WO2011046585A1 - Thermophilic mannanohydrolase and fracturing fluids containing the same - Google Patents
Thermophilic mannanohydrolase and fracturing fluids containing the same Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011046585A1 WO2011046585A1 PCT/US2010/002579 US2010002579W WO2011046585A1 WO 2011046585 A1 WO2011046585 A1 WO 2011046585A1 US 2010002579 W US2010002579 W US 2010002579W WO 2011046585 A1 WO2011046585 A1 WO 2011046585A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/84—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/86—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
- C09K8/88—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds
- C09K8/90—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds of natural origin, e.g. polysaccharides, cellulose
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
- C09K8/66—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/68—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
- C09K8/685—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds containing cross-linking agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
- C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
- C12N9/2405—Glucanases
- C12N9/2434—Glucanases acting on beta-1,4-glucosidic bonds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
- C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
- C12N9/2477—Hemicellulases not provided in a preceding group
- C12N9/2488—Mannanases
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
- C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
- C12N9/2477—Hemicellulases not provided in a preceding group
- C12N9/2488—Mannanases
- C12N9/2494—Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase (3.2.1.78), i.e. endo-beta-mannanase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
- C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
- C12Y302/01078—Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase (3.2.1.78), i.e. endo-beta-mannanase
Definitions
- An isolated mannanohydrolase enzyme which hydrolyzes galactomannan substrates at temperatures in excess of 160° F has particular applicability as an enzyme breaker in fracturing fluids containing guar and derivatized guars.
- Hydraulic fracturing is used to create subterranean fractures that extend from the borehole into rock formation in order to increase the rate at which fluids can be produced by the formation.
- a high viscosity fracturing fluid is pumped into the well at sufficient pressure to fracture the subterranean formation.
- a solid proppant is added to the fracturing fluid which is carried into the fracture by the high pressure applied to the fluid.
- guar gum derivatives such as hydroxypropyl guar (HPG), carboxymethyl guar (CMG) and carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG).
- HPG hydroxypropyl guar
- CMG carboxymethyl guar
- CMHPG carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar
- breakers are used to reduce the fluid's viscosity which allows the proppant to settle into the fracture and thereby increase the exposure of the formation to the well. Breakers work by reducing the molecular weight of the polymers, thus 'breaking' the polymer. The fracture then becomes a high permeability conduit for fluids and gas to be produced back to the well.
- oxidizers and enzymes are most commonly used as breakers.
- the oxidizer produces a radical which then degrades the polymer. This reaction is limited by the fact that oxidizers are stoichiometric and they will attack not only the polymer but any molecule that is prone to oxidation.
- Enzymes on the other hand, are catalytic and substrate specific and will catalyze the hydrolysis of specific bonds on the polymer. An enzyme will degrade many polymer bonds in the course of its lifetime. Unfortunately, enzymes operate under a narrow temperature range and their functional states are often inactivated at high temperatures.
- a mannanohydrolase enzyme effectively hydrolyzes galactomannins and has particular effectiveness in the hydrolysis of guar polymers at elevated temperature ranges.
- the high temperature mannanohydrolase enzyme may be associated with glutathione S-transferase (GST) or may be unassociated from GST.
- the nucleotide sequence encoding the mannanohydrolase enzyme was derived from the ⁇ -mannanase gene of Caldocellum saccharolyticum and codon optimized for expression in E. coli.
- the gene coding for the mannanohydrolase (hereinafter " ⁇ ") has the nucleotide sequence set forth in FIG. 1 A which is codon optimized to increase the expression of the mannanohydrolase in E. coli.
- the gene ⁇ may then be cloned into suitable plasmid vectors, such as pUC57, pUC 19, and pGS-21 a, or into any other commercially available or custom expression or cloning vector.
- the mannanohydrolase can be transformed and expressed in commercially available Escherichia coli strains.
- the translated amino acid sequence of the mannanohydrolase is shown in FIG. I B.
- An aqueous fracturing fluid may then be prepared which contains the enzyme, guar polymer and crossl inking agent.
- the mannanohydrolase When used in hydraulic fracturing, the mannanohydrolase is effective in degrading guar based polymers at temperatures in excess of 160° F.
- FIG. 1A represents the nucleotide sequence that codes for the mannanohydrolase used in the invention.
- FIG I B represents the amino acid sequence of the mannanohydrolase enzyme.
- FIG. 2 represents creation of the plasmids pUC57- rt ?, pGS-21 a-gs/- ?i ? and pGS-21 - ⁇ harboring the mannanohydrolase gene.
- FIG. 3 contrasts reduction in viscosity after 18 hours at 180° F of a 25 ppt borate crosslinked guar suspension containing the mannanohydrolase enzyme versus a suspension not containing the mannanohydrolase enzyme.
- FIG. 4 contrasts reduction in viscosity after 18 hours at 160° F of a 25 ppt borate crosslinked guar suspension containing the mannanohydrolase enzyme versus a suspension not containing the mannanohydrolase enzyme.
- FIG. 5 contrasts reduction in viscosity over 10 hours at 180° F of a borate crosslinked guar suspension containing the mannanohydrolase enzyme versus a suspension not containing the mannanohydrolase enzyme.
- FIG. 6 contrasts reduction in viscosity over 3.5 hours at 140° F of a borate crosslinked guar suspension containing the mannanohydrolase enzyme versus a suspension not containing the mannanohydrolase enzyme.
- FIG. 7 contrasts reduction in viscosity over varying temperatures of a guar suspension containing the mannanohydrolase enzyme.
- FIG. 8 shows photomicrographs of proppant packs and contrasts conductivity between a suspension containing the mannanohydrolase enzyme versus a suspension not containing the mannanohydrolase enzyme.
- the high temperature enzyme used in the fracturing method of the invention is referred to herein as "mannanohydrolase" when it is unassociated with glutathione S- transferase (GST) and “GST-mannanohydrolase” when it is the fusion of ⁇ - mannanase and GST.
- the mannanohydrolase enzyme described herein originates from the thermophilic and anaerobic Caldocellum saccharolyticum. Isolation of the gene encoding for the ⁇ -mannanase enzyme is described in E. Luthi et al, "Cloning, Sequence Analysis, and Expression in Escherichia coli of a Gene Coding for a ⁇ - Mannanase From the Extremely Thermophilic Bacterium 'Caldocellum saccharolyticum ', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Mar. 1991 , pp. 694-700, herein incorporated by reference.
- the gene for the mannanohydrolase enzyme was then codon optimized to increase the efficiency of its expression in E. coli.
- the nucleotide sequence of the ⁇ gene is set forth in FIG. 1 A. This nucleotide sequence has a 74% homology to the sequence depicted in FIG. 2 of Luthi et al for the mannanase gene.
- the nucleotide sequence includes the coding sequence for the mannanohydrolase and the leader sequence on the N-terminus.
- the htfi gene may be cloned into cloning vector pUC57 to create the plasmid pUC57-/ ?.
- the gene may be cloned into expression vector pGS-21 a which contains a coding region for GST protein.
- the resultant gene codes for a GST-mannanohydrolase fusion product.
- the resultant gene codes for an enzyme without the GST fusion tag. Expression using the pGS-21 a-gst-htfi and pGS-21 a-/tf ? plasmid of (b) and (c) respectively produces mannanohydrolase fused to the N-terminal GST protein and mannanohydrolase without the associated GST protein, respectively.
- rep(pMBl ) and fl ori represents the origin in pUC57 and pGS-21 a, respectively, responsible for the replication of the plasmid
- T7 represents the T7 RNA polymerase promoter
- MCS represents the Multiple Cloning Site.
- the 5 ' end of the optimized sequence contains a BamHI restriction endonuclease site and the 3' end contains a Hindlll restriction endonuclease site for cloning into the pGS-21a expression vector to create the GST- mannanohydrolase fusion protein.
- the 5' BamHI site was replaced with an Ndel restriction endonuclease site to create the mannanohydrolase protein without the associated GST fusion.
- the plasmids pGS-21 a-/zr/?, pGS-21 a-gst-htfi and pUC57-A/? may be transformed into commercially available E. coli strains and cultured. The cells may then be harvested, lysed, and the resultant solution used as a cell lysate. A cell free extract can be produced by removing the cell debris from the lysate, and the enzyme can then be isolated from the extract.
- isolated denotes that the enzyme has been removed from intact cells or cellular debris and, in a condition other than its native environment, is free of other extraneous or unwanted nucleic acids, proteases, and lipids, in a form suitable for use as a breaker for fracturing fluids.
- the gene coding for the mannanohydrolase enzyme may further have a nucleotide sequence which is substantially homologous to the nucleotide sequence of FIG. 1 A.
- the term "substantially homologous” is used herein to denote nucleotides having at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, and even more preferably at least 90%, sequence identity to the sequence shown in FIG. 1 .
- the translated amino acid sequence of the mannanohydrolase is shown in FIG. I B.
- the translated amino acid sequence of the mannanohydrolase enzyme used in the hydraulic fracturing method described herein is at least 60% similar to the translated amino acid sequence set forth in FIG. 1 B.
- the isolated protein is substantially free of other proteins. It is preferred to provide the protein in a greater than 40% pure form, more preferably greater than 60% pure form. Even more preferably it is preferred to provide the protein in a highly purified form, i.e., greater than 80% pure, more preferably greater than 95% pure, and even more preferably greater than 99% pure, as determined by SDS-PAGE.
- the mannanohydrolase effectively hydrolyzes the guar polymer at elevated temperature ranges, such as in excess of 72° F typically over pH ranges between from about 5.0 to about 1 1 .0. In fact, the mannanohydrolase hydrolyzes the guar polymer at temperatures in excess of 1 60° F as well as in excess of 1 80° F. In addition, the mannanohydrolase may be used in combination with other enzymes and/or oxidative breakers to degrade guar gels over broader temperature and pH ranges.
- the aqueous fracturing fluid used in the invention may be prepared by blending a hydratable polymer into an aqueous fluid.
- the aqueous fluid could be, e.g., water, brine, or water-alcohol mixtures. Any suitable mixing apparatus may be used for this procedure.
- the hydratable polymer and aqueous fluid are blended for a period of time which is sufficient to form a hydrated sol.
- the hydratable polymer is added to the aqueous fluid in concentrations ranging from about 0.10% to 5.0% by weight of the aqueous fluid.
- the most preferred range for the present invention is about 0.20% to 0.80% by weight.
- the hydratable polymer useful in the present invention is underivatized guar as well as derivatized guars. Underivatized guar is preferred. Examples of derivatized guars include hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar, and carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose.
- the fracturing fluid includes a crosslinking agent.
- the crosslinking agent can be polymers with metal ions including aluminum, antimony, zirconium and titanium containing compounds including the so-called organotitanates as well as borates and boron releasing compounds.
- the crosslinking agent is any material which supplies borate ions.
- Suitable borate crosslinkers include organoborates, monoborates, polyborates, mineral borates, boric acid, sodium borate, including anhydrous or any hydrate, borate ores such as colemanite or ulexite as well as any other borate complexed to organic compounds to delay the release of the borate ion. Borate crosslinking agents are preferred.
- the crosslinking agent is preferably present in the range from about 0.001% to in excess of 0.5%» by weight of the aqueous fluid.
- the concentration of crosslinking agent is in the range from about 0.005% to about 0.25% by weight of the aqueous fluid.
- the enzyme is introduced as an aqueous enzyme solution.
- the weight percentage of enzyme solution in the treatment fluid is dependent upon the number of units of enzyme activity in the aqueous enzyme solution.
- the amount of an aqueous enzyme solution having 30,000 units of enzyme activity in the treatment fluid is generally between from about 0.05 to about 1.3 weight percent, preferably from about 0.103 to about 0.206 weight percent.
- the weight percentage of an enzyme solution containing a different unit of enzyme activity may be determined using the designated weight percentage for the enzyme solution containing 30,000 units of enzyme activity.
- the optimum pH of the aqueous fluid containing the crosslinkable polymer is alkaline and typically is between from about 9.5 to about 1 1.0.
- the fracturing fluids of the invention also may have a pH regulating substance incorporated therein as a companion material to the enzyme breaker.
- the pH regulating substance is any substance which is initially inert but slowly hydrolyzes in the gelled fracturing fluid to produce a Bronsted acid, thereby gradually lowering the pH of the gelled fluid and activating the enzyme breaker.
- the preferred pH regulating substances include organic anhydrides, acyl halides, sulfonyl halides, benzylic halides and low molecular weight esters which slowly hydrolyze to produce Bronsted acids.
- the pH regulating substance is a low molecular weight ester selected from the group consisting of ethyl acetate, 2-ethoxyethylacetate, ethylacetoacetate, triethylcitrate, methylbenzoate and dimethylphthalate.
- Typical molecular weights for the 2-ethoxyethylacetate, ethylacetoacetate and triethylcitrate used in the examples which follow are 132, 130 and 276 respectively.
- the pH regulating substance is present in the range from about 0.01 % to about 0.85% by weight of the aqueous fluid.
- the well treatment fluid may be prepared on location using a high shear foam generator or may be shipped to the desired location.
- the fracturing fluid may further contain a proppant which are normally added to the fluid prior to the addition of the crosslinking agent.
- Suitable proppants include those conventionally known in the art including quartz sand grains, glass beads, aluminum pellets, ceramics, plastic beads, including polyamides, and ultra lightweight (ULW) particulates such as ground or crushed shells of nuts like walnut, coconut, pecan, almond, ivory nut, brazil nut, etc.; ground and crushed seed shells (including fruit pits) of seeds of fruits such as plum, olive, peach, cherry, apricot, etc.; ground and crushed seed shells of other plants such as maize (e.g., corn cobs or corn kernels), etc.; processed wood materials such as those derived from woods such as oak, hickory, walnut, poplar, mahogany, etc., including such woods that have been processed by grinding, chipping, or other form of particalization, processing, etc.
- UMW ultra lightweight
- the proppant may include porous ceramics or organic polymeric particulates.
- the porous particulate material may be treated with a non-porous penetrating material, coating layer or glazing layer.
- the porous particulate material may be a treated particulate material, as defined in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050028979 wherein (a) the ASG of the treated porous material is less than the ASG of the porous particulate material; (b) the permeability of the treated material is less than the permeability of the porous particulate material; or (c) the porosity of the treated material is less than the porosity of the porous particulate material.
- the propping agents are normally used in concentrations between about 1 to 8 pounds per gallon of fracturing fluid composition, but higher or lower concentrations can be used as required.
- the fracturing fluid can also contain other conventional additives common to the well service industry such as surfactants, corrosion inhibitors, crosslinking delaying agents and the like.
- the fracturing fluid of the invention is pumped at sufficiently high pressures to cause the formation or enlargement of fractures and to place proppant into the fracture.
- Example 1 The htfi gene was cloned into cloning vector pUC57 to create the plasmid pUC57- tf ? and into expression vector pGS-21a to create the pGS-21a-/3 ⁇ 4i ? plasmid.
- the plasmids pGS-21 a- 7/ ? and pUC57- rt ? were then transformed into competent BL21 (DE3) or DH5a E. coli strains and cultured in 5 mL LB-Miller nutrient media at 98.6 °F at 200 rpm for 16 hours.
- the culture broth was supplemented with 100 ug/mL ampicillan which was used as an inoculum for a 100 mL culture of E. coli harboring the plasmids pGS-21a-/z//? or pUC57- ⁇ . These cultures were grown at 98.6 °F and 200 rpm. After 4 hours, isopropyl ⁇ -D- l -thiogalactopyranoside (1PTG) was added to the culture to a final concentration of 0.1 mM. After 3 hours of incubation in the presence of IPTG, the cells were chilled to 39 °F and harvested by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 20 minutes.
- PTG isopropyl ⁇ -D- l -thiogalactopyranoside
- the culture medium was then discarded and the cells stored at -4 °F until use.
- the cells were then thawed and resuspended in 5 mLs chilled 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer. Lysozyme was added to a final concentration of 1 mg/mL and the culture was incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Nucleic acids were disrupted by brief pulses of sonication and resultant cell free extract (CFX) was obtained by centrifugation.
- CFX resultant cell free extract
- Example 2 About 1 gpt of conventional beta-mannanase enzyme, commercially available as GBW- 12CD from BJ Services Company diluted in a 1 :33 volumetric ratio in water, and about 2mLs of the CFX of Example 1 containing pGS-21a-/jt ? and pUC57- ⁇ were added to 100 mL aqueous fluid containing 25 ppt GW3, 2gpt BF-7L and l gpt XLW-32 and incubated for 18 hours at 1 80 °F.
- GW-3 is a guar suspension agent
- XLW-32 is a borate crosslinking agent
- BF-7L is a buffering agent, all of which are commercially available from BJ Services Company.
- the samples were then allowed to cool to room temperature and their viscosities measured using a Fann 35 viscometer.
- FIG. 3 wherein it is illustrated that the mannanohydrolase provides almost complete reduction in the viscosity of guar after 18 hours at 180 °F while the conventional enzyme product does not appear to be as effective in reducing the viscosity of the cross linked fluid at this temperature and pH.
- the arrow in FIG. 3 represents an unbroken sample.
- the initial pH of all samples was 10.5.
- Example 3 About 1 gpt of the conventional enzyme of Example 3 and of 2mLs CFX from samples containing pGS-21 a-/ ? and pUC57- /? from Example 1 were added to 100 mL aqueous samples containing 25 ppt GW-3, 2gpt BF-7L and l gpt XLW-32 and incubated for 1 8 hours at 160 °F. Samples of GW-3 were used at pH 6.5 and 10.5. The conventional enzyme, GBW- 12, was shown to degrade the GW-3 sample at pH 6.5 but not at 10.5. Samples containing the mannanohydrolase provided partial to complete degradation of the cross-linked GW-3 after 1 8 hours at 160° F.
- Viscosities were measured on a Fann 35 and are shown in FIG. 4 wherein FIG. 4 represents the viscosity reduction in borate cross-linked 25 ppt GW-3 by the mannanohydrolase.
- the arrow represents an unbroken sample.
- Example 4 A 100 mL aqueous fluid was prepared containing 25 ppt GW3, 1.5 gpt BF-7L and 1 .5 gpt of a borate ore crosslinker slurried in hydrocarbon oil, commercially available from BJ Services Company as XLW-30. The pH of the solution was 10.8. Two samples were then prepared. One sample, designated (-), had no enzyme added to the fluid.
- FIG. 5 represents the reduction in viscosity of the two samples over 10 hours at 1 80° F.
- FIG. 6 represents the reduction in viscosity of the two samples over 10 hours at 140° F.
- Example 5 A 100 mL aqueous fluid was prepared containing 25 ppt GW3, 1.3 gpt BF-7L and 1 .0 gpt XLW-32 crosslinker for tests at 72 °F and 140 °F. A second 100 mL aqueous fluid was prepared containing 25 ppt GW3, 2.0 gpt BF-7L and 1 .5 gpt XLW-30 crosslinker for tests at 200 °F. In all samples, the mannanohydrolase enzyme concentration was 0.5 gpt. The rheology of each sample was measured on a Chandler HTHP 5550 viscometer at 100 sec "1 . FIG.
- Example 6 This example illustrates the regained conductivity of a proppant pack treated with an aqueous fluid which contains the mannanohydrolase enzyme breaker.
- Two samples of a 100 mL aqueous fluid were prepared containing 25 ppt GW-3, 1.5 gpt BF-7L and 1 .3 gpt XLW-30.
- One sample further contained 1 .25 gpt (1 /5 dilution) of mannanohydrolase (referenced in Example 6); the other sample did not contain any Enzyme.
- a 60 mL syringe was equipped with a 30 mesh wire screen cut to the internal diameter of the syringe.
- the screen supported a piece of filter paper (2.5 ⁇ pore size) which was also cut to the internal diameter of the syringe.
- the 100 mL cross linked fluid was then applied to the proppant bed and forced through the proppant pack until the plunger came to rest on the top of the proppant pack.
- the end of the syringe was capped and the syringe submerged in a 180 °F water bath for 24 hours.
- FIG. 8 are photomicrographs of the proppant packs illustrating conductivity between a suspension which does not contain the mannanohydrolase (photomicrograph A) versus the suspension which does contain the mannanohydrolase (photomicrograph B).
- Photomicrograph A illustrates the proppant pack had a highly defined structure signifying that the fracturing fluid remained crosslinked. (Remaining fluid from the syringe was also crosslinked.)
- Photomicrograph B illustrates proppant packs with no structure wherein the pack "fell apart" immediately upon removal from the syringe. The remaining fluid from the syringe was water-like with very low viscosity. Proppant packs from fluids containing the mannanohydrolase showed little to no crosslinked gel remaining. This suggests excellent cleanup and high recovery of proppant pack permeability.
- Example 7 illustrates the production of then mannanohydrolase enzyme in a 10 liter fermentation process.
- the ⁇ gene was cloned into the expression vector pGS21 -a with the restriction endonucleases Ndel and Hindlll to create a mannanohydrolase without the associated GST fusion.
- the resultant expression vector was transformed into BL2 I (DE3) E. coli and plated on LB-Agar plates containing 100 ug/mL ampicillan. The plates were incubated at 98.6 °F overnight. A single colony was picked from the plate and used to inoculate 100 mLs of LB-Miller broth containing 100 ug/mL ampicillan. The culture was incubated at 98.6 °F overnight at 200 RPM.
- the 100 mL overnight culture was used as an inoculum into 10 L of Terrific Broth in a Bioflow 3000 Fermentor from New Brunswick Scientific. Ampicillin was added to a final concentration of 100 ug/mL.
- the fermentation culture was grown for 24 hours at 98.6 °F with maximum agitation and feed with compressed air to maintain the maximum aeration possible.
- Glycerol was added at a rate of 4 mLs/hour for the full 24 hours.
- An antifoam solution was added as needed. Once the OD 6 oo reached a value of 0.5, a sterile solution of lactose was added to the mixture so that the final concentration of lactose in the system was 15 mM. After 24 hours, the cell culture was stored at 39 °F until further processing.
- the cell culture was then homogenized and the cell debris removed either through centrifugation or filtration through a 0.2 um pore-size polyethersulfone membrane.
- the resultant solution could then be used as the mannanohydrolase enzyme solution or further concentrated as desired.
- the filtrate was concentrated via tangential flow filtration (TFF) using a 30,000 MWCO polyethersulfone filter. The retentate was then used as the mannanohydrolase enzyme solution.
Abstract
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Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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BR112012012144A BR112012012144A2 (en) | 2009-10-15 | 2010-09-21 | thermophilic mananohydrolase and fractionation fluids containing the same |
GB1208509.8A GB2487340B (en) | 2009-10-15 | 2010-09-21 | Thermophilic mannanohydrolase and fracturing fluids containing the same |
RU2012119789/10A RU2557297C2 (en) | 2009-10-15 | 2010-09-21 | Thermophilic mannanohydrolase and fracturing fluids containing it |
MX2012004372A MX2012004372A (en) | 2009-10-15 | 2010-09-21 | Thermophilic mannanohydrolase and fracturing fluids containing the same. |
CA2775446A CA2775446C (en) | 2009-10-15 | 2010-09-21 | Thermophilic mannanohydrolase and fracturing fluids containing the same |
CN2010800465776A CN102822195A (en) | 2009-10-15 | 2010-09-21 | Thermophilic mannanohydrolase and fracturing fluids containing the same |
AU2010307295A AU2010307295B2 (en) | 2009-10-15 | 2010-09-21 | Thermophilic mannanohydrolase and fracturing fluids containing the same |
IN2995DEN2012 IN2012DN02995A (en) | 2009-10-15 | 2012-04-09 |
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US12/579,771 | 2009-10-15 | ||
US12/579,771 US8058212B2 (en) | 2009-10-15 | 2009-10-15 | Method of fracturing using mannanohydrolase enzyme breaker |
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WO2011046585A1 true WO2011046585A1 (en) | 2011-04-21 |
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PCT/US2010/002579 WO2011046585A1 (en) | 2009-10-15 | 2010-09-21 | Thermophilic mannanohydrolase and fracturing fluids containing the same |
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CN (1) | CN102822195A (en) |
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Cited By (1)
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WO2013071113A3 (en) * | 2011-11-10 | 2014-01-16 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Method of fracturing using mannanohydrolase enzyme breaker |
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US8833457B2 (en) * | 2011-03-08 | 2014-09-16 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Sulfates and phosphates as allosteric effectors in mannanohydrolase enzyme breakers |
WO2014154814A1 (en) | 2013-03-28 | 2014-10-02 | Basf Se | Method for blocking permeable zones in oil and natural gas bearing subterranean formations by in-situ xyloglucan degalactosylation |
US9856414B2 (en) | 2013-06-10 | 2018-01-02 | Dober Chemical Corp. | Compositions, systems and methods of making coated additive components |
CN104559994A (en) * | 2013-10-14 | 2015-04-29 | 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司长庆井下技术作业公司 | Biological gel breaker |
PT3086671T (en) * | 2013-12-23 | 2019-01-23 | Juul Labs Uk Holdco Ltd | Vaporization device systems |
US10215008B2 (en) * | 2014-09-24 | 2019-02-26 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Polymeric metal crosslinker for shear tolerant fracturing fluid application |
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Cited By (3)
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---|---|---|---|---|
WO2013071113A3 (en) * | 2011-11-10 | 2014-01-16 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Method of fracturing using mannanohydrolase enzyme breaker |
CN103930648A (en) * | 2011-11-10 | 2014-07-16 | 贝克休斯公司 | Method of fracturing using mannanohydrolase enzyme breaker |
GB2511677A (en) * | 2011-11-10 | 2014-09-10 | Baker Hughes Inc | Method of fracturing using mannanohydrolase enzyme breaker |
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MX2012004372A (en) | 2012-06-12 |
GB2487340B (en) | 2017-08-23 |
GB201208509D0 (en) | 2012-06-27 |
CN102822195A (en) | 2012-12-12 |
BR112012012144A2 (en) | 2016-04-12 |
US20110092397A1 (en) | 2011-04-21 |
IN2012DN02995A (en) | 2015-07-31 |
AU2010307295B2 (en) | 2014-01-23 |
CA2775446A1 (en) | 2011-04-21 |
US8058212B2 (en) | 2011-11-15 |
RU2012119789A (en) | 2013-11-20 |
GB2487340A (en) | 2012-07-18 |
CA2775446C (en) | 2017-08-29 |
RU2557297C2 (en) | 2015-07-20 |
AU2010307295A1 (en) | 2012-05-03 |
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