WO2006079011B1 - Low coherence interferometry for detecting and characterizing plaques - Google Patents

Low coherence interferometry for detecting and characterizing plaques

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Publication number
WO2006079011B1
WO2006079011B1 PCT/US2006/002244 US2006002244W WO2006079011B1 WO 2006079011 B1 WO2006079011 B1 WO 2006079011B1 US 2006002244 W US2006002244 W US 2006002244W WO 2006079011 B1 WO2006079011 B1 WO 2006079011B1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
light path
depth
biological sample
magnitude
difference
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Application number
PCT/US2006/002244
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2006079011A1 (en
WO2006079011A8 (en
Inventor
Gerard A Alphonse
Original Assignee
Medikon Corp
Gerard A Alphonse
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Medikon Corp, Gerard A Alphonse filed Critical Medikon Corp
Publication of WO2006079011A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006079011A1/en
Publication of WO2006079011B1 publication Critical patent/WO2006079011B1/en
Publication of WO2006079011A8 publication Critical patent/WO2006079011A8/en

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
    • A61B5/02007—Evaluating blood vessel condition, e.g. elasticity, compliance
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
    • A61B5/0062—Arrangements for scanning
    • A61B5/0066—Optical coherence imaging
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
    • A61B5/0082—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence adapted for particular medical purposes
    • A61B5/0084—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence adapted for particular medical purposes for introduction into the body, e.g. by catheters
    • A61B5/0086—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence adapted for particular medical purposes for introduction into the body, e.g. by catheters using infrared radiation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/14532—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/14546—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue for measuring analytes not otherwise provided for, e.g. ions, cytochromes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/41—Refractivity; Phase-affecting properties, e.g. optical path length
    • G01N21/45—Refractivity; Phase-affecting properties, e.g. optical path length using interferometric methods; using Schlieren methods
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
    • G01N21/4738—Diffuse reflection, e.g. also for testing fluids, fibrous materials
    • G01N21/474—Details of optical heads therefor, e.g. using optical fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
    • G01N21/4785—Standardising light scatter apparatus; Standards therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
    • G01N21/49—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B2562/00—Details of sensors; Constructional details of sensor housings or probes; Accessories for sensors
    • A61B2562/02—Details of sensors specially adapted for in-vivo measurements
    • A61B2562/0233—Special features of optical sensors or probes classified in A61B5/00
    • A61B2562/0242—Special features of optical sensors or probes classified in A61B5/00 for varying or adjusting the optical path length in the tissue

Abstract

A method and system for determining a characteristic of a biological sample including directing light at the biological sample and receiving that light; directing the light at a reference reflecting device (46) and receiving that light; adjusting an effective light path length to facilitate an interference of the light reflected from the biological sample corresponding to a first depth and the light reflected from the reference reflecting device; and detecting the broadband light resulting from the interference, to provide an interference signal. The method also includes: determining a first phase associated with the interference signal corresponding to the first depth; varying the effective light path length to define a second depth; determining a second phase associated with the interference signal corresponding to the second depth; and determining the characteristic of the biological sample from the phases .

Claims

AMENDED CLAIMS received by the International Bureau on the 21 July 2006 (21.07.2006)
Claim 1. A method for determining a characteristic of a biological sample, the method comprising: directing broadband light by means of a sensing light path at the biological sample, said sensing light path having an effective light path length; receiving said broadband light reflected from the biological sample by means of said sensing light path; directing said broadband light by means of a reference light path at a reference reflecting device, said reference light path having an effective light path length; receiving said broadband light reflected from said reference reflecting device by means of said reference light path; directing said broadband light reflected from the biological sample and reflected from said reference reflecting device at a first reflecting device by means of a first light path and at a second reflecting device by means of a second light path, said first and second light paths having corresponding effective light path lengths; combining said broadband light reflected from said first reflecting device and reflected from said second reflecting device; and modulating said effective light path lengths αf said first and second light paths to minimize a difference to within about two coherence lengths of aaid broadband light, said difference corresponding to the effective light path lengths of said reference light path and said sensing light path.; detecting said broadband light resulting from said broadband light reflected from said first depth in the biological sample and said broadband light reflected from said reference reflecting device, to generate a signal indicative of an interference of said broadband light reflected from said first depth in the biological sample and said broadband light reflected frøm said reference reflecting device; determining a first phase from said signal indicative of said interference of said broadband light reflected from said first depth in the biological sample and said broadband light reflected from said reference reflecting device; changing said effective light path length of at least one of said reference light path and said sensing light path to define a second depth; detecting said broadband light resulting from said broadband light reflected from said second depth in the biological sample and said broadband light reflected from said reference reflecting device, to generate a signal indicative of an interference of said broadband light reflected from said second depth in the biological sample and said broadband light reflected from said reference reflecting device; determining a second phase from said signal indicative of said interference of said broadband light reflected from said second depth in the biological sample and said broadband light reflected from said reference reflecting device; and determining the characteristic of the biological sample from said first phase and said second phase.
Claim 2. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one of said first light path and said second light path includes at least one of an optical fiber and a waveguide.
Claim 3. The method of claim 2 wherein said modifying said effective light path lengths of said first and second light paths comprises modulating excitation to metallic electrodes disposed at an optical waveguide.
Claim 4. The method of claim 2 wherein said modifying said effective light path lengths of said first and second light paths comprises modulating excitation to a piezoelectric drum having said optical fiber wound thereon forming at least a portion of at least one of said first light path and said second light path.
Claim 5. The method of claim 2 wherein said modifying said effective light path lengths of said first and second light paths comprises moving at least one of said first reflecting device on said first light path and second reflecting device on said second light path.
Claim 6. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one of said first reflecting device and said second reflecting device is fixed.
Claim 7. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one of said reference light path and said sensing light path includes at least one of an optical fiber and a waveguide.
Claim 8, The method of claim 7 wherein said changing said effective light path lengths comprises modulating excitation to metallic electrodes disposed at an optical waveguide.
Claim 9. The method of claim 7 wherein said changing said effective light path lengths comprises modulating excitation to a piezoelectric drum having said optical fiber wound thereon forming at least a portion of at least one of said reference light path and said sensing light path.
Claim 10. The method of claim 1 wherein said changing said effective light path lengths comprises moving said reflecting device on said reference light path.
Claim 11. The method of claim 1 wherein said reference reflecting device is fixed,
Claim 12. The method of Claim 1 wherein at least one of said determining a first phase and said determining a second phase comprises; modulating said effective light path lengths of at least one of said reference light path and said sensing light path in accordance with a modulator function having a phase component; and determining a magnitude of change of said effective light path lengths introduced by said modulating when said phase component of said modulator function is generally null.
Claim 13, The method of claim 12 wherein said modulator function comprises a sinusoidal modulator function,
Claim 14. The method of claim 12 wherein said modulator function comprises ramp modulator function.
Claim 15. The method of claim 12 wherein said modulating comprises modulating excitation to metallic electrodes disposed at an optical waveguide.
Claim 16. The method of claim 12 wherein aaid modulating comprises modulating excitation to a piezoelectric drum having said optical fiber wound thereon forming at least a portion of at least one of said reference light path and said sensing light path.
Claim 17, The method of claim 12 wherein said determining said magnitude of change of said effective light path lengths introduced by said modulating comprises balancing said broadband light resulting from interference of said broadband light reflected from the biological sample with a feed back loop.
Claim 18, The method of claim 1 further comprising calibrating at least one of said reference light path and said sensing light path by adjusting said effective light path lengths of at least one of said reference light path and said sensing light path based on a sample exhibiting known properties,
Claim 19, The method of claim 1 wherein said determining the characteristic of the biological sample comprises determining a difference between said first phase and said second phase based on said first depth and said second depth,
Claim 20. The method of claim 19 wherein said determining a difference between said first phase and. said second phase based on said first depth and said second depth comprises: identifying the characteristic of the biological sample as within a medium if said difference between said first phase and said second phase is leas than about a threshold; and identifying the characteristic of the biological sample as a boundary between mediums if said difference between said first phase and said second phase exceeds about said threshold.
Claim 21. The method of claim 1 wherein said determining the characteristic of the biological sample comprises determining a difference between said first phaae and said second phase based on a difference between said first depth and said second depth.
Claim 22. The method pf claim 21 wherein said determining a difference between said first phase and said second phase based on a difference between said first depth and said second depth comprises: identifying the characteristic of the biological sample as within a medium if a ratio of a rate of said difference between said first phase and said second phase and a said difference between said first depth and said second depth is less than about a threshold; and identifying the characteristic of the biological sample as a boundary between mediums if said ratio of said rate of said difference between said first phase and said second phase and said difference between said first depth and said second depth exceeds about said threshold.
Claim 23. The method of claim 12 further comprising determining a first variation in an index of refraction of the biological sample from said magnitude of change of said effective light path lengths and said first depth, said first variation in said index of refraction from a ratio of said magnitude of change of said effective light path length and said First depth.
Claim 24. The method of claim 22 wherein said magnitude of change of said effective light path lengths comprises one of a numerator and a denominator of said ratio and said first depth comprises an other of said numerator and said denominator of said ratio.
Claim 25. The method of claim 22 further comprising determining a second variation in an index of refraction of the biological sample from said magnitude of change of said effective light path lengths and said second depths said second variation in said index of refraction from a ratio of said magnitude of change of said effective light path length and said second depth,
Claim 26. The method of claim 25 wherein said magnitude of change of said effective light path lengths comprises one of a numerator and a denominator of said ratio and said second depth comprises an other of said numerator and said denominator of said ratio.
Claim 27. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining a first magnitude Of said broadband light resulting from said interfering based on said first depth.
Claim 2S. The method of claim 27 further comprising determining a second magnitude of said broadband light resulting from said interfering based on said second depth.
Claim 29. The method of claim 27 further comprising determining the characteristic of the biological sample from said first magnitude and said second magnitude.
Claim 30. The method of claim 29 wherein said determining the characteristic of the biological sample comprises determining a difference between said first magnitude and said second magnitude based on said first depth and said second depth.
Claim 31. The method of claim 30 wherein said determining a difference between said first magnitude and said second magnitude based on said first depth and said second depth comprises: identifying the characteristic of the biological sample as within a medium if said difference between said first magnitude and said second magnitude is less than about a threshold; and identifying the characteristic of the biological sample as a boundary between mediums if said difference between said first magnitude and said second magnitude exceeds about said threshold,
Claim 32. The method of claim 27 wherein aaid determining the characteristic of the biological sample comprises determining a difference between said first magnitude and said second magnitude based on a difference between said first depth and said second depth.
Claim 33. The method of claim 31 wherein said determining a difference between said first magnitude and said second magnitude based on a difference between said first depth and said second depth comprises; identifying the characteristic of the biological sample as within a medium if a ratio of a rate of said difference between said first magnitude and said second magnitude and a said difference between aaid first depth and said second depth is less than about a threshold; and identifying the characteristic of the biological sample as a boundary between mediums if said ratio of said rate of said difference between said first magnitude and said second magnitude and said difference between said first depth and said second depth exceeds about said threshold.
Claim 34, A system for determining a characteristic of tissue in a biological sample, the system comprising: a broadband light source for providing a broadband light; a sensing light path receptive to said broadband light from said broadband light source, said sensing light path configured to direct said broadband light at the biological sample and to receive said broadband light reflected from the biological sample; a reference reflecting device; a reference light path receptive to said broadband light from said broadband light source, said reference light path configured to direct said broadband light at said reference reflecting device and to receive said broadband light reflected from said reflecting device; a firat light path receptive to said broadband light reflected from the biological sample and reflected from said reference reflecting device, said first light path configured to direct said broadband light reflected from the biological sample and reflected from said reference reflecting device at a first reflecting device; a second light path receptive to said broadband light reflected from the biological sample and reflected from said reference reflecting device, said second light path configured to direct said broadband light reflected from the biological sample and reflected from said reference reflecting device at a second reflecting device, said first and second light paths having corresponding effective light path lengths; and means for modifying said effective light path lengths of said first and second light paths to minimize a difference to within about two coherence lengths of said broadband light, said difference corresponding to the effective light path lengths of said reference light path and said sensing light path.a detector receptive to said broadband light resulting from said broadband light reflected from the biological sample and said broadband light reflected from said reference reflecting device, to generate signals indicative of an interference of said broadband light reflected from the biological sample and said broadband light reflected from said reference reflecting device; means for changing an effective light path length of at least one of said reference light path and said sensing light path to define a second depth; and a processor configured to: (1) determine a first phase from said signal indicative of said interference of said broadband light reflected from a first depth in the biological sample and said broadband light reflected from said reference reflecting device, said first depth defined by eaid effective light path length of said sensing light path and said effective light path length of said reference light path; (2) determine a second phase from said signal indicative of said interference of said broadband light reflected from a second depth in the biological sample and said broadband light reflected from said reference reflecting device, said second depth defined by said effective light path length of at least one of said sensing light path and a reference light path having been changed; and (3) determine the characteristic of the biological sample from said first phase and said second phase,
Claim 35. The system of claim 34 wherein at least one of said first light path and said second light path includes at least one of an optical fiber and a waveguide.
Claim 36. The system of claim 35 wherein said means for modifying said effective light path lengths of said first and second light paths comprises a modulator having metallic electrodes disposed at an optical waveguide.
Claim 37. The system of claim 35 wherein said means for modifying said effective light path lengths of said first and second light paths comprises a modulator formed with a piezoelectric drum having said optical fiber wound thereon forming at least a portion of at least one of said first light path and said second light path.
Claim 38. The system of claim 35 wherein said means fot modifying said effective light path lengths of said first and second light paths comprises moving at least one of said first reflecting device on said first light path and second reflecting device on said second light path.
Claim 39. The system of claim 34 wherein at least one of said first roflecting device and said second reflecting device is fixed.
Claim 40. The system of claim 34 wherein said first depth is baaed on a difference between said effective light path lengths of said first light path and said second light path. y Claim.
41 , The system of claim 34 wherein said second depth is defined by a difference between said effective light path lengths of aaid first light path and said second light path.
Claim 42. The system of claim 34 wherein at least one of said reference light path and said sensing light path comprises at least one of an optical fiber and a waveguide,
Claim 43. The system of claim 42 wherein said means for changing comprises a modulator of metallic electrodes disposed at an optical waveguide.
Claim 44, The system of claim 42 wherein said means for changing comprises a modulator formed with a piezoelectric drum with an optical fiber wound thereon forming at leaat a portion of at leaδt one of said reference light path and said sensing light path.
Claim 4S, The system of claim 34 wherein aaid first depth is defined by a difference between said effective light path lengths of said reference light path and said sensing light path.
Claim 46. The system of claim 34 wherein said second depth is defined by a difference between said effective light path lengths of said reference light path and said sensing light path.
Claim 47. The system of claim 34 wherein said reflecting device is fixed.
Claim 48. The system of claim 34 further including a modulator associated with at least one of said, reference light patfn and said sensing light path, said modulator fo? modulating said effective light path lengths of said at least απe of said reference light path and said sensing light path, in accordance with a modulator function having a phase component.
Claim 49. The system of claim 48 wherein said processor is further configured to determine a magnitude of change of said effective light path length introduced by said modulator when said phase component of said modulator function is generally null for at east one of said first phase and determine said second phase.
Claim 50. The system of claim 48 wherein said modulator comprises a sinusoidal modulator,
Claim 51. The system of claim 48 wherein said modulator comprises a ramp modulator.
Claim 52. The system of claim 48 wherein said modulator comprises metallic electrodes disposed at an optical waveguide
Claim 53. The system of claim 48 wherein said modulator comprises a piezoelectric drum with an optical fiber wound thereon forming at least a portion of at least one of said reference light path and said sensing light path,
Claim 54. The system of claim 48 further comprising a feedback loop associated with said modulator operating on a limit of said modulating Buch that said broadband light resulting from said interference is balanced.
Claim 55. The system of claim 34 further comprising a calibrating strip for calibrating at least one of said reference light path and said sensing light path to adjust said effective light path length of at least one of said reference light path and said sensing light path based on a sample exhibiting known properties.
Claim 56. The system of claim 34 wherein the characteristic of the biological sample is determined based on a difference between said first phase and said second phase and said first depth and said second depth.
Claim 57. The system of claim 56 wherein; the characteristic of the biological sample is identified as within a single medium if said difference between said first phase and said second phase is less than about a threshold; and the characteristic of the biological sample is identified as a boundary between mediums if said difference between said first phase and said second phase exceeds about said threshold.
Claim 58, The system of claim 34 wherein the characteristic of the biological sample is determined based on a difference between said first phase and said second phase and a difference between said first depth and said second depth.
Claim 59. The system of claim 58 wherein: the characteristic of the biological sample is identified as within a single medium if a ratio of a rate of said difference between said first phase and said second phase and a difference between said first depth and said second depth is less than about a threshold; and the characteristic of the biological sample is identified as a boundary between mediums if said ratio of said rate of said difference between said first phase and said second phase and a difference between said first depth and said second depth exceeds about said . threshold.
Claim 60, The system of claim 49 further comprising said processor determines a first variation in an index of refraction of the biological sample from said magnitude of change of said effective light path lengths and said first depth, said first variation in said index of refraction comprising ratio of said magnitude of change of said effective light path lengths and said first depth.
Claim 6 L The system of claim 60 wherein said magnitude of change of said effective light path lengths comprises one of a numerator and a denominator of said ratio and said first depth comprises an other of said numerator and said denominator of said ratio.
Claim 62. The system of claim 60 further comprising said processor determines a second variation in an index of refraction of the biological sample from said magnitude of change of said effective light path lengths and said second depth, said second variation in said index of refraction comprising a ratio of said magnitude of change of said effective light path lengths and said second depth.
Claim 63. The system of claim 62 wherein said magnitude of change of said effective light path lengths comprises one of a numerator and a denominator of said ratio and. said first depth comprises an other of said numerator and said denominator of said ratio.
Claim 64. The system of claim 34 further comprising said processor determines a first magnitude of said broadband light resulting from said interference based on said first depth,
Claim 65. The system of claim 64 further comprising said processor determines a second magnitude of said broadband light resulting from said interference based on said second depth.
Claim 66. The system of claim 65 further comprising said processor determines the characteristic of the biological sample from said first magnitude and said second magnitude.
Claim 67. The system of claim 66 wherein ϋxe characteristic of the biological sample is determined based on a difference between said first magnitude and said second magnitude based on said first depth and said second depth.
Claim 68. The method of claim 67 wherein: the characteristic of the biological sample is identified as within a medium if said difference between said first magnitude and said second magnitude is less than about a threshold; and the characteristic of the biological sample is identified as a boundary between mediums if said difference between said first magnitude and said second magnitude exceeds about said threshold.
Claim 69. The system of claim 66 wherein the characteristic of the biological sample is determined based an a difference between said first magnitude and said second magnitude based on a difference between said first depth and said second depth.
Claim 70. The system of claim 69 wherein: the characteristic of the biological sample is identified as within a medium if a ratio of a rate of said difference between said first magnitude and said second magnitude and said difference between said first depth and said second depth is less than about a threshold; and the characteristic of the biological sample is identified aa a boundary between mediums if said ratio of said rate of said difference between said first magnitude and said second magnitude and a difference between said first depth and said second depth exceeds about said threshold.
PCT/US2006/002244 2005-01-21 2006-01-20 Low coherence interferometry for detecting and characterizing plaques WO2006079011A1 (en)

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