WO2011026990A1 - Lubricating compositions - Google Patents

Lubricating compositions Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011026990A1
WO2011026990A1 PCT/EP2010/063082 EP2010063082W WO2011026990A1 WO 2011026990 A1 WO2011026990 A1 WO 2011026990A1 EP 2010063082 W EP2010063082 W EP 2010063082W WO 2011026990 A1 WO2011026990 A1 WO 2011026990A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cation
lubricating composition
ionic liquid
bis
trifluoromethylsulfonyl
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2010/063082
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Cara Siobhan Tredget
Original Assignee
Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. filed Critical Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.
Priority to BR112012005155-5A priority Critical patent/BR112012005155B1/en
Priority to EP10749866A priority patent/EP2475753A1/en
Priority to RU2012113710/04A priority patent/RU2555703C2/en
Priority to US13/394,179 priority patent/US20120178658A1/en
Priority to CN201080047677.0A priority patent/CN102625827B/en
Priority to JP2012528340A priority patent/JP5680648B2/en
Publication of WO2011026990A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011026990A1/en

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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M171/00Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
    • C10M171/02Specified values of viscosity or viscosity index
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    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M169/00Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M169/04Mixtures of base-materials and additives
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    • C10M2201/00Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/08Inorganic acids or salts thereof
    • C10M2201/081Inorganic acids or salts thereof containing halogen
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    • C10M2201/00Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/08Inorganic acids or salts thereof
    • C10M2201/082Inorganic acids or salts thereof containing nitrogen
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    • C10M2201/00Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/08Inorganic acids or salts thereof
    • C10M2201/084Inorganic acids or salts thereof containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
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    • C10M2201/085Phosphorus oxides, acids or salts
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    • C10M2201/087Boron oxides, acids or salts
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    • C10M2207/00Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28Esters
    • C10M2207/283Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
    • C10M2207/2835Esters of polyhydroxy compounds used as base material
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    • C10M2211/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2211/04Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen, and oxygen
    • C10M2211/044Acids; Salts or esters thereof
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    • C10M2215/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/02Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
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    • C10M2215/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/14Containing carbon-to-nitrogen double bounds, e.g. guanidines, hydrazones, semicarbazones
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    • C10M2215/16Nitriles
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    • C10M2215/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/22Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
    • C10M2215/221Six-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
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    • C10M2215/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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    • C10M2215/223Five-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
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    • C10M2215/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/22Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
    • C10M2215/223Five-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
    • C10M2215/224Imidazoles
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    • C10M2215/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/22Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
    • C10M2215/225Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds the rings containing both nitrogen and oxygen
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    • C10M2215/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/22Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
    • C10M2215/225Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds the rings containing both nitrogen and oxygen
    • C10M2215/226Morpholines
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    • C10M2219/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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    • C10M2219/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
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    • C10M2219/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10M2219/042Sulfate esters
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    • C10M2219/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10M2219/044Sulfonic acids, Derivatives thereof, e.g. neutral salts
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    • C10M2219/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/10Heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium compounds in the ring
    • C10M2219/104Heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium compounds in the ring containing sulfur and carbon with nitrogen or oxygen in the ring
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    • C10M2223/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/04Phosphate esters
    • C10M2223/043Ammonium or amine salts thereof
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    • C10M2223/06Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
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    • C10M2227/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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    • C10M2227/06Organic compounds derived from inorganic acids or metal salts
    • C10M2227/063Complexes of boron halides
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    • C10NINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/077Ionic Liquids
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    • C10NINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/04Detergent property or dispersant property
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    • C10N2030/00Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/08Resistance to extreme temperature
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    • C10N2040/00Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/12Gas-turbines
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    • C10N2040/00Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/135Steam engines or turbines

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to lubricating
  • compositions particularly to lubricating compositions which are useful as aviation turbine engine oils.
  • HLPS Liquid Process Simulator
  • Ionic liquids are known for use in certain
  • WO2008/154998 discloses the use of ionic liquids for improving the properties of lubricating compositions.
  • this document of the use of ionic liquids in turbine engine oils.
  • WO2008/075Q16 discloses a non-aqueous lubricating oil composition
  • a non-aqueous lubricating oil composition comprising a major amount of a base oil and a minor amount of an additive which is present in solution in the base oil and is a non-halide, non- aromatic ionic liquid which is a salt of general formula C+A-, with the cation C+ being a quaternary phosphonium or quaternary ammonium ion having four hydrocarbyl groups, optionally containing heteroatoms, which
  • hydrocarbyl groups do not all have the same number of carbon atoms, there being at least one long chain
  • the ionic liquid may be used as an anti-wear component and as a friction modifier in a lubricating oil
  • the lubricating oil composition may be used in an ignition engine.
  • ionic liquids in turbine engine oils.
  • a reduction in sludge build-up or of a reduction of coking of the lubricating composition there is also no mention in this document of a reduction in sludge build-up or of a reduction of coking of the lubricating composition.
  • a lubricating composition comprising:
  • the lubricating composition has a pour point of at most -54°C, a flashpoint of at least 246°C and a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C in the range of from 4.9 to 5.4 mm 2 /s.
  • an ionic liquid to reduce the coking in a lubricating composition
  • a base oil comprising (i) a base oil, (ii) an ionic liquid and ⁇ iii) one or more additives.
  • composition of the present invention provides a reduction in viscosity increase, a reduction in TAN increase and a reduction in evaporation loss observed during the test method FTD-STD-791-5308.7.
  • the lubricating composition of the present invention has particular use as a turbine engine oil.
  • Turbine engine oils are required to meet certain physical properties as set out in military and civilian product specifications, MIL-PRF-23699 and SAE-AS-5780,
  • the lubricating composition of the present invention has a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C ⁇ as measured by ASTM DIN455) in the range of from 4.9 to 5.4 mmVs, preferably in the range of from 4.9 to 5.1 mm 2 /s.
  • the lubricating composition of the present invention has a pour point (as measured by ASTM D97) of at most - 54°C, preferably at most -57°C.
  • the lubricating composition of the present invention has a flashpoint ⁇ as measured by ASTM D92) of at least 246°C, preferably at least 250°C.
  • the lubricating composition of the present invention preferably has a kinematic viscosity at ⁇ 40°C (as measured by ASTM DIN455) of at most 13,000 mm 2 /s, more preferably at most 11,500 mm 2 /s.
  • the lubricating composition of the present invention preferably has a kinematic viscosity at 40°C (as measured by ASTM DIN455) of at least 23 mm 2 /s, preferably at least 25 mm 2 /s.
  • the lubricating composition comprises, as an
  • the base oil is present at a level in the range of from 50% to 99%, preferably in the range of from 70% to 99%, more preferably in the range of from 80% to 97%, by weight of the lubricating composition.
  • Any base oil suitable for use in a turbine engine oil may be used herein.
  • the base oil has a kinematic viscosity at 40 " C in the range of from 20 to 30 nim 2 / s , more preferably in the range of from 22 to 25 mm 2 /s, a
  • the base oil comprises a synthetic ester based base stock, in particular polyol ester-based base oils.
  • Synthetic ester based base oils are well known in the art and are for example described in GB-A-2384245. Ester-based base oils (together with a selected additive package) are functional over a wide temperature range and exhibit good thermal and oxidative stability.
  • carboxylic acids can be accomplished using conventional methods and techniques known and familiar to those skilled in the art, and form no part, per se, of the present invention.
  • an alcohol e.g.
  • Suitable synthetic polyol ester based base oils may be formed by the esterification of an aliphatic polyol with carboxylic acid.
  • the aliphatic polyol contains from 4 to 15 carbon atoms and has from 2 to 8 esterifiable hydroxyl groups.
  • Preferred examples are trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, neopentyl glycol, tripentaerythritol and mixtures
  • the carboxylic acid reactant used to produce the synthetic polyol ester base oil may suitably be selected from aliphatic monocarboxylic acid or a mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acid and aliphatic dicarboxylic acid.
  • the carboxylic acid may contain from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably from 4 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably from 5 to 10 carbon atoms and includes
  • Suitable polyol esters are those commercially available under the tradenames Hatcol 2954, Hatcol 1754, Hatcol 1764, Hatcol 1765 and Hatcol 1760 from Chemtura, Middlebury, Connecticut, USA, Priolube 3939 from Croda, Snaith, UK and Synative ES 2939 and Synative ES 2931 from Cognis, Monheim, Germany.
  • the polyol ester base oil comprises at least 80 wt.% monopentaerythritol .
  • the polyol ester base oil may be a mixture of about 80 to 95 wt.% monopentaerythritol and 5 to
  • This mixture is typically known as ''technical' pentaerythritol and may also contain some tri and tetra pentaerythritol, which are typically formed as by-products during the production of technical pentaerythritol .
  • the polyol ester base oil comprises more than 90 wt.% monopentaerythritol, more preferably more than 95 wt.% monopentaerythritol. It is even more preferred that the polyol ester base oil comprises about 100 wt.% monopentaerythritol.
  • Another essential component of the lubricating composition of the present invention is an ionic liquid.
  • the ionic liquid is present at a level in the range of from 0.01% to 5%, preferably in the range of from 0.01% to 2%, more preferably in the range of from 0.05% to 0.5%, especially in the range of from 0.1% to 0.3%, by weight of the lubricating composition.
  • Ionic liquids are molten salts which are liquid at room temperature or by definition have a melting point of less than 100°C. They have virtually no vapour pressure and can exhibit high thermal stability.
  • An ionic liquid can be presented by the formula C + A ⁇ wherein C + is a suitable cation and A ⁇ is a suitable anion.
  • Suitable cations C + are selected from a quaternary ammonium cation, a phosphonium cation, an imidazolium cation, a pyridinium cation, a pyrazolium cation, an oxazolium cation, a pyrrolidinium cation, a piperidinium cation, a trialkylsulfonium cation, a t iazolium cation, a guanidinium.
  • Preferred cations are selected from quaternary ammonium cations and phosphonium cations .
  • Suitable anions A are selected from [PFe] ⁇ , [BF 4 ] ⁇ , [CF3CO 2 ] “” , [CF3SO3] " , as well as its higher homologues,
  • R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or alicyclic alkyl groups with 1 to 20 carbon atoms;
  • R 6 can be a perfluoroethyl or a higher
  • x is an integer of from 1 to .
  • ionic liquids with highly fluoridated anions since these are generally highly thermally stable. Also, the ability for water uptake by these anions can be significantly reduced, for example, with bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide anion. Another preferred anion is trifluoroacetate.
  • Suitable ionic liquids include, but are not limited to, butyl methylpyrrolidinium- bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (MBPimid) ,
  • HMP hexylmethylpyrrolidinium-bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide
  • MOAac butylmethylpyrrolidinium tris (pentafluoroethyl ) trifluorophosphate
  • BPPFET butylmethylpyrrolidinium tris
  • HPDimid hexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium-bis ⁇ trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide
  • H I BF4 hexylmethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
  • HMI PF6 hexylmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
  • EMIM DEP 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate
  • EMIM DSU 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate
  • EMIM DSU lTMethyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulphate
  • EMIM BOB ⁇ l-ethyl-3 ⁇ methylimidazolium bis [ox
  • ionic liquids for use in the compositions of the present invention are selected from
  • MOAac methyltrioctylammonium-trifluoroacetate
  • MOAac trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium-bis
  • HMI BF4 hexylmethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
  • HMI PF6 hexylmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
  • EMIM DEP 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate
  • EMIM DSU 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulphate
  • Especially preferred ionic liquids for use herein are trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium-bis
  • HMI PF6 hexylmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
  • the lubricating composition further comprises one or more additives, in effective amounts, typically at a level of from 0.01% to 10% by weight of the lubricating composition, such as for example, but not limited to, metallic and ashless oxidation inhibitors, metallic and ashless dispersants, metallic and ashless detergents, corrosion and rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, metallic and non-metallic, low-ash, phosphorus- containing and non-phosphorus, sulphur-containing and non-sulphur-containing anti-wear agents, metallic and non-metallic, phosphorus-containing and non-phosphorus, sulphur-containing and non-sulphurous extreme pressure additives, anti-seizure agents, pour point depressants, wax modifiers, viscosity modifiers, seal compatibility agents, friction modifiers, lubricity agents, anti- staining agents, chromophoric agents, anti foaming agents, demulsifiers, and other usually employed additive packages.
  • additives in effective amounts, typically at a
  • Viscosity index improvers also known as VI
  • Preferable antiwear additives to be used with the composition according to the invention include triaryl phosphates, such as those available from Chemtura under the tradenames Reolube OMTI, Durad 310M, Durad 110, Durad 125, Durad 150B, Reolube TXP, Durad 220B, Durad 620B, Durad HOB, Fryquel 150 and Fryquel 220, those available from Rhein Chemie under the tradenames Additin RC 3661, Additin RC 3760 and Additin RC 3680 and those
  • triaryl phosphates include tricresyl phosphates, such as those approved to the specification TT-T-656.
  • antiwear additives include metal alkylthiophosphates, more particularly zinc
  • dialkyldithiophosphates dialkyldithiophosphates .
  • Other preferred antiwear additives include phosphorus-free antiwear additives such as sulphur-containing aliphatic, arylaliphatic or
  • antiwear additives include polysulfxdes of thiophosphorus acids and thiophosphorus acid esters, and
  • esters of glycerol may be used as antiwear agents.
  • mono-, di ⁇ , and tri-oleates, mono-palmitates and mono-myristates may preferably be used.
  • antiwear additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 6% by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricating composition.
  • oxidation inhibitors are known, as for instance those described in Klamann in Lubricants, and for example US-A-4 , 798 , 684 and US-A-5,084,197.
  • composition of this invention include aminic
  • antioxidants include alkylated and non-alkylated aromatic amines such as aromatic monoamines with
  • Typical aromatic amines antioxidants have alkyl substituent groups of at least about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of aliphatic groups include hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl.
  • the aliphatic groups will not contain more than about 14 carbon atoms.
  • the general types of amine antioxidants useful in the present compositions include diphenylamines, phenyl naphthylamines, phenothiazines, imidodibenzyls and diphenyl phenylene diamines. Mixtures of two or more aromatic amines may also be used, such as for example a mixture of phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine
  • PAHA PAHA -type antioxidant
  • DPA diphenylamine
  • Polymeric amine antioxidants may also be used, such as Vanlube .9317 commercially available from RT Vanderbilt. Particular examples of aromatic amine
  • antioxidants useful in the present invention include: p, p 1 -dioctyldiphenylamine ; t-octylphenyl-alpha- naphthylamine; phenyl-alphanaphthylamine and p- octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine .
  • phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PANA) -type antioxidants include, for example, Irganox L06 commercially available from Ciba, Additin 7130 commercially available from Rhein Chemie, Naugalube APAN and Naugard PAN commercially available from Chemtura.
  • DPA-type antioxidants include, for example, Vanlube 81
  • Phenolic antioxidants may be used either as such or in combination with aminics. These phenolic antioxidants may be ashless (metal-free) phenolic compounds or neutral or basic metal salts of certain phenolic compounds.
  • Typical phenolic antioxidant compounds are the hindered phenolics which are the ones which contain a sterically hindered hydroxyl group, and these include those
  • phenolic materials of this type include 2-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-octyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2, 6-di-t-butyl-4- heptyl phenol; 2, 6-di-t ⁇ butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2-methyl- 6-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; and 2-methyl-6-t-butylTM4TM dodecyl phenol.
  • Other useful hindered mono-phenolic antioxidants may include for example hindered 2,6-di- alkyl-phenolic proprionic ester derivatives.
  • Bis-phenolic antioxidants may also be advantageously used in the lubricating composition. Sulphurized alkyl phenols and alkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof also are useful antioxidants. Low sulfur peroxide
  • decomposers are useful as antioxidants.
  • Another class of suitable antioxidants is oil soluble copper compounds.
  • suitable copper antioxidants include copper dihydrocarbyl-thio or dithio- phosphates and copper salts of carboxylic acids.
  • Other suitable copper salts include copper dithiocarbamates, sulphonates, phenates, and acetylacetonates .
  • Basic, neutral, or acidic copper Cu(I) and or Cu(II) salts derived from alkenyl succinic acids or anhydrides are known to be particularly useful.
  • These antioxidants may be used individually by type or in combination with one another. Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 2% by weight.
  • Detergents useful as additives may be simple
  • Suitable detergents include anionic compounds that contain a long chain oleophilic portion of the molecule and a smaller anionic or oleophobic portion of the molecule.
  • the anionic portion of the detergent is typically derived from an organic acid such as a sulphuric acid, carboxylic acid, phosphorus acid, phenol, or mixtures thereof.
  • the counter ion is typically an alkaline earth or alkali metal.
  • Preferred detergents include the alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of sulfates, sulfonates, phenates, carboxylates, phosphates, and salicylates.
  • Suitable alkaryl sulfonates typically contain about 9 to about 80 or more carbon atoms, more typically from about 16 to 60 carbon atoms. Preferred are those disclosed in Klamann in Lubricants and Related Products, and in
  • detergents represent another useful class of detergents. These detergents are the products of reacting alkaline earth metal hydroxides or oxides with an alkyl phenol or sulphurized alkylphenol.
  • Useful alkyl groups include straight chain or branched C1-C30 alkyl groups,
  • phenols include isobutylphenol, 2-ethylhexylphenol, nonylphenol, 1- ethyldecylphenol, and the like.
  • Metal salts of carboxylic acids are also useful as detergents.
  • Another preferred class of detergents is alkaline earth metal salicylates, including monoalkyl to tetraalkyl salicylates, wherein the alkyl groups have from 1 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • the alkaline earth metal is calcium
  • Another useful class of detergents encompasses alkaline earth metal phosphates.
  • the total detergent concentration is about 0.01 to about 6% by weight, preferably, about 0.1 to 4% by weight, calculated on the total lubricating composition.
  • non-ionic detergents may be preferably used in lubricating
  • non-ionic detergents may be ashless or low-ash compounds, and may include discrete molecular compounds, as well as oligomeric and/or polymeric
  • the additives may further comprise dispersants.
  • Suitable dispersants typically contain a polar group attached to a relatively high molecular weight
  • hydrocarbon chain typically contains at least one element of nitrogen, oxygen, or phosphorous.
  • Typical hydrocarbon chains contain about 50 to 400 carbon atoms.
  • Suitable dispersants include phenolates,
  • alkenylsuccinic derivatives in which the alkenyl chain constitutes the oleophilic portion of the molecule which confers solubility in the oil.
  • the alkenyl chain may be a polyisobutylene group, such as those described in
  • Suitable dispersants include hydrocarbyl- substituted succinic acid compounds, such as
  • succinimides, succinate esters, or succinate ester amides prepared by the reaction of hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid preferably having at least 50 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent, with at least one
  • Friction modifiers i.e. a material or compound that can alter the coefficient of friction of the fluid may be effectively used in combination with the base oil
  • Suitable friction modifiers may include metal salts or metal-ligand complexes where the metals may include alkali, alkaline earth, or transition group metals, as those described in WO2004/053030.
  • pour point depressants examples include polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyarylamides ,
  • Suitable seal compatibility agents include organic phosphates, aromatic esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters (butylbenzyl phthalate, for example) , and
  • Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 3% by weight.
  • Anti-foaming agents may advantageously be added to the lubricating compositions. These agents retard the formation of stable foams. Silicones and organic polymers are typical anti-foam agents, such as for example
  • Anti-foam agents are commercially
  • DCF 200/12500 DCF
  • DCF 200/30000, DCF 200/1000 from Dow Corning may be used in conventional minor amounts along with other additives such as demulsifiers; usually the amount of these additives combined is less than 1% by weight.
  • Suitable corrosion inhibitors are those referred to in Klamann, as cited above.
  • suitable corrosion inhibitors include thiadiazoles,
  • Such additives may be used in an amount of from about 0.01 to 5% by weight,
  • suitable corrosion inhibitors can be found in, for example, US-A-2, 719, 125; US-A-2, 719, 126; and US-A- 3,087,932.
  • suitable corrosion inhibitors are those commercially available under the tradenames Irgamet 39, Irgamet TTA and Irgamet 42 from Ciba, and those commercially available under the tradenames Vanlube 887 and Vanlube 887E from Vanderbilt.
  • suitable corrosion inhibitors are dicarboxylic acids such as those commercially available from Cognis under the tradenames Emerox 1144 and Emerox 1110.
  • incorporated into the lubricating compositions of this invention may include one or more additives such as, for example, demulsifiers, solubilizers, fluidity agents, colouring agents, chromophoric agents, and the like.
  • additives such as, for example, demulsifiers, solubilizers, fluidity agents, colouring agents, chromophoric agents, and the like.
  • Each additive may include individual additives or mixtures thereof.
  • Comparative Example A were prepared by blending together the base oil and additives shown in Tables 1 to 3 below.
  • Tables 1 to 3 are in wt.%, based on the total weight of the fully formulated formulations.
  • the base oil as used in the formulations of Tables 1 to 3 was a 5 cSt pentaerythrxtol ester further containing tricresyl phosphate antiwear additive, tolutriazole corrosion inhibitor, dicarboxylic acid corrosion
  • DODPA dioctyldiphenyl amine
  • the pentaerythrxtol ester had a viscosity of 5 mm 2 /s at 100 °C and a maximum viscosity of 13,000 mmVs at -40 °C.
  • the pentaerythrxtol ester has a maximum pour point of -54 °C and a minimum flash point of 246 °C.
  • compositions to various standard test methods as indicated in Table 4 .
  • the measured properties are shown in Table 4.
  • Examples 1 and 4 (containing 0.2 wt% MOAac and 0.2 wt% HDPimid, respectively) and Comparative Example A were subjected to the HPLS standard test method SAE ARP 5996. The amount of coke formed on the stainless steel tubes after 20 hours was weighed and the visual appearance of the tubes was noted. The results are shown in Table 6.
  • Examples 7-12 and Comparative Example A were subjected to the four-ball test (IP 239) and the maximum weld load of each sample measured (10 second duration at each load stage) . The results are shown in Table 7 below. Table 7
  • Example 1 containing 0.2% of MOAac
  • Example 4 containing 0.2% HDPimid
  • Example 1 containing 0.2% MOAac
  • Example 4 containing 0.2% HDPimid
  • Comparative Example A containing no ionic liquid
  • Example 4 containing 0.2% HDPimid
  • Example 1 exhibits a bigger reduction in coking than Example 1
  • compositions of Examples 7-12 exhibit an increase in weld load and comparable wear scar diameter compared to

Abstract

A lubricating composition comprising: (i) from 50% to 99% by weight of base oil; (ii) from 0.01% to 5% by weight of ionic liquid; and (iii) from 0.01% to 10% by weight of additive; wherein the lubricating composition has a pour point of at most -54°C, a flashpoint of at least 246°C and a kinematic viscosity at 100°C in the range of from 4.9 to 5.4 mm2/s. The lubricating compositions according to the present invention are suitable for use in turbine engine oils and are useful for reducing the build up of sludge and for reducing coking in the lubricating composition.

Description

LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to lubricating
compositions, particularly to lubricating compositions which are useful as aviation turbine engine oils.
Background of the Invention
Aviation turbine engine oils (TEOs) are required to exhibit excellent performance over a wide temperature range in order to meet military and civilian product specifications for these products, namely MIL-PRF-23699 and SAE-AS-5780, respectively. In particular, both specifications state that approved products must meet certain viscosity, pour point and flash point
requirements .
As modern turbine engines evolve aviation turbine engines oils are exposed to increasingly aggressive environments including high thermal and oxidative stress. This can lead to undesirable consequences for the turbine engine oil, in particular, unacceptable build up of sludge and unacceptable levels of coking in the oil system. Coke can generically be described as
carbonaceous deposits that form on the engine surface as the oil ages. If these deposits form in an aircraft engine they have the potential to block oil-ways and filters and cause heat transfer reduction. The Hot
Liquid Process Simulator (HLPS) test (SAE ARP 5996) has been developed by the aviation industry to assess the propensity of aviation turbine engine oils to form coke and is a key requirement in both the civil and military specifications. It would therefore be desirable to formulate a turbine engine oil wherein the build-up of sludge is reduced and wherein the level of coking is reduced.
Ionic liquids are known for use in certain
lubricating compositions. WO2008/154998 discloses the use of ionic liquids for improving the properties of lubricating compositions. However, there is no mention in this document of the use of ionic liquids in turbine engine oils. There is also no mention in this document of a reduction in build-up of sludge or of a reduction in coking of the lubricating composition.
WO2008/075Q16 discloses a non-aqueous lubricating oil composition comprising a major amount of a base oil and a minor amount of an additive which is present in solution in the base oil and is a non-halide, non- aromatic ionic liquid which is a salt of general formula C+A-, with the cation C+ being a quaternary phosphonium or quaternary ammonium ion having four hydrocarbyl groups, optionally containing heteroatoms, which
hydrocarbyl groups do not all have the same number of carbon atoms, there being at least one long chain
hydrocarbyl group having greater than 4 carbon atoms and at least one short chain hydrocarbyl group having fewer carbon atoms than each of the long chain hydrocarbyl groups, and the anion A-, comprising at least one oxygen atom and having an ionic head group attached to at least one alkyl or alicyclic hydrocarbyl group which has at least four carbon atoms and optionally one heteroatom. The ionic liquid may be used as an anti-wear component and as a friction modifier in a lubricating oil
composition. The lubricating oil composition may be used in an ignition engine. However, there is no mention in this document of the use of ionic liquids in turbine engine oils. There is also no mention in this document of a reduction in sludge build-up or of a reduction of coking of the lubricating composition.
It has now surprisingly been found by the present inventors that when ionic liquids are incorporated into turbine engine oils there is a reduction in the build-up of sludge in the engine oil and a reduction in coking. Advantageously, these benefits are achieved while
maintaining the physical properties of the lubricating composition as required by military and civilian
specifications.
Summary of the Invention
According to the present invention there is provided a lubricating composition comprising:
(i) from 50% to 99% by weight of base oil;
(ii) from 0.01% to 5% by weight of ionic liquid; and
(iii) from 0.01% to 10% by weight of additive;
wherein the lubricating composition has a pour point of at most -54°C, a flashpoint of at least 246°C and a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C in the range of from 4.9 to 5.4 mm2/s.
It has surprisingly been found that by substituting a portion of the base oils used in a turbine engine oil with an ionic liquid, the observed sludge content
according to Test Method FTD-STD-791-5308.7 is
significantly reduced.
Hence according to the present invention there is further provided the use of an ionic liquid to reduce the build-up of sludge in a lubricating composition
comprising (i) a base oil, (ii) an ionic liquid and (iii) one or more additives.
It has also surprisingly been found that by
substituting a portion of the base oils used in a turbine engine oil with an ionic liquid, the level of coking is significantly reduced.
Hence according to another aspect of the present invention there is provided the use of an ionic liquid to reduce the coking in a lubricating composition comprising (i) a base oil, (ii) an ionic liquid and {iii) one or more additives.
It has also been found that the lubricating
composition of the present invention provides a reduction in viscosity increase, a reduction in TAN increase and a reduction in evaporation loss observed during the test method FTD-STD-791-5308.7.
Detailed Description of the Invention
The lubricating composition of the present invention has particular use as a turbine engine oil. Turbine engine oils are required to meet certain physical properties as set out in military and civilian product specifications, MIL-PRF-23699 and SAE-AS-5780,
respectively.
The lubricating composition of the present invention has a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C {as measured by ASTM DIN455) in the range of from 4.9 to 5.4 mmVs, preferably in the range of from 4.9 to 5.1 mm2/s.
The lubricating composition of the present invention has a pour point (as measured by ASTM D97) of at most - 54°C, preferably at most -57°C.
The lubricating composition of the present invention has a flashpoint {as measured by ASTM D92) of at least 246°C, preferably at least 250°C.
The lubricating composition of the present invention preferably has a kinematic viscosity at ~40°C (as measured by ASTM DIN455) of at most 13,000 mm2/s, more preferably at most 11,500 mm2/s.
The lubricating composition of the present invention preferably has a kinematic viscosity at 40°C (as measured by ASTM DIN455) of at least 23 mm2/s, preferably at least 25 mm2/s.
The lubricating composition comprises, as an
essential component, a base oil.
The base oil is present at a level in the range of from 50% to 99%, preferably in the range of from 70% to 99%, more preferably in the range of from 80% to 97%, by weight of the lubricating composition.
Any base oil suitable for use in a turbine engine oil may be used herein.
Preferably, the base oil has a kinematic viscosity at 40 " C in the range of from 20 to 30 nim2/ s , more preferably in the range of from 22 to 25 mm2/s, a
kinematic viscosity at 100 °C in the range of from 4 to 6 mm2/s, more preferably in the range of from 4.85 to 5.15 mm2/s, a kinematic viscosity at -40 °C in the range of from 7,000 to 13,000 mm2/s, more preferably in the range of from 8,000 to 10,000 mm2/s, a pour point in the range of -50 to -65°C, more preferably in the range of from -55 to ~60°C, and a flash point in the range of 230 to 260°C, more preferably in the range of 250 to 260°C.
Preferably the base oil comprises a synthetic ester based base stock, in particular polyol ester-based base oils. Synthetic ester based base oils are well known in the art and are for example described in GB-A-2384245. Ester-based base oils (together with a selected additive package) are functional over a wide temperature range and exhibit good thermal and oxidative stability.
The preparation of esters from alcohols and
carboxylic acids can be accomplished using conventional methods and techniques known and familiar to those skilled in the art, and form no part, per se, of the present invention. In general, an alcohol, e.g.
technical pentaerythritol, is heated with the desired carboxylic acid mixture, optionally in the presence of a catalyst. Generally, a slight excess of acid is employed to force the reaction to completion. Water is removed during the reaction and any excess acid is then stripped from the reaction mixture. The esters, for example of technical pentaerythritol, may be used without further purification or may be further purified using
conventional techniques such as distillation.
For further information with respect to the
synthetic ester based base oil, reference is made to GB- A-2384245, EP-A-0695797 , EP-A-1323815, US-A-4826633 and US-A-5503761, the teaching of which is hereby
incorporated by reference.
Suitable synthetic polyol ester based base oils may be formed by the esterification of an aliphatic polyol with carboxylic acid. Preferably the aliphatic polyol contains from 4 to 15 carbon atoms and has from 2 to 8 esterifiable hydroxyl groups. Preferred examples are trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, neopentyl glycol, tripentaerythritol and mixtures
thereof .
The carboxylic acid reactant used to produce the synthetic polyol ester base oil may suitably be selected from aliphatic monocarboxylic acid or a mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acid and aliphatic dicarboxylic acid. The carboxylic acid may contain from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably from 4 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably from 5 to 10 carbon atoms and includes
straight and branched chain aliphatic acids. Mixtures of monocarboxylic acids may also be used.
Suitable polyol esters are those commercially available under the tradenames Hatcol 2954, Hatcol 1754, Hatcol 1764, Hatcol 1765 and Hatcol 1760 from Chemtura, Middlebury, Connecticut, USA, Priolube 3939 from Croda, Snaith, UK and Synative ES 2939 and Synative ES 2931 from Cognis, Monheim, Germany.
In addition, all base stocks described in EP-A- 0518567 and EP-A-0695797 are suitable for use in the lubricating compositions of the present invention.
According to a preferred embodiment the polyol ester base oil comprises at least 80 wt.% monopentaerythritol .
Suitably, the polyol ester base oil may be a mixture of about 80 to 95 wt.% monopentaerythritol and 5 to
20 wt.% dipentaerythritol . This mixture is typically known as ''technical' pentaerythritol and may also contain some tri and tetra pentaerythritol, which are typically formed as by-products during the production of technical pentaerythritol .
It is even more preferred that the polyol ester base oil comprises more than 90 wt.% monopentaerythritol, more preferably more than 95 wt.% monopentaerythritol. It is even more preferred that the polyol ester base oil comprises about 100 wt.% monopentaerythritol.
Another essential component of the lubricating composition of the present invention is an ionic liquid.
The ionic liquid is present at a level in the range of from 0.01% to 5%, preferably in the range of from 0.01% to 2%, more preferably in the range of from 0.05% to 0.5%, especially in the range of from 0.1% to 0.3%, by weight of the lubricating composition.
Ionic liquids are molten salts which are liquid at room temperature or by definition have a melting point of less than 100°C. They have virtually no vapour pressure and can exhibit high thermal stability. An ionic liquid can be presented by the formula C+A~ wherein C+ is a suitable cation and A~ is a suitable anion.
Suitable cations C+ are selected from a quaternary ammonium cation, a phosphonium cation, an imidazolium cation, a pyridinium cation, a pyrazolium cation, an oxazolium cation, a pyrrolidinium cation, a piperidinium cation, a trialkylsulfonium cation, a t iazolium cation, a guanidinium. cation, a morpholinium cation, a sulfonium cation and a triazolium cation. Preferred cations are selected from quaternary ammonium cations and phosphonium cations .
Suitable anions A" are selected from [PFe]~, [BF4]~, [CF3CO2]"", [CF3SO3]", as well as its higher homologues,
[C4F9SO3]" or [C8Fi7S03r and higher
perfluoroalkylsulfonates, [ (CF3SO2} 2N] ~ r
[ (CF3S02) (CF3COO)N]", CI', Br-, I", [C {CN) 3] SCN",
[B{C204)2]~, [N(S02CF3)2]", [RS03]-, [ROS03]% [R'COO]",
[N03]\ [N(CN)2]\ [HS04]~ f PF6-KR6X or [R4R5P04]", wherein R4 and R5 are independently selected from hydrogen, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or alicyclic alkyl groups with 1 to 20 carbon atoms;
heteroaryl, heteroaryl-Ci-C6~alkyl groups with 3 to 8 carbon atoms in the hetero aryl residue and at least one heteroatom selected from N, 0 and S, which can be
substituted with at least one group selected from Ci-C6 alkyl groups and/or halogen atoms; aryl- aryl-Cx-Ce-alkyl groups with 5 to 12 carbon atoms in the aryl residue, which can be substituted with at least one Ci-Cg-alk l group, R6 can be a perfluoroethyl or a higher
perfluoroalkyl group, and x is an integer of from 1 to .
Particularly preferred are ionic liquids with highly fluoridated anions, since these are generally highly thermally stable. Also, the ability for water uptake by these anions can be significantly reduced, for example, with bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide anion. Another preferred anion is trifluoroacetate.
Examples of suitable ionic liquids include, but are not limited to, butyl methylpyrrolidinium- bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (MBPimid) ,
met ylpropylpyrollidinium- bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (MPPimid) , tris- hexylmethylimidazolium (perfluoroethylene) - trifluorophosphate (HMIMPFET) , hexylmethylimidazolium- bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (H IMimid) ,
hexylmethylpyrrolidinium-bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (HMP) , tris-tetrabutylphosphonium
(perfluoroethylene) trifluorophosphate (BuPPFET) , octylmethylimidazolium-hexafluorophosphate (OMIM PF6} , hexylpyridinium-bis (trifluoromethyl) sulfonylimide
(Hpyimid) , methyltrioctylammonium-trifluoroacetate
(MOAac) , butylmethylpyrrolidinium tris (pentafluoroethyl ) trifluorophosphate ( BPPFET) , trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium-bis {trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (HPDimid) , hexylmethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (H I BF4), hexylmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (HMI PF6) , 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate (EMIM DEP) , l™ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulphate (EMIM DSU) , l-ethyl-3~methylimidazolium bis [oxalate (2-) -0, 0+] borate (EMIM BOB} and mixtures thereof.
Ionic liquids such as those listed above are
commercially available from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany and Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, Missouri, USA. Ionic Liquids commercially available under the tradename Basionics from BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany, are also suitable for use herein . Preferred ionic liquids for use in the compositions of the present invention are selected from
methyltrioctylammonium-trifluoroacetate (MOAac) , trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium-bis
(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (HDPimid) ,
hexylmethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (HMI BF4), hexylmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (HMI PF6) , 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate (EMIM DEP) , 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulphate (EMIM DSU) and mixtures thereof.
Especially preferred ionic liquids for use herein are trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium-bis
(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (HDPimid) ,
hexylmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (HMI PF6) , and mixtures thereof.
The lubricating composition further comprises one or more additives, in effective amounts, typically at a level of from 0.01% to 10% by weight of the lubricating composition, such as for example, but not limited to, metallic and ashless oxidation inhibitors, metallic and ashless dispersants, metallic and ashless detergents, corrosion and rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, metallic and non-metallic, low-ash, phosphorus- containing and non-phosphorus, sulphur-containing and non-sulphur-containing anti-wear agents, metallic and non-metallic, phosphorus-containing and non-phosphorus, sulphur-containing and non-sulphurous extreme pressure additives, anti-seizure agents, pour point depressants, wax modifiers, viscosity modifiers, seal compatibility agents, friction modifiers, lubricity agents, anti- staining agents, chromophoric agents, anti foaming agents, demulsifiers, and other usually employed additive packages. For a review of many commonly used additives, reference is made to D. Klamann in Lubricants and Related Products, Verlag Chemie, Deerfield Beach, FL; ISBN 0- 89573-177-0, and to "Lubricant Additives" by M. W.
Ranney, published by Noyes Data Corporation of Parkridge, N.J. (1973).
Viscosity index improvers (also known as VI
improvers, viscosity modifiers, or viscosity improvers) provide lubricants with high- and low-temperature
operability. These additives impart shear stability at elevated temperatures and acceptable viscosity at low temperatures .
Preferable antiwear additives to be used with the composition according to the invention include triaryl phosphates, such as those available from Chemtura under the tradenames Reolube OMTI, Durad 310M, Durad 110, Durad 125, Durad 150B, Reolube TXP, Durad 220B, Durad 620B, Durad HOB, Fryquel 150 and Fryquel 220, those available from Rhein Chemie under the tradenames Additin RC 3661, Additin RC 3760 and Additin RC 3680 and those
commercially available from Supresta under the tradenames SynOAd 8475, SynOAd 8484, SynOAd 8485, SynOAd 8478, SynOAd 8477, SynOAd 8499 and SynOAd 9578. Included within the term triaryl phosphates are tricresyl phosphates, such as those approved to the specification TT-T-656.
Other preferred antiwear additives include metal alkylthiophosphates, more particularly zinc
dialkyldithiophosphates . Other preferred antiwear additives include phosphorus-free antiwear additives such as sulphur-containing aliphatic, arylaliphatic or
alicyclic olefinic hydrocarbons. Other preferred
antiwear additives include polysulfxdes of thiophosphorus acids and thiophosphorus acid esters, and
phosphorothionyl disulfides. Esters of glycerol may be used as antiwear agents. For example, mono-, di~, and tri-oleates, mono-palmitates and mono-myristates may preferably be used. Generally, antiwear additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 6% by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricating composition.
Suitable antioxidants retard the oxidative
degradation of the lubricating composition during
service. Such degradation may result in deposits on metal surfaces, the presence of sludge, or a viscosity increase in the fluid. A wide variety of suitable oxidation inhibitors are known, as for instance those described in Klamann in Lubricants, and for example US-A-4 , 798 , 684 and US-A-5,084,197.
Preferred antioxidants for the lubricating
composition of this invention include aminic
antioxidants. These include alkylated and non-alkylated aromatic amines such as aromatic monoamines with
aliphatic, aromatic or substituted aromatic group
substituents at the nitrogen atom. Typical aromatic amines antioxidants have alkyl substituent groups of at least about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of aliphatic groups include hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl.
Generally, the aliphatic groups will not contain more than about 14 carbon atoms. The general types of amine antioxidants useful in the present compositions include diphenylamines, phenyl naphthylamines, phenothiazines, imidodibenzyls and diphenyl phenylene diamines. Mixtures of two or more aromatic amines may also be used, such as for example a mixture of phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine
(PAHA) -type antioxidant ( s ) and diphenylamine (DPA)-type antioxidant (s) . Polymeric amine antioxidants may also be used, such as Vanlube .9317 commercially available from RT Vanderbilt. Particular examples of aromatic amine
antioxidants useful in the present invention include: p, p 1 -dioctyldiphenylamine ; t-octylphenyl-alpha- naphthylamine; phenyl-alphanaphthylamine and p- octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine .
Commercially available phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PANA) -type antioxidants include, for example, Irganox L06 commercially available from Ciba, Additin 7130 commercially available from Rhein Chemie, Naugalube APAN and Naugard PAN commercially available from Chemtura.
Commercially available diphenylamine (DPA)-type antioxidants include, for example, Vanlube 81
commercially available from RT Vanderbilt, Naugalube AMS, Naugalube 438, Naugalube 635, Naugalube 640, Naugalube 680 Commercially available from Chemtura, Germany,
Additin 7001, Addition 7005A, Additin 7135, Additin
10314A, commercially available from Rhein Chemie, Hitec 4720, Hitec 4721, Hitec 4777 commercially available from Afton, Irganox L57, Irganox L67 commercially available from Ciba.
Other useful antioxidants include hindered phenols. Phenolic antioxidants may be used either as such or in combination with aminics. These phenolic antioxidants may be ashless (metal-free) phenolic compounds or neutral or basic metal salts of certain phenolic compounds.
Typical phenolic antioxidant compounds are the hindered phenolics which are the ones which contain a sterically hindered hydroxyl group, and these include those
derivatives of dihydroxy aryl compounds in which the hydroxyl groups are in the o- or p-position to each other. Examples of phenolic materials of this type include 2-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-octyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2, 6-di-t-butyl-4- heptyl phenol; 2, 6-di-t~butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2-methyl- 6-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; and 2-methyl-6-t-butyl™4™ dodecyl phenol. Other useful hindered mono-phenolic antioxidants may include for example hindered 2,6-di- alkyl-phenolic proprionic ester derivatives.
Bis-phenolic antioxidants may also be advantageously used in the lubricating composition. Sulphurized alkyl phenols and alkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof also are useful antioxidants. Low sulfur peroxide
decomposers are useful as antioxidants. Another class of suitable antioxidants is oil soluble copper compounds. Examples of suitable copper antioxidants include copper dihydrocarbyl-thio or dithio- phosphates and copper salts of carboxylic acids. Other suitable copper salts include copper dithiocarbamates, sulphonates, phenates, and acetylacetonates . Basic, neutral, or acidic copper Cu(I) and or Cu(II) salts derived from alkenyl succinic acids or anhydrides are known to be particularly useful. These antioxidants may be used individually by type or in combination with one another. Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 2% by weight.
Detergents useful as additives may be simple
detergents or hybrid or complex detergents. Suitable detergents include anionic compounds that contain a long chain oleophilic portion of the molecule and a smaller anionic or oleophobic portion of the molecule. The anionic portion of the detergent is typically derived from an organic acid such as a sulphuric acid, carboxylic acid, phosphorus acid, phenol, or mixtures thereof. The counter ion is typically an alkaline earth or alkali metal. Preferred detergents include the alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of sulfates, sulfonates, phenates, carboxylates, phosphates, and salicylates.
Suitable alkaryl sulfonates typically contain about 9 to about 80 or more carbon atoms, more typically from about 16 to 60 carbon atoms. Preferred are those disclosed in Klamann in Lubricants and Related Products, and in
"Lubricant Additives" cited above, and C. V. Smallheer and R. K. Smith, published by the Lezius-Hiles Co. of Cleveland, Ohio (1967) . Alkaline earth phenolates
represent another useful class of detergents. These detergents are the products of reacting alkaline earth metal hydroxides or oxides with an alkyl phenol or sulphurized alkylphenol. Useful alkyl groups include straight chain or branched C1-C30 alkyl groups,
preferably, C4-C20. Examples of suitable phenols include isobutylphenol, 2-ethylhexylphenol, nonylphenol, 1- ethyldecylphenol, and the like. Metal salts of carboxylic acids are also useful as detergents. Another preferred class of detergents is alkaline earth metal salicylates, including monoalkyl to tetraalkyl salicylates, wherein the alkyl groups have from 1 to 30 carbon atoms.
Preferably, the alkaline earth metal is calcium,
magnesium, or barium; calcium being the most preferred. Another useful class of detergents encompasses alkaline earth metal phosphates. Typically, the total detergent concentration is about 0.01 to about 6% by weight, preferably, about 0.1 to 4% by weight, calculated on the total lubricating composition. In addition, non-ionic detergents may be preferably used in lubricating
compositions. Such non-ionic detergents may be ashless or low-ash compounds, and may include discrete molecular compounds, as well as oligomeric and/or polymeric
compounds .
The additives may further comprise dispersants. Suitable dispersants typically contain a polar group attached to a relatively high molecular weight
hydrocarbon chain. The polar group typically contains at least one element of nitrogen, oxygen, or phosphorous. Typical hydrocarbon chains contain about 50 to 400 carbon atoms. Suitable dispersants include phenolates,
sulfonates, sulphurized phenolates, salicylates,
naphthenates, stearates, carbamates and thiocarbamates . A particularly useful class of dispersants is
alkenylsuccinic derivatives, in which the alkenyl chain constitutes the oleophilic portion of the molecule which confers solubility in the oil. The alkenyl chain may be a polyisobutylene group, such as those described in
US-A-3, 172, 892; US-A-3 , 2145 , 707 ; US-A-3, 219, 666;
US-A-3, 316, 177; US-A-3, 341, 542; US-A-3, 454 , 607 ;
US-A-3, 541, 012; US-A-3, 630, 904; US-A-3 , 632 , 511
US-A-3, 787, 374 and US-A-4 , 234 , 435.
Other types of suitable dispersants are described in US-A-3, 036, 003; US-A-3, 200, 10 ; US-A-3, 254, 025;
US-A-3, 275, 554; US™A~3 , 438 , 757 ; US-A-3, 54 , 555 ;
US-A-3, 565, 804; US-A-3, 413, 347; US-A-3, 697, 574 ;
US-A-3, 725,277; US-A-3, 725, 480; US-A-3, 726, 882;
US-A-4, 54, 059; US-A-3 , 329 , 658 ; US-A-3, 49, 250 ;
US-A-3, 519, 565; US-A-3, 666, 730; US-A-3 , 687 , 849 ;
US-A-3, 702, 300; US-A-4 , 100 , 082 ; US-A-5, 705, 458 ; and
EP-A-471071.
Other suitable dispersants include hydrocarbyl- substituted succinic acid compounds, such as
succinimides, succinate esters, or succinate ester amides prepared by the reaction of hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid preferably having at least 50 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent, with at least one
equivalent of an alkylene amine, are particularly useful. Friction modifiers i.e. a material or compound that can alter the coefficient of friction of the fluid may be effectively used in combination with the base oil
components. Suitable friction modifiers may include metal salts or metal-ligand complexes where the metals may include alkali, alkaline earth, or transition group metals, as those described in WO2004/053030.
Other useful additives include pour point
depressants to lower the minimum temperature at which the lubricating composition will flow or can be poured.
Examples of suitable pour point depressants include polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyarylamides ,
condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds, vinyl carboxylate polymers, and terpolymers of dialkylfumarates, vinyl esters of fatty acids and allyl vinyl ethers, such as those referred to in WO2004/053030.
Suitable seal compatibility agents include organic phosphates, aromatic esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters (butylbenzyl phthalate, for example) , and
polybutenyl succinic anhydride.
Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 3% by weight.
Anti-foaming. agents may advantageously be added to the lubricating compositions. These agents retard the formation of stable foams. Silicones and organic polymers are typical anti-foam agents, such as for example
polysiloxanes . Anti-foam agents are commercially
available, such as, for example, DCF 200/12500, DCF
200/500, DCF 200/30000, DCF 200/1000 from Dow Corning, and may be used in conventional minor amounts along with other additives such as demulsifiers; usually the amount of these additives combined is less than 1% by weight.
Suitable corrosion inhibitors are those referred to in Klamann, as cited above. Examples of suitable corrosion inhibitors include thiadiazoles,
benzotriazoles, tolutriazoles, zinc dithiophosphates, metal phenolates, basic metal sulfonates,, fatty acids, carboxylic acids and amines. Such additives may be used in an amount of from about 0.01 to 5% by weight,
preferably from about 0.01 to 1.5% by weight, more preferably from about 0.01 to 1% by weight. Examples of suitable corrosion inhibitors can be found in, for example, US-A-2, 719, 125; US-A-2, 719, 126; and US-A- 3,087,932. Examples of suitable corrosion inhibitors are those commercially available under the tradenames Irgamet 39, Irgamet TTA and Irgamet 42 from Ciba, and those commercially available under the tradenames Vanlube 887 and Vanlube 887E from Vanderbilt. A further example of suitable corrosion inhibitors are dicarboxylic acids such as those commercially available from Cognis under the tradenames Emerox 1144 and Emerox 1110.
Additional types of additives may be further
incorporated into the lubricating compositions of this invention may include one or more additives such as, for example, demulsifiers, solubilizers, fluidity agents, colouring agents, chromophoric agents, and the like. Each additive may include individual additives or mixtures thereof.
The present invention will now be described by reference to the following Examples:
Examples 1-18 and Comparative Example A
The turbine engine oils of Examples 1-18 and
Comparative Example A were prepared by blending together the base oil and additives shown in Tables 1 to 3 below.
The amounts in Tables 1 to 3 are in wt.%, based on the total weight of the fully formulated formulations. The base oil as used in the formulations of Tables 1 to 3 was a 5 cSt pentaerythrxtol ester further containing tricresyl phosphate antiwear additive, tolutriazole corrosion inhibitor, dicarboxylic acid corrosion
inhibitor, dioctyldiphenyl amine (DODPA) and
diaryldiphenylamine as diphenylamine (DPA)-type antioxidant components, p-tert . -octylphenyl-alpha- naphthylamine as phenyl-alpha-naphthalene (PANA)-type anti-oxidant component, and a polysiloxane anti-foam agent. The pentaerythrxtol ester had a viscosity of 5 mm2/s at 100 °C and a maximum viscosity of 13,000 mmVs at -40 °C. In addition, the pentaerythrxtol ester has a maximum pour point of -54 °C and a minimum flash point of 246 °C.
Table 1
Figure imgf000021_0001
1. MethyltrioctylammoniuKi Trifluoroacetate
2. Trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium Bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl} imide
Table 2
Figure imgf000021_0002
Hexylmethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
Hexylmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
Table 3
Figure imgf000022_0001
5. l-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate
6. l-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulphate
Measurement of Physical Properties
Various physical properties of the lubricating compositions of Examples 1 to 18 and Comparative Example A were determined by subjecting the lubricating
compositions to various standard test methods (as indicated in Table 4) . The measured properties are shown in Table 4.
Table 4
Figure imgf000024_0001
Figure imgf000025_0001
Measurement of Viscosity Increase, TAN increase and evaporation loss
To demonstrate the various benefits of the turbine engine oils of the present invention, Examples 1, 4 and 16 (containing 0.2% MOAac, 0.2% HDPimid and 0.2 % EMIM MSU respectively) and Comparative Example A were
subjected to the test methods as set out in PED-STD-791- 5308.7 in order to measure viscosity increase, TAN increase and evaporation loss during the test. The test was run at 218 °C for 72 hours. The results are shown in Table 5 below.
Table 5
Figure imgf000026_0001
# results are the average of 8 measurements
## results are the average of 2 measurements
Measurement of coking behaviour
To measure the coking behaviour of the lubricating compositions according to the present invention, Examples 1 and 4 (containing 0.2 wt% MOAac and 0.2 wt% HDPimid, respectively) and Comparative Example A were subjected to the HPLS standard test method SAE ARP 5996. The amount of coke formed on the stainless steel tubes after 20 hours was weighed and the visual appearance of the tubes was noted. The results are shown in Table 6.
Table 6
Figure imgf000027_0001
Measurement of Load Carrying Capability
To measure the load carrying capability & anti-wear properties of the lubricating compositions according to the present invention, Examples 7-12 and Comparative Example A were subjected to the four-ball test (IP 239) and the maximum weld load of each sample measured (10 second duration at each load stage) . The results are shown in Table 7 below. Table 7
Figure imgf000028_0001
Discussion
The results shown in Table 4 demonstrate that the introduction of low levels of ionic liquids into a turbine engine oil do not detrimentally effect the physical properties of the turbine engine oil (as required by military and civilian specifications, namely MIL-PRF-23699 and SAE-AS-5780, respectively) .
As can be seen from Table 5, the lubricating compositions of Example 1 (containing 0.2% of MOAac) , Example 4 (containing 0.2% HDPimid) and Example 16
(containing 0.2% EMIM MSU) exhibit a reduction in the build-up of sludge compared to Comparative Example A
(containing no ionic liquid) .
As can be seen from Table 6, the lubricating compositions of Example 1 (containing 0.2% MOAac) and Example 4 (containing 0.2% HDPimid) exhibit a reduction in coking compared to Comparative Example A (containing no ionic liquid). Example 4 (containing 0.2% HDPimid) exhibits a bigger reduction in coking than Example 1
(containing 0.2% MOAac). As can be seen from Table 7, the lubricating
compositions of Examples 7-12 exhibit an increase in weld load and comparable wear scar diameter compared to
Comparative Example A.

Claims

C L A I M S
1. A lubricating composition comprising:
(i) from 50% to 99% by weight of base oil;
(ii) from 0.01% to 5% by weight of ionic liquid; and {iii) from 0.01% to 10% by weight of additive;
wherein the lubricating composition has a pour point of less than -54°C, a flashpoint of greater than 246°C and a kinematic viscosity at 100°C in the range of from 4.9 to 5.4 mm2/s .
2. A lubricating composition according to Claim 1 comprising from 0.01% to 1% by weight of ionic liquid.
3. A lubricating composition according to Claim 1 or 2 comprising from 0.05% to 0.5% by weight ionic liquid.
4. A lubricating composition wherein the ionic liquid is a salt of general formula C+A" wherein the cation C+ is selected from a quaternary ammonium cation, a phosphonium cation, an imidazolium cation, a pyridinium cation, a pyrazolium cation, an oxazolium cation, a pyrrolidinium cation, a piperidinium cation, a trialkylsulfonium cation, a thiazolium cation, a guanidinium cation, a morpholinium cation, a sulfonium cation and a triazolium cation and wherein the anion A" is selected from [PF6]~, [BF4]~, [CF3C02]", [CF3SO3]", as well as its higher
homologues, [C4F9S03]~ or [C8Fi7S03]~ and higher
perfluoroalkylsulfonates, [ (CF3SO2) 2N] ~,
[ (CF3SO2) (CF3COO}N]_, CI", Br", I", [C (CN) 3] SCN",
[B(C204)2r, [N{S02CF3)2]", [R4S03r, [R4OS03]", [RC00]",
[ΝΟ3Γ, [N(CN)2r, [HSO4]-, PF6_XR6 X or [R*R5PO«r, wherein R4 and R5 are independently selected from hydrogen, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or alicyclic alkyl groups with 1 to 20 carbon atoms; heteroaryl, heteroaryl-Ca-Cg-alkyl groups with 3 to 8 carbon atoms in the hetero aryl residue and at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S, which can be
substituted with at least one group selected from Ci-C6 alkyl groups and/or halogen atoms; aryl- aryl-Ci-Ce-alkyl groups with 5 to 12 carbon atoms in the aryl residue, which can be substituted with at least one Ci-Cg-alk l group, R6 can be a perfluoroethyl or a higher
perfluoroalkyl group, and x is an integer of from 1 to .
5. A lubricating composition according to any of Claims 1 to 4 wherein the ionic liquid is selected from butyl methylpyrrolidinium-bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl} imide, methylpropylpyrrolidinium- bis {trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, tris- hexylmethylimidazolium {perfluoroethylene) - trifluorophosphate, hexylmethylimidazolium- bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide,
hexylmethylpyrrolidinium-bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, tris-tetrabutylphosphonium (perfluoroethylene) trifluorophosphate , octylmethylimidazolium- hexafluorophosphate, hexylpyridinium-bis
(trifluoromethyl ) sulfonylimide, methyltrioctylammonium- tri luoroacetate, butylmethylpyrrolidinium tris
(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate, trihexyl
(tetradecyl) phosphonium-bis
{trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide,
hexylmethylimidazoli m tetrafluoroborate,
hexylmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, l-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium diethylphosphate, l-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium methyl sulphate, l-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium bis [oxalate (2-) -0,0+] borate and
mixtures thereof.
6. A lubricating composition according to any of Claims 1 to 5 wherein the ionic liquid is selected from
methyltrioctylammonium-trifluoroacetate and trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium-bis
(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide,
hexylmethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate,
hexylmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, l-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium diethylphosphate, l-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium methyl sulphate and mixtures thereof.
7. A lubricating composition according to any of Claims 1 to 6 wherein the ionic liquid is selected from trihexyl
(tetradecyl) phosphonium-bis
(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, hexylmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, and mixtures thereof.
8. A lubricating composition according to any of Claims 1 to 7 wherein the base oil is a synthetic ester formed by the reaction of a polyol with a carboxylxc acid of formula RCOOH wherein R is a straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl group having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms.
9. Use of a lubricating composition according to any of Claims 1 to 8 for lubricating a turbine engine.
10. Use of an ionic liquid to reduce the sludge content of a lubricating composition comprising (i) a base oil, (ii) an ionic liquid and (iii) one or more additives.
11. Use of an ionic liquid to reduce the coking of a lubricating composition comprising (i) a base oil, (ii) an ionic liquid and (iii) one or more additives.
PCT/EP2010/063082 2009-09-07 2010-09-07 Lubricating compositions WO2011026990A1 (en)

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