WO2007064847A2 - Transvisceral neurostimulation mapping device and method - Google Patents

Transvisceral neurostimulation mapping device and method Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2007064847A2
WO2007064847A2 PCT/US2006/045934 US2006045934W WO2007064847A2 WO 2007064847 A2 WO2007064847 A2 WO 2007064847A2 US 2006045934 W US2006045934 W US 2006045934W WO 2007064847 A2 WO2007064847 A2 WO 2007064847A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electrode
marking
stimulation
electrode tool
handle
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2006/045934
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2007064847A3 (en
Inventor
Anthony R. Ignagni
Raymond P. Onders
Original Assignee
Synapse Biomedical, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Synapse Biomedical, Inc. filed Critical Synapse Biomedical, Inc.
Priority to CA002631915A priority Critical patent/CA2631915A1/en
Priority to EP06838741A priority patent/EP1957150A4/en
Priority to AU2006320444A priority patent/AU2006320444A1/en
Priority to JP2008543477A priority patent/JP2009519050A/en
Publication of WO2007064847A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007064847A2/en
Publication of WO2007064847A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007064847A3/en

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B1/00Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
    • A61B1/313Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor for introducing through surgical openings, e.g. laparoscopes
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/05Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves 
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/48Other medical applications
    • A61B5/4887Locating particular structures in or on the body
    • A61B5/4893Nerves
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02Details
    • A61N1/04Electrodes
    • A61N1/05Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/36007Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation of urogenital or gastrointestinal organs, e.g. for incontinence control
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/3601Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation of respiratory organs
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B1/00Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
    • A61B1/273Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor for the upper alimentary canal, e.g. oesophagoscopes, gastroscopes
    • A61B1/2736Gastroscopes
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/30Surgical pincettes without pivotal connections
    • A61B2017/306Surgical pincettes without pivotal connections holding by means of suction
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02Details
    • A61N1/04Electrodes
    • A61N1/05Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
    • A61N1/0507Electrodes for the digestive system
    • A61N1/0509Stomach and intestinal electrodes
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02Details
    • A61N1/04Electrodes
    • A61N1/05Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
    • A61N1/0517Esophageal electrodes
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02Details
    • A61N1/04Electrodes
    • A61N1/05Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
    • A61N1/0551Spinal or peripheral nerve electrodes

Definitions

  • Electrodes are implanted into patients for a variety of purposes, such as to stimulate muscle movement and to provide pain relief.
  • U.S. Patent Nos. 5,472,438 and 5,797,923 and U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2005/0021102 describe neurostimulation of a patient's diaphragm to assist the patient's breathing.
  • Correct placement of stimulation electrodes helps achieve the best results. For example, optimal neurostimulation of a patient's diaphragm requires placement of the stimulation electrode or electrodes at or near phrenic nerve motor points. As described in U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No.
  • the desired stimulation electrode placement may be determined via a mapping procedure in which a mapping electrode is temporarily placed on the diaphragm, a stimulus pulse is delivered and the magnitude of the diaphragm's response to the stimulation is measured. This mapping is repeated multiple times at different locations on the diaphragm so that the clinician may determine which stimulation locations provide the best muscle movement response (i.e., the phrenic nerve motor points).
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,472,438 and U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2005/0107860 describe neurostimulation electrode mapping tools that may be used to access and map the diaphragm laparoscopically.
  • Laparoscopic neurostimulation electrode mapping requires at least two incisions in the patient's abdomen, one for viewing and one for delivery of the electrode tool, hi addition, earlier neurostimulation mapping tools lacked the ability to mark stimulation locations, thus requiring the use of a separate marking tool.
  • the invention provides a neurostimulation mapping device and method that minimizes abdominal incisions (and resulting scars) by using a transvisceral (e.g., translumenal) approach to the abdominal cavity.
  • One aspect of the invention provides a method of providing electrical stimulation to target tissue of a patient (such as the diaphragm or other organ or tissue) including the steps of: introducing an endoscope transviscerally (e.g., transgastrically) into a body cavity of the patient (such as the abdominal cavity); delivering an electrode into the patient's body cavity through a lumen of the endoscope; applying suction to attach the electrode to a stimulation site on the target tissue (such as the diaphragm or other organ or tissue); and delivering a stimulation pulse to the stimulation site.
  • the stimulation may be repeated at multiple stimulation sites.
  • the step of delivering the electrode includes the step of passing the electrode tool through the endoscope lumen and applying suction through a suction lumen of the electrode tool.
  • the electrode tool also has a handle, and the step of applying suction includes the step of actuating a suction actuator on the handle.
  • Some embodiments include the step of releasing suction to detach the electrode, such as by actuating a release actuator on a handle of the electrode tool.
  • the step of delivering a stimulation pulse is performed by actuating a stimulating actuator on a handle of the electrode tool.
  • Some embodiments of the invention include the step of using the electrode tool to mark the stimulation site with a marking agent.
  • the electrode tool may have a marking port, and the step of using the electrode tool to mark the stimulation site may be performed by delivering a marking agent through the marking port, such as by actuating a marking actuator on a handle of the electrode tool.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a method of providing electrical stimulation to target tissue within a patient including the steps of: introducing an endoscope transviscerally (e.g., transgastrically) into a body cavity of the patient; passing an electrode tool through the endoscope lumen, the electrode tool comprising an electrode and a marker; placing the electrode at a stimulation site on the target tissue(such as the diaphragm or other organ or tissue); delivering a stimulation pulse to the stimulation site; and marking the stimulation site with the electrode tool marker.
  • the stimulation and marking may be repeated at multiple stimulation sites.
  • the method includes the step of applying suction to the stimulation site through a suction lumen of the electrode tool after placing the electrode, such as by actuating a suction actuator on a handle of the electrode tool. Some embodiments include the step of releasing suction to detach the electrode, such as by actuating a release actuator on a handle of the electrode tool. In some embodiments, the step of delivering a stimulation pulse is performed by actuating a stimulation actuator on a handle of the electrode tool. In some embodiments, the marking step is performed by actuating a marking actuator on a handle of the electrode tool.
  • the electrode tool marker includes a marking lumen and a marking agent port, and the marking step is performed by delivering a marking agent through the marking lumen and marking agent port.
  • an endoscopic electrode tool having a body adapted to be inserted through a working channel of an endoscope transviscerally into a body cavity of the patient (such as the abdominal cavity) to a tissue stimulation site, with the body including a suction lumen and a suction port at a distal end of the body communicating with the suction lumen, and an electrode supported by the body at the distal end of the body, the electrode being connectable with a source of stimulation current.
  • the electrode tool has a handle supporting a proximal end of the electrode tool body, the handle being adapted to advance and withdraw the electrode tool from an endoscope inserted translumenally into a patient's abdominal cavity.
  • the handle may have a suction actuator adapted to apply suction to the suction lumen to attach the electrode to the stimulation site; a suction release actuator adapted to release suction from the suction lumen; and/or a stimulation actuator adapted to apply stimulation current from the stimulation source to the electrode.
  • the electrode tool body has a marking lumen communicating with a marking agent port at the distal end of the body, the marking lumen and marking agent port being adapted to deliver a marking agent to the stimulation site, and the handle may have a marking actuator adapted to deliver a marking agent through the marking lumen to the marking port.
  • the electrode may surround the marking port.
  • the electrode may also surround the suction port.
  • the marking port, suction port and electrode may all be disposed on a lateral wall of the electrode tool body.
  • Some embodiments may provide a plurality of suction ports at the distal end of the body, and the suction ports and electrode may be disposed on a lateral wall of the electrode tool body.
  • Still another aspect of the invention provides an endoscopic electrode tool with a body adapted to be inserted through a working channel of an endoscope transviscerally into a body cavity (such as a patient's abdominal cavity) to a tissue stimulation site, the body having a marking lumen communicating with a marking lumen port at a distal end of the body, and an electrode supported by the body at the distal end of the body, the electrode being connectable with a source of stimulation current.
  • the electrode tool has a handle supporting a proximal end of the electrode tool body, the handle being adapted to advance and withdraw the electrode tool from an endoscope inserted transviscerally into a patient's body cavity (such as the abdominal cavity).
  • the handle may have a stimulation actuator adapted to apply stimulation current from the stimulation source to the electrode and/or a marking actuator adapted to deliver a marking agent through the marking lumen to the marking port.
  • the electrode surrounds the marking port.
  • Figure 1 is a flow chart showing an aspect of a tissue mapping method of this invention.
  • Figure 2 shows an endoscope passing into a peritoneal cavity through an opening in a stomach.
  • Figure 3 shows an endoscope and mapping instrument passing into a peritoneal cavity through an opening in a stomach and retroflexed toward a diaphragm.
  • Figure 4 shows an endoscope and mapping instrument passing into a peritoneal cavity through an opening in a stomach.
  • Figure 5 is a flowchart showing another aspect of the transgastric mapping and electrode placement methods of this invention.
  • Figures 6A-E are schematic drawings showing a transgastric procedure according to an aspect of this invention.
  • Figure 7 is a partial cross-sectional drawing showing the distal end an electrode tool for use with the mapping device and method of this invention.
  • Figure 8 is a partial cross-sectional drawing showing the distal end or an alternative electrode tool for use with a mapping device and method of this invention.
  • Figure 9 is a cross-section of the electrode tool of Figure 8.
  • Figure 10 is a cross-section of an alternative electrode tool of this invention.
  • Figure 11 shows a handle for use with an electrode tool of this invention.
  • the invention will be described with reference to transgastric mapping of a patient's diaphragm as a prelude to electrode implantation for diaphragm neurostimulation. It should be understood, however, that the invention is generally applicable to other transvisceral access techniques, other target stimulation sites and other . electrical stimulation purposes.
  • ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • PEG percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
  • an endoscope is placed in the patient's stomach, and the stomach is insufflated to push the stomach wall against the abdominal wall.
  • Light from the endoscope shining through the stomach wall guides the insertion of a needle and guidewire through the abdominal wall into the stomach.
  • the guidewire is snared and pulled proximally through the patient's mouth.
  • the guidewire is then used to pull the feeding tube through the patient's mouth into the stomach and through the openings in the stomach wall and abdominal wall until one end of the tube is in the stomach and the other is above the exterior surface of the patient's abdominal wall.
  • the PEG tube can then be used to introduce liquid nutrients into the patient's stomach.
  • PEG tube placement is standard of care for ALS patients and is typically accepted in up to 20% of such patients. Early PEG tube placement can lead to significantly lower mortality rates for these patients.
  • One' embodiment of the invention relates to the use of transgastric diaphragm neurostimulation mapping in ALS patients or other patients who could benefit from both diaphragm stimulation and PEG tube feeding. Aspects of transgastric access of the inferior diaphragm or other abdominal structures may be found in U.S. Patent Application No. 11/467,014. It should be understood, however, that the diaphragm mapping and stimulation aspects of the invention may be used in patients who will not be receiving PEG tubes.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing an aspect of a tissue mapping method of this invention.
  • the procedure initiates by placing an endoscope into the patient's stomach to provide translumenal access to the stomach wall, as in block 10 in Figure 1.
  • a peritoneal cavity access point in the stomach wall is identified (12).
  • one desirable section of stomach for this procedure may be located as far distally as is accessible by the endoscope, in a location that provides good visualization of the target abdominal or pelvic structures and that permits ready closing with a closing device.
  • an opening is made in the stomach wall using a standard technique (e.g., gastrostomy)
  • the opening is expanded to accommodate the endoscope (14), and the distal end of the endoscope is passed through the opening into the peritoneal cavity (16).
  • a diagnostic mapping device is passed through a lumen of the endoscope so that its distal end is in the peritoneal cavity (18). Diagnostic electrical mapping may be then be performed on the target tissue (20).
  • the mapping procedure may be used to diagnose the patient and to determine which therapeutic procedure should be performed, such as the implantation of stimulation or sensing electrodes, implantation of a stimulating device and/or tissue ablation (22, 24).
  • Gastrostomy closing may be performed by placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube or by use of a ligating system, clip, T-bar device, or other device to close the opening without placement of a PEG.
  • PEG percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
  • Figures 2-4 show an endoscope 40 passing into and through the wall 42 of a stomach 44 into the peritoneal cavity 46.
  • the distal end 48 of the endoscope 40 may be retroflexed to view and/or provide access to, e.g., the patient's diaphragm 50, as shown in Figure 3, which shows a mapping electrode 52 at the tip of a mapping instrument near the diaphragm.
  • Figure 4 shows how an external mapping stimulator may be connected with a mapping instrument 54.
  • Other details regarding the formation of a gastrostomy, endoscopic access to the peritoneal cavity through a gastrostomy, and tissue mapping and stimulation in general may be found in U.S.
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing another aspect of the transgastric mapping and electrode placement methods of this invention.
  • a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy procedure commences by placing an angiocatheter percutaneously in the patient's stomach (60).
  • a guidewire is then passed into the stomach (62), and an endoscope is introduced (or re-introduced) into the stomach (64).
  • the guidewire may be snared by the endoscope and pulled out of the patient's mouth, and a second guidewire may be introduced with the first guidewire to provide a guide for re-introduction of the endoscope.
  • An overtube may also be provided with the endoscope upon re- introduction.
  • the gastric lumen or opening formed by the angiocatheter placement is enlarged, such as with a dilating balloon passed down the guidewire (66), and the distal tip of the endoscope is advanced through the opening into the patient's peritoneum (surrounding the peritoneal cavity) (68).
  • the second guidewire and dilating balloon may then be removed.
  • mapping instrument such as an electrode tool may be passed through a lumen of the endoscope to stimulate and map target tissue within the peritoneal cavity (70, 72).
  • Mapping stimulation responses may be monitored with instrumentation (e.g., EMG, ENG, pressure catheters, etc.) or queried from the patient (as in the case of awake endoscopy for identifying sources of chronic pain).
  • the mapping stimulation may be a single pulse to evoke a twitch or action potential or a train of pulses to elicit a contraction or propagation of nervous system impulses.
  • a stimulation electrode may then introduced into the peritoneum and placed in the target tissue, such as by a percutaneous needle under visualization from the endoscope (78, 80, 82).
  • an electrode such as a barbed style electrode (e.g., a Synapse Peterson, Memberg or single helix electrode) may be loaded into a non- coring needle and penetrated through the skin.
  • endoscopic visualization and (if desirable or necessary) with an endoscopic grasping tool the electrode may be placed in the target tissue.
  • the needle may then be removed, leaving the electrode leads extending percutaneously for connection to an external stimulation device (84).
  • barbed electrodes may be placed endoscopically by introducing a small gauge needle through a lumen of the endoscope for direct placement in the target tissue.
  • the electrode leads may be connected to a subcutaneously-placed stimulator or to a microstimulator (such as a BION® microstimulator) passed through the endoscope lumen and placed with the electrode.
  • the electrode may be placed laparoscopically using a single laparoscopic port and visualization from the endoscope. This alternative may permit the manipulation and placement of larger electrodes in the peritoneal cavity.
  • FIGS. 6A-E show schematically some of steps of endoscopic transgastric access of the peritoneal cavity according to one aspect of the invention.
  • a guidewire 90 is inserted percutaneously through the patient's abdominal wall 92, through the peritoneal cavity 94 and into the patient's stomach 96.
  • a grasping device formed as .
  • a balloon 98 with a port 100 is placed around guidewire 90 and inflated to provide a pressure seal around the guidewire, as shown in Figure 6B.
  • An attachment portion 99 of balloon 98 extends through the abdominal wall 92, as shown, to firmly attach the grasping device to the abdominal wall.
  • Balloon 98 has grasping elements formed as loops 102 that may be grasped by a user's fingers to pull the abdominal wall 92 away from the stomach during the procedure.
  • a dilator 104 is advanced in a deflated configuration through the stomach wall 95 over guidewire 90, then inflated to enlarge the stomach wall opening, as shown in Figure 6C.
  • a snare 106 extending from dilator 104 grasps the distal end of endoscope 108 to pull endoscope 108 into the peritoneal cavity, as shown in Figures 6D and 6E.
  • Use of the grasping loops 102 to pull the abdominal wall 92 away from stomach 96 is particularly useful during this portion of the procedure.
  • Dilator 104 may be deflated, and snare 106 unhooked from endoscope 108, to permit endoscope 108 to be used in the peritoneal cavity as described above.
  • the electrode tool has a contact electrode (formed, e.g., from stainless steel) supported by a flexible body.
  • the electrode tool has a suction port communicating with a vacuum source, and in some embodiments the electrode tool has a tissue marker, such as a port for delivering a marking agent to the tissue.
  • the diameter of the contact electrode is constrained by the diameter of the endoscope working channel, such as 2.8 mm or 3.7 mm.
  • the length and surface area of the contact electrode may be approximately the same as that of the stimulating electrode to be implanted after mapping, for example, a length of 9 mm and a surface area of 11 mm 2 .
  • the electrode tool should have an overall length permitting it to extend from outside the patient through the entire length of the endoscope (103 cm or 168 cm, for standard length endoscopes) and into the abdominal cavity.
  • the electrode tool body should be flexible enough to prevent any damping of the diaphragm tissue response to the stimulus but stiff enough to maintain the patency of its suction lumen when vacuum is applied.
  • FIG. 7 shows the distal end an electrode tool 200 for use with the mapping device and method of this invention.
  • Tool 200 has a body 202 (formed, e.g., from reinforced silicone tubing with a durometer of approximately 50) supporting an electrode 204 at its distal end.
  • a lightweight metal coil may be added to the electrode tool body to provide sufficient support.
  • Electrode 204 may be formed from a flared hypotube section.
  • a wire 206 extends proximally from electrode 204 to the mapping instrument (not shown), optionally through a separate wire lumen.
  • a marking lumen 208 extends proximally from a marking port 210 to a source of a marking agent (not shown).
  • An annular suction lumen 212 surrounding marking lumen 208 and marking port 210 extends proximally from suction port 214 within electrode 204 to a vacuum or suction source (not shown).
  • an endoscope is advanced transgastrically into the abdominal cavity as described above, and the electrode tool 200 is advanced through a working channel of the endoscope to place electrode 204 against the patient's diaphragm at a stimulation site. Visualization from the endoscope aids in placement.
  • suction is applied through suction lumen 212 to hold the electrode in place, and a stimulus is applied (e.g., stimulus amplitude of 20 mA and pulse duration of 100 ⁇ s).
  • the magnitude of the evoked muscle response, visual confirmation of the contraction, and/or the change in pressure of the abdominal cavity are noted and recorded.
  • the location of the stimulation site may then be marked by ejecting a marking agent (such as gentian violet or india ink) from marking port 210. Suction is then released, and the electrode is moved to another stimulation site, where the procedure is repeated.
  • the response of the diaphragm to stimulation at the multiple stimulation sites may be mapped on a grid overlying the endoscope monitor.
  • the magnitude of the evoked muscle response and the resultant change in pressure of the abdominal cavity can then be used to identify the optimal electrode implant site of each hemidiaphragm.
  • the optimal site which is typically the phrenic nerve motor point of the hemidiaphragm, is chosen as the site that elicits a diffuse contraction and the greatest magnitude of pressure change.
  • a stimulation electrode is then implanted under endoscopic visualization at the optimal site in each hemidiaphragm using, e.g., the implant tool described in U.S. Patent No. 5,797,923, or other technique as described above.
  • Tool 300 has a body 302 (formed, e.g., from reinforced silicone tubing with a durometer of approximately 50) supporting an electrode 304 on a side wall at its distal end.
  • a wire 306 extends proximally from electrode 204 to the mapping instrument (not shown), optionally through a wire lumen 307.
  • a marking lumen 308 extends proximally from a marking port 310 to a source of a marking agent (not shown).
  • a suction lumen 312 extends proximally from suction ports 314, 316, and 318 within electrode 304 to a vacuum or suction source (not shown).
  • Electrode tool 300 of Figure 8 is similar to that of Figure 7.
  • Tool 300 is advanced transgastrically into the patient's abdominal cavity through an endoscope, and electrode 304 is placed against the patient's diaphragm.
  • Suction is applied through suction lumen 312 to hold the electrode in place, and a stimulus is applied (e.g., stimulus amplitude of 20 mA and pulse duration of 100 ⁇ s).
  • a stimulus e.g., stimulus amplitude of 20 mA and pulse duration of 100 ⁇ s.
  • the magnitude of the evoked muscle response, visual confirmation of the contraction, and/or the change in pressure of the abdominal cavity are noted and recorded.
  • the location of the stimulation site is then marked by ejecting a marking agent such as india ink from marking port 310.
  • Suction is then released, and the electrode is moved to another stimulation site, where the procedure is repeated.
  • Electrode tool 400 has a body 402 formed from a higher durometer tubing than the embodiments of Figures 7 and 8 so that the electrode 404 may be held in place on the diaphragm without suction.
  • a wire 406 extends proximally from the electrode to the mapping instrument (not shown), optionally through a wire lumen. Marking ink may be delivered through a marking lumen 408 and marking port 410.
  • Figure 11 shows a proximal handle for use with an electrode tool of this invention.
  • Handle 500 extends proximally from the electrode tool body 502 and may be used to move and otherwise manipulate the tool from outside the patient.
  • handle 500 has one or more actuators for operating the electrode tool.
  • handle 500 has a suction actuator formed as a sliding piston 504 in sealed communication with the tool's suction lumen (not shown). Pulling piston 504 proximally (to the left, as shown in the figure) creates suction in the suction lumen. Ratchets, catches or other devices may be used to maintain the position of the piston after actuation.
  • Handle 500 may also have a suction release actuator, such as release button 506 that releases the suction within the suction lumen by venting the suction lumen and/or permitting piston 504 to return toward its unactuated position.
  • Handle 500 may also have a marking actuator, such as an ink reservoir 508 and ink ejector 510 (such as a plunger or a CO 2 charge) communicating with the tool's marking lumen (not shown).
  • Handle 500 may also have an electrical connector 512 to connect the tool's electrode with a stimulus source (such as a surgical stimulator, not shown) as well as a switch 514 for operating the stimulus source.
  • a stimulus release actuator such as release button 506 that releases the suction within the suction lumen by venting the suction lumen and/or permitting piston 504 to return toward its unactuated position.
  • Handle 500 may also have a marking actuator, such as an ink reservoir 508 and ink ejector 510 (such as a plunger or a CO 2 charge)
  • Pigs were anesthetized and transgastric peritoneal access with a flexible endoscope was obtained using a guidewire, needle knife cautery and balloon dilatation. The diaphragm was mapped to locate the motor point
  • An intramuscular electrode was then placed at the motor point with a percutaneous needle. This was then attached to the diaphragm pacing system. The gastrotomy was managed with a gastrostomy tube.
  • Results Four pigs were studied and the diaphragm could be mapped with the endoscopic mapping instrument to identify the motor point. In one animal, under trans-gastric endoscopic visualization a percutaneous electrode was placed into the motor point and the diaphragm could be paced in conjunction with mechanical ventilation.
  • Methods Four female pigs (25kg) were sedated and a single channel gastroscope was passed transgastrically into the peritoneal cavity. Pneumoperitoneum was achieved via a pressure insufflator through a percutaneous, intraperitoneal 14-gauge catheter. Three other pressures were recorded via separate catheters. First, a 14-gauge percutaneous catheter passed intraperitoneally measured true intra-abdominal pressure. The second transducer was a 14-gauge tube attached to the endoscope used to measure endoscope tip pressure. The third pressure transducer was connected to the biopsy channel port of the endoscope. The abdomen was insufflated to a range (10-30 mmHg) of pressures, and simultaneous pressures were recorded from all pressure sensors.
  • the electrode tool body may also be formed from PEEK or PTFE.
  • transvisceral approaches could be used, such as transesophageal, transcolonic, transvaginal approaches.

Abstract

The invention provides a method and device for providing electrical stimulation to a patient's diaphragm (or other organ or tissue) including the steps of: introducing an endoscope transviscerally (e.g., transgastrically) into the patient's body cavity; delivering an electrode into the patient's body cavity through a lumen of the endoscope; applying suction to attach the electrode to a stimulation site on the diaphragm (or other organ or tissue); and delivering a stimulation pulse to the stimulation site. The stimulation may be repeated at multiple stimulation sites.

Description

TRANSVISCERAL NEUROSTIMULATION MAPPING DEVICE AND METHOD
CROSS-REFERENCE
[0001] This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of U.S. Patent Application No. 60/597,440 filed December 2, 2005, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Electrodes are implanted into patients for a variety of purposes, such as to stimulate muscle movement and to provide pain relief. For example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,472,438 and 5,797,923 and U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2005/0021102 describe neurostimulation of a patient's diaphragm to assist the patient's breathing. [0003] Correct placement of stimulation electrodes helps achieve the best results. For example, optimal neurostimulation of a patient's diaphragm requires placement of the stimulation electrode or electrodes at or near phrenic nerve motor points. As described in U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2005/0021102, the desired stimulation electrode placement may be determined via a mapping procedure in which a mapping electrode is temporarily placed on the diaphragm, a stimulus pulse is delivered and the magnitude of the diaphragm's response to the stimulation is measured. This mapping is repeated multiple times at different locations on the diaphragm so that the clinician may determine which stimulation locations provide the best muscle movement response (i.e., the phrenic nerve motor points). U.S. Patent No. 5,472,438 and U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2005/0107860 describe neurostimulation electrode mapping tools that may be used to access and map the diaphragm laparoscopically.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Laparoscopic neurostimulation electrode mapping requires at least two incisions in the patient's abdomen, one for viewing and one for delivery of the electrode tool, hi addition, earlier neurostimulation mapping tools lacked the ability to mark stimulation locations, thus requiring the use of a separate marking tool. The invention provides a neurostimulation mapping device and method that minimizes abdominal incisions (and resulting scars) by using a transvisceral (e.g., translumenal) approach to the abdominal cavity.
[0005] One aspect of the invention provides a method of providing electrical stimulation to target tissue of a patient (such as the diaphragm or other organ or tissue) including the steps of: introducing an endoscope transviscerally (e.g., transgastrically) into a body cavity of the patient (such as the abdominal cavity); delivering an electrode into the patient's body cavity through a lumen of the endoscope; applying suction to attach the electrode to a stimulation site on the target tissue (such as the diaphragm or other organ or tissue); and delivering a stimulation pulse to the stimulation site. The stimulation may be repeated at multiple stimulation sites.
[0006] In some embodiments according of the invention in which the electrode is part of an electrode tool, the step of delivering the electrode includes the step of passing the electrode tool through the endoscope lumen and applying suction through a suction lumen of the electrode tool. In some embodiments, the electrode tool also has a handle, and the step of applying suction includes the step of actuating a suction actuator on the handle. Some embodiments include the step of releasing suction to detach the electrode, such as by actuating a release actuator on a handle of the electrode tool. In some embodiments, the step of delivering a stimulation pulse is performed by actuating a stimulating actuator on a handle of the electrode tool.
[0007] Some embodiments of the invention include the step of using the electrode tool to mark the stimulation site with a marking agent. For example, the electrode tool may have a marking port, and the step of using the electrode tool to mark the stimulation site may be performed by delivering a marking agent through the marking port, such as by actuating a marking actuator on a handle of the electrode tool.
[0008] Another aspect of the invention provides a method of providing electrical stimulation to target tissue within a patient including the steps of: introducing an endoscope transviscerally (e.g., transgastrically) into a body cavity of the patient; passing an electrode tool through the endoscope lumen, the electrode tool comprising an electrode and a marker; placing the electrode at a stimulation site on the target tissue(such as the diaphragm or other organ or tissue); delivering a stimulation pulse to the stimulation site; and marking the stimulation site with the electrode tool marker. The stimulation and marking may be repeated at multiple stimulation sites.
[0009] In some embodiments, the method includes the step of applying suction to the stimulation site through a suction lumen of the electrode tool after placing the electrode, such as by actuating a suction actuator on a handle of the electrode tool. Some embodiments include the step of releasing suction to detach the electrode, such as by actuating a release actuator on a handle of the electrode tool. In some embodiments, the step of delivering a stimulation pulse is performed by actuating a stimulation actuator on a handle of the electrode tool. In some embodiments, the marking step is performed by actuating a marking actuator on a handle of the electrode tool. [0010] In some embodiments, the electrode tool marker includes a marking lumen and a marking agent port, and the marking step is performed by delivering a marking agent through the marking lumen and marking agent port. [0011] Yet another aspect of the invention provides an endoscopic electrode tool having a body adapted to be inserted through a working channel of an endoscope transviscerally into a body cavity of the patient (such as the abdominal cavity) to a tissue stimulation site, with the body including a suction lumen and a suction port at a distal end of the body communicating with the suction lumen, and an electrode supported by the body at the distal end of the body, the electrode being connectable with a source of stimulation current.
[0012] In some embodiments, the electrode tool has a handle supporting a proximal end of the electrode tool body, the handle being adapted to advance and withdraw the electrode tool from an endoscope inserted translumenally into a patient's abdominal cavity. The handle may have a suction actuator adapted to apply suction to the suction lumen to attach the electrode to the stimulation site; a suction release actuator adapted to release suction from the suction lumen; and/or a stimulation actuator adapted to apply stimulation current from the stimulation source to the electrode. In some embodiments, the electrode tool body has a marking lumen communicating with a marking agent port at the distal end of the body, the marking lumen and marking agent port being adapted to deliver a marking agent to the stimulation site, and the handle may have a marking actuator adapted to deliver a marking agent through the marking lumen to the marking port.
[0013] In embodiments with a marking port, the electrode may surround the marking port. The electrode may also surround the suction port. The marking port, suction port and electrode may all be disposed on a lateral wall of the electrode tool body. Some embodiments may provide a plurality of suction ports at the distal end of the body, and the suction ports and electrode may be disposed on a lateral wall of the electrode tool body. [0014] Still another aspect of the invention provides an endoscopic electrode tool with a body adapted to be inserted through a working channel of an endoscope transviscerally into a body cavity (such as a patient's abdominal cavity) to a tissue stimulation site, the body having a marking lumen communicating with a marking lumen port at a distal end of the body, and an electrode supported by the body at the distal end of the body, the electrode being connectable with a source of stimulation current.
[0015] In some embodiments, the electrode tool has a handle supporting a proximal end of the electrode tool body, the handle being adapted to advance and withdraw the electrode tool from an endoscope inserted transviscerally into a patient's body cavity (such as the abdominal cavity). The handle may have a stimulation actuator adapted to apply stimulation current from the stimulation source to the electrode and/or a marking actuator adapted to deliver a marking agent through the marking lumen to the marking port. In some embodiments, the electrode surrounds the marking port.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0016] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
[0018] Figure 1 is a flow chart showing an aspect of a tissue mapping method of this invention.
[0019] Figure 2 shows an endoscope passing into a peritoneal cavity through an opening in a stomach.
[0020] Figure 3 shows an endoscope and mapping instrument passing into a peritoneal cavity through an opening in a stomach and retroflexed toward a diaphragm.
[0021] Figure 4 shows an endoscope and mapping instrument passing into a peritoneal cavity through an opening in a stomach.
[0022] Figure 5 is a flowchart showing another aspect of the transgastric mapping and electrode placement methods of this invention.
[0023] Figures 6A-E are schematic drawings showing a transgastric procedure according to an aspect of this invention.
[0024] Figure 7 is a partial cross-sectional drawing showing the distal end an electrode tool for use with the mapping device and method of this invention.
[0025] Figure 8 is a partial cross-sectional drawing showing the distal end or an alternative electrode tool for use with a mapping device and method of this invention. [0026] Figure 9 is a cross-section of the electrode tool of Figure 8.
[0027] Figure 10 is a cross-section of an alternative electrode tool of this invention.
[0028] Figure 11 shows a handle for use with an electrode tool of this invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0029] The invention will be described with reference to transgastric mapping of a patient's diaphragm as a prelude to electrode implantation for diaphragm neurostimulation. It should be understood, however, that the invention is generally applicable to other transvisceral access techniques, other target stimulation sites and other . electrical stimulation purposes.
[0030] Mechanical ventilation via a tracheostomy is standard therapy for patients with tetraplegia after complete cervical spine injury above cervical level 3 (C3) and common among those with complete injuries at C4-C8. According to- the 2005 NSCISC Database 21.2% (2,503) of all individuals with tetraplegia and 7.1% (748) of all individuals with paraplegia required a mechanical ventilator for pulmonary support during their initial rehabilitation admission. At the time of rehabilitation discharge 7.1% (748) of all individuals with tetraplegia and 0.7% (75) of all individuals with paraplegia required a mechanical ventilator for pulmonary support. The proportion of persons with tetraplegia who required the use of mechanical ventilation also increased from 13.9% prior to 1980 to 32.1% between 1990 and 1994. Yet this treatment is not without harm. Among patients with spinal cord injury at similar levels, the need for mechanical ventilation decreases survival rates from 84% in the non- ventilated group to only 33% in the ventilated group. Life expectancy among patients with SCI and mechanical ventilation is also decreased. Patients aged 20 years at the time of SCI have life expectancies of an additional 33-38 years as tetraplegics (mortality at 53-58 years of age), compared to a typical life expectancy of 58 additional years in a noninjured person of the same age (mortality at 78 years of age). With mechanical ventilation, life expectancy is decreased even further to only 23.8 additional years (mortality at 44 years of age). The need for mechanical ventilation affects older persons to an even greater extent; the 45-year-old SCI person on a ventilator has a life expectancy of only 8.9 additional years (www.spinalcord.uab.edu, 2004). Use of diaphragm pacing stimulation helps avoid the greatest risk of mortality to these patients: pneumonia introduced by the ventilator circuit.
[0031] Similarly, the greatest risk of death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients is respiratory failure and pulmonary complications, accounting for at least 84% of deaths. ALS afflicts approximately 6,000 new patients every year in the U.S. with a 3-5 year survival and no known cure. The only treatment currently approved by the FDA is Rilutek which has demonstrated a modest three month improvement in survival. Respiratory deterioration is usually gradual and, although the major cause of death, rarely leads to the diagnoses.
[0032] The placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube is common in trauma patients and ALS patients. In the PEG procedure, an endoscope is placed in the patient's stomach, and the stomach is insufflated to push the stomach wall against the abdominal wall. Light from the endoscope shining through the stomach wall guides the insertion of a needle and guidewire through the abdominal wall into the stomach. The guidewire is snared and pulled proximally through the patient's mouth. The guidewire is then used to pull the feeding tube through the patient's mouth into the stomach and through the openings in the stomach wall and abdominal wall until one end of the tube is in the stomach and the other is above the exterior surface of the patient's abdominal wall. The PEG tube can then be used to introduce liquid nutrients into the patient's stomach. PEG tube placement is standard of care for ALS patients and is typically accepted in up to 20% of such patients. Early PEG tube placement can lead to significantly lower mortality rates for these patients.
[0033] One' embodiment of the invention relates to the use of transgastric diaphragm neurostimulation mapping in ALS patients or other patients who could benefit from both diaphragm stimulation and PEG tube feeding. Aspects of transgastric access of the inferior diaphragm or other abdominal structures may be found in U.S. Patent Application No. 11/467,014. It should be understood, however, that the diaphragm mapping and stimulation aspects of the invention may be used in patients who will not be receiving PEG tubes.
[0034] Figure 1 is a flow chart showing an aspect of a tissue mapping method of this invention. The procedure initiates by placing an endoscope into the patient's stomach to provide translumenal access to the stomach wall, as in block 10 in Figure 1. Using the endoscope's viewing capabilities, a peritoneal cavity access point in the stomach wall is identified (12). For example, one desirable section of stomach for this procedure may be located as far distally as is accessible by the endoscope, in a location that provides good visualization of the target abdominal or pelvic structures and that permits ready closing with a closing device.
[0035] After an opening is made in the stomach wall using a standard technique (e.g., gastrostomy), the opening is expanded to accommodate the endoscope (14), and the distal end of the endoscope is passed through the opening into the peritoneal cavity (16). After using the endoscope's viewing capabilities to locate target tissue site, a diagnostic mapping device is passed through a lumen of the endoscope so that its distal end is in the peritoneal cavity (18). Diagnostic electrical mapping may be then be performed on the target tissue (20). The mapping procedure may be used to diagnose the patient and to determine which therapeutic procedure should be performed, such as the implantation of stimulation or sensing electrodes, implantation of a stimulating device and/or tissue ablation (22, 24).
[0036] After completion of the procedure, the opening in the stomach is closed, and the endoscope is removed from the patient (26). Gastrostomy closing may be performed by placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube or by use of a ligating system, clip, T-bar device, or other device to close the opening without placement of a PEG.
[0037] Figures 2-4 show an endoscope 40 passing into and through the wall 42 of a stomach 44 into the peritoneal cavity 46. The distal end 48 of the endoscope 40 may be retroflexed to view and/or provide access to, e.g., the patient's diaphragm 50, as shown in Figure 3, which shows a mapping electrode 52 at the tip of a mapping instrument near the diaphragm. Other organs within and around the peritoneal cavity may be accessed, as shown. Figure 4 shows how an external mapping stimulator may be connected with a mapping instrument 54. Other details regarding the formation of a gastrostomy, endoscopic access to the peritoneal cavity through a gastrostomy, and tissue mapping and stimulation in general may be found in U.S. Patent No. 6,918,871; U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No.- 2004/0260245; U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2005/0277945; U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2001/0049497; U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2005/0021102; and U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2005/0107860..
[0038] Figure 5 is a flowchart showing another aspect of the transgastric mapping and electrode placement methods of this invention. A percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy procedure commences by placing an angiocatheter percutaneously in the patient's stomach (60). A guidewire is then passed into the stomach (62), and an endoscope is introduced (or re-introduced) into the stomach (64). The guidewire may be snared by the endoscope and pulled out of the patient's mouth, and a second guidewire may be introduced with the first guidewire to provide a guide for re-introduction of the endoscope. An overtube may also be provided with the endoscope upon re- introduction. The gastric lumen or opening formed by the angiocatheter placement is enlarged, such as with a dilating balloon passed down the guidewire (66), and the distal tip of the endoscope is advanced through the opening into the patient's peritoneum (surrounding the peritoneal cavity) (68). The second guidewire and dilating balloon may then be removed.
[0039] After movement of the endoscope (e.g., bending, retroflexing) for visualization of target structures, a mapping instrument such as an electrode tool may be passed through a lumen of the endoscope to stimulate and map target tissue within the peritoneal cavity (70, 72). Mapping stimulation responses may be monitored with instrumentation (e.g., EMG, ENG, pressure catheters, etc.) or queried from the patient (as in the case of awake endoscopy for identifying sources of chronic pain). The mapping stimulation may be a single pulse to evoke a twitch or action potential or a train of pulses to elicit a contraction or propagation of nervous system impulses. If the desired response is not elicited in the target tissue, the mapping stimulation may be repeated (74). Otherwise, if mapping is successful, the target site may be marked for electrode placement or other intervention (76). [0040] A stimulation electrode may then introduced into the peritoneum and placed in the target tissue, such as by a percutaneous needle under visualization from the endoscope (78, 80, 82). For example, an electrode such as a barbed style electrode (e.g., a Synapse Peterson, Memberg or single helix electrode) may be loaded into a non- coring needle and penetrated through the skin. Using endoscopic visualization and (if desirable or necessary) with an endoscopic grasping tool, the electrode may be placed in the target tissue. The needle may then be removed, leaving the electrode leads extending percutaneously for connection to an external stimulation device (84). Alternatively, barbed electrodes may be placed endoscopically by introducing a small gauge needle through a lumen of the endoscope for direct placement in the target tissue. The electrode leads may be connected to a subcutaneously-placed stimulator or to a microstimulator (such as a BION® microstimulator) passed through the endoscope lumen and placed with the electrode. As yet another alternative, the electrode may be placed laparoscopically using a single laparoscopic port and visualization from the endoscope. This alternative may permit the manipulation and placement of larger electrodes in the peritoneal cavity.
[0041] 6A-E show schematically some of steps of endoscopic transgastric access of the peritoneal cavity according to one aspect of the invention. In Figure 6A, a guidewire 90 is inserted percutaneously through the patient's abdominal wall 92, through the peritoneal cavity 94 and into the patient's stomach 96. A grasping device formed as . a balloon 98 with a port 100 is placed around guidewire 90 and inflated to provide a pressure seal around the guidewire, as shown in Figure 6B. An attachment portion 99 of balloon 98 extends through the abdominal wall 92, as shown, to firmly attach the grasping device to the abdominal wall. Balloon 98 has grasping elements formed as loops 102 that may be grasped by a user's fingers to pull the abdominal wall 92 away from the stomach during the procedure. A dilator 104 is advanced in a deflated configuration through the stomach wall 95 over guidewire 90, then inflated to enlarge the stomach wall opening, as shown in Figure 6C. A snare 106 extending from dilator 104 grasps the distal end of endoscope 108 to pull endoscope 108 into the peritoneal cavity, as shown in Figures 6D and 6E. Use of the grasping loops 102 to pull the abdominal wall 92 away from stomach 96 is particularly useful during this portion of the procedure. Dilator 104 may be deflated, and snare 106 unhooked from endoscope 108, to permit endoscope 108 to be used in the peritoneal cavity as described above.
[0042] In some embodiments, the electrode tool has a contact electrode (formed, e.g., from stainless steel) supported by a flexible body. In some embodiments, the electrode tool has a suction port communicating with a vacuum source, and in some embodiments the electrode tool has a tissue marker, such as a port for delivering a marking agent to the tissue. The diameter of the contact electrode is constrained by the diameter of the endoscope working channel, such as 2.8 mm or 3.7 mm. The length and surface area of the contact electrode may be approximately the same as that of the stimulating electrode to be implanted after mapping, for example, a length of 9 mm and a surface area of 11 mm2. The electrode tool should have an overall length permitting it to extend from outside the patient through the entire length of the endoscope (103 cm or 168 cm, for standard length endoscopes) and into the abdominal cavity. The electrode tool body should be flexible enough to prevent any damping of the diaphragm tissue response to the stimulus but stiff enough to maintain the patency of its suction lumen when vacuum is applied.
[0043] Figure 7 shows the distal end an electrode tool 200 for use with the mapping device and method of this invention. Tool 200 has a body 202 (formed, e.g., from reinforced silicone tubing with a durometer of approximately 50) supporting an electrode 204 at its distal end. A lightweight metal coil may be added to the electrode tool body to provide sufficient support. Electrode 204 may be formed from a flared hypotube section. A wire 206 extends proximally from electrode 204 to the mapping instrument (not shown), optionally through a separate wire lumen. A marking lumen 208 extends proximally from a marking port 210 to a source of a marking agent (not shown). An annular suction lumen 212 surrounding marking lumen 208 and marking port 210 extends proximally from suction port 214 within electrode 204 to a vacuum or suction source (not shown). [0044] In use, an endoscope is advanced transgastrically into the abdominal cavity as described above, and the electrode tool 200 is advanced through a working channel of the endoscope to place electrode 204 against the patient's diaphragm at a stimulation site. Visualization from the endoscope aids in placement. After placing the electrode, suction is applied through suction lumen 212 to hold the electrode in place, and a stimulus is applied (e.g., stimulus amplitude of 20 mA and pulse duration of 100 μs). The magnitude of the evoked muscle response, visual confirmation of the contraction, and/or the change in pressure of the abdominal cavity are noted and recorded. The location of the stimulation site may then be marked by ejecting a marking agent (such as gentian violet or india ink) from marking port 210. Suction is then released, and the electrode is moved to another stimulation site, where the procedure is repeated. The response of the diaphragm to stimulation at the multiple stimulation sites may be mapped on a grid overlying the endoscope monitor. The magnitude of the evoked muscle response and the resultant change in pressure of the abdominal cavity can then be used to identify the optimal electrode implant site of each hemidiaphragm. The optimal site, which is typically the phrenic nerve motor point of the hemidiaphragm, is chosen as the site that elicits a diffuse contraction and the greatest magnitude of pressure change. Using the markings as a guide, a stimulation electrode is then implanted under endoscopic visualization at the optimal site in each hemidiaphragm using, e.g., the implant tool described in U.S. Patent No. 5,797,923, or other technique as described above.
[0045] An alternative embodiment of an electrode tool 300 is shown in Figures 8 and 9. Tool 300 has a body 302 (formed, e.g., from reinforced silicone tubing with a durometer of approximately 50) supporting an electrode 304 on a side wall at its distal end. A wire 306 extends proximally from electrode 204 to the mapping instrument (not shown), optionally through a wire lumen 307. A marking lumen 308 extends proximally from a marking port 310 to a source of a marking agent (not shown). A suction lumen 312 extends proximally from suction ports 314, 316, and 318 within electrode 304 to a vacuum or suction source (not shown).
[0046] Use of the electrode tool 300 of Figure 8 is similar to that of Figure 7. Tool 300 is advanced transgastrically into the patient's abdominal cavity through an endoscope, and electrode 304 is placed against the patient's diaphragm. Suction is applied through suction lumen 312 to hold the electrode in place, and a stimulus is applied (e.g., stimulus amplitude of 20 mA and pulse duration of 100 μs). The magnitude of the evoked muscle response, visual confirmation of the contraction, and/or the change in pressure of the abdominal cavity are noted and recorded. The location of the stimulation site is then marked by ejecting a marking agent such as india ink from marking port 310. Suction is then released, and the electrode is moved to another stimulation site, where the procedure is repeated.
[0047] Yet another embodiment of the electrode tool is shown in Figure 10. Unlike the earlier embodiments, the electrode tool 400 of Figure 10 lacks a suction port. Electrode tool 400 therefore has a body 402 formed from a higher durometer tubing than the embodiments of Figures 7 and 8 so that the electrode 404 may be held in place on the diaphragm without suction. A wire 406 extends proximally from the electrode to the mapping instrument (not shown), optionally through a wire lumen. Marking ink may be delivered through a marking lumen 408 and marking port 410.
[0048] Figure 11 shows a proximal handle for use with an electrode tool of this invention. Handle 500 extends proximally from the electrode tool body 502 and may be used to move and otherwise manipulate the tool from outside the patient. In addition, handle 500 has one or more actuators for operating the electrode tool. As shown, handle 500 has a suction actuator formed as a sliding piston 504 in sealed communication with the tool's suction lumen (not shown). Pulling piston 504 proximally (to the left, as shown in the figure) creates suction in the suction lumen. Ratchets, catches or other devices may be used to maintain the position of the piston after actuation. Handle 500 may also have a suction release actuator, such as release button 506 that releases the suction within the suction lumen by venting the suction lumen and/or permitting piston 504 to return toward its unactuated position. Handle 500 may also have a marking actuator, such as an ink reservoir 508 and ink ejector 510 (such as a plunger or a CO2 charge) communicating with the tool's marking lumen (not shown). Handle 500 may also have an electrical connector 512 to connect the tool's electrode with a stimulus source (such as a surgical stimulator, not shown) as well as a switch 514 for operating the stimulus source. Example 1
[0049] Methods: Pigs were anesthetized and transgastric peritoneal access with a flexible endoscope was obtained using a guidewire, needle knife cautery and balloon dilatation. The diaphragm was mapped to locate the motor point
(where stimulation provides complete contraction of the diaphragm) with an endoscopic electrostimulation catheter.
An intramuscular electrode was then placed at the motor point with a percutaneous needle. This was then attached to the diaphragm pacing system. The gastrotomy was managed with a gastrostomy tube.
[0050] Results: Four pigs were studied and the diaphragm could be mapped with the endoscopic mapping instrument to identify the motor point. In one animal, under trans-gastric endoscopic visualization a percutaneous electrode was placed into the motor point and the diaphragm could be paced in conjunction with mechanical ventilation.
[0051] Conclusion: These animal studies support the concept that transgastric mapping of the diaphragm and implantation of a percutaneous electrode for therapeutic diaphragmatic stimulation is feasible.
Example 2
[0052] Methods: Four female pigs (25kg) were sedated and a single channel gastroscope was passed transgastrically into the peritoneal cavity. Pneumoperitoneum was achieved via a pressure insufflator through a percutaneous, intraperitoneal 14-gauge catheter. Three other pressures were recorded via separate catheters. First, a 14-gauge percutaneous catheter passed intraperitoneally measured true intra-abdominal pressure. The second transducer was a 14-gauge tube attached to the endoscope used to measure endoscope tip pressure. The third pressure transducer was connected to the biopsy channel port of the endoscope. The abdomen was insufflated to a range (10-30 mmHg) of pressures, and simultaneous pressures were recorded from all pressure sensors. [0053] Results: Pressure correlation curves were developed for all animals across all intraperitoneal pressures (mean error -4.25 to -1 mmHg). Endoscope tip pressures correlated with biopsy channel pressures (R2=0.99). Biopsy channel and endoscope tip pressures fit a least-squares linear model to predict actual intra-abdominal pressure (R=0.99 for both). Both scope tip and biopsy channel port pressures were strongly correlative with true intra-abdominal pressures (R2 = 0.98, R2=0.99 respectively).
[0054] Conclusion: This study demonstrates that monitoring pressure through an endoscope is reliable and predictive of true intra-abdominal pressure.
[0055] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. For example, the electrode tool body may also be formed from PEEK or PTFE. Also, other transvisceral approaches could be used, such as transesophageal, transcolonic, transvaginal approaches.
[0056] It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A method of providing electrical stimulation to a patient's diaphragm comprising: introducing an endoscope transviscerally into a body cavity of the patient; delivering an electrode into the patient's body cavity through a lumen of the endoscope; applying suction to attach the electrode to a stimulation site on the target tissue; and delivering a stimulation pulse to the stimulation site.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of delivering the electrode comprises passing an electrode tool through the endoscope lumen, the electrode tool comprising the electrode and a suction lumen, the step of applying suction comprising applying suction to the suction lumen.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the electrode tool further comprises a handle, the step of applying suction comprising actuating a suction actuator on the handle.
4. The method of claim 2 further comprising releasing suction to detach the electrode.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the electrode tool further comprises a handle, the releasing step comprising actuating a release actuator on the handle.
6. The method of claim 2 wherein the electrode tool further comprises a handle, the step of delivering a stimulation pulse comprising actuating a stimulating actuator on the handle.
7. The method of claim 2 further comprising using the electrode tool to mark the stimulation site with a marking agent.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the electrode tool comprises a marking port, the step of using the electrode tool to mark the stimulation site comprising delivering a marking agent through the marking port.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein the electrode tool further comprises a handle, the step of using the electrode tool to mark the stimulation site comprising actuating a marking actuator on the handle.
10. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of introducing the endoscope comprises introducing the endoscope transgastrically.
11. The method of claim 2 wherein the stimulation site is a first stimulation site, the. method further comprising moving the electrode to a second stimulation site within the body cavity after delivering a stimulation pulse to the first stimulation site and delivering a stimulation pulse to the second stimulation site.
12. A method of providing electrical stimulation to a target tissue within a patient comprising: introducing an endoscope translumenally into a body cavity of the patient; passing an electrode tool through the endoscope lumen, the electrode tool comprising an electrode and a marker; placing the electrode at a stimulation site on the target tissue; delivering a stimulation pulse to the stimulation site; and marking the stimulation site with the electrode tool marker.
13. The method of claim 12 further comprising applying suction to the stimulation site through a suction lumen of the electrode tool after placing the electrode.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the electrode tool further comprises a handle, the step of applying suction comprising actuating a suction actuator on the handle.
15. The method of claim 13 further comprising releasing suction to detach the electrode.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the electrode tool further comprises a handle, the releasing step comprising actuating a release actuator on the handle.
17. The method of claim 13 wherein the electrode tool further comprises a handle, the step of delivering a stimulation pulse comprising actuating a stimulation actuator on the handle.
18. The method of claim 13 wherein the electrode tool further comprises a handle, the marking step comprising actuating a marking actuator on the handle.
19. The method of claim 12 wherein the electrode tool marker comprises a marking lumen and a marking agent port, the marking step comprising delivering a marking agent through the marking lumen and marking agent port.
20. The method of claim 12 wherein the step of introducing the endoscope comprises introducing the endoscope transgastrically.
21. The method of claim 12 wherein the stimulation site is a first stimulation site, the method further comprising moving the electrode to a second stimulation site within the body cavity after delivering a stimulation pulse to the first stimulation site and delivering a stimulation pulse to the second stimulation site.
22. An endoscopic electrode tool comprising: a body adapted to be inserted through a working channel of an endoscope transviscerally into a patient's body cavity to a tissue stimulation site, the body comprising a suction lumen and a suction port at a distal end of the body communicating with the suction lumen, and an electrode supported by the body at the distal end of the body, the electrode being connectable with a source of stimulation current.
23. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 22 further comprising a handle supporting a proximal end of the electrode tool body, the handle being adapted to advance and withdraw the electrode tool from an endoscope inserted translumenally into a patient's body cavity.
24. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 23 wherein the handle comprises a suction actuator adapted to apply suction to the suction lumen to attach the electrode to the stimulation site.
25. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 23 wherein the handle comprises a suction release actuator adapted to release suction from the suction lumen.
26. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 23 wherein the handle comprises a stimulation actuator adapted to apply stimulation current from the stimulation source to the electrode.
27. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 23 wherein the electrode tool body further comprises a marking lumen communicating with a marking agent port at the distal end of the body, the marking lumen and marking agent port being adapted to deliver a marking agent to the stimulation site.
28. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 27 wherein the handle further comprises a marking actuator adapted to deliver a marking agent through the marking lumen to the marking port.
29. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 22 wherein the electrode tool body further comprises a marking lumen communicating with a marking agent port at the distal end of the body, the marking lumen and marking agent port being adapted to deliver a marking agent to the stimulation site.
30. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 29 wherein the electrode surrounds the marking port.
31. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 29 wherein the marking port, suction port and electrode are disposed on a lateral wall of the electrode tool body.
32. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 22 wherein the electrode surrounds the suction port.
33. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 22 further comprising a plurality of suction ports at the distal end of the body.
34. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 33 wherein the suction ports and electrode are disposed on a lateral wall of the electrode tool body.
35. An endoscopic electrode tool comprising: a body adapted to be inserted through a working channel of an endoscope transviscerally into a patient's body cavity to a tissue stimulation site, the body comprising a marking lumen communicating with a marking lumen port at a distal end of the body, and an electrode supported by the body at the distal end of the body, the electrode being connectable with a source of stimulation current.
36. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 35 further comprising a handle supporting a proximal end of the electrode tool body, the handle being adapted to advance and withdraw the electrode tool from an endoscope inserted transviscerally into a patient's body cavity.
37. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 36 wherein the handle comprises a stimulation actuator adapted to apply stimulation current from the stimulation source to the electrode.
38. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 36 wherein the handle comprises a marking actuator adapted to deliver a marking agent through the marking lumen to the marking port.
39. The endoscopic electrode tool of claim 35 wherein the electrode surrounds the marking port.
PCT/US2006/045934 2005-12-02 2006-11-30 Transvisceral neurostimulation mapping device and method WO2007064847A2 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA002631915A CA2631915A1 (en) 2005-12-02 2006-11-30 Transvisceral neurostimulation mapping device and method
EP06838741A EP1957150A4 (en) 2005-12-02 2006-11-30 Transvisceral neurostimulation mapping device and method
AU2006320444A AU2006320444A1 (en) 2005-12-02 2006-11-30 Transvisceral neurostimulation mapping device and method
JP2008543477A JP2009519050A (en) 2005-12-02 2006-11-30 Trans visceral nerve stimulation mapping apparatus and method

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US59744005P 2005-12-02 2005-12-02
US60/597,440 2005-12-02

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2007064847A2 true WO2007064847A2 (en) 2007-06-07
WO2007064847A3 WO2007064847A3 (en) 2009-04-23

Family

ID=38092808

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2006/045934 WO2007064847A2 (en) 2005-12-02 2006-11-30 Transvisceral neurostimulation mapping device and method

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US20070150023A1 (en)
EP (1) EP1957150A4 (en)
JP (1) JP2009519050A (en)
CN (1) CN101495177A (en)
AU (1) AU2006320444A1 (en)
CA (1) CA2631915A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2007064847A2 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2015516179A (en) * 2012-03-01 2015-06-11 マーク ディー ノア Catheter structure and method for locating tissue within a body organ and evaluating the delivered therapeutic means simultaneously with delivering the therapeutic means

Families Citing this family (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005009291A2 (en) * 2003-07-23 2005-02-03 Synapse Biomedical, Inc. System and method for conditioning a diaphragm of a patient
US7962215B2 (en) * 2004-07-23 2011-06-14 Synapse Biomedical, Inc. Ventilatory assist system and methods to improve respiratory function
US20070044669A1 (en) * 2005-08-24 2007-03-01 Geise Gregory D Aluminum can compacting mechanism with improved actuation handle assembly
US9050005B2 (en) * 2005-08-25 2015-06-09 Synapse Biomedical, Inc. Method and apparatus for transgastric neurostimulation
WO2008098001A2 (en) * 2007-02-05 2008-08-14 Synapse Biomedical, Inc. Removable intramuscular electrode
WO2008144578A1 (en) * 2007-05-17 2008-11-27 Synapse Biomedical, Inc. Devices and methods for assessing motor point electromyogram as a biomarker
US8428726B2 (en) 2007-10-30 2013-04-23 Synapse Biomedical, Inc. Device and method of neuromodulation to effect a functionally restorative adaption of the neuromuscular system
WO2009059033A1 (en) * 2007-10-30 2009-05-07 Synapse Biomedical, Inc. Method of improving sleep disordered breathing
WO2012067879A1 (en) * 2010-11-19 2012-05-24 Neural Pathways, Llc Integrated nerve stimulation and skin marking device and methods of using same
EP3096835B1 (en) * 2014-01-21 2019-08-07 Lungpacer Medical Inc. Systems for optimization of multi-electrode nerve pacing
US10029091B2 (en) 2014-02-20 2018-07-24 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Apparatus for baroreceptor stimulation therapy
WO2015195980A1 (en) * 2014-06-19 2015-12-23 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Baroreceptor mapping system
CA2959177C (en) 2014-09-04 2023-10-10 AtaCor Medical, Inc. Cardiac pacing lead delivery system
US9636505B2 (en) 2014-11-24 2017-05-02 AtaCor Medical, Inc. Cardiac pacing sensing and control
US10328268B2 (en) 2014-09-04 2019-06-25 AtaCor Medical, Inc. Cardiac pacing
US10743960B2 (en) 2014-09-04 2020-08-18 AtaCor Medical, Inc. Cardiac arrhythmia treatment devices and delivery
US11097109B2 (en) 2014-11-24 2021-08-24 AtaCor Medical, Inc. Cardiac pacing sensing and control
EP3974021B1 (en) 2017-06-30 2023-06-14 ONWARD Medical N.V. A system for neuromodulation
US11420056B2 (en) 2017-12-05 2022-08-23 Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne (Epfl) System for planning and/or providing neuromodulation, especially neurostimulation
EP3653256B1 (en) 2018-11-13 2022-03-30 ONWARD Medical N.V. Control system for movement reconstruction and/or restoration for a patient
EP3653260A1 (en) 2018-11-13 2020-05-20 GTX medical B.V. Sensor in clothing of limbs or footwear
US11471683B2 (en) 2019-01-29 2022-10-18 Synapse Biomedical, Inc. Systems and methods for treating sleep apnea using neuromodulation
EP3695878B1 (en) 2019-02-12 2023-04-19 ONWARD Medical N.V. A system for neuromodulation
KR102233408B1 (en) * 2019-05-07 2021-03-29 고려대학교 산학협력단 Apparatus for electrically stimulation
WO2020243534A1 (en) 2019-05-29 2020-12-03 AtaCor Medical, Inc. Implantable electrical leads and associated delivery systems
DE19211698T1 (en) 2019-11-27 2021-09-02 Onward Medical B.V. Neuromodulation system
US11666771B2 (en) 2020-05-29 2023-06-06 AtaCor Medical, Inc. Implantable electrical leads and associated delivery systems

Family Cites Families (82)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1693734A (en) * 1923-06-29 1928-12-04 Mcintosh Electrical Corp Switching means for effecting electrotherapeutic treatment
US2532788A (en) * 1948-01-03 1950-12-05 Stanley J Sarnoff Artificial respiration by electronic stimulation
US2664880A (en) * 1951-11-23 1954-01-05 Jr Nathaniel B Wales Electric stimulator for artificial respiration
US4827935A (en) * 1986-04-24 1989-05-09 Purdue Research Foundation Demand electroventilator
US4830008A (en) * 1987-04-24 1989-05-16 Meer Jeffrey A Method and system for treatment of sleep apnea
US5368035A (en) * 1988-03-21 1994-11-29 Boston Scientific Corporation Ultrasound imaging guidewire
US4989617A (en) * 1989-07-14 1991-02-05 Case Western Reserve University Intramuscular electrode for neuromuscular stimulation system
US5056519A (en) * 1990-05-14 1991-10-15 Vince Dennis J Unilateral diaphragmatic pacer
US5241957A (en) * 1991-11-18 1993-09-07 Medtronic, Inc. Bipolar temporary pacing lead and connector and permanent bipolar nerve wire
US7429262B2 (en) * 1992-01-07 2008-09-30 Arthrocare Corporation Apparatus and methods for electrosurgical ablation and resection of target tissue
US5813399A (en) * 1993-03-16 1998-09-29 Puritan Bennett Corporation System and method for closed loop airway pressure control during the inspiratory cycle of a breath in a patient ventilator using the exhalation valve as a microcomputer-controlled relief valve
US5792165A (en) * 1993-07-21 1998-08-11 Charles H. Klieman Endoscopic instrument with detachable end effector
US5472438A (en) * 1993-07-22 1995-12-05 Case Western Reserve University Laproscopic vacuum delivery apparatus for a diaphragm daper
US6405732B1 (en) * 1994-06-24 2002-06-18 Curon Medical, Inc. Method to treat gastric reflux via the detection and ablation of gastro-esophageal nerves and receptors
US5678535A (en) * 1995-04-21 1997-10-21 Dimarco; Anthony Fortunato Method and apparatus for electrical stimulation of the respiratory muscles to achieve artificial ventilation in a patient
US5716392A (en) * 1996-01-05 1998-02-10 Medtronic, Inc. Minimally invasive medical electrical lead
JP3930052B2 (en) * 1996-02-15 2007-06-13 バイオセンス・インコーポレイテッド Catheter-based surgery
SE9603841D0 (en) * 1996-10-18 1996-10-18 Pacesetter Ab A tissue stimulating apparatus
US6311692B1 (en) * 1996-10-22 2001-11-06 Epicor, Inc. Apparatus and method for diagnosis and therapy of electrophysiological disease
US6035856A (en) * 1997-03-06 2000-03-14 Scimed Life Systems Percutaneous bypass with branching vessel
US5797923A (en) * 1997-05-12 1998-08-25 Aiyar; Harish Electrode delivery instrument
US6477423B1 (en) * 1997-05-28 2002-11-05 Transneuronix, Inc. Medical device for use in laparoscopic surgery
US7006871B1 (en) * 1997-07-16 2006-02-28 Metacure N.V. Blood glucose level control
AU3458197A (en) * 1997-07-16 1999-02-10 Impulse Dynamics N.V. Smooth muscle controller
US7165551B2 (en) * 1998-02-19 2007-01-23 Curon Medical, Inc. Apparatus to detect and treat aberrant myoelectric activity
US6463327B1 (en) * 1998-06-11 2002-10-08 Cprx Llc Stimulatory device and methods to electrically stimulate the phrenic nerve
US6213960B1 (en) * 1998-06-19 2001-04-10 Revivant Corporation Chest compression device with electro-stimulation
SE9803508D0 (en) * 1998-10-14 1998-10-14 Siemens Elema Ab Assisted Breathing System
US6645145B1 (en) * 1998-11-19 2003-11-11 Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. Diagnostic medical ultrasound systems and transducers utilizing micro-mechanical components
US7526342B2 (en) * 1999-08-10 2009-04-28 Maquet Cardiovascular Llc Apparatus for endoscopic cardiac mapping and lead placement
US7177686B1 (en) * 1999-11-10 2007-02-13 Pacesetter, Inc. Using photo-plethysmography to monitor autonomic tone and performing pacing optimization based on monitored autonomic tone
US6689062B1 (en) * 1999-11-23 2004-02-10 Microaccess Medical Systems, Inc. Method and apparatus for transesophageal cardiovascular procedures
US6415183B1 (en) * 1999-12-09 2002-07-02 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Method and apparatus for diaphragmatic pacing
WO2001068073A2 (en) * 2000-03-14 2001-09-20 Children's Medical Center Corporation, The Method for improving respiratory function and inhibiting muscular degeneration
AU2001249308A1 (en) * 2000-03-24 2001-10-15 Johns Hopkins University Peritoneal cavity device and method
US6397108B1 (en) * 2000-04-03 2002-05-28 Medtronic Inc. Safety adaptor for temporary medical leads
US6754536B2 (en) * 2001-01-31 2004-06-22 Medtronic, Inc Implantable medical device affixed internally within the gastrointestinal tract
US7166075B2 (en) * 2002-03-08 2007-01-23 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Elastographic imaging of in vivo soft tissue
US7207946B2 (en) * 2002-05-09 2007-04-24 Spiration, Inc. Automated provision of information related to air evacuation from a chest cavity
SE0202537D0 (en) * 2002-08-28 2002-08-28 Siemens Elema Ab Nerve stimulation apparatus
US20040064069A1 (en) * 2002-09-30 2004-04-01 Reynolds Brian R. Medical device with support member
US6945956B2 (en) * 2002-12-23 2005-09-20 Medtronic, Inc. Steerable catheter
US7044921B2 (en) * 2003-02-03 2006-05-16 Scimed Life Systems, Inc Medical device with changeable tip flexibility
US20040167437A1 (en) * 2003-02-26 2004-08-26 Sharrow James S. Articulating intracorporal medical device
US7182735B2 (en) * 2003-02-26 2007-02-27 Scimed Life Systems, Inc. Elongated intracorporal medical device
US7155278B2 (en) * 2003-04-21 2006-12-26 Medtronic, Inc. Neurostimulation to treat effects of sleep apnea
US20040254572A1 (en) * 2003-04-25 2004-12-16 Mcintyre Jon T. Self anchoring radio frequency ablation array
US20060287679A1 (en) * 2003-05-16 2006-12-21 Stone Robert T Method and system to control respiration by means of confounding neuro-electrical signals
US20060111755A1 (en) * 2003-05-16 2006-05-25 Stone Robert T Method and system to control respiration by means of neuro-electrical coded signals
US7738952B2 (en) * 2003-06-09 2010-06-15 Palo Alto Investors Treatment of conditions through modulation of the autonomic nervous system
US20040260337A1 (en) * 2003-06-18 2004-12-23 Scimed Life Systems, Inc. Endoscopic instruments and methods of manufacture
US8469993B2 (en) * 2003-06-18 2013-06-25 Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. Endoscopic instruments
US6918871B2 (en) * 2003-06-19 2005-07-19 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Method for accessing cavity
US7824368B2 (en) * 2003-06-19 2010-11-02 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Method for endoscopic, transgastric access into the abdominal cavity
US8579804B2 (en) * 2003-06-23 2013-11-12 Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. Variable length nephrostomy sheath
WO2005009531A1 (en) * 2003-07-23 2005-02-03 University Hospitals Of Cleveland Mapping probe system for neuromuscular electrical stimulation apparatus
WO2005009291A2 (en) * 2003-07-23 2005-02-03 Synapse Biomedical, Inc. System and method for conditioning a diaphragm of a patient
US7641621B2 (en) * 2003-08-25 2010-01-05 Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. Elongated intra-lumenal medical device
US7833175B2 (en) * 2003-09-05 2010-11-16 Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. Medical device coil
US20050054952A1 (en) * 2003-09-05 2005-03-10 Scimed Life Systems, Inc. Elongated medical device for intracorporal use
NO319063B1 (en) * 2003-10-06 2005-06-13 Laerdal Medical As Medical patient simulator
US7970475B2 (en) * 2003-10-15 2011-06-28 Rmx, Llc Device and method for biasing lung volume
US8467876B2 (en) * 2003-10-15 2013-06-18 Rmx, Llc Breathing disorder detection and therapy delivery device and method
US9259573B2 (en) * 2003-10-15 2016-02-16 Rmx, Llc Device and method for manipulating exhalation
US8244358B2 (en) * 2003-10-15 2012-08-14 Rmx, Llc Device and method for treating obstructive sleep apnea
US20060167523A1 (en) * 2003-10-15 2006-07-27 Tehrani Amir J Device and method for improving upper airway functionality
US8160711B2 (en) * 2003-10-15 2012-04-17 Rmx, Llc Multimode device and method for controlling breathing
US7979128B2 (en) * 2003-10-15 2011-07-12 Rmx, Llc Device and method for gradually controlling breathing
EP1682215B1 (en) * 2003-10-24 2008-12-24 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Myocardial lead attachment system
EP1684655A2 (en) * 2003-11-18 2006-08-02 SciMed Life Systems, Inc. System and method for tissue ablation
US7802571B2 (en) * 2003-11-21 2010-09-28 Tehrani Fleur T Method and apparatus for controlling a ventilator
US7237313B2 (en) * 2003-12-05 2007-07-03 Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. Elongated medical device for intracorporal use
US7824345B2 (en) * 2003-12-22 2010-11-02 Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. Medical device with push force limiter
US20050149072A1 (en) * 2003-12-31 2005-07-07 Devries Robert B. Devices and methods for tissue invagination
US20050209653A1 (en) * 2004-03-16 2005-09-22 Medtronic, Inc. Intra-luminal device for gastrointestinal electrical stimulation
US7931661B2 (en) * 2004-06-14 2011-04-26 Usgi Medical, Inc. Apparatus and methods for performing transluminal gastrointestinal procedures
US7225016B1 (en) * 2004-06-16 2007-05-29 Pacesetter, Inc. Implantable medical device with nerve signal sensing
US7962215B2 (en) * 2004-07-23 2011-06-14 Synapse Biomedical, Inc. Ventilatory assist system and methods to improve respiratory function
US20060130833A1 (en) * 2004-12-16 2006-06-22 Magdy Younes Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea
US8036750B2 (en) * 2005-06-13 2011-10-11 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. System for neural control of respiration
US9050005B2 (en) * 2005-08-25 2015-06-09 Synapse Biomedical, Inc. Method and apparatus for transgastric neurostimulation
EP2371416B1 (en) * 2005-11-18 2018-08-22 Respicardia, Inc. System to modulate phrenic nerve to prevent sleep apnea

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of EP1957150A4 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2015516179A (en) * 2012-03-01 2015-06-11 マーク ディー ノア Catheter structure and method for locating tissue within a body organ and evaluating the delivered therapeutic means simultaneously with delivering the therapeutic means

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20070150023A1 (en) 2007-06-28
CN101495177A (en) 2009-07-29
EP1957150A2 (en) 2008-08-20
WO2007064847A3 (en) 2009-04-23
EP1957150A4 (en) 2009-12-02
CA2631915A1 (en) 2007-06-07
AU2006320444A1 (en) 2007-06-07
JP2009519050A (en) 2009-05-14

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20070150023A1 (en) Transvisceral neurostimulation mapping device and method
US9050005B2 (en) Method and apparatus for transgastric neurostimulation
US10987134B2 (en) Introduction and anchoring tool for an implantable medical device element
AU2007281071B2 (en) Methods and devices for stimulation of an organ with the use of a transectionally placed guide wire
US7756582B2 (en) Gastric stimulation anchor and method
US7107100B2 (en) Aendoscopic instrument system@
US20050251219A1 (en) Device and method for placement of electrodes in the GI tract
US20100318098A1 (en) Systems and Methods for Implanting Medical Devices
WO2010039857A1 (en) New lead access
US20090018606A1 (en) Methods and Devices for Stimulation of an Organ with the Use of a Transectionally Placed Guide Wire
US20180036033A1 (en) Systems and methods for electrode placement in deep muscles and nerves using ultrasound guidance
US20120029467A1 (en) Method of implanting a spinal cord stimulator lead for neurostimulation having a fluid-delivery lumen and/or a distensible balloon
US20080097153A1 (en) Method and apparatus for grasping an abdominal wall
US20060052765A1 (en) Percutaneous lead for neurostimulation having a fluid delivery lumen
US9993639B2 (en) Implantable medical elongated member including a tissue receiving fixation cavity
CN106413804A (en) Systems and methods for electrical stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract for treatment of post-operative ileus

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 200680051405.1

Country of ref document: CN

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2631915

Country of ref document: CA

Ref document number: 2008543477

Country of ref document: JP

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2006320444

Country of ref document: AU

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2006838741

Country of ref document: EP

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 2006320444

Country of ref document: AU

Date of ref document: 20061130

Kind code of ref document: A

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2677/KOLNP/2008

Country of ref document: IN