the shavings of banana or banana peels have been obtained, they can be packaged as they are, if necessary slightly agglomerated, to form an absorbent material which will be used in culture for its water retention properties or else to constitute fleeces, by imprisoning a thickness of material between two sheets of at least one flexible and preferably flame-retardant material, in particular at least one textile material. The chips can also be agglomerated with a binder to form panels, plates or sheets of material which is both thermal and acoustic insulator and which is also flame retardant for uses in construction, coating or the like. In this case, the method of manufacturing the material according to the invention will also include a step of mixing and shaping the chips with a non-flammable binder, in the form of panels, plates or sheet, as well as, if necessary , a flame retardant treatment step after grinding. Mixing and shaping the chips with a binder, for example with a hydraulic binder based on sodium silicate, makes it possible to obtain a material which has good mechanical strength, good rigidity as well as good handling which in particular makes it suitable for very simple use as an insulating or flame retardant material in various fields. Depending on the binder chosen, it is desirable to carry out a flame retardant treatment step on the crushed chips to prevent the risks of denaturing the natural flammability properties of the banana or banana peel chips after mixing with the binder, or even to improve these so-called properties in the shaped material. The other characteristics and advantages of the invention will emerge more clearly on reading the detailed description of a mode. particular production and use of the material according to the invention, made here without limitation. In this preferred embodiment of the invention, an insulating and absorbent material is produced which consists essentially, preferably of at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, of dry shavings of banana peels. As a variant, it is possible to replace the banana peels with pseudostem bananas, or else to use a mixture of banana peels and banana trees, but only the manufacture of a material based on banana peels will be described here, the implementation work of the invention being rigorously identical with said pseudostem of bananas One recovers initially the skins of bananas (or whole bananas), of which one separates the remains of pulps (or the whole pulp) to preserve only the skins. Preferably, this separation of the pulp and the skin of the fruit is carried out by peeling or pressing the bananas. Once the skins and the banana pulp have been separated, these skins are ground using a mechanical grinder, in particular a grinder. with knives, so as to form skin shavings of the order of 2 to 10 cm in length, which is recovered in the form of a coarse mixture formed of said shavings and of substances contained in liquid form in the skins such as water and starch among others. After crushing the skins, the majority of the water and other natural juices contained in the mixture of crushed chips are eliminated. To do this, said mixture is pressed using a hydraulic press at a pressure of between 200 and 400 kg / cm 2 depending on the thickness of crushed chips to be pressed. Preferably, said residual mixture of skins is pressed between pressing dies heated to a temperature of the order of 100 at 120 ° C, which allows surface drying of the chips during pressing. This pressing operation of the skin chips enables most of the water and other liquids contained in the said banana chips to be removed before drying the chips. The subsequent drying of the chips is thus facilitated. After pressing, the shavings of partially dried pressed banana peels are extracted from the press, and these are then completely dehydrated by drying in forced air ovens or in ovens at a temperature between 150 and 250 ° C, for a duration between 20 and 60 min depending on the residual moisture of the chips after pressing. Once dried, the banana peel shavings can be stored and packaged as they are. They will thus be used particularly for the purposes of absorption and retention of liquid for the cultivation and hydration of plants, for example as a mixture in the potting soils or else in the form of slightly compressed plates for hydroponic cultures. It is thus possible to maintain for prolonged periods a level of hygrometry sufficient to allow the growth of plants without watering. Significant water savings are thus achieved, especially during periods of heat and drought. The dried banana peel shavings can also advantageously be used for making panels and sheets of various sizes, thicknesses and stiffness. To this end, the dry shavings of banana peels are first mixed with a binder, for example an organic binder such as a cellulose glue. Preferably, an inorganic binder is used, and more particularly an aqueous binder based on sodium silicate, of general chemical formula Na 2 Siθ3, in particular a binder containing 20% to 40% of sodium silicate for 60 to 80% water and known chemically as "neutral liquid sodium silicate". This aqueous binder is in the form of a viscous and colorless liquid, thus allowing easy mixing with the dried shavings of banana peels, which solidifies both air and heat and which has the essential advantages of being non-flammable and non-combustible (Euroclasses A1 and A2), very non-toxic and easily recyclable. Such a binder is for example produced and marketed respectively by the companies under Belgian law SILMACO NV and BREN NTAG NV under the reference "Silicate of Soda 38/40". The dried shavings of banana peels are thus mixed with a small amount of binder in the liquid state to form a paste with a content of at least 80%, and preferably at least 90% in dehydrated banana skin shavings. and at least 20%, preferably at least 10% of dry extract of binder based on sodium silicate. Said paste thus produced is then introduced into molds or jigs and pressed using a heating press to carry out the shaping of said panels, plates or sheets of material according to the invention. Preferably, for the production of panels or sheets with a binder such as sodium silicate, a flame retardant treatment of the banana peel shavings is carried out after grinding and before drying and mixed with the binder based on sodium silicate. so that the material produced is completely non-flammable and non-combustible. Such a fireproofing treatment is for example carried out with the product “Firestop SPB-443” marketed by the company MAG MA INTERNATIONAL BV The panels and sheets of material thus produced are then removed from the mold and can be kept and stored as is. of their future use, or else cut according to particular formats, for example in slabs or panels of dimensions standards. They can also if necessary undergo a post-treatment against putrefaction or even be coated to improve their aesthetics and especially their mechanical resistance or their intrinsic properties of insulation or absorption as well as resistance to fire. Such a material composed essentially of dry shavings of agglomerated banana peels have surprising absorption, thermal and acoustic insulation properties, as well as fire resistance which allow its use in a very large number of applications and fields or such properties are sought. In particular, it can be used as thermal and acoustic insulator in the field of building construction and other engineering structures to achieve the insulation of partitions and ceilings, in the form of slabs or panels of varying thicknesses and densities. for example, in mechanical or manual flocking with dry non-agglomerated chips used in the traditional way for such flocking operations. It can also be used in this area as a lining, coating or non-flammable insulating layer for the construction of structures and doors resistant to fire, in particular for the construction of public establishments such as high schools, hospitals and other administrations, but also for private real estate constructions such as buildings, residences and private homes or industrial premises. The material of the invention can be used to carry out applications for confining nozzles, exhaust pipes for boilers or chimneys or also for confining and insulating cold rooms and other refrigerated vehicles. For these applications, the material may for example advantageously be in the form of fleeces formed by trapping a layer of a determined thickness of dry skin shavings bananas, preferably at least partially agglomerated by pressing, between at least one layer of flame-retardant woven or nonwoven material. Advantageously, the material according to the invention can also be shaped in forming molds, if necessary in veneer or in mixture with thermoplastic materials, to make gaskets and dashboards for cars. The material according to the invention and the process for obtaining it have been described here according to an embodiment and preferred uses, which in this case are in no way limiting; in particular many other uses of the material of the invention are possible, in various forms thereof, without however departing from the scope of the present invention.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1 . Matériau, caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué essentiellement de copeaux secs de peaux de bananes et/ou de copeaux secs de bananiers.1. Material, characterized in that it consists essentially of dry shavings of banana peels and / or dry banana shavings.
2. Matériau selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué de dits copeaux secs agglomérés.2. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that it consists of said agglomerated dry chips.
3. Matériau selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte en outre au moins un liant, de préférence un liant ininflammable.3. Material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it further comprises at least one binder, preferably a non-flammable binder.
4. Matériau selon Tune des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce qu'il se présente sous forme de panneaux, de plaques ou de feuilles constitués essentiellement de dits copeaux secs de peaux de bananes et/ou de bananiers agglomérés avec un dit liant.4. Material according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it is in the form of panels, plates or sheets consisting essentially of said dry shavings of banana peel and / or banana agglomerated with a said binder.
5. Matériau selon Tune des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué d'au moins 80%, de préférence au moins 90%, de dits copeaux secs de peaux de bananes et/ou de bananiers.5. Material according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it consists of at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, of said dry shavings of banana and / or banana peel.
6. Matériau selon la revendication 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué essentiellement de dits copeaux secs dont au moins une dimension, de préférence la plus grande dimension, est comprise de entre 0,5 et 10 cm, de préférence entre 1 et 5 cm.6. Material according to claim 1 to 5, characterized in that it consists essentially of said dry chips of which at least one dimension, preferably the largest dimension, is between 0.5 and 10 cm, preferably between 1 and 5 cm.
7. Utilisation d'un matériau selon Tune des revendications 1 à 6 comme absorbant et rétenteur de liquides, notamment pour l'hydratation et la culture de végétaux.7. Use of a material according to one of claims 1 to 6 as absorbent and liquid retentive, in particular for the hydration and the culture of plants.
8. Utilisation d'un matériau selon Tune des revendications 1 à 6 comme isolant thermique, notamment sous forme de panneaux, de plaques de, ou de feuilles aptes à être appliqués sur au moins un autre matériau à isoler. 8. Use of a material according to one of claims 1 to 6 as a thermal insulator, in particular in the form of panels, plates, or sheets capable of being applied to at least one other material to be insulated.
9. Utilisation d'un matériau selon Tune des revendications 1 à 6 comme isolant acoustique, notamment sous forme de panneaux, de plaques ou de feuilles aptes à être appliqués sur au moins un autre matériau à isoler.9. Use of a material according to one of claims 1 to 6 as an acoustic insulator, in particular in the form of panels, plates or sheets capable of being applied to at least one other material to be insulated.
10. Utilisation d'un matériau selon Tune des revendications 1 à 6 comme ignifuge, notamment sous forme de panneaux, de plaques ou de feuilles aptes à être appliqués sur au moins un autre matériau à ignifuger.10. Use of a material according to one of claims 1 to 6 as a flame retardant, in particular in the form of panels, plates or sheets capable of being applied to at least one other material to be flame retardant.
1 1 . Procédé de fabrication d'un matériau selon Tune des revendications 1 à 6, dans lequel : On sépare respectivement la pulpe et/ou le cœur desdites peaux de bananes et/ou respectivement de pseudotroncs bananiers, et On broie lesdites peaux et/ou pseudotroncs de manières à les réduire sous forme de copeaux mélangés de fibres, d'eau et de constituants contenus dans ceux-ci, On presse lesdits copeaux mélangés de manière à éliminer Teau contenue dans ceux-ci, et On déshydrate lesdits copeaux pressés par séchage.1 1. Process for the manufacture of a material according to one of Claims 1 to 6, in which: The pulp and / or the core of said banana peels and / or respectively of banana pseudotronks are separated respectively, and The said skins and / or pseudotrones are ground ways to reduce them in the form of mixed chips of fibers, water and constituents contained therein, said mixed chips are pressed so as to remove the water contained therein, and said pressed chips are dried by drying.
12. Procédé de fabrication selon la revendication 1 1 , dans lequel en outre : On réalise un traitement ignifugeant des copeaux après broyage desdites peaux et/ou pseudotroncs de bananiers ; et On mélange et on met en forme les dits copeaux après séchage avec liant, et de préférence avec un liant ininflammable. 12. The manufacturing method according to claim 1 1, in which in addition: A flame-retardant treatment of the chips is carried out after grinding of the said skins and / or banana pseudostem; and The said chips are mixed and shaped after drying with a binder, and preferably with a non-flammable binder.
PCT/FR2004/000439 2004-02-26 2004-02-26 Banana peel- or banana tree-based material, uses thereof and method for obtaining same WO2005092985A1 (en)

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TWI723429B (en) * 2019-06-19 2021-04-01 鄭伊伶 Water absorbing structure and manufacturing method thereof

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