WO2010055540A1

WO2010055540A1 - Static electromagnetic apparatus for accelerating electrically neutral molecules utilizing their dipolar electric moment

Info

Publication number: WO2010055540A1
Application number: PCT/IT2009/000514
Authority: WO
Inventors: Achille Zanzucchi
Original assignee: Achille Zanzucchi Editore Di Achille Zanzucchi
Priority date: 2008-11-17
Filing date: 2009-11-13
Publication date: 2010-05-20
Also published as: ITPR20080077A1

Abstract

A static electromagnetic device for accelerating electrically neutral molecules utilizing their dipolar electric moment is characterized by the fact of comprising comprise: a treating tube in non-conducting material, internally empty or filled with inert material, into which a (fluid or solid) substance to treat is introduced; static electromagnetic circuits that surround the above treating tube exerting on the substance to treat electromagnetic actions that push it axially.

Description

STATIC ELECTROMAGNETIC APPARATUS FOR ACCELERATING ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL MOLECULES UTILIZING THEIR DIPOLAR ELECTRIC MOMENT

The present invention has as object a mechanically static electromagnetic apparatus for accelerating electrically neutral molecules utilizing their weak dipolar electric moment, also for the realization of a new type of electric motor. For example, the apparatus finds employment as: a) pump for liquids, b) compressor for gases, c) propeller for solid substancies (in pieces, in powder or in suspension in liquids), d) rotative electric motor without electric connections between stator and rotor, e) generator of electricity fed by fluids under pressure, f) flow indicator for fluids, g) separator of chemical components in liquid or gas phase, h) separator of isotopes of atoms.

As is known, the phenomenon of the production, in an atom or molecule, of a dipolar electric moment is called electric polarization. Such polarization can be spontaneous (caused by internal interactions in the molecule between the positive electric charges and the negative ones), induced (by external electromagnetic fields), or combined, between the two previous types.

The types of electric polarization, already described in the specific literature, are the molecular, electronic, atomic and ionic polarizations.

It is known that in an atom or molecule, in the following called also "particles", the center-of-mass of the positive electric charges (atom nuclei) and that of the negative ones (peripheral orbital electrons of the atoms) can be non-coincident, for intrinsic phenomenon relating to the struccture of a molecule or induced by an external electromagnetic field.

The product of the value of the total positive charge of the particle by the distance between the centers-of-mass of the positive and negative charges forms a dipolar electric moment.

The behaviour of the particle under the action of an external electric field due to the effect of the dipolar electric moment can be schematized as that of the complex of an electron ("equivalent electron") and a positron both solid with the same particle, lying along the axis connecting the centers-of-mass of the positive and negative electric charges, and separated by an "equivalent arm of dipolar moment" δ. Indicating with "e" the electri charge, in absolute value, of an electron, the dipolar electric moment is given by the product [e δ] and can be measured in the unit [e m] (electron-meter). In the literature it is, generally, measured in the unit [C m] (Coulomb-meter) or in the unit [D] (Debye), being 1 D equivalent to 3.336-10³⁰ C m or to 0,2082-10 ¹⁰ e m. For water it is 1 ,85 D, equivalent to 0.3852-10 ¹⁰ e m, resulting in δ = 0.3852-10 ¹⁰ m = 0.3852 A.

According to the known technique, the separation of two liquid components from a mixture with physical methods is industrially made mainly with fractional destination, in columns, generally at trays, utilizing the difference between the boiling points of the same components. The separation by means of centrifuges is employed only in some cases, as for the isotopes of uranium. Let's take into consideration, as example, the separation by destination of a mixture of the two liquids propane and propylene in a tray column. In corrispondence of an intermediate tray the feed is introduced. From the top tray it is extracted in vapour phase the more volatile component (propylene), which is condensed. A part of the condensate is re-introduced into the top plate as "reflux", and this reflux can be in quantity even by several times greater than that of the useful part extracted. From the bottom tray, in correspondence of which the heat for the evaporation of the liquid is supplied, the less volatile component (propane) is extracted. For one ton of mixture it can be necessary to evaporate even several tons of liquid. In the column a tray is an "enrichment element" in the more volatile component. This enrichment is obtained by creating in the same tray a chemical-physical equilibrium between a liquid phase and a gas one, in which the concentration of the more volatile component in the vapour is higher than that in the liquid. The technique now described is, however, very complex and expensive. In this context, the technical task at the basis of the present invention is to propose a new type of electromagnetic device that overcome the inconveniencies of the known solutions, and the applications of which can allow simplifications and savings in costs.

In particular, one of the aims of the present invention is to make available a new type of electromagnetic device to be utilized as propeller or rotatory electric motor. The technical task pointed out and the aims specified are substantially realized by a new type of electromagnetic device, comprising the characteristics shown in one or more of the attached claims.

Further characteristics and advantages of the present invention will appear more clear from the description, indicative and therefore not limiting, of a realization form, preferred but not exclusive, of a new type of electromagnetic device as propeller and rotatory electric motor, according to what shown in the attached drawings in which:

Fig. 1 shows wave forms of the vector electric field strength E and of the vector magnetic induction B; - Fig. 2 shows a propeller.

With reference to the figures, the substance under treatment (liquid, gas or solid) is subjected, in a treating chamber 1, to the action of an alternating magnetic field (at rectangular, or rectangular with rounded-off vertices, or even sinusoidal waves) with vector "magnetic innduction" B perpendicular to the direction of the thrust to obtain and, simultaneously, to an isofrequential alternating electric field with vector "electric field strength" E perpendicular to both B and to the direction of the thrust. In the treatment of this section let's consider the case of the molecular polarization and let's neglect the change of the dipolar moment due to the effect of the vector E of the external electric field. Moreover, let's consider the theoretical case of perfectly rectangular waves and let's suppose a phase shift between the two vectors B and E equal to al least a ten of sexagesimal degrees, or even a fourth of period (situation of quadrature). In the following there will be indicated, in a right-handed system at three orthogonal co-ordinate axes [x, y, z], with "x" the direction of the thrust, with "z" that of the magnetic field (vector B) and with "y" that of the electric field (vector E).

With reference to Fig. 1 , when the vector E at the instant t2 (indicated on the axis of the abscissae) undergoes an inversion, it, if sufficiently intense, moves the particle tending to lay parallelly to itself the axis connecting the centers-of-mass of the positive and negative charges of the same particle, with the positive center-of-mass pointing towards the instantaneous negative pole of the electric field. This movement impressed to the particle will be called in the following "stretching". The time required for this stretching, indicated in the figure as interval t2-t2', depends, in the case here considered of the molecular polarization, on the chemical-physical properties of the substance under treatment and on the temperature. This stretching time must be very short with respect to the fourth of period (stretch t2-t3) of the electric field.

With reference to the schematization made of an electron and a positron aligned in the y-direction and separated by the distance δ, the stretching, as regards the electron, is a movement that has a component 2δ in the y-direction with respect to the positron. Since this schematic electron makes, with respect to the antagonist positron, in the y-direction and at a certain velocity, such a displacement 2δ, it is subjected in the magnetic field B acting in z-direction, to a Lorentz force in x- direction, in a determined running way. The particle, after the stretching and up to the end of the half-period of the electric field (stretch t2'-t4) does not vary its alignment and its orientation in the y-direction and does not undergo, therefore, any further Lorentz force independently of variations of the magnetic field. When the electric field will again be inverted, at the instant t4, the particle will undergo a new stretching in the opposite direction, but will be exposed to a magnetic field inverted with respect to the previous half-period. It will undergo, therefore, a Lorentz force equal in absolute value and still directed along x, in the same way as that of the previous half-period. The average thrust on the particle can be calculated as the force acting on an electron that cover, in uniform motion, in a second a distance equal to 4-δ-f, being "F the frequency in Hertz, at an "equivalent velocity" of 4-δ-f m/s. In the literature it is defined as "relaxation time" the time necessary for the substance under treatment to return, after exclusion of the electric field, to its spontaneous orientation, which is determined, in the case of a liquid, by the mutual interactions among the dipolar electric and magnetic moments of all the surrounding particles. The effect of these interactions on the orientation of the particles can be considered as inexistent in the case of gases. If the relaxation time is not sufficiently short with respect to the half-period of the two (electric and magnetic) fields applied, it gets near a resonance case, to which strong effects of agitation on the particles and high dispersions of energy correspond. The stretching times are in relation with those of relaxation, but depend also on the intensity of the external electric field applied.

If the relaxation and stretching times are longer than the half-period of the external fields, the phenomenon of the production of the periodical thrusts in the same oriented direction is disactivated. The relaxation times in the molecular polarization are relatively long, because of which, for most polar molecules, the molecular polarization can be utilized only up to a maximum of 100 MHz.

In the other cases of polarization (electronic, atomic and ionic) the stretching and relaxation times are much shorter than those of the molecular polarization, allowing the employment of higher frequencies.

Also in these last types of polarization the phenomenon of the production of the periodical thrust in the same oriented direction is identical to that of the case of the molecular polarization. The planning scheme here presented for the realization of a propeller device with rectilinear treating tube, in a particular process case and utilizing the molecular polarization serves as track for the planning of all other applications and with all other types of polarization.

The type of application chosen is that of motor (pump for water).

It is still considered the right-handed reference system at orthogonal co-ordinate axes [x, y, z] utilized for Fig. 2. The complete apparatus comprises a certain number of propellers, that will be connected to one another in series and parallel combinations according to what will be said later.

A feeder 2 with two outlets 2a and 2b, connected at its inlet 2c to a power net at 50

Hz, supplies to the whole apparatus: • from the first outlet 2a, for the generation of the magnetic fields, an alternating current [I = 40 A], 20 MHz, at waves assumed as perfectly rectangular,

• from the second outlet 2b, for the generation of the electric fields, an alternating voltage, isofrequential with the current from the first outlet 2a and with the same characteristics regarding the form of the waves. The alternating voltage of the first outlet 2a must be such as to make circulate in the circuit of the propellers the intensity provided for the current,

The alternating voltage of the second outlet 2b must be such as to secure within the treating chamber 1 for the electric field strength E a number of V/cm sufficient to produce an efficient stretching of the particles. For the molecular polarization here considered, there can be foreseen, as a minimum, some tens of V/cm. The employment of higher electric field strengths, in the order of 1000 V/cm, can produce, in addition to a more efficient stretching of the molecules, a certain increase of the equivalent arm of dipolar moment, for further deformation of the H₂O molecule. For the electronic polarization the electric field strength in the treating chamber must be very high (in the order of the tens of thousands of V/cm), since in such polarization the dipolar moment of the particles is proportional to the voltage applied. Downstream the feeder there is placed a non-inductive resistance 3, that can also be absent, with the function to avoid the short-circuits.

Downstream the non-inductive resistance 3 there is the complex of the propellers, the first only of which is shown in Fig. 2, indicated with 4. The propeller 4 consists in the following elements. • A winding 5 or inductor at turns in conducting material in which the electric current for the generation of the magnetic field circulates. The turns are "in air" (without magnetic nucleus). The axis of the winding lies along z, and the turns are at rectangular section of 3 cm along y and 5 cm along x. The winding 5 is divided into two parts, connected in series, each of which has the length along z of 6 cm and comprises 15 turns. The two parts are separated by a distance ("inductor interspacing") of 2 cm.

• A treating chamber 1 , in correspondence of the inductor interspacing, of the section yz of 3 x 2 cm, inside which the fluid flows.

• A multiplicity of resonance condensers 6, each interposed at the connection between two subsequent turns 7 of the winding. Function of each of these condensers is that of supplying a reactive voltage equal and of opposite sign (of capacity) with respect to the inductive voltage that is determined in the preceding turn, thus avoiding to make the same inductive voltage reach excessive values for the whole inductor. • An active condenser 8, formed by two parallel sheets (armature) laid such as to produce an electric field directed along y through the treating chamber 1. The two sheets are of the sizes, along x and z, respectively of 6 and 2 cm, and are spaced along y by 4 cm. The voltage to be applied to the sheets is that directly supplied by the feeder 2 through the second outlet 2b.

In general, the geometric sizing of the inductor 5 must try to make the flux lines of the vector B be as uniformly as possible distributed within the (even if not circular) section of the turns 7, and cross almost completely the treating chamber 1 , without running-out of the edges. The lengths along z of the higher and lower stretches of the winding have been chosen in such a way as to make easier a "parallelizing" of the magnetic flux lines in all the inductor 5. This parallelizing, on which the optimal utilization of the magnetic field inside the treating chamber 1 depends, can, then, be improved in the connection among the several propellers by placing the inductors of two of these on each other at immediate contact in z direction. The number of molecules per cm³ is obtained in the following way. mass of the neutron 1.67482-10²⁷ Kg molecular weigth H₂O 18.0153 mass of the molecule H₂O 1.67482-10^{27 •} 18.0153 - 10³ = 3.0172-10²³ g specific gravity of water 1 g/cm³ number of molecules H₂O per cm³ 1 / (3.0172-10²³) = 3.3143-10²²

The "equivalent velocity" of the schematic "equivalent electron" is obtained in the following way. equivalent arm of dipolar moment δ = 0.3852 A = 0.3852- 10 ¹⁰ m frequency f = 20 MHz = 2- 10⁷ s^"1 "equivalent velocity" v =4 δ-f = 4- 0.3852-10 ¹⁰- 2-10⁷=3.0816-1Q-³ m/s The data relating to the 1^st propeller are the following:

• current I = 40 A

• frequency f = 2-10⁷ Hz (wavelength λ = 15 m)

• angular velocity ω = 2π f = 6.28-2-10⁷ s^"1 = 1.256-10¹ S^"1 • calculation section of the turns 20 cm² - calculation length of 1 turn 20 cm

• turn interaxis 0.4 cm

• total number of turns 30 - total length of turns L₅ = 30 x 20 = 600 cm

• length along z of each inductor half 6 cm

• inductor interspacing 2 cm • total length along z of the propeller 14 cm

For 1 turn Inductance L = 1.25-10^{"6 ■} 1 - 20-10^"4 / 0.004 = 0.625-10⁶ H

Reactance X_L = ω-L = 1.256-10^{8 •} 0.625-10⁶ = 78.5 Ω

Inductive voltage V_L = X_L I = 78.5 ^• 40 = 3140 V

For 30 turns Induction B = 1.25-10^{6 •} 30-40 / 0.14 = 10.71 -10^"3 T (Tesla) Force on 1 molecule (e = 1.602-10¹⁹ electric charge of the electron in Coulomb)

F_H2o = e-B-v = 1.602-10^{"19 ■} 10.71 -10^{"3 •} 3.0816-10^"3 = 52.87-10²⁵ N/molecule Theoretical thrust on 1 propeller (5 cm of tube), referred to 1 cm² of tube section ∑i = F_H2O ^■ 3.3143-10²² - 5 = 52.87-10^{25 •} 3.3143-10^{22 •} 5 = 0.8761 N/cm² equal to 87.61 cm H₂O. This thrust should be reduced through a coefficient, for example 0.7, to allow for the practical discrepancies of the waves of current from the exactly rectangular form and for other factors, among which the not perfect distribution of the flux lines of the magnetic field in the inside of the treating chamber. It would be obtained, then, a thrust of (87.61 - 0.7) = 61.33 cm H₂O. In the case of propulsion of liquids at low volume throughputs (for example, 4 m³/h), it is possible to subdivide the treating chamber 1 into a certain number of canals, not shown, to be connected in series with the same running way of the liquid. In the scheme of propeller above considered it would be possible to arrange in the treating chamber several passages of one only treating tube.

With a treating tube having external and internal diameters respectively of 10 and 8 mm the internal section would be 0.503 cm² and the velocity of water at 4 m³/h 22.09 m/s. To reduce such velocity it is possible to vary the sizing of the propeller, or to subdivide the flow of water into two parts to be connected in parallel. In this latter case, with 6 passages per propeller and (14 ^• 2) = 28 propellers the theoretical thrust would be (14 ^• 6 ^■ 0.06133) = 5.1517 Kg/cm². Subtracting from it the pressure losses of the water in the flow through the tubes, there would be left available a pressure head greater than 4 Kg(cm². In each turn of a propeller 4 the inductance has been calculated at 0.625- 10^'6 H. The capacity of each resonance condenser 6 results

C = 1 / (ω² L) = 1 / [(1.256-1O⁸)²- 0.625-10^"6] = 0.1014-10⁹ F.

The active condenser 8 of the propeller 4 is fed, as already said, by a voltage directly supplied by the feeder 2.

In general, the maximum value practically acceptable of the inductive voltage in the winding is one of the main limiting factors in the thrust obtainable from a propeller. In fact, it reduces the current that can circulate in the inductor and, with it, the vector B of the magnetic induction in the treating chamber, proportional to the thrusts obtainable. To limit the disadvantage of high inductive voltages, in the above calculation example there has been inserted a resonance condenser 6 at each turn 7, instead of placing one only at the end of all the winding. Instead of inserting at each turn 7 one only resonance condenser 6, it is possible to provide several of them, for example, 16. This would allow, in the propeller already considered, at equal inductive voltage constructively acceptable and with no variation of the other conditions, to quadruplicate the sizes along y and x of the inductor (keeping unchanged the inductor interspacing). With the increase of the area of the section perpendicular to z of the treating chamber, subdividing this into canals to be connected in series for the passage of the fluid, it would be possible to increase by 16 times the thrust obtainable from a single propeller. Conversely, in the cases of low values of the inductive voltage it is possible to place a resonance condenser at each integer number greater than 1 of turns, or to provide one only resonance condenser at the end of the inductor. A further realization variant, not shown, provides to realize the winding with a "compound" conductor, formed by several stretches, being inserted at the end of each stretch a small resonance condenser calculated to eliminate the inductive voltage in the same stretch. It would result, so, a "bead" string conductor, with the "beads" more or less close to each other. With such a compound conductor it is possible to plan inductors with relatively great internal sections at equal vector B, containing the inductive voltage within practically acceptable limits. The propellers can be connected to one another in various ways, not shown but in the following described.

In a first way, 5 propellers are placed on each other, in z-direction, with immediate contact between the windings. Several aggregates of 5 propellers are placed aside each other, suitably spaced, in x-direction. If the treating chambers of the propellers are not subdivided into canals there are 5 treating tubes, each of which runs rectilinearly among the propellers of the aggregates. The 5 treating tubes can, then, be connected to one another in parallel or series. If the treating chamber of each propeller is subdivided into canals, in these there passes a tube that crosses all propellers or a part of them (if there are more tubes to be set in parallel). Another way of connection can be that of forming an aggregate by placing several propellers at contact with each other along a rectangular pattern, so that to produce along it a total magnetic field with flux lines completely closed in the inside of the turns, realizing an optimal utilization of the lines of the total magnetic field of the aggregate. The windings of the inductors can be connected in series and parallel combinations. The active condensers of the several propellers are connected to one another in parallel. It is necessary, however, to secure, eventually with suitable auxiliary devices, that in each propeller the phase relation between the vectors E of the electric field and B of the magnetic field through the treating chamber be such as to allow the operation of the process according to Fig. 1.

The schemes of the propellers presented up to this point must be intended as indicative.

A first possibility of variation of the process flow scheme shown in Fig. 2 can be that of sending to the active condenser, instead of a voltage directly supplied by the feeder, another voltage taken between two points of the winding of the inductor. It is needed, however, in this case, to carefully study, and eventually regulate with suitable devices, the phase relation of the voltage to the active condenser with respect to the current sent to the inductor, to make possible the operation of the process according to Fig. 1. Other possibilities of variation can be those of placing the treating chamber directly in the inside of the turns of the inductor. This can be obtained, for example, according to the following scheme, that considers to realize a propeller ("helicotron") with treating chamber formed by a helicoidal tube. In this new scheme the inductor is formed by a primary helicoidal winding of turns "in air" laid along the surface of a first cylinder of the diamere, for example, of 10 cm.

In the inside of the first cylinder, along the surface of a second cylinder, co-axial with the first and of diameter a little shorter (in the above case, for example, of 8 cm), a helicoidal coil forming the treating chamber is placed. The electric field necessary for the production of the Lorentz forces is realized by sending through the coil an alternating electric voltage, isofrequential with respect to the current sent to the primary winding and directed radially. This electric voltage must be, in correspondence of each point of the coil, in a phase relation with the vector B of the magnetic field such as to make possible the operation of the process according to Fig. 1.

The problem of realizing such an electric field is of very difficult solution. A way to produce it can be the following.

Along the surface of a third cylinder, internal to the second cylinder and co-axial with both, of the diameter of 6 cm in the above example, there is placed a secundary winding, of length exactly equal to that of the primary winding, and then with number of turns slightly greater, taking into account also the fractions of turn. The two windings must have the same winding way (at helicoids both right-handed or left-handed). The secundary winding is open at both ends. The magnetic field produced by the primary winding induces into the secundary winding a current. Between two points in front of each other of the two windings the alternating voltage sought is determined. The conductors of the two windings form the two elements of the armature of the active condenser 8 of Fig. 2.

In alternative, the secundary winding could be connected, with suitable planning, to a separate outlet from the feeder. The length of the primary winding must be rather short with respect to the fourth of wavelength. If, for example, there is employed a frequency of 1 MHz, to which a wavelength λ = 300 m corresponds, the length of the primary winding must be preferrably not higher than λ /16 = 18.75 m. Moreover, it is necessary to employ one only resonance condenser at the end of the primary winding.

It would be possible, also, to study more complex solutions, replacing the secundary winding with other conductor elements, suitable connected. A propeller at helicoidal treating tube would allow, from a theoretical point of view, to utilize in optimal way the magnetic field, the electric one and the treating tube itself, in that it would have all advantages deriving from a physical process continuous and uniform along the full path of the substance to treat. However, the realizability of such a propeller is rather problematic, and it will be possible to carefully study it with laborious experimental research.

As regards the electromagnetic fields utilizable, feeders for rectangular waves are preferrable, in that they allow to have easier and precisely the maximum values of the magnetic field in the short time interval in which the electric field, after an inversion, is sufficiently intense to produce the alignment by polarization of a particle of the substance under treatment. Such feeders can be easily planned, even for high frequencies, with the technology at transistors or equivalent electronic components. In the case of sinusoidal waves, or waves of intermediate form between the rectangular and the sinusoidal, or pulsating, or anyway of other types, there exists the problem, in the planning of a propeller, to do so that, in the short time interval in which the electric field determines the stretching of the particle, the average value of the magnetic field be sufficiently distant from the zero. This can require to plan a certain determined phase shift between the vectors B and E, and then between the current of the magnetic field and the voltage of the electric one. A possible disadvantage is represented by the fact that the above phase shift is to be planned and regulated with high precision for any apparatus and any substance under treatment, since even a little discrepancy of the same shift from the optimal value can lead to very sensible reductions in the thrusts obtainable. Magnetic nuclei (in ferrite) can be employed in the inductors in the case of not very high frequencies. Also superconductors (kept at the temperatures of liquid helium or nitrogen) can be utilized for the turns of the inductors.

The employment of magnetrons would make possible the utilization of very strong magnetic fields at the frequencies in the order of the GHz's. This would present, however, problems of difficult solution in the planning, above all because of the short wavelengths. It would be, anyway, necessary to utilize the electronic polarization, since at such frequencies the molecular polarization is disactivated, being in it the stretching and relaxation times of the molecules too long with respect to the fourth of period of the waves. The waves of the electric field produced by the active condenser of each propeller can be replaced by Hertz waves obtained, for example, from a magnetron. They, in fact, cause stretchings of the particles (atoms or molecules) identical to those produced by waves of electric voltage.

The stretching determined by the Hertz waves on a particle takes place in the same direction of the oscillations produced in the "ether" by the same waves. It is necessary, therefore, in order to utilize the Lorentz force, that the Hertz waves employed produce oscillations in the same directions of the vectors E of the electric fields previously considered. This is realizable in various ways, one of which, with reference to the scheme of Fig. 2, can be that of placing, in correspondence of a sheet of the armature of the active condenser, a "launcher" of the type of that employed in the microwave ovens, orienting it so to "launch" the waves towards the opposite sheet (in y-direction). Such waves can, then, be guided by a suitable "wave guide".

The utilization of the electronic polarization is the only choice in many cases, in relation to the polarizability of the atoms or the molecules of the substances treated. The electronic polarization is active also at the low frequencies, at which, however, it gives a modest contribution to the thrusts on the particles. This because, even employing high voltages in the electric field, the "equivalent arm of dipolar moment" results very short due to the scarce deformability of the atoms. Advantages of the electronic polarization are that of being present for all the species of atoms or molecules and the other of having "relaxation times" (in the order of 10^"16 s) much shorter than those of the molecular polarization, allowing the utilization of high frequencies, to which the thrusts obtainable are proportional. The disadvantages are represented mainly by the very short wavelengths and by thbe necessity of utilizing very high voltages in the active condensers. The present invention finds a first application as motor/generator, and in particular as pump for liquids.

The advantages presented by this technology with respect to the traditional groups [electric motor / centrifugal pump] result considerable, for the following facts: • employment of mechanically static elements only, with elimination of vibrations, of noise and of all other problems related to the presence of mobile parts,

• great savings in construction, considering that the apparatus results compact, that the centrifuge wheel part is eliminated and that the propeller elements, in mass production, would have a very low unit cost, • yields higher for the fact that those of the centrifugal pumps are low and rapidly decrease at the reduced throughputs,

• considerable savings in the maintenance costs, for the absence of sliding or rolling contacts and seal surfaces for liquids,

• great savings in construction in the case of treating of highly corrosive or dangerous liquids (as, for example, those utilized in the nuclear power stations).

Since the thrusts obtainable with a single propeller, are not very high, it is necessary to employ a certain number of propellers in series, which, anyway, is not prejudicial to the convenience of utilizing a pump at dipolar electric moment with respect to the known solutions. The considerations made on this technology at dipolar electri moment for the pumps for liquids are valid, in general, also for the compressors for gases. The compression of gases utilizing the dipolar electric moment is, however, less favourable than the pumping of liquids, due to the lower densities of gases and to the consequent necessity of greater passage sections in the treating chambers and of greater number of propellers. This disadvantage is, in a certain misure, reduced in those compression stages in which the inlet gas already has a certain pressure. It follows that the utilization of the technology at dipolar electric moment for the compressors for gases can be convenient, with respect to the traditional groups [electric motor / centrifugal compressor], only in some cases.

In the compression of apolar gases it is necessary to utilize the electronic polarization, that can secure sufficient, even if not high, dipolar moments in all species of atoms and molecules, operating at very high electric voltages. In conformity with the present invention it would be possible to construct propellers for solid substances in pieces, or in powder, or in suspension, such as, for example, wheat in corns, milk in powder, coal powder suspended in water, etc.. However, in the construction of such apparatuses, notwithstanding the low thrusts generally needed, it is necessary to realize treating chambers with wide passage sections. In conformity with the present invention a rotative electric motor can be realized according to one of the schemes previously described, and exactly according to that of the helicotron, placing a polar substance (at intrinsic or ionic polarization), liquid or preferably solid, inside the helicoidal coil located between the two primary and secundary windings, and blocking the same coil at the ends and at other intermediate points. The primary winding is arranged in the stator. The coil, along with the secundary winding, is placed in the rotor. The secundary winding is left open at the ends. In this way there is no electric connection between stator and rotor. The present invention has application also as generator of electricity fed by liquids (for which the same considerations made for the pumping of liquids apply) and as generator of electricity fed by gases (for which the same considerations made for the compression of gases are valid).

The present invention has also application as flow indicator for fluids.

An apparatus for the flow measurement of fluids with the technology at dipolar electric moment is constructed as a generator of electricity. With respect to the traditional measuring methods such an indicator has the advantage not to require sensible pressure losses for the passage of the fluids.

It requires, however, a suitable feeder, that can be, anyway, shared among several indicators and, eventually, with pumps or compressors.

The present invention finds utilization also as separator of components from a mixture.

The separation of chemical components with the technology at dipolar electric moment presents some very complex problems, that differentiate it from the other applications, here considered, of the same technology.

In the utilization as motor or generator (even if the substance under treatment is a mixture of two or more chemical components) it deals with a process of total propulsion, in which the thrust on the particles (atoms or molecules) is totally utilized, while in the separation of two chemical components there is a process of differential propulsion, in that it is utilizable only the differential thrust separately calculable on the particles of the two same components. In the mixable liquids, the dipolar electric moments of the particles interact among one another even in the absence of electromagnetic fields. These dipolar electric moments have no influence on the thrusts utilizable in the case of the total propulsion. In the differential propulsion, instead, the differential thrust exerted on two heterolog particles is, generally, reduced due to the effect of the dipolar electric moments among the particles. This reduction can be considerable, leading, in certain cases, to a practical impossibility of separation of the components. In gases, the interactions among the dipolar electric moments of the particles can be considered as absent. In the differential propulsio the differential thrust exerted on two heterolog particles is generally, also for the gases, reduced. This, however, not due to the effect of the dipolar electric moments, as happens for the liquids, but for the collisions among the molecules, which tend to reduce the difference of velocity between heterolog molecules. Also in the case of gases this reduction can be considerable. With reference to the separation of liquids, with respect to the traditional technique above described, with the present innovative technology at differential dipolar electric moment it is introduced at an intermediate point of an internally empty treating tube a liquid mixture of two or more chemical components. The two components, or the two groups of components to separate, migrate each towards an end of the tube, from which they are extracted.

The particles (atoms or molecules) of the components are subjected to axial thrusts proportional not to their masses (as happens, for example, in the centrifuges or in the field of gravity), but to their dipolar electric moments. It is defined as volumetric thrust on a component the ratio between the thrust on a particle from dipolar electric moment and the average volume occupied by the same particle. The measurement unit for such thrust is the UIm³. The separation between two components takes place on the basis of their differential volumetric thrust. This differential volumetric thrust can be compared with the difference in the specific gravities of two non-mixable liquids subjected to the action of gravity. In the comparison with the traditional method, the equivalent of a destination tray is a stretch of the tube forming the treating chamber. The inside of the tube is empty, and this involves enormous simplification and reduction of construction costs with respect to the system at destination columns. The savings in the operation costs are, with respect to that traditional by destination, very high, above all for the fact that there is avoided the vaporization of liquids in quantities that can be a multiple even high of that of the liquid of the feed, as in the case, already mentionned, of the propane-propylene separation. In addition to the savings in construction, operation and maintenance it is possible to consider also the advantage of having structures more compact and arranged horizontally, instead of vertically. In fact, in a destination column the plates are piled vertically and, when the column results very high (for example, over 60 meters), it is subdivided into two or more parts connected in series. The technology at dipolar electric moment finds application also in the case os separation of gases.

Also in the case of gases it is introduced at an intermediate point of a treating tube a gas mixture of two or more chemical components. The two components, or the two groups of components, to separate migrate each towards an end of the tube, from which they are extracted. A difference with respect to the case of liquids is that the agitation of the gas mass in the inside of the tube must be very low. To this purpose the treating tube, instead of being internally empty, can be suitably filled with inert material, to reduce the turbolences. The separation takes place, also in the case of gases too, on the basis of the differential volumetric thrust on the components to separate. Still in the case of gases such thrust increases, almost proportionally, with the pressure and is proportional to the difference between the thrusts on the molecules, since these occupy the same volume for all components (according to the Avogadro principle). There are necessary very strong voltages for the electric field, if the electronic polarization is utilized, since the dipolar electric moment produced on the particles by such polarization is proportional to the intensity of the electric field applied according to a proportionality constant [α] extremely small, due to the scarce deformability of the atoms.

A first EXAMPLE can be the separation of nitrogen and oxygen from air utilizing the electronic polarization.

The polarizability constants [α' = α / (4πε₀)] have been taken from the literature through Internet. The constant of electric influence ε₀ has the value, in SI (Standard International) units 8.8542-10 ¹².

N₂ O₂

α' = α / (4πε₀) m³ 1.77 ^■ 10^"3° 0.793 ^■ 10^"30 dipolar moment e m / (V/m) 1.229-10^"21 0.551 -10^"21

For an intensity of electric field 50000 V/cm (5-10⁶ V/m) there are the following

"equivalent arms of dipolar moment δ": δ_N2 = 1.229- 10^{21 •} 5- 10⁶ = 6.145- 10 ¹⁵ m δ₀₂ = 0.551 -10^{9 •} 5-10⁶ = 2.755-10 ¹⁵ m

Employing, for example, a frequency of 1 GHz (f = 10⁹ s^"1), the "equivalent electron velocity v" results: v_N2 = 4- δ_N2 -f = 4 - 6.145-10^{15 ■} 10⁹ = 2.458-10^"5 m/s v_O2 = 4- δ_O2 -f = 4 - 2.755-10-^{15 ■} 10⁹ = 1.102-10^"5 m/s If it is succeded in realizing in the treating tube an induction of 50 mT (millitesla), the thrusts on the two molecules result:

F_N2 = e B v_N2 = 1.602-10^{19 •} 0.05 ^■ 2.458-10^"5 = 1.968-10^"25 N/molecule F₀₂ = e- B v₀₂ = 1.602-10^{19 •} 0.05 ^• 1.102-10⁵ = 0.883-10²⁵ N/molecule. The differential thrust is (1.968-10²⁵ - 0.883-10²⁵) = 1.085-10²⁵ N/molecule.

The number of molecules per unit volume, equal for the two components, in normal conditions (0°C and 760 mm Hg) is calculated on the basis of the Avogadro constants (6.02252-10²³ molecules/g-mol and 0.022414 m³/g-mol). The average volume occupied by a molecule results 0.022414 / 6.02252-10²³ = 3.7218-10^"26 m³ / molecule The differential volumetric thrust results 1.085-10²⁵ / 3.7218-10²⁶ = 2.9153 N/m³.

Introducing into the treating tube air (preferably dried) at 25 Kg/cm² gauge (25 ate) and 50 ⁰C the differential volumetric thrust becomes 2.9153 ^• [(25 + 1.033)/1.033] ^■ (273 / 323) = 62.097 N/ m³.

The same differential volumetric thrust can, then, be increased with subsequent perfectionings, for example, with an increase of the pressure or the magnetic induction (with the utilization of magnetic nuclei, superconductors, etc. according to the possibilities of which it has been previously said). For comparison, it can be thought of the separation between air and CO₂ that spontaneously occours on the grounds adjacent to the perforations of the geothermal plants. Such a separation is effective and even significant on a heigth of some meters from grade, in the absence of agitation, at the athmospheric conditions, at which the differential volumetric thrust due to the gravity and to the different mass of the molecules is about 6 N/m³' A possibility can be seen also in the separation of the gases H₂ and CO, produced in mixture in numerous processes of the chemical industry. The separation would be easy utilizing the molecular polarization, since the CO molecule has an intrinsic dipolar electric moment, while the other H₂ molecule has not. This allows, among other, to utilize voltages of the electric field in the order of the thousands, instead of the hundredths of thousands, of Volt, not being necessary to produce in the mixture to treat an electronic polarization.

Another application is the separation of electrolytes from liquids, as is the case, for example, of the desalting of sea water. The ionic polarization is utilized. Introducing into a treating tube, at an intermediate point, the sea water, it il possible to obtain at an end of the tube a concentrated salt solution, and at the other desalted water.

This type of separation would have the advantage represented by "arms of dipolar electric moment" much longer than those considered in the non ionic polarizations. In fact, the migrations of the ions due to an inversion of the electric field are in an order of magnitude higher than that of the "elongations" previously considered for the "schematic equivalent electron" in the other types of polarization.

The propeller finds application also for the purification of chemical substances for the purpose of eliminating, up to a high grade, impurities from chemical substances for which an extreme purity is to be reached, as reagents for chemical analyses and intermediate products for the production of silicon or gallium arsenide crystals (for computers or fotovoltaic applications).

Another industrial application can be that of the separation of the isotopes of atoms, in particular the separation of the isotopes of hydrogen and uranium. In the case of hydrogen the separation is made on hydrogen in the combined state, as water (mixture of H₂O, D₂O and T₂O) and in liquid phase. It would seem, at a first glance, that a separation H₂O-D₂O with this technology at dipolar electric moment be impossible, not having appreciable differences either the volumetric occupation of the two molecules, or their dipolar electric moments (intrinsic or induced by an external magnetic field), because of which the differential volumetric thrust, calculated as defined in regard to the separation of liquids, would result zero. It is necessary, however, to consider that the real phenomenon in this particular case is very complex.

In the water in the liquid state two adjacent identical molecules of H₂O undergo a polarization, additional to that intrinsic molecular, due to the only fact of being at close distance from each other. Such additional polarization is different between a pair of contiguous H₂O molecules and another pair of still contiguous D₂O molecules, for phenomena due, mainly, to the fact that a D₂O molecule has a nucleus more massive than that of a H₂O molecule.

The dipolar electric moments of all the above molecules in liquid phase influence their physical behaviour, with particular regard to the boiling point. The boiling points of H₂O and D₂O differ, even if by little (1.4⁰C), and the behaviour of the two molecules differs also in the phenomena of electrolysis. It can be thought, then, that the two substances present behaviours shlightly different, for effect of their polarizability, also in regard to the volumetric thrusts to which they would be subjected in the technology, here considered, at dipolar electric moment. For a H₂O-D₂O separation a very long treating tube is needed, but the construction costs are by far lower than those of the corresponding traditional plants (per destination or electrolysis), and minimum are the energetic consumptions. In the case of the separation of the isotopes of uranium the separation would be made on uranium in form of hexafluoride in liquid phase. For the separation of the isotopes U₂₃₅ and U₂₃₈ the same considerations made for the case of the hydrogen are valid.

Therefore the invention finds application as separator, for example, for separation of liquid or gas mixtures of propane-propylene, separation of nitrogen and oxygen from air in gas phase, desalting of sea water, purification of substances for which an extreme purity is required, as reagents for chemical analyses, and separation of isotopes of atoms.

In conclusion, the thrusts on the substance under treatment are produced by exerting on the particles of the same substance (atoms or molecules) a Lorentz force, intermittent and always directed in only one way, obtained subjecting the substance to a combination of a magnetic field and one electric, alternating and isofrequential. The velocity necessary for the production of the Lorentz force is obtained by displacing, at each inversion of the electric field, the positive and negative electric charges of the particles utilizing their dipolar electric moment, preexisting or induced by the electric field.

In alternative, the combination magnetic field / electric field can be replaced by the combination magnetic field / Hertz waves, realized in such a way to still utilize the dipolar electric moment of the particles. -l

In the treatment of a mixture of chemical components the thrusts on the particles result different for the different physical properties of the same particles. This allows to separate the components.

Claims

1. Electromagnetic device to accelerate electrically neutral molecules of a (fluid or solid) substance, characterized by the fact that it includes:

- a treating tube in non-conducting material, into which the substance to be treated is introduced;

- electromagnetic circuits that surround the above treating tube exerting on the substance to be treated electromagnetic actions that axially push it utilizing the dipolar electric moment of the molecules.

2. Device according to claim 1 , in which the treating tube is rectilinear or helicoidal.

3. Motor for the linear propulsion or compression of fluids (liquid and gases) or solids (in pieces, powder or suspension in liquids), characterized by the fact of comprising a device according to claims 1 and 2.

4. Generator of electricity fed by fluids under pressure, characterized by the fact of comprising a device according to claims 1 and 2.

5. Separator of chemical substances in liquid or gas phase, characterized by the fact of comprising a device according to claims 1 and 2.

6. Separator of isotopes of atoms, characterized by the fact of comprising a device according to claims 1 and 2.

7. Flow indicator for fluids, characterized by the fact of comprising a device according to claims 1 and 2.

8. Rotatory electric motor without electric connections between stator and rotor, characterized by the fact of comprising a device according to claims 1 and 2.

9. Method of treating of electrically neutral molecules of a (fluid or solid) substance, characterized by the fact that it provides to accelerate the same molecules subjecting them to a combination of a magnetic field and another electric or, in alternative, of a magnetic field and one at Hertz waves, alternating and isofrequential, utilizing the Lorentz force of electrology.