WO2006126752A1 - A concrete admixture using waste tailing and methode of thereof - Google Patents

A concrete admixture using waste tailing and methode of thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006126752A1
WO2006126752A1 PCT/KR2005/001551 KR2005001551W WO2006126752A1 WO 2006126752 A1 WO2006126752 A1 WO 2006126752A1 KR 2005001551 W KR2005001551 W KR 2005001551W WO 2006126752 A1 WO2006126752 A1 WO 2006126752A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
tailing
powder
concrete
wasted
surface area
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/KR2005/001551
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Won-Chun Park
Chun-Ho Park
Kyoung-Ju Moon
Original Assignee
Geocon Materials.Inc.
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Geocon Materials.Inc. filed Critical Geocon Materials.Inc.
Publication of WO2006126752A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006126752A1/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24C—DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES ; DETAILS OF DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F24C15/00—Details
    • F24C15/08—Foundations or supports plates; Legs or pillars; Casings; Wheels
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
    • C04B40/0028—Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24C—DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES ; DETAILS OF DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F24C3/00—Stoves or ranges for gaseous fuels
    • F24C3/008—Ranges
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to a concrete admixture manufactured by recycling wasted tailing and a method for manufacturing the concrete admixture, and it relates to more particularly a concrete admixture manufactured by recycling the wasted tailing which can be used as a partially substitutional material for a general cement and a method for manufacturing the concrete admixture, comprising drying the by-product, i.e. the tailing produced through the concrete manufacturing process wherein the raw ore is grounded and grounded metallic minerals are beneficiated, e.g. by floatation, to collect valuable metals, extracting the tailing powder having desired range in size by pulverizing the tailing to a predetermined size and classifying the pulverized tailing powder, and mixing the extracted tailing powder to other composition.
  • the metal mine waste includes the refuse, the tailing having fine grains, and the acid mine water (Acid Mine Drainage: AMD), etc according to a classification, although generated amounts of these composition may be different according to a m ineral species.
  • AMD Acid Mine Drainage
  • the refuse and the tailing are generated through the mining and beneficiation processing. However, they become the pollution source of the river deposition layer and surrounding soil in a case that the refuse and tailing are washed away. Where such the refuse and the tailing are exposed to the water or the air, the acid mine water (Acid Mine Drainage : AMD) will be generated, causing the secondary pollution of surrounding lands.
  • AMD Acid Mine Drainage
  • the amount of the tailing produced from by-products after bene- ficiating valuable metals in 212 temporary closed metal-mines or abandoned metal- mines of Korea reaches to about 50,000,000 tons which the tailing are left alone in the surrounding place of the metal-mines. More specifically, the tailing produced from a scheelite mine located in Sangdong Myeon, Yeongwol County, GangWon Republic in Korea is left and untreated about 12,000,000 tons from 2 tailing dams.
  • Methods for recycling inorganic material, such as the tailing includes a material recovery method and a material conversion method.
  • the material recovery method can concentrate valuable resources from the tailing but may cause secondary pollution in its process and further cannot recycle all the resources from tailing.
  • the first method consists in using the tailing as material for filling mine tunnels, which is a major method for disposing the tailing. More than 350000 tons of the tailing by the yearly average which are about 94.5% of the tailing produced from the copper mine in Hongtoushan of China since 1991 year has been used as material for filling the mine tunnels, etc.
  • the second method consists in concentrating valuable material by re-processing the tailing.
  • the third method consists in using the tailing as construction material.
  • the average percentage of recycling the tailing from the nonferrous mines is more or less 20% in China.
  • the tailing has chemical compositions such as silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, ferric oxide, and calcium oxide, etc which are similar to those of the fly ash, and has been already atomized into fine grains, e.g. by the floatation or beneficiation process.
  • the material having the fine grains generated thus are not active and do not have the hydraulic property.
  • the material only is used as an additive to manufacture the concrete, the material cannot contribute to increase of the strength of the concrete.
  • the material is not affect the process of curing the concrete, but rather increase the resistance to composition separation by filling deficiency of the atomized grains or fine grains due to the usage of the sea sand, provide tightly sealing of the structure of the concrete, and decrease the heat of hydration if the material are used as substitutional material for some amount of the general cement.
  • a concrete admixture for use as substitutional material for some general cement to be used to form the ready-mixed concrete, the mortar, and the concrete secondary product refers to blast furnace slag powder which is of small grains having the amorphous pumice shape obtained by taking out from a furnace the slag obtained, when generating the flay ash and the pig iron formed by collecting the dust coal from a combustion gas in a boiler and by cooling the slag rapidly in water, as is well known.
  • blast furnace slag powder which is of small grains having the amorphous pumice shape obtained by taking out from a furnace the slag obtained, when generating the flay ash and the pig iron formed by collecting the dust coal from a combustion gas in a boiler and by cooling the slag rapidly in water, as is well known.
  • content of unburned carbon particles of the fly ash is different according to the combustion conditions of the boiler, this will affect adversely the durability of the concrete by reducing the air volume included in the flesh concrete.
  • blast furnace slag powder to be used as sub- stitutional material for general cement, because substantially all of blast furnace slag powder have been presently recycled as the slag cement and thus the blast furnace slag powder has been sold at high cost in the industry spot. Also, as the fly ash and the blast furnace slag powder was defined in KS standards and the amount of their supplies does not reach to the amount of the needs, it is in actual condition that substantial amounts of the fly ash and the blast furnace slag powder have been imported.
  • the object according to the present invention is to solve the problems described above and more particularly to provide a concrete admixture for preventing the strength of the concrete from being degraded simply by substituting the wasted tailing for some amount of general cement to be used to form the ready-mixed concrete, the mortar, and the concrete secondary product, and for increasing the durability of the concrete by filling fine grains into the fine gaps of the concrete, the concrete admixture comprising wasted tailing powder obtained by beneficiating the scheelite, and flay ash, blast furnace slag powder, stimulating material, and powdery high efficient water-reducing material as side material, and a method for manufacturing the concrete admixture.
  • the object according to present invention is to provide cheaply a concrete admixture for developing the performance substantially equal to that of the general concrete including normally general portland cement only by adding 10 to 30wt% of concrete admixture compared to the weight of the general cement to the concrete for use as substitutional material for some general cement, and a method for manufacturing the concrete admixture cheaply.
  • a concrete admixture for use as substitutional material for some general cement to manufacture concrete comprises 44wt% to 66.5wt% of wasted tailing of a powdered form having a specific surface area of 3000cm /g to 5000cm /g; 10wt% to 20wt% of blast furnace slag of fine powdered form having a specific surface area of 4,000 cm /g to 8,000cm /g; 20wt% to 30wt% of fly ash having a specific surface area of 3,000 cm / g to 4,000cm /g; 3wt% to 5wt% of stimulating material(agent) including at least one species selected in a group consisting of sodium hydroxide powder, anhydrous gypsum powder, sodium sulfate powder, sodium carbonate powder, aluminium sulfate powder, sodium silicate powder; and 0.5wt% to lwt% of highly efficient water-reducing material of a
  • the concrete admixture according to the present invention has the advantage that if the concrete admixture is used rather than some of the general portland cement to form the concrete, the concrete manufactured by mixing with the concrete admixture has the slump, the air volume, and the initial strength substantially equal to those of the concrete manufactured by mixing with the portland cement only. Moreover the concrete admixture according to the present invention has the advantages that it has strength even more than that of the concrete manufactured by mixing with the portland cement only in the long term aging and decreases the heat of hydration in case the concrete admixture is used in a high strength concrete wherein an amount of cement per unit volume is high and in a mass concrete wherein emission of the heat included inside due to its high temperature is poor.
  • the concrete admixture according to the present invention has advantages that the concrete manufactured by mixing with the concrete admixture can increase resistance to the composition separation by filling deficiency of fine grains of the concrete due to usage of the sea sand and tightly sealing the structure of the concrete.
  • the concrete admixture according to the present invention has advantages that as the concrete admixture can be manufactured by recycling the wasted tailing which is very cheap, the cost required to manufacture the concrete also is very economic, and the environmental pollution can be prevented, because the waste resource can be recycled by replacing some general cement with the concrete admixture from the wasted tailing obtained by beneficiating the scheelite which would otherwise pollute surrounding soil. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention
  • the wasted tailing is dried such that the wasted tailing has less than 5% of moisture content. More preferably, the wasted tailing is dried such that the moisture content of the wasted tailing is less than 1%.
  • the wasted tailing to be used to make the concrete admixture according to the present invention preferably needs to be dried, e.g. by a rotary drier, such that moisture content of wasted tailing is less than 1%, because the wasted tailing may be loaded outside around the metal-mines and so contain some moisture which itself cannot be used to form the concrete admixture according to the present invention.
  • the temperature of drying the wasted tailing preferably can be less than
  • the drying temperature is more than 200 0 C, the activity of wasted tailing can be advantageously increased at the risk of much cost of drying cost.
  • the wasted tailing may be directly used to make the concrete admixture according to the present.
  • the pulverized tailing powder are transferred to the classifier which extracts the pulverized tailing powder having the specific surface area of 3,000cm /g to 5,000cm /g, and the pulverized tailing powder having the specific surface area of less than 3,000cm /g is again transferred to the pulverizer to obtain the pulverized tailing powder having the specific surface area of 3,000cm /g to 5,000cm Ig.
  • the concrete admixture manufactured thus according to the present invention may be used as substitutional material for 10wt% to 30wt% of normal usage amount of a general portland cement to manufacture the concrete.
  • the concrete manufactured according the present invention has advantages that it has not only the strength and mobility substantially equal to the concrete manufactured by using general portland cement only, but also enhance the durability thereof by filling the wasted tailing grains into the fine gaps of the concrete made and by more tightly sealing concrete structures by latent hydraulic property and pozzolana reaction between grains of the fly ash and of the blast furnace slag.
  • the tailing has chemical composition such as silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, ferric oxide, and calcium oxide, etc, which are similar to those of the fly ash and is already atomized into fine grains in the beneficiating process, but, the fine grains thereof is not yet active and so has not hydraulic property and thus if the fine grains thereof only is used to form the concrete, the strength of the concrete cannot be increased.
  • the fine grains are used as a filling material, the fine grains is not affect the process of curing the concrete to be manufactured, but, rather increase the resistance to composition separation by filling deficiency of the fine grains due to usage of the sea sand, provide tightly sealing of the structure of the concrete, and decrease the heat of hydration in case the fine grains are used as substitutional material for some general cement to manufacture the concrete.
  • the amount of tailing is preferably contained 44wt% to 66.5wt% of total composition. If the amount of tailing is contained less than 44wt%, the percentage of recycling the tailing is low and thus, the processing cost is not economical, and also, if the amount of tailing is contained more than 66.5wt%, the strength of the concrete will be decreased, as the content of the tailing which do not contribute to the hydraulic reaction will be increased.
  • the blast furnace slag fine powder has been widely used having a specific surface area of 4,000cm /g to 4,600cm /g.
  • the blast furnace slag fine powder needs to be used having a specific surface area of 6,000cm /g to 8,000cm /g with a view to compensate the degradation of the initial strength, due to mixing of the tailing, thereby preventing the initial strength from being degraded through the rapid reaction with a stimulating material in room temperature, as the activity of the stimulating material is very high.
  • it is used in the concrete secondary product it is preferred that it has the specific surface area of 4,000cm /g to 5,000cm Ig.
  • blast furnace slag fine powder bears latent hydraulic property, thus increasing the strength of the concrete in long term aging.
  • the fly ash is the ash whose ignition loss by the unburned carbon particles is within lwt% to 15wt% which is collected from gas produced, when the coal is burned in the heat power plant or the steam supply and power generating plant, etc.
  • the fly ash is used as admixture for ready-mixed concrete, the air volume required will be decreased as the unburned carbon particles adsorb high performance water-reducing material.
  • the fly ash in the bituminous coal group is proper that its content of the unburned carbon particles is equal to or less than 5% for the ready-mixed concrete.
  • the fly ash in the anthracite coal group is be used that its content of the unburned carbon particles is equal to or more than 5% for the concrete secondary product. Moreover, the fly ash serves to increase the strength of the concrete in long term aging as the pozzolana material.
  • the blast furnace slag fine powder and the fly ash have preferably content ranges of
  • the stimulating material is an material which activates the reaction with the blast furnace slag fine powder and the fly ash, that is preferably sodium hydride, anhydrous gypsum, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, aluminium sulfate, and sodium silicate powder, etc, and among these composition at least one species will be selected and used as the stimulating material.
  • the stimulating material has preferably the content of 3wt% to 5wt% of the total composition. If the content is less than 3wt%, the activity of the blast furnace slag and the fly ash is degraded and if the content is more than 5wt%, the stimulation effect of the blast furnace slag and the fly ash is be increased, but the cost of manufacturing the concrete is dramatically increased.
  • the water-reducing material preferably has content of 0.5wt% to lwt% of the total composition. If the content is less than 0.5wt%, the mobility of the concrete will be degraded in some degree compared to that of the concrete formed using general Portland cement only. If the content is more than lwt%, the mobility of the concrete is increased high, but the cost of manufacturing the concrete is dramatically increased.
  • Table 1 below shows the proportion of the concrete admixture and table 2 shows the proportion of concrete under the compressive strength 25MPa in the ready-mixed concrete standards wherein in comparative example 1 the general portland cement was used to manufacture concrete and on the other hand, in the embodiment 1, the wasted tailing, the blast furnace slag fine powder, the fly ash, the stimulating material, and the high performance water-reducing material of a powdered form was used to manufacture concrete admixture.
  • the comparative example 1 shows test results on the concrete manufactured by using general cement and the embodiment 1 shows experimental results on the concrete containing concrete admixture manufactured by mixing 50wt% of wasted tailing, 20wt% of blast furnace slag fine powder, 25.5wt% of fly ash, 2wt% of aluminium sulfate as a stimulating material, 2wt% of sodium carbonate, and 0.5wt% of highly efficient water-reducing material of a powdered form to be used as substitutional material for 20wt% of the general cement.
  • the embodiment 1 represents the property in the slump and air volume very similar to those in the comparative example 1, but the embodiment 1 develops the compressive strength equal to or superior to that of the comparative example 1 on the 3rd day and the 7th day and develops much more the compressive strength than that of the comparative example 1 on the 28th day and the 90th day.
  • Table 4 below shows the proportion of the concrete admixture and table 5 shows the proportion of concrete under the compressive strength 40MPa in the ready-mixed concrete standards wherein in the comparative example 1 general portland cement was used to manufacture concrete and on the other hand, in the embodiment 1, the wasted tailing, the blast furnace slag fine powder, the fly ash, the stimulating material, and the high performance water-reducing material of a powdered form is used to manufacture concrete admixture.
  • Table 6 shows experimental results on the slump, the air volume, the heat of hydration, and the compressive strength in the high strength (40MPa) concrete.
  • the form including heat- insulating material having volume 64f (40x40x50cm) is made and is supplied with the ready-mixed concrete, and the thermocouple is installed in the central portion of the concrete, and then, the change of temperature in the inside of the concrete was measured using Data Logger (TDS-602).
  • the comparative example 2 shows test results on the concrete produced by using general cement
  • the embodiment 2 shows experimental results on the concrete produced by mixing 55wt% of wasted tailing, 20wt% of blast furnace slag fine powder, 20wt% of fly ash, 2wt% of sodium silicate powder as a stimulating material, lwt% of sodium hydride and lwt% of highly efficient water-reducing material of a powdered form to be used as substitutional material for 20wt% of general cement.
  • the embodiment 2 represents values in the slump and air volume slightly high compared to those in the comparative example 2, but the embodiment 2 develops values in the compressive strength about 4% less than those in the comparative example 2 on the 3rd day and the 7th day, whereas the embodiment 2 develops values in the compressive strength about 7% more than those in the comparative example 2on the 29th day and the 90th day.
  • the comparative example 2 shows that a peak temperature was about 67.6 0 C, while the embodiment 2 shows the peak temperature was about 58.2 0 C. And the comparative example 2 shows that the time reaching the peak temperature in the inside was about 14 hours, while the embodiment 2 shows that the time is about 21 hours.

Abstract

The present invention relates to generally a concrete admixture manufactured by recycling wasted tailing and a method for manufacturing the concrete admixture, and it relates to more par¬ ticularly a concrete admixture manufactured by recycling the wasted tailing which can be used as substitutional material for some amount of general cement and a method for manufacturing the concrete admixture, comprising drying the by-product, i.e. the tailing produced in the concrete manufacturing process wherein the raw ore is grounded and grounded metallic minerals are ben- eficiated, e.g. by floatation to collect valuable metals, extracting the tailing powder having desired range in size by pulverizing the tailing to the predetermined size and classifying the pulverized tailing powder, and mixing the extracted tailing powder to other composition. The concrete admixture according to the present invention which can be used as substitutional material for some general cement to manufacture concrete, comprises 44wt% to 66.5wt% of wasted tailing of a powdered form having a specific surface area of 3000cm2 /g to 5000cm2/g; 10wt% to 20wt% of blast furnace slag of a fine powdered form having a specific surface area of 4,000 cm2/g to 8,000cm2/g; 20wt% to 30wt% of fly ash having a specific surface area of 3,000 cm /g to 4,000cm /g; 3wt% to 5wt% of stimulating material including at least one species selected in a group consisting of sodium hydroxide powder, anhydrous gypsum powder, sodium sulfate powder, sodium carbonate powder, aluminium sulfate powder, and sodium silicate powder; and 0.5wt% to lwt% of highly efficient water-reducing material of a powdered form.

Description

Description
A CONCRETE ADMIXTURE USING WASTE TAILING AND
METHOD THEREOF
Technical Field
[1] The present invention generally relates to a concrete admixture manufactured by recycling wasted tailing and a method for manufacturing the concrete admixture, and it relates to more particularly a concrete admixture manufactured by recycling the wasted tailing which can be used as a partially substitutional material for a general cement and a method for manufacturing the concrete admixture, comprising drying the by-product, i.e. the tailing produced through the concrete manufacturing process wherein the raw ore is grounded and grounded metallic minerals are beneficiated, e.g. by floatation, to collect valuable metals, extracting the tailing powder having desired range in size by pulverizing the tailing to a predetermined size and classifying the pulverized tailing powder, and mixing the extracted tailing powder to other composition. Background Art
[2] The metal mine waste includes the refuse, the tailing having fine grains, and the acid mine water (Acid Mine Drainage: AMD), etc according to a classification, although generated amounts of these composition may be different according to a m ineral species.
[3] The refuse and the tailing are generated through the mining and beneficiation processing. However, they become the pollution source of the river deposition layer and surrounding soil in a case that the refuse and tailing are washed away. Where such the refuse and the tailing are exposed to the water or the air, the acid mine water (Acid Mine Drainage : AMD) will be generated, causing the secondary pollution of surrounding lands.
[4] Also it is well known that the generation of the acid mine water (Acid Mine
Drainage : AMD) by the tailing is much more than the generation of acid mine water by the refuse, because the specific surface area of the tailing is much larger than that of the refuse. Furthermore, it is well known that the pollution is more serious by the tailing, because most of the tailing is buried or left alone in surroundings of the beneficiation equipment or the flume around the mines. Also, the tailing has been left alone around the abandoned mine and thus, the contamination is known to be very serious.
[5] In the metal mine, the amount of the tailing produced from by-products after bene- ficiating valuable metals in 212 temporary closed metal-mines or abandoned metal- mines of Korea reaches to about 50,000,000 tons which the tailing are left alone in the surrounding place of the metal-mines. More specifically, the tailing produced from a scheelite mine located in Sangdong Myeon, Yeongwol County, GangWon Province in Korea is left and untreated about 12,000,000 tons from 2 tailing dams.
[6] Such a material produced from metal mines causes surrounding farmlands and the river to be polluted, because the material which includes heavy metals and sulfides, can be flowed out with the surface water or the acid rain. So it is need for stabilizing the material to prevent the farmlands and the river from being polluted.
[7] Methods for recycling inorganic material, such as the tailing includes a material recovery method and a material conversion method. The material recovery method can concentrate valuable resources from the tailing but may cause secondary pollution in its process and further cannot recycle all the resources from tailing.
[8] Presently, the processing method for burying the waste by installing storage structures is widely used among actual processing cases of the mine waste produced in the Korea. However, this burying method has problems in that it is not a proper method for processing the tailing basically and utilizing valuable resources from the tailing efficiently and also in this burying method that the water- shielding members or storage structures need to be managed continuously for a long term.
[9] Moreover, there are problems in that the land utilization is restricted as the land of our country is narrower than that of other country and resources buried in the country is not rich. Therefore, there is great need for recycling valuable resources from the waste after valuating physical and chemical properties of the waste located in the abandoned mines or temporary unused mines distributed all over the country in Korea.
[10] Also, it is reported that the restoration (rehabilitation) expense paid in Korea reaches to about 3,300,000,000,000 won, since 1980 until now (Korean Geological Resources Research Institute, 2002).
[11] In the meantime, the stabilization processing of the by-product produced from the mine in the foreign country has been already executed from long time ago. Presently, for the abandoned mines, the method such as the burying method having a water- shielding structures has been widely used for valuating pollution status of the waste and recycling valuable resources from the waste.
[12] In these processing methods, the technical development trend studying whether recycling resources from the waste is possible or not is most dominant, while trying to recycle, reduce and de-toxify the waste as much as possible.
[13] For instance, in case of China, methods for utilizing the tailing are mainly summarized as 3 methods as follows. The first method consists in using the tailing as material for filling mine tunnels, which is a major method for disposing the tailing. More than 350000 tons of the tailing by the yearly average which are about 94.5% of the tailing produced from the copper mine in Hongtoushan of China since 1991 year has been used as material for filling the mine tunnels, etc. The second method consists in concentrating valuable material by re-processing the tailing. By the second method, 1,100,000 tons of sulfide minerals have been produced by processing 4,200,000 tons of the tailing generated since 1991 in the Bai-in company, in this case the percentage of concentrating sulfur is about 84% and the tailing left is used as material for filling the tunnels. The third method consists in using the tailing as construction material. The tailing produced in a tungsten mine of Miaentouwar of China, since 1992 has been marketed for use as material for increasing the property of the concrete. Presently, the tailing, which is accumulated since 1992, becomes available in market for sale as the consumption of the tailing exceeds the production of the tailing in the mines. Presently, it is reported that the average percentage of recycling the tailing from the nonferrous mines is more or less 20% in China.
[14] In this way, in case of the foreign country, studies on concentrating valuable resources from the tailing by developing the technology corresponding to the actual conditions in each of the mines and thus processing the tailing appropriately has been continued to progress, Thus it is known that this efforts isl largely contribute to restoration (activation) of the mines.
[15] The tailing has chemical compositions such as silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, ferric oxide, and calcium oxide, etc which are similar to those of the fly ash, and has been already atomized into fine grains, e.g. by the floatation or beneficiation process. However, the material having the fine grains generated thus are not active and do not have the hydraulic property. Thus, if the material only is used as an additive to manufacture the concrete, the material cannot contribute to increase of the strength of the concrete. In a case that the material are used as fillers, the material is not affect the process of curing the concrete, but rather increase the resistance to composition separation by filling deficiency of the atomized grains or fine grains due to the usage of the sea sand, provide tightly sealing of the structure of the concrete, and decrease the heat of hydration if the material are used as substitutional material for some amount of the general cement.
[16] Generally, a concrete admixture for use as substitutional material for some general cement to be used to form the ready-mixed concrete, the mortar, and the concrete secondary product refers to blast furnace slag powder which is of small grains having the amorphous pumice shape obtained by taking out from a furnace the slag obtained, when generating the flay ash and the pig iron formed by collecting the dust coal from a combustion gas in a boiler and by cooling the slag rapidly in water, as is well known. Among these, as content of unburned carbon particles of the fly ash is different according to the combustion conditions of the boiler, this will affect adversely the durability of the concrete by reducing the air volume included in the flesh concrete. And it is difficult to obtain readily the blast furnace slag powder to be used as sub- stitutional material for general cement, because substantially all of blast furnace slag powder have been presently recycled as the slag cement and thus the blast furnace slag powder has been sold at high cost in the industry spot. Also, as the fly ash and the blast furnace slag powder was defined in KS standards and the amount of their supplies does not reach to the amount of the needs, it is in actual condition that substantial amounts of the fly ash and the blast furnace slag powder have been imported.
[17] In the meantime, in foreign countries (Norway, Iceland, Canada, United States, etc),
Silica Fume which is ultra fine grain minerals obtained from by-products in the procedure for producing silicon alloy has been available in the market. But as the Silica Fume have never produced in our country, all the Silica Fume depends on the import of the whole quantity. On the other hand, as the cost of Silica Fume is very high (500,000 won/ton), the Silica Fume is not widely used in market. Disclosure of Invention Technical Problem
[18] Therefore the object according to the present invention is to solve the problems described above and more particularly to provide a concrete admixture for preventing the strength of the concrete from being degraded simply by substituting the wasted tailing for some amount of general cement to be used to form the ready-mixed concrete, the mortar, and the concrete secondary product, and for increasing the durability of the concrete by filling fine grains into the fine gaps of the concrete, the concrete admixture comprising wasted tailing powder obtained by beneficiating the scheelite, and flay ash, blast furnace slag powder, stimulating material, and powdery high efficient water-reducing material as side material, and a method for manufacturing the concrete admixture. Technical Solution
[19] Also, the object according to present invention is to provide cheaply a concrete admixture for developing the performance substantially equal to that of the general concrete including normally general portland cement only by adding 10 to 30wt% of concrete admixture compared to the weight of the general cement to the concrete for use as substitutional material for some general cement, and a method for manufacturing the concrete admixture cheaply.
[20] To achieve the object according to the present invention, in one embodiment, a concrete admixture for use as substitutional material for some general cement to manufacture concrete comprises 44wt% to 66.5wt% of wasted tailing of a powdered form having a specific surface area of 3000cm /g to 5000cm /g; 10wt% to 20wt% of blast furnace slag of fine powdered form having a specific surface area of 4,000 cm /g to 8,000cm /g; 20wt% to 30wt% of fly ash having a specific surface area of 3,000 cm / g to 4,000cm /g; 3wt% to 5wt% of stimulating material(agent) including at least one species selected in a group consisting of sodium hydroxide powder, anhydrous gypsum powder, sodium sulfate powder, sodium carbonate powder, aluminium sulfate powder, sodium silicate powder; and 0.5wt% to lwt% of highly efficient water-reducing material of a powdered form.
Advantageous Effects
[21] The concrete admixture according to the present invention has the advantage that if the concrete admixture is used rather than some of the general portland cement to form the concrete, the concrete manufactured by mixing with the concrete admixture has the slump, the air volume, and the initial strength substantially equal to those of the concrete manufactured by mixing with the portland cement only. Moreover the concrete admixture according to the present invention has the advantages that it has strength even more than that of the concrete manufactured by mixing with the portland cement only in the long term aging and decreases the heat of hydration in case the concrete admixture is used in a high strength concrete wherein an amount of cement per unit volume is high and in a mass concrete wherein emission of the heat included inside due to its high temperature is poor.
[22] Also, the concrete admixture according to the present invention has advantages that the concrete manufactured by mixing with the concrete admixture can increase resistance to the composition separation by filling deficiency of fine grains of the concrete due to usage of the sea sand and tightly sealing the structure of the concrete.
[23] Furthermore, the concrete admixture according to the present invention has advantages that as the concrete admixture can be manufactured by recycling the wasted tailing which is very cheap, the cost required to manufacture the concrete also is very economic, and the environmental pollution can be prevented, because the waste resource can be recycled by replacing some general cement with the concrete admixture from the wasted tailing obtained by beneficiating the scheelite which would otherwise pollute surrounding soil. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention
[24] The concrete admixture according to the present invention will be manufactured by the process described below.
[25] At first, the wasted tailing is dried such that the wasted tailing has less than 5% of moisture content. More preferably, the wasted tailing is dried such that the moisture content of the wasted tailing is less than 1%.
[26] Then, the powder of wasted tailing is extracted having a specific surface area of
3000cm /g to 5000cm /g by classifying the dried wasted tailing.
[27] Thereafter, 44wt% to 66.5wt% of the extracted wasted tailing is mixed with 10wt% to 20wt% of a blast furnace slag of a fine powdered form having a specific surface area of 4,000cm /g to 8,000cm /g, 20wt% to 30wt% of fly ash having a specific surface area of 3,000cm /g to 4,000cm /g, 3wt% to 5wt% of stimulating material including at least one species selected in a group consisting of sodium hydroxide powder, anhydrous gypsum powder, sodium sulfate powder, sodium carbonate powder, aluminium sulfate powder, and sodium silicate powder, and 0.5wt% to lwt% of a highly efficient water- reducing material of powdered form to manufacture the concrete admixture according to the present invention.
[28] Generally, the wasted tailing to be used to make the concrete admixture according to the present invention preferably needs to be dried, e.g. by a rotary drier, such that moisture content of wasted tailing is less than 1%, because the wasted tailing may be loaded outside around the metal-mines and so contain some moisture which itself cannot be used to form the concrete admixture according to the present invention.
[29] At this time, the temperature of drying the wasted tailing preferably can be less than
2000C. However, if the drying temperature is more than 2000C, the activity of wasted tailing can be advantageously increased at the risk of much cost of drying cost.
[30] Alternatively, if the wasted tailing collected has already moisture content less than
1%, the wasted tailing may be directly used to make the concrete admixture according to the present.
[31] In the meantime, as most of the wasted tailing has been already atomized in bene- ficiating process and so after drying process, has become into fine grains of a powdered form having a specific surface area of about 1,800cm /g to 2,500cm /g, the wasted tailing having such a specific surface area under this conditions cannot immediately used to form the concrete admixture. Thus, after the wasted tailing of a powdered form is first crushed by a pulverizer and then the tailing having 3,000cm /g to 5,000cm /g is extracted by a sieve, and thick grains remained on the sieve are transferred to the pulverizer and crushed through a ball mill or a roller mill. Then, the pulverized tailing powder are transferred to the classifier which extracts the pulverized tailing powder having the specific surface area of 3,000cm /g to 5,000cm /g, and the pulverized tailing powder having the specific surface area of less than 3,000cm /g is again transferred to the pulverizer to obtain the pulverized tailing powder having the specific surface area of 3,000cm /g to 5,000cm Ig.
[32] The concrete admixture manufactured thus according to the present invention may be used as substitutional material for 10wt% to 30wt% of normal usage amount of a general portland cement to manufacture the concrete. In this case, the concrete manufactured according the present invention has advantages that it has not only the strength and mobility substantially equal to the concrete manufactured by using general portland cement only, but also enhance the durability thereof by filling the wasted tailing grains into the fine gaps of the concrete made and by more tightly sealing concrete structures by latent hydraulic property and pozzolana reaction between grains of the fly ash and of the blast furnace slag.
[33] While, the tailing has chemical composition such as silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, ferric oxide, and calcium oxide, etc, which are similar to those of the fly ash and is already atomized into fine grains in the beneficiating process, but, the fine grains thereof is not yet active and so has not hydraulic property and thus if the fine grains thereof only is used to form the concrete, the strength of the concrete cannot be increased.
[34] In a case that the fine grains are used as a filling material, the fine grains is not affect the process of curing the concrete to be manufactured, but, rather increase the resistance to composition separation by filling deficiency of the fine grains due to usage of the sea sand, provide tightly sealing of the structure of the concrete, and decrease the heat of hydration in case the fine grains are used as substitutional material for some general cement to manufacture the concrete.
[35] The amount of tailing is preferably contained 44wt% to 66.5wt% of total composition. If the amount of tailing is contained less than 44wt%, the percentage of recycling the tailing is low and thus, the processing cost is not economical, and also, if the amount of tailing is contained more than 66.5wt%, the strength of the concrete will be decreased, as the content of the tailing which do not contribute to the hydraulic reaction will be increased.
[36] Generally, the blast furnace slag fine powder has been widely used having a specific surface area of 4,000cm /g to 4,600cm /g. However, if it is used as a ready- mixed concrete, the blast furnace slag fine powder needs to be used having a specific surface area of 6,000cm /g to 8,000cm /g with a view to compensate the degradation of the initial strength, due to mixing of the tailing, thereby preventing the initial strength from being degraded through the rapid reaction with a stimulating material in room temperature, as the activity of the stimulating material is very high. If it is used in the concrete secondary product, it is preferred that it has the specific surface area of 4,000cm /g to 5,000cm Ig. Also, blast furnace slag fine powder bears latent hydraulic property, thus increasing the strength of the concrete in long term aging.
[37] The fly ash is the ash whose ignition loss by the unburned carbon particles is within lwt% to 15wt% which is collected from gas produced, when the coal is burned in the heat power plant or the steam supply and power generating plant, etc. By the way, if the fly ash is used as admixture for ready-mixed concrete, the air volume required will be decreased as the unburned carbon particles adsorb high performance water-reducing material. In this case, the fly ash in the bituminous coal group is proper that its content of the unburned carbon particles is equal to or less than 5% for the ready-mixed concrete. Also, the fly ash in the anthracite coal group is be used that its content of the unburned carbon particles is equal to or more than 5% for the concrete secondary product. Moreover, the fly ash serves to increase the strength of the concrete in long term aging as the pozzolana material.
[38] The blast furnace slag fine powder and the fly ash have preferably content ranges of
10wt% to 20wt% and 20wt% to 30wt% of the total composition respectively. If the content ranges are less than 10wt% to 20wt% and 20wt% to 30wt% respectively, the strength of the concrete is be degraded and if the content ranges are more than 10wt% to 20wt% and 20wt% to 30wt% respectively, the cost of manufacturing the concrete is dramatically increased.
[39] The stimulating material is an material which activates the reaction with the blast furnace slag fine powder and the fly ash, that is preferably sodium hydride, anhydrous gypsum, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, aluminium sulfate, and sodium silicate powder, etc, and among these composition at least one species will be selected and used as the stimulating material.
[40] The stimulating material has preferably the content of 3wt% to 5wt% of the total composition. If the content is less than 3wt%, the activity of the blast furnace slag and the fly ash is degraded and if the content is more than 5wt%, the stimulation effect of the blast furnace slag and the fly ash is be increased, but the cost of manufacturing the concrete is dramatically increased.
[41] As grains of wasted tailing has non-uniform shape and are acute, and has a high specific surface area, the mobility of the concrete would be degraded, if the wasted tailing is mixed into the cement. But, the high performance water-reducing material of a powdered form serves to prevent the mobility of the concrete from being degraded.
[42] The water-reducing material preferably has content of 0.5wt% to lwt% of the total composition. If the content is less than 0.5wt%, the mobility of the concrete will be degraded in some degree compared to that of the concrete formed using general Portland cement only. If the content is more than lwt%, the mobility of the concrete is increased high, but the cost of manufacturing the concrete is dramatically increased.
[43] Now, the concrete admixture according to the present invention will be in detail described with respect to the specific embodiments.
[44] [embodiment 1]
[45] Table 1 below shows the proportion of the concrete admixture and table 2 shows the proportion of concrete under the compressive strength 25MPa in the ready-mixed concrete standards wherein in comparative example 1 the general portland cement was used to manufacture concrete and on the other hand, in the embodiment 1, the wasted tailing, the blast furnace slag fine powder, the fly ash, the stimulating material, and the high performance water-reducing material of a powdered form was used to manufacture concrete admixture.
[46] Table 1 <the proportion of the concrete admixture>
Figure imgf000010_0001
[47] [48] Table 2 <the proportion of the concrete>
Figure imgf000010_0002
[49] [50] Table 3 shows experimental results on the concrete under general strength (25MPa). [51] Table 3
<comparison of the slump, the air volume, and the compressive strength of general concrete>
Figure imgf000010_0003
Figure imgf000011_0001
[52] As shown in table 3, the comparative example 1 shows test results on the concrete manufactured by using general cement and the embodiment 1 shows experimental results on the concrete containing concrete admixture manufactured by mixing 50wt% of wasted tailing, 20wt% of blast furnace slag fine powder, 25.5wt% of fly ash, 2wt% of aluminium sulfate as a stimulating material, 2wt% of sodium carbonate, and 0.5wt% of highly efficient water-reducing material of a powdered form to be used as substitutional material for 20wt% of the general cement.
[53] The embodiment 1 represents the property in the slump and air volume very similar to those in the comparative example 1, but the embodiment 1 develops the compressive strength equal to or superior to that of the comparative example 1 on the 3rd day and the 7th day and develops much more the compressive strength than that of the comparative example 1 on the 28th day and the 90th day.
[54] [embodiment 2] [55] Table 4 below shows the proportion of the concrete admixture and table 5 shows the proportion of concrete under the compressive strength 40MPa in the ready-mixed concrete standards wherein in the comparative example 1 general portland cement was used to manufacture concrete and on the other hand, in the embodiment 1, the wasted tailing, the blast furnace slag fine powder, the fly ash, the stimulating material, and the high performance water-reducing material of a powdered form is used to manufacture concrete admixture.
[56] Table 4 <the proportion of the concrete admixture>
Figure imgf000011_0002
[57] [58] Table 5 <the proportion of the high strength concrete>
Figure imgf000012_0001
[59] Table 6 shows experimental results on the slump, the air volume, the heat of hydration, and the compressive strength in the high strength (40MPa) concrete. To measure the heat of hydration, the form including heat- insulating material having volume 64f (40x40x50cm) is made and is supplied with the ready-mixed concrete, and the thermocouple is installed in the central portion of the concrete, and then, the change of temperature in the inside of the concrete was measured using Data Logger (TDS-602).
[60] [61] Table 6 <comparison of the slump, the air volume, and the compressive strength of concrete>
Figure imgf000012_0002
[62] As shown in table 6 above, the comparative example 2 shows test results on the concrete produced by using general cement, while the embodiment 2 shows experimental results on the concrete produced by mixing 55wt% of wasted tailing, 20wt% of blast furnace slag fine powder, 20wt% of fly ash, 2wt% of sodium silicate powder as a stimulating material, lwt% of sodium hydride and lwt% of highly efficient water-reducing material of a powdered form to be used as substitutional material for 20wt% of general cement.
[63] The embodiment 2 represents values in the slump and air volume slightly high compared to those in the comparative example 2, but the embodiment 2 develops values in the compressive strength about 4% less than those in the comparative example 2 on the 3rd day and the 7th day, whereas the embodiment 2 develops values in the compressive strength about 7% more than those in the comparative example 2on the 29th day and the 90th day.
[64] Further, for temperature history of a simple adiabatic temperature test body the comparative example 2 shows that a peak temperature was about 67.60C, while the embodiment 2 shows the peak temperature was about 58.20C. And the comparative example 2 shows that the time reaching the peak temperature in the inside was about 14 hours, while the embodiment 2 shows that the time is about 21 hours.
[65] From the above, it will be appreciated that if the concrete is manufactured by mixing with the admixture according to the present invention, the peak temperature in the inside tends to decrease, the time to reach the peak temperature in the inside tends to increase. Generally, temperature rising of the concrete by the heat of hydration of the cement during the process of curing the concrete affects the increase in strength as well as the property of concrete, and more particularly if the high strength concrete is used including large amount of cement per unit or the mass concrete is used that emission of the heat contained in the inside is poor, a crack is be occurred on the concrete or the strength of the concrete is likely decreased due to temperature difference in inside and outside of concrete as the volume of the cement is large. Therefore, it is considered advantageous that the concrete admixture according to the present invention is used as substitutional material for a proper amount of general Portland cement to reduce the heat of hydration.
[66] In the above description, the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the specific embodiments, it will be apparent to a skilled person in the art that various modifications and changes will be made without departing from the scope of the claims of the present invention and thus such various modifications and changes also pertain to the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

Claims
[1] Concrete admixture for use as substitutional material for a general cement to manufacture concrete, comprising :
44wt% to 66.5wt% of a wasted tailing of a powdered form having a specific surface area of 3,000cm /g to 5,000cm /g;
10wt% to 20wt% of a blast furnace slag of a fine powdered form having a specific surface area of 4,000 cm /g to 8,000cm /g;
20wt% to 30wt% of a fly ash having a specific surface area of 3,000 cm /g to 4,000cm2/g;
3wt% to 5wt% of a stimulating material including at least one species selected in a group consisting of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) powder, anhydrous gypsum powder, sodium sulfate powder, sodium carbonate powder, aluminium sulfate powder, and sodium silicate powder; and
0.5wt% to lwt% of a highly efficient water-reducing material of a powdered form.
[2] The concrete admixture according to the claim 1, wherein the ratio of mixing an amount of the concrete admixture to an amount of the general cement is 10wt% to 30wt% with respect to the usage amount of the general cement.
[3] Method for manufacturing concrete admixture to be used as substitutional material for a general cement to manufacture concrete, comprising steps of : drying a wasted tailing at a temperature of 18O0C to 2000C in such a manner that a moisture content of the wasted tailing is less than 1%; extracting the wasted tailing having a specific surface area of 3,000cm /g to 5,000cm /g by classifying the dried the wasted tailing; and mixing 44wt% to 66.5wt% of the extracted wasted tailing to 10wt% to 20wt% of a blast furnace slag having a specific surface area of 4,000cm /g to 8,000cm /g, 20wt% to 30wt% of a flay ash having a specific surface area of 3,000cm / g~4,000cm /g, and 3wt% to 5wt% of a stimulating material including at least one species selected in a group consisting of sodium hydroxide powder, anhydrous gypsum powder, sodium sulfate powder, sodium carbonate powder, aluminium sulfate powder, and sodium silicate powder; and 0.5wt% to lwt% of a highly efficient water-reducing material of a powdered form.
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CN114671646A (en) * 2022-04-19 2022-06-28 东南大学 Controllable low-strength material prepared from iron ore tailings and preparation method
CN115159998A (en) * 2022-07-05 2022-10-11 武汉科技大学 Refractory silica brick and method for preparing refractory silica brick by using copper slag
CN115448629A (en) * 2022-09-21 2022-12-09 北京华晟创元环境科技有限公司 Tungsten tailing slag superfine composite mineral admixture and preparation method thereof
CN115448629B (en) * 2022-09-21 2023-05-05 北京华晟创元环境科技有限公司 Tungsten tailing slag superfine composite mineral admixture and preparation method thereof
CN115959860A (en) * 2022-11-30 2023-04-14 华润水泥技术研发有限公司 Tungsten tailing high-performance admixture for concrete and preparation method thereof

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