WO2011047143A1 - Compositions and methods for mild sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia in the procedural setting - Google Patents
Compositions and methods for mild sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia in the procedural setting Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011047143A1 WO2011047143A1 PCT/US2010/052655 US2010052655W WO2011047143A1 WO 2011047143 A1 WO2011047143 A1 WO 2011047143A1 US 2010052655 W US2010052655 W US 2010052655W WO 2011047143 A1 WO2011047143 A1 WO 2011047143A1
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- triazolam
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
- A61K31/485—Morphinan derivatives, e.g. morphine, codeine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
- A61J7/00—Devices for administering medicines orally, e.g. spoons; Pill counting devices; Arrangements for time indication or reminder for taking medicine
- A61J7/0076—Medicament distribution means
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
- A61K31/551—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole having two nitrogen atoms, e.g. dilazep
- A61K31/5513—1,4-Benzodiazepines, e.g. diazepam or clozapine
- A61K31/5517—1,4-Benzodiazepines, e.g. diazepam or clozapine condensed with five-membered rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. imidazobenzodiazepines, triazolam
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
- A61K9/006—Oral mucosa, e.g. mucoadhesive forms, sublingual droplets; Buccal patches or films; Buccal sprays
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
- A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
- A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
- A61K9/2054—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P23/00—Anaesthetics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/20—Hypnotics; Sedatives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/22—Anxiolytics
Definitions
- compositions, methods and systems effective to sedate, and to provide anxiolysis and analgesia to a subject during a diagnostic or therapeutic medical or dental procedure, or prior to induction of general anesthesia are provided.
- the compositions, methods and systems are based on the combination of an analgesic drug, such as sufentanil, and a drug typically used to treat anxiety, for example, a drug of the benzodiazepine class, such as triazolam, delivered by the oral transmucosal route in a single, small volume, solid dosage form (e.g., a tablet).
- IV intravenously
- Reproducible and effective drug delivery technology represents an area of active research.
- Oral transmucosal drug delivery systems offer numerous advantages relative to conventional dosage forms, which include more comfortable and convenient administration, faster onset, improved efficacy, reduced side effects, and improved patient acceptance. This is particularly relevant to procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia.
- Opioids are powerful sedatives as well as analgesics that are utilized to treat both acute and chronic pain of moderate to severe intensity. Opioids are also used for procedural sedation, as they provide both anxiolysis and analgesia. However, opioids can have respiratory depressive effects if not used appropriately and suffer from a high abuse potential . Opioids have a relatively rapid onset of action when administered either IV or tra ns mucosa I ly.
- Benzodiazepines are powerful anxiolytic and amnestic agents, however, when given via the oral route, they can have a delayed and erratic onset, as well as delayed post- procedural recovery (Viitanen eta/., 1999). There is no direct analgesic effect of
- benzodiazepines or most sedatives.
- anxiety and agitation can result due to under-treated pain caused by IV cannulation or other procedures.
- Common side effects with the use of anti-anxiety medications include dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness and headaches. More severe side effects such as memory loss, uncoordinated body movements, confusion, and irregular heartbeat may also result.
- Procedural sedation is attempted in many clinical settings using a number of intervention scenarios, which generally include use of benzodiazepines and/or opioids via IV, oral tablets, oral liquids or transmucosal administration. These methods meet with varying degrees of success with respect to onset of action, duration of action, ease of use, level of sedation, safety and side-effects.
- the invention provides oral transmucosal compositions and methods for procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia, based on administration of a single solid tablet comprising the combination of sufentanil and triazolam, wherein upon oral transmucosal administration to an alert, awake subject, the subject is sedated and the subject's pre- procedural anxiety level is reduced.
- the tablet is bioadhesive and has a mass of from about 5mg to about 25mg or a volume of from about 5mcl to about 25mcl.
- the tablet has a thickness of from about 0.7mm to about 1.0mm or from about 0.75mm to about 0.95mm and a diameter of from about 2.5mm to about 4.0mm, or from about 3.0mm to about 3.5mm.
- the tablet comprises from about 4mcg to about 50mcg of sufentanil or about lOmcg to about 20mcg of sufentanil in combination with from about lOOmcg to about 500mcg of triazolam or from about 150mcg to about 300mcg of triazolam.
- the tablet comprises a substantially homogeneous composition and may be administered by the sublingual or buccal route.
- Single dose applicators comprising such bioadhesive tablets are also provided, together with methods for procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia of a subject during a diagnostic or therapeutic medical or dental procedure by administration of the bioadhesive tablets.
- the methods include administering a sufentanil/triazolam tablet, as described herein, to a subject prior to a medical or dental procedure, wherein following administration, the cumulative RASS sedation score and the cumulative NRS anxiety score of subjects administered the sufentanil/triazolam tablet is significantly lower as compared to subjects who were administered a placebo tablet.
- Figures 1A and IB are schematic depictions of an exemplary single dose applicator.
- Figures 2A - C provide an illustration of one type of single dose applicator and use thereof in delivering a dosage form to a subject.
- Figures 3A - F provide an illustration of six additional single dose applicators.
- Figures 4A - C provide an illustration of additional single dose applicator and multiple dose applicator embodiments.
- Figures 5A - B provide an illustration of two stages of use of one embodiment of a single dose applicator.
- FIGS. 6A - D are schematic depictions of additional examples of single dose applicators (SDAs).
- FIGS 7A - B are a schematic depiction of an alternative embodiment of an SDA which has a pin lock 167 which must be removed before a tablet can be injected from the SDA, as well as a shroud 29 and a valve 33, which serve to protect the tablet from saliva ingress when the SDA is inserted into the mouth of a subject.
- Figure 8 is a graphic depiction of least squares (LS) mean of Summed Richmond Agitation Sedation Scores (SRS) versus time, following sublingual administration of either F0315 (a tablet comprising 15mcg of sufentanil and 200mcg of triazolam plus excipients) or Placebo (a tablet comprising excipients alone), for the 4 hour study period (p ⁇ 0.001).
- LS least squares
- SRS Summed Richmond Agitation Sedation Scores
- LS least squares
- SANX Summed Procedural Anxiety Score
- LS least squares
- SPI Summed Pain Intensity
- the invention provides compositions, methods, systems and kits that rely on the combination of an opioid and a benzodiazepine formulated in a single dosage form for oral transmucosal delivery.
- the dosage form finds use in procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia.
- Novel formulations are provided wherein the majority of active drug in the oral transmucosal, e.g., sublingual , dosage form or tablet is delivered across the oral mucosa.
- the dosage forms comprise a combination of drugs that produce a therapeutic effect and a predictable and safe pharmacokinetic profile and are delivered with or without a device.
- the invention provides a combination formulation comprised of a benzodiazepine, e.g., triazolam or midazolam, and an opioid, e.g., sufentanil or fentanyl.
- a benzodiazepine e.g., triazolam or midazolam
- an opioid e.g., sufentanil or fentanyl
- compositions, methods, systems and kits which find utility in practicing the present invention.
- the invention is not limited to the specific formulations and methodology or medical conditions described herein, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
- active agent or “active” may be used interchangeably herein with the term “drug” and is used herein to refer to any therapeutically active agent.
- a drug formulation is said to "adhere" to a surface, such as a mucosal membrane, it is meant that the formulation is in contact with the surface and retained on the surface without the application of an external force. Adhesion is not meant to imply any particular degree of sticking or bonding, nor is it meant to imply any degree of permanency.
- analgesic is used with reference to any of a number of drugs used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia).
- AUC area under the curve in a plot of concentration of drug in plasma versus time. AUC is usually given for the time interval zero to infinity, however, clearly plasma drug concentrations cannot be measured to "infinity'" for a patient so mathematical approaches are used to estimate the AUC from a limited number of concentration measurements.
- AUCo-inf means, the AUC (from zero to infinity) and represents the total amount of drug absorbed by the body, irrespective of the rate of absorption.
- the AUC of a transmucosal dosage form compared to that of the same drug administered intravenously serves as the basis for a measurement of bioavailability.
- relative AUCoW is used herein with reference to the AUC 0 -i as t of the test article following delivery via the intended route versus the AUC 0 -i ast for the same drug after intravenous (sufentanil) or oral (triazolam) administration.
- AUQ 0ta i as used herein with respect to sedation means "area under the curve” in a plot of the results from the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) versus time for the time period from administration of a drug dosage form (time 0) following administration to the last time-point of RASS analysis, extrapolated to infinity.
- RASS Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale
- anxiolytic refers to a drug prescribed for the treatment of symptoms of anxiety.
- bioadhesion refers to the process of adhesion of the dosage forms to a biological surface, e.g., a mucosal membrane.
- Controlled drug delivery refers to release or administration of a drug from a given dosage form in a controlled fashion in order to achieve the desired pharmacokinetic profile in vivo.
- An aspect of "controlled” drug”, “pharmacologically active agent”, “therapeutic agent” and the like are used interchangeably herein and generally refer to any substance that alters the physiology of an animal.
- a dosage from comprising a formulation according to the invention may be used to deliver any drug that can be administered by the oral transmucosal delivery is the ability to manipulate the formulation and/or dosage form in order to establish the desired kinetics of drug release.
- disintegration is used interchangeably herein with the term “erosion” and means the physical process by which a dosage form breaks down and pertains to the physical integrity of the dosage form alone. This can occur in a number of different ways.
- formulation or “drug formulation” or “dosage form” as used herein refers to a composition containing at least one therapeutic agent or medication for delivery to a subject.
- the dosage form comprises a given "formulation” or “drug formulation” and may be administered to a patient in the form of a lozenge, pill, tablet, capsule, membrane, strip, liquid, patch, film, gel, spray or other form.
- drug means any “drug”,” active agent”, “active”, “medication” or “therapeutically active agent” that can be effectively administered by the oral transmucosal route.
- a "drug” or formulation may include more than one therapeutic agent, wherein exemplary combinations of therapeutic agents include a combination of an opioid analog, such as sufentanil, fentanyl, alfentanil, lofentanil, carfentanil, remifentanil, trefentanil, or mirfentanil, in combination with a drug typically used for the treatment of anxiety.
- an opioid analog such as sufentanil, fentanyl, alfentanil, lofentanil, carfentanil, remifentanil, trefentanil, or mirfentanil
- drug dosage form or “dosage form” may be used interchangeably herein with the term “tablet”.
- dosage form or “dosage form” may be used interchangeably herein with the term “tablet”.
- mucus such as those in the oral cavity.
- mucus such as those in the oral cavity.
- bioadhesion may be used interchangeably herein with the term “bioadhesion”.
- mucosal membrane refers generally to any of the mucus-coated biological membranes in the body.
- oral mucosal absorption i.e., buccal, sublingual, gingival and palatal absorption are specifically contemplated.
- procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia is used herein with reference to producing a state of one or more of relaxation, sleepiness and a state of decreased pain during a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure or prior to the induction of general anesthesia in a subject or patient by administration of one or more drugs.
- procedural sedation is used herein with reference to producing a state of conscious or unconscious sedation during a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure or prior to the induction of general anesthesia. Sedation may be conscious or unconscious depending on the dose of drug delivered and the age and weight of the patient or subject. Conscious sedation does not alter respiratory, cardiac, or reflex functions to the level that requires external support for these vital functions. Unconscious sedation is a controlled state of anesthesia, characterized by partial or complete loss of protective nerve reflexes, including the ability to independently breathe and respond to commands.
- RASS Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale
- millild sedation is used herein with reference to a RASS score for a subject that is -1 or -2 at a given point in time.
- RASS score for a subject that is -1 or -2 at a given point in time.
- millild sedation may be used
- Level 1 minimal sedation according to the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO).
- Anxiolysis is used herein with reference to reducing or eliminating anxiety.
- Anxiety is a complex feeling of apprehension, fear, and worry often accompanied by pulmonary, cardiac, and other physical sensations. It is a common condition that can be a self-limited physiologic response to a stressor, or it can persist and result in debilitating emotions.
- analgesia is used herein with reference to a reduction in or elimination of the sense of pain without loss of consciousness pain.
- subject includes any subject, generally a mammal (e.g., human, canine, feline, equine, bovine, ungulate etc.), adult or child, in which treatment for a disorder is desired.
- subject and patient may be used interchangeably herein.
- oral transmucosal dosage form is used with reference to a dosage form, which comprises a drug formulation as described herein.
- the dosage form is used to deliver a pharmaceutically active substance to the circulation by way of the oral mucosa and is typically a "sublingual dosage form” or “buccal dosage form", for example a tablet administered by the sublingual or buccal route, however, in some cases other oral transmucosal routes may be employed.
- the dosage form provides for delivery of pharmaceutically active substances across the oral mucosa and by controlling the
- the dosage form comprises pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and the drug
- formulations which comprise the dosage form are neither effervescent nor do they comprise an essentially water-free, ordered mixture of microparticles of drug adhered to the surface of carrier particles, where the carrier particles are substantially larger than the microparticles of drug.
- the formulation is not a solid solution and the pharmaceutical agents and dissolution agent are combined in a manner such that a molecular mixture does not result.
- oral transmucosal drug delivery refers to a dosage form wherein drug delivery occurs substantially via the oral transmucosal route and not via swallowing followed by GI absorption.
- the formulations and drug dosage forms are designed to provide for a drug dissolution rate and dosage form erosion rate that allows for maximal delivery via the oral mucosa, typically via placement of the dosage form within the sublingual cavity.
- small volume drug dosage form or "small volume dosage form” is used herein with reference to a small volume dosage form with a mass of from about 1 to about 8mg, from about 2 to about lOmg, from about 3 to about 15mg, from about 4 to about 20mg, or from about 5 to about 25mg.
- the "dosage form” is typically a tablet with bioadhesive characteristics and may form a hydrogel upon contact with an aqueous solution.
- the "small volume drug dosage form” or “small volume dosage form may be referred to as a "NanoTabTM".
- sublingual means literally “under the tongue” and refers to a method of administering substances via the mouth in such a way that the substances are rapidly absorbed via the blood vessels under the tongue rather than via the digestive tract. Absorption occurs via highly vascularized sublingual mucosa and allows a substance more direct access to the blood circulation, providing for direct systemic administration
- terapéuticaally effective amount means an amount of a therapeutic agent, or a rate of delivery of a therapeutic agent (e.g., amount over time), effective to facilitate a desired therapeutic effect, such as pain relief.
- desired therapeutic effect e.g., the degree of pain relief, and source of the pain relieved, etc.
- the precise desired therapeutic effect will vary according to the condition to be treated, the tolerance of the subject, the drug and/or drug formulation to be administered (e.g., the potency of the therapeutic agent (drug), the concentration of drug in the formulation, and the like), and a variety of other factors that are appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art.
- T max means the time point of maximum observed plasma concentration.
- C max means the maximum observed plasma
- terminal half-life or "t 1 _ [h]" as defined herein is calculated as ⁇ (2)/ ⁇ (defined as the first order terminal rate constant estimated by linear regression of the time versus log concentration curve) and also determined after the final dosing in repeated dose studies.
- T onS et with respect to sedation is used herein relative to the observed “time of onset” and represents the time required for the RASS score to reach a level that is at least one point less than baseline for the first time for studies that do not include a placebo control.
- T onS et is defined as the first time the sedation score for a group treated with drug first separates statistically from the sedation score for a placebo treated group (defined by p ⁇ 0.05).
- the term "rapid onset" with respect to sedation in the procedural setting means that onset of sedation (T onS et) occurs within from about 10 minutes to about 60 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 45 minutes, from about 8 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 20 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes, or from about 10 to about 12 minutes following administration of a tablet comprising the
- T onS et is defined as the first time the anxiety score for a group treated with drug first separates statistically from the anxiety score for a placebo treated group (defined by p ⁇ 0.05).
- rapid onset with respect to anxiolysis in the procedural setting means onset of anxiety relief occurs within from about 5 minutes to about 45 minutes, from about 8 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 20 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes, or from about 10 to about 12 minutes following administration of a tablet comprising the opioid/benzodiazepine combination.
- the present invention is directed to compositions, methods, systems and kits for procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia in the outpatient setting.
- the invention relies on small oral transmucosal dosage forms (tablets) comprising formulations effective for induction of sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia in the procedural setting, for example prior to a therapeutic procedure or prior to induction of general anesthesia.
- the dosage forms comprise the combination of a drug typically used to treat anxiety, e.g., a drug of the benzodiazepine class, such as triazolam, and an analgesic drug of the opioid class, such as sufentanil, delivered by the oral transmucosal route in a single dosage form.
- the invention finds utility both in clinics, doctor's offices, and in the hospital setting for use in place of oral or IV drugs in order to effect for procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia. This is particularly important for populations such as pediatric patients, obese patients, elderly patients with fragile veins, patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, and the like.
- Benzodiazepines are drugs that relieve anxiety putatively by acting on the limbic system, an area deep inside the brain that appears to be involved in primitive emotional responses.
- Exemplary drugs of the benzodiazepine class include but are not limited to triazolam, midazolam, temazepam, estazolam, alprazolam, diazepam and lorazepam, and are usually taken orally.
- Oral benzodiazepines act fairly rapidly (within 1-2 hours), with a limited number of side effects which can include agitation, worsened anxiety, confusion, impaired memory, lack of coordination, speech difficulties, and others.
- Triazolam or 8-chloro-6-(o-chlorophenyl) -l-methyl-4H-s-triazolo-[4,3- alpha][l,4]benzodiazepine has a molecular weight of 343 and is marketed under brand names Halcion®, Novodorm®, Songar®). Triazolam is a benzodiazepine derivative that is generally only used as a sedative to treat insomnia.
- Triazolam has a plasma half-life of 1.5 - 5.5 hours, the shortest of the clinically used benzodiazepines. Studies comparing pharmacokinetics of triazolam demonstrated a 50% increase in C max but no change in T max (0.9 hours) for elderly versus young adults. The clearance of triazolam in the elderly was approximately 40% less than young adults. Triazolam is currently approved for the short-term treatment of insomnia (generally 7 - 10 days). Triazolam is available as an oral tablet at two dosage strengths: 0.125mg and 0.250mg. A 0.2mg sublingual triazolam tablet was marketed as
- Dumozolam® by Dumex Ltd., Denmark, however, it is no longer commercially available. While oral triazolam is usually used as a sleeping aid for patients with insomnia, there are also studies demonstrating the successful use of this medication for procedural anxiety. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of sublingual triazolam with oral administration demonstrates a 28% higher bioavailability and a 20% higher peak plasma level for the sublingual route of administration. The effects of triazolam are reversed by administration of flumazenil. The initial step in triazolam metabolism is hydroxylation catalyzed by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP 3A).
- Sublingual administration of triazolam has been described as effective for preoperative sedation in a number of situations: (1) Sublingual administration of 250mcg of triazolam for preoperative sedation 60 minutes prior to oral surgery in dental outpatients resulted in significantly less anxiety and pain at 15 minutes intraoperatively than both oral triazolam and placebo. The observed decrease in pain may have been an indirect effect since benzodiazepines have been shown to not possess direct analgesic. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of sublingual triazolam with oral administration demonstrated a 28% higher bioavailability and a higher peak plasma level for the sublingual route of
- Tablets were the size of 325mg acetaminophen and dissolved within 90 seconds. T max for both oral and sublingual sufentanil was approximately 90 minutes.
- Midazolam is used as a sedative before or during surgery or a medical procedure. Midazolam is very fast acting and therefore useful for anesthesia because it produces sedation, amnesia, and relief of anxiety. It has become a commonly used agent for conscious sedation of children before diagnostic or therapeutic procedures and before induction of anesthesia.
- Midazolam or 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-l-methyl-4H-imidazo[l,5- a][l,4]benzodiazepine has a molecular weight of 326.
- Midazolam is marketed under brand names Dormicum, Flormidal, Versed, Hypnovel and Dormonid and is a benzodiazepine derivative. It has powerful anxiolytic, amnestic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, skeletal muscle relaxant and sedative properties. It is considered a fast-acting benzodiazepine, with a short elimination half-life.
- Midazolam has an oral bioavailability of approximately 36% (with a broad range) and orally administered midazolam has a plasma half-life of 1.5 - 5 hours. In adults greater than 60 years, the plasma half-life of midazolam may be prolonged up to 3 times.
- the pharmacokinetics of midazolam is linear in the 7.5-15mg oral dose range.
- Midazolam is absorbed rapidly and completely after oral administration. With a dose of 15mg, maximum plasma concentrations of 70-120 ng/ml are reached within one hour. Food prolongs the time to peak plasma concentration.
- Group N received 0.2mg/kg nasally, group R 0.5mg/kg rectally, and group S 0.2mg/kg sublingually. 30 min after premedication the midazolam level in the sublingual group was statistically significantly higher than in the nasal group.
- Analgesia 93:98-105, 2001
- transmucosal benzodiazepines such as midazolam
- the intranasal route is irritating and creates crying episodes and the sublingual route results in swallowing or spitting out of the drug.
- Anxiety is a complex feeling of apprehension, fear, and worry often accompanied by pulmonary, cardiac, and other physical sensations.
- Anxiety may surround a specific condition or situation, such as an intense fear prior to a medical or dental diagnostic or therapeutic procedure.
- the fear of a subject may be so severe that they may experience physical symptoms of anxiety, and even have panic attacks, when confronted with the situation, or even anticipating having to deal with the situation.
- a subject may either avoid having a medical or dental procedure they fear or endure the situation with distress. This is particularly problematic in the pediatric situation as children often do not know that their fear of a situation is excessive or unreasonable.
- a number of classes of drugs are used to treat anxiety, including but not limited to, benzodiazepines, beta blockers, miscellaneous anxiolytics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants. Certain drug classes have greater effectiveness for specific anxiety disorders than others.
- benzodiazepines For an acute anxiety attack, short-term treatment with benzodiazepines is a standard treatment. More chronic episodes of anxiety are typically treated by administration of SSRIs, SNRIs or buspirone. In other situations, tricyclic antidepressants, beta-blockers, and, rarely, monoamine oxidase inhibitors are prescribed alone or in combination with other drugs to control anxiety.
- Opioids are powerful analgesics and are utilized to treat both acute and chronic pain of moderate to severe intensity. Transmucosal administration of opioids has been used to treat procedural anxiety, especially in children, however, the dose required for sedation using an opioid alone is higher than required for analgesic purposes and may result in an increased incidence of respiratory depression and nausea and vomiting, which raises safety concerns and can delay discharge from the post-surgical recovery room (Clin. Pharmacol and Therapeutics 59:341, 1996).
- Sufentanil N-[(4-(Methoxymethyl-l-(2-(2-thienyl)ethyl)-4-piperidinyl)]-N- phenylpropanamide
- SUFENTA FORTE ® formulation A commercial form of sufentanil used for IV delivery is the SUFENTA FORTE ® formulation. This liquid formulation contains 0.075mg/ml sufentanil citrate (equivalent to 0.05mg of sufentanil base) and 9.0mg/ml sodium chloride in water.
- sufentanil as used herein includes sufentanil base, sufentanil citrate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof.
- sufentanil clinically has predominantly been limited to IV administration in operating rooms or intensive care units.
- Intranasal sufentanil liquid has been studied in both adult and pediatric patients for procedural sedation, with doses of 5 - 20mcg or higher providing sedative effects (Vercauteren et al., 1988; Karl et al., 1992).
- Helmers et al. 1989 describes a double-blind study which compared the efficacy of 15mcg sufentanil (intranasal vs.
- T max was 10 minutes with a bioavailability of 78% and a peak sedation at 40 minutes.
- Gardner-Nix 1 J Pain Symptom Management. 2001 Aug; 22(2) :627- 30 describes administration of liquid sublingual sufentanil to adults wherein there was an analgesic effect following administration and that the analgesic onset occurred within 6 minutes with a duration of pain relief of approximately 30 minutes.
- Fentanyl (N-(l-phenethyl-4-piperidyl)-N-phenyl-propanamide) was first synthesized in Belgium in the late 1950s, and has an analgesic potency of about 80 times that of morphine.
- Fentanyl and its congeners are mu opioid agonists that were originally developed as anesthesia agents, and are often administered intravenously due to rapid onset of analgesia.
- Fentanyl and other opioid agonists have the potential for deleterious side effects including respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting and constipation.
- Alfentanil, remifentanil, lofentanil, carfentanil, trefentanil, and mirfentanil are also potent fentanyl congeners that are rapidly metabolized and may be suitable for use in a transmucosal formulation in combination with an anxiolytic, such as triazolam.
- Fentora package insert indicates a range of T max for Actiq extending up to 240 minutes.
- Fentora (a fentanyl buccal tablet; "FBT”) exhibits a bioavailability of 65%, with reported swallowing of 50% of the drug.
- both Actiq ® and Fentora suffer from the disadvantage that substantial amounts of lozenge-administered fentanyl are swallowed by the patient. Since fentanyl has a 31% bioavailability from the GI route, this swallowed drug contributes to the C max plasma levels and results in the erratic C max and T max observed with these products.
- opioids are powerful analgesics as well as sedatives, they are known to produce pruritis, respiratory depression and/or nausea and vomiting during acute use and physical dependence, possible addictive behaviors and tolerance with long-term use.
- Benzodiazepines are powerful anxiolytics, however they have no analgesic properties.
- Benzodiazepines in particular, when given via the oral route, can have a delayed and erratic onset which results in delayed post-procedural recovery (Viitanen et al., Anesthesia & Analgesia, 89:75-9, 1999; Viitanen et al, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 46:766-71, 1999).
- Sedation coupled with relief of anxiety relief (anxiolysis) and/or pain relief (analgesia) is helpful in many settings, in particular, in the outpatient setting prior to a potentially painful medical or dental diagnostic or therapeutic procedure.
- anxiolysis anxiolysis
- pain relief analgesia
- minimal treatment a e.g., a local anesthetic
- an opioid such as sufentanil
- a benzodiazepine such as triazolam
- a single dosage form e.g., a tablet
- oral transmucosal administration provides a non-invasive approach to procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia.
- compositions for Procedural Sedation Compositions for Procedural Sedation. Anxiolvsis And Analgesia
- a sedative agent such as a benzodiazepine
- an analgesic agent such as an opioid
- novel formulations described herein are provided in a single oral transmucosal dosage form (e.g., a tablet), that is relatively undetectable due to the small size of the dosage form.
- a fentanyl congener such as sufentanil
- a benzodiazepine such as triazolam
- the opioid agent in the drug dosage form is sufentanil or a sufentanil congener such as alfentanil, fentanyl, lofentanil, carfentanil, remifentanil, trefentanil, or mirfentanil, provided in combination with a benzodiazepine such as triazolam or midazolam.
- sufentanil is the active agent.
- Sufentanil may be provided in the claimed dosage forms in any of a number of formulations and forms, e.g., as sufentanil citrate or as sufentanil base.
- One preferred embodiment relies on a sufentanil congener as the active agent. Yet another preferred embodiment relies on a combination of sufentanil and at least one additional agent typical used for treatment of analgesia, e.g., a combination of sufentanil and alfentanil.
- Various opioid drugs have different pharmacokinetic profiles and different interactions with mu opioid receptor splice variants and, therefore, may be used in combination to enhance the therapeutic effect.
- Preferred dosage forms for use in procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia contain from about 2 to about lOOmcg of sufentanil per tablet for oral transmucosal delivery, in combination with a benzodiazepine drug such as triazolam or midazolam.
- each dosage form or tablet contains from about 2mcg to about lOOmcg of sufentanil, from about 4mcg to about 50mcg of sufentanil, from about 6mcg to about 40mcg of sufentanil, from about 8mcg to about 30mcg of sufentanil, or from about lOmcg to about 20mcg of sufentanil, in combination with from about 50mcg to about lOOOmcg of triazolam, from about 75mcg to about 750mcg of triazolam, from about lOOmcg to about 500mcg of triazolam or from about 125mcg to about 400mcg, from about 150mcg to about 300mcg of triazolam, or from about 175mcg to about 250mcg of triazolam.
- each dosage form or tablet contains from about 2mcg to about lOOmcg of sufentanil, from about 4mcg to about 50mcg of sufentanil, from about 6mcg to about 40mcg of sufentanil, from about 8mcg to about 30mcg of sufentanil, or from about lOmcg to about 20mcg of sufentanil, in combination with from about 0.2mg to about 5mg of midazolam, from about 0.4mg to about 8mg of midazolam, from about 0.8mg to about 6mg of midazolam, from about Img to about 5mg of midazolam, or from about 1.5mg to about 3mg of midazolam.
- a dosage form or tablet for administration to adults for procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia may comprise about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or lOOmcg of sufentanil for oral transmucosal delivery.
- a dosage form or tablet for use in procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia contains from about lOmcg to about lOOOmcg of fentanyl, from about 15mcg to about 800mcg of fentanyl, from about 20mcg to about 600mcg of fentanyl, from about 40mcg to about 400mcg of fentanyl, or from about 30mcg to about 300mcg of fentanyl, in combination with from about 50mcg to about lOOOmcg of triazolam, from about 75mcg to about 750mcg of triazolam, from about lOOmcg to about 500mcg of triazolam or from about 125mcg to about 400mcg or from about 150 to about 300mcg of triazolam.
- each dosage form or tablet contains from lOmcg to about lOOOmcg of fentanyl, from about 15mcg to about 800mcg of fentanyl, from about 20mcg to about 600mcg of fentanyl, from about 40mcg to about 400mcg of fentanyl, or from about 30mcg to about 300mcg of fentanyl, in combination with from about 0.2mg to about 5mg of midazolam, from about 0.4mg to about 8mg of midazolam, from about 0.8mg to about 6mg of midazolam, from about Img to about 5mg of midazolam, or from about 1.5mg to about 3mg of midazolam.
- a dosage for administration to adults aged 18 to 60 for procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia may contain about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 or lOOOmcg of fentanyl for oral transmucosal delivery.
- Exemplary dosage forms or tablets for administration to children (pediatric patients) or for administration to adults over 60 years of age for use in procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia contain from about 1 to about 50mcg of sufentanil per dosage form, or from about 2mcg to about 40mcg of sufentanil, from about 3mcg to about 30mcg of sufentanil, from about 4mcg to about 20mcg of sufentanil, or from about 5mcg to about lOmcg of sufentanil.
- a formulation of the invention for administration to children or adults over 60 may comprise about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50mcg of sufentanil for oral transmucosal delivery.
- Exemplary dosage forms or tablets for administration to children (pediatric patients) or for administration to adults over 60 years of age for use in procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia contain from about 5 to about 500mcg of fentanyl per dosage form, from about 8mcg to about 400mcg of fentanyl, from about lOmcg to about 300mcg of fentanyl, from about 20mcg to about 200mcg of fentanyl, or from about 15mcg to about 150mcg of fentanyl.
- dosage forms or tablets for administration to children (pediatric patients) or for administration to adults over 60 years of age for use in procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia contain from about 1 to about 50mcg of sufentanil, in combination with a benzodiazepine drug.
- each dosage form for administration to children (pediatric patients) or for administration to adults over 60 years of age contains from about 1 to about 50mcg of sufentanil per dosage form, or from about 2mcg to about 40mcg of sufentanil, from about 3mcg to about 30mcg of sufentanil, from about 4mcg to about 20mcg of sufentanil, or from about 5mcg to about lOmcg of sufentanil , in combination with about 50mcg to about 500mcg of triazolam, from about 60mcg to about 400mcg of triazolam, from about 70mcg to about 300mcg of triazolam or from about 80mcg to about 200mcg or from about 90 to about 150mcg of triazolam, e.g., about 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500mcg of tria
- dosage forms or tablets for administration to children (pediatric patients) or for administration to adults over 60 years of age for use in procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia contain from about 1 to about 50mcg of sufentanil per dosage form, or from about 2mcg to about 40mcg of sufentanil, from about 3mcg to about 30mcg of sufentanil, from about 4mcg to about 20mcg of sufentanil, or from about 5mcg to about lOmcg of sufentanil, in combination with from about 0.2mg to about 5mg of midazolam, from about 0.3mg to about 7mg of midazolam, from about 0.4mg to about 8mg of midazolam, from about 0.5mg to about lmg of midazolam, or from about 0.75mg to about 0.9mg of midazolam, e.g., about 0.2,
- dosage forms or tablets for administration to children (pediatric patients) or for administration to adults over 60 years of age for use in procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia contain from 5 to about 500mcg of fentanyl, in combination with a benzodiazepine drug.
- each dosage form contains from about 5 to about 500mcg of fentanyl per dosage form, from about 8mcg to about 400mcg of fentanyl, from about lOmcg to about 300mcg of fentanyl, from about 20mcg to about 200mcg of fentanyl, or from about 15mcg to about 150mcg of fentanyl, in combination with from about 50mcg to about 500mcg of triazolam, from about 60mcg to about 400mcg of triazolam, from about 70mcg to about 300mcg of triazolam or from about 80mcg to about 200mcg or from about 90 to about 150mcg of triazolam, e.g., about 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500mcg of triazolam.
- each dosage form for administration to children (pediatric patients) or for administration to adults over 60 years of age contains from about 5 to about 500mcg of fentanyl per dosage form, from about 8mcg to about 400mcg of fentanyl, from about lOmcg to about 300mcg of fentanyl, from about 20mcg to about 200mcg of fentanyl, or from about 15mcg to about 150mcg of fentanyl, in combination with from about 0.2mg to about 5mg of midazolam, from about 0.3mg to about 7mg of midazolam, from about 0.4mg to about 8mg of midazolam, from about 0.5mg to about lmg of midazolam, or from about 0.75mg to about 0.90mg of midazolam, e.g., about 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4,
- the dose will be on the lower end of the range for children and adults over 60 and on the higher end of the range for adults from 18 to 60 years of age, dependent upon body mass, in particular when administered long-term to opioid-tolerant adults.
- Congeners of sufentanil also find use in the compositions and methods of the invention, examples of which include fentanyl, remifentanil, alfentanil, lofentanil, carfentanil, trefentanil, and mirfentanil.
- Alfentanil is a potent fentanyl congener that is rapidly metabolized and may be used in a formulation for use in effecting procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia.
- a dosage form for use in effecting procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia comprises from about lOmcg to about lOmg of alfentanil, from about 50mcg to about 5mg of alfentanil, from about lOOmcg to about 2mg of alfentanil, or from about 250mcg to about lmg of alfentanil.
- Lofentanil, carfentanil, remifentanil, trefentanil and mirfentanil are also potent fentanyl congeners that are rapidly metabolized and may be suitable for use in a dosage form for procedural sedation and analgesia in combination with an anxiolytic, such as triazolam.
- a dosage form for form for use in effecting procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia may comprise from about 0.25mcg to 99.9mg of lofentanil, from about 0.25mcg to 99.9mg of carfentanil, from about 0.25mcg to 99.9mg of remifentanil, from about 0.25mcg to 99.9mg of trefentanil, from about 0.25mcg to 99.9mg of mirfentanil.
- the dose will be on the lower end of the range for children and adults over 60 and on the higher end of the range for adults from 18 to 60 years of age, dependent upon body mass, in particular when administered long term to opioid-tolerant adults.
- Such an exemplary dosage form for procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia for administration to adults aged 18 to 60 contains remifentanil, alfentanil, lofentanil, carfentanil, trefentanil, or mirfentanil in combination with about 50 to about lOOOmcg of triazolam, e.g., about 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 or lOOOmcg of triazolam.
- each dosage form for administration to adults aged 18 to 60 contains remifentanil, alfentanil, lofentanil, carfentanil, trefentanil, or mirfentanil in combination with from about 0.2 to about 5mg of midazolam, e.g. 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5 or 5mg of midazolam.
- dosage forms for administration to children (pediatric patients) or for administration to adults over 60 years of age contain remifentanil, alfentanil, lofentanil, carfentanil, trefentanil, or mirfentanil in combination with about 20 to about lOOOmcg of triazolam, e.g., about 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500mcg of triazolam.
- administration to children (pediatric patients) or for administration to adults over 60 years of age contain remifentanil, alfentanil, lofentanil, carfentanil, trefentanil, or mirfentanil in combination with about 0.2 to about 5mg of midazolam, e.g. 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5 or 5mg of midazolam.
- the small volume oral transmucosal drug dosage forms described herein produce a reduced saliva response as compared with conventional, larger oral dosage forms that are intended to be swallowed following administration to the oral cavity.
- the small volume oral transmucosal drug dosage forms described herein do not result in a substantial amount of the drug delivered via the gastrointestinal route.
- the NanoTabs have been designed in a disc-shaped form with flattened faces in order to provide increased surface area for adhesion and drug elution. By virtue of their small size and inclusion of a bioadhesive excipient, the NanoTabs can comfortably adhere to the sublingual mucosa within seconds after administration and provoke a minimal saliva response. They are intended to erode within about 6 minutes to about 12 minutes following administration.
- a benzodiazepine such as triazolam
- the dosage forms are typically “sublingual dosage forms", but in some cases another oral transmucosal route, such as the buccal route may be employed.
- the preferred site for oral transmucosal drug delivery is the sublingual area, although in certain
- the dosage form may be placed inside the cheek, or to adhere to the roof of the mouth or the gum.
- the dosage forms are adapted to adhere to the oral mucosa (i.e. are bioadhesive) during the period of drug delivery, and until most or all of the drug has been delivered from the dosage form to the oral mucosa.
- the claimed dosage forms (also referred to herein as tablets or NanoTabsTM) have a mass of less than lOOmg or a volume of less than 100 mcl. More specifically, the dosage forms have a mass of from about 1 to about 8mg, from about 2 to about lOmg, from about 3 to about 15mg, from about 4 to about 20mg, from about 5 to about 25mg, less than lOOmg, less than 90mg, less than 80mg, less than 70mg, less than 60mg, less than 50mg, less than 40mg, less than 30mg, less than 29mg, less than less than 28mg, less than 27mg, less than 26mg, less than 25mg, less than 24mg, less than less than 23mg, less than 22mg, less than 21mg, less than 20mg, less than 19mg, less than 18mg, less than 17mg, less than 16mg, less than 15mg, less than 14mg
- the dosage forms typically have bioadhesive characteristics and may form a hydrogel upon contact with an aqueous solution.
- the claimed small-volume drug delivery dosage forms, tablets or NanoTabsTM have a thickness of from about 0.25 to about 5.0mm; from about 0.5 to about 2.5mm, from about 0.6 to about 2.0mm, from about 0.7 to about 1.0mm, from about 0.75 to about 0.95mm, e.g., about 0.85mm; and a diameter of from about 1.0 to about 10.0mm, from about 2.0 to about 5.0mm, from about 2.5 to about 4.0mm, from about 3.0 to about 3.5mm, e.g., about 3.0mm.
- Tablets for oral transmucosal delivery of the combination of an opioid, such as sufentanil and a benzodiazepine, such as triazolam typically have an erosion time of from about 2 minutes to about 40 minutes, from about 3 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 4 minutes to about 25 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 20 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes, from about 30 seconds to about 15 minutes, from about 1 minute to about 15 minutes, or from about 6 minutes to about 12 minutes.
- At least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% of the total amount of sufentanil in a dosage form administered to the oral mucosa of a subject is absorbed via the oral transmucosal route.
- the dosage forms may be housed in a drug delivery dispenser such as a single dose applicator (SDA) and the primary package may be a foil pouch.
- SDA single dose applicator
- the oxidative degradation of a drug such as sufentanil is reduced or eliminated by providing the drug dosage form in an oxygen impermeable primary package, such as a foil pouch, which comprises at least one oxygen scavenging material, e.g., a Stabilox® sachet.
- a dosage form for oral transmucosal delivery may be solid or non-solid.
- the dosage form is a solid that turns into a hydrogel following contact with saliva.
- the dosage form is a solid that erodes without forming a hydrogel following contact with saliva.
- oral transmucosal e.g., sublingual
- delivery of the combination of an opioid, such as sufentanil and a benzodiazepine, such as triazolam is achieved using solid dosage forms such as lozenges or tablets, however, liquids, sprays, gels, gums, powders, and films and the like may also be used.
- the claimed drug dosage forms are designed and adapted to deliver a substantial amount of the drug combination to a subject via the oral mucosa.
- an exemplary formulation is bioadhesive and comprises sufentanil and triazolam.
- the formulation is (a) a non-ordered mixture of a pharmaceutically active amount of a drug, wherein the non-ordered mixture does not comprise an ordered mixture of microparticles of drug adhered to the surface of carrier particles where the carrier particles are substantially larger than the microparticles of drug; (b) comprises a bioadhesive material which provides for adherence to the oral mucosa of the subject; and (c) is not a solid solution or a molecular mixture.
- Dissolution of a dosage form comprising the formulation may be independent of pH, e.g., over a pH range of about 4 to 8.
- the dosage form is a substantially homogeneous composition which comprises active ingredients, one or more of bioadhesives that provide for adherence to the mucosal tissues of the mouth of a patient, binders for binding the excipients in a single tablet, one or more hydrogel-forming excipients, one or more bulking agents, one or more lubricants, as well as other excipients and factors that affect dissolution time and/or drug stability.
- the drug formulations and dosage forms tablets are neither effervescent nor do they comprise an ordered mixture of microparticles of drug adhered to the surface of carrier particles, where the carrier particles are substantially larger than the microparticles of drug.
- the formulation is converted into a dosage form for oral transmucosal administration to a subject using procedures routinely employed by those of skill in the art, such as direct compression, wet granulation, and the like.
- the process for preparation of the dosage form is optimized for each formulation in order to achieve high dose content uniformity.
- an opioid such as a fentanyl congener and a benzodiazepine may be administered by inhalation or sublimation to sedate and provide analgesia to a subject during a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure or prior to induction of general anesthesia.
- the invention further provides dispensing devices and methods of using the same for oral transmucosal delivery of a tablet comprising the combination f an opioid such as sufentanil and a benzodiazepine, such as triazolam to a subject for procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia.
- an opioid such as sufentanil
- a benzodiazepine such as triazolam
- Application of a dispensing device or single dose applicator (SDA) for oral transmucosal delivery of a dosage form for procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia is not limited to any particular type of device or patient population. As such, the SDAs find utility in drug delivery to pediatric, adult and non-human mammalian subjects.
- a SDA is used to administer a variety of drug dosage forms, including a solid tablet, a liquid capsule, a gel capsule, a liquid, a gel, a powder, a film, a strip, a ribbon, a spray, a mist, a patch, or any other suitable drug dosage form.
- the drug dosage form is a small volume a solid tablet, e.g., a NanoTab.
- the SDA may be provided as a pair of forceps, a syringe, a stick or rod, a straw, a pad, a capsule, a cup, a spoon, a strip, a tube, an applicator, a dropper, a patch, an adhesive pad, an adhesive film, a sprayer, an atomizer, or any other form suitable for the application of a single drug dosage form to the oral mucosa of a subject, e.g., the sublingual space.
- the SDA design may vary, so long as it is effective to place a drug dosage form, such as a tablet, in the desired location on an oral mucosal membrane, e.g., in the sublingual space, in a manner that preserves integrity of the drug dosage form in the dispensing process.
- the SDA is disposed of, so as to eliminate the risk of contaminating the drug dispensing device with saliva, or other contaminants.
- the SDA may contain the dosage form within, may have the drug dosage form attached or affixed to it, may have the dosage form dissolved in it, and may afford a seal against moisture, humidity, and light.
- the SDA may be manually manipulated by the patient, a healthcare provider, or other user to place the dosage form in the proper location for oral transmucosal drug delivery.
- the single-dose applicator is used to deliver tablets or other dosage forms into the hand, the mouth, in the sublingual space, in the buccal space, or to other locations appropriate for specific drug delivery needs.
- a single-dose applicator or drug dispensing device is used to deliver a dosage form to the oral mucosa, e.g., the sublingual space.
- the dosage forms inside the SDA remain dry prior to dispensing, at which point a single dosage form is dispensed from the device into the mouth, e.g., the sublingual space, wherein a patient's saliva will wet the tablet and allow for tablet disintegration/erosion and drug dissolution. After use, the SDA is disposed of.
- a sufentanil/triazolam-containing tablet is placed in the sublingual cavity, preferably under the tongue on either side of the frenulum linguae, such that it adheres upon contact.
- a sufentanil/triazolam-containing tablet is administered by placement under the tongue, adjacent to the frenulum using forceps, or using a syringe-type SDA, a stick or rod, a straw, a dropper, or any other device suitable for the application of the small tablet or NanoTab.
- the dispensing device is typically a SDA.
- the SDAs are packaged as individual units.
- a plurality of SDAs may be provided as a series of individual SDAs attached by the backing or housed in a multiple dose dispenser or multiple dose storage unit, referred to as a multiple dose applicator (MDA) or multiple dose dispenser (MDD).
- MDA multiple dose applicator
- MDD multiple dose dispenser
- the dosage form may be provided in a package that consists of molded plastic or laminate that has indentations ("blisters") into which a dosage form is placed, referred to herein as a "blister pack".
- a cover typically a laminated material or foil, is used to seal to the molded part.
- a blister pack may or may not have pre-formed or molded parts and may be used to package an SDA of any type.
- Figs. 1A-B, 2A-C, Figs. 3A-F, Figs. 5A-B, Figs. 6A-D and Figs. 7A-B are schematic depictions of exemplary SDAs for use in oral transmucosal administration of a drug dosage form.
- Figs. 1A and IB show one embodiment of a SDA 123 a dispensing device for delivering drug dosage forms.
- the dispensing device shown in Fig. 1A depicts the SDA 123 that is ready to dispense a drug dosage form 67.
- a user pinches the SDA 123 which opens the applicator and a drug dosage form 67 is dispensed as shown in Fig. IB.
- Figs. 2A - C show an embodiment of a SDA 123 that is comprised of a applicator shaped as a tube 129, which has a stopper seal 127, a handle 131 (e.g., an ergonomic handle), and a single dosage form 67.
- Fig 2A shows the SDA 123 in its sealed
- Fig 2B shows the SDA 123 with its stopper seal 127 removed, forming an opening 133, and ready for use.
- Fig 2C shows the SDA 123 tilted so as to dispense the dosage form 67 on the oral mucosa, e.g., in the sublingual space.
- Figs. 3A - F show several alternate embodiments of the SDA 123.
- the applicator seal 127 is broken and the applicator is tilted so as to drop the drug dosage form 67 adjacent an oral mucosal membrane in the mouth of a subject, e.g., under the tongue for sublingual dosage form placement.
- Fig. 3A shows a tube like applicator 129 with a handle 131 located axially under the tube 129.
- Fig. 3B shows an applicator formed as a thermoform or blister package 151 with a foil seal 135 that is peeled so as to open the applicator package 141 prior to placing the dosage form 67.
- FIG. 3C shows an applicator that is a tube 129 which is broken to break the seal prior to dosage form 67 placement.
- Fig. 3D shows a blister pack tube 151 type dosage form package 141 with a handle 131 such that after the seal 135 is peeled back the blister pack 151 can be held and tilted to place the drug dosage form 67, on an oral mucosal membrane.
- Figs. 3E and 3F show blister pack 151 type packaging with a handle 131 shaped like a flower or an animal, respectively, to be used for a SDA 123 designed for pediatric use. Other SDA shapes could include cartoon characters, animals, super-heroes or other appropriate shapes for pediatric applications.
- Figure 4A shows a flat rigid applicator 123 with a dosage form 67 adhered to one end, for example, by means of a rapidly dissolving ingestible adhesive material such that when the applicator end with the dosage form is placed under the tongue, the adhesive dissolves, the dosage form 67 is placed on an oral mucosal membrane, such as in the sublingual space, and the applicator can be removed.
- Fig 4B shows an applicator 123 made from a water permeable material, impregnated with drug, forming a material and dosage from matrix.
- FIG. 4C shows dissolving film dosage forms 145 and a dosage form package with a plurality of dissolving film dosage forms 143 within it.
- the dissolving film dosage form 143 is removed from the package 141 and placed on an oral mucosal membrane, e.g., in the sublingual space where it dissolves and delivers the drug
- FIGs. 5A - B provides an illustration of two stages of use of one embodiment of a SDA 123.
- Figure 5A shows the applicator 123 in its configuration prior to use, with two applicator tabs 147, two perforations 149, and a blister pack 151 containing a dosage form 67.
- the two applicator tabs 147 are bent downward at the perforations 149, forming a handle 131 (Fig. 5B), and the seal 135 is peeled back to reveal the blister pack 151 and allow the dosage form 67 to be dropped on an oral mucosal membrane, e.g., in the sublingual space.
- Figs. 6A - D are schematic depictions of additional examples of SDAs, including a tweezers or a reverse scissor-type SDA (6A), where a drug dosage form 67 is held between the two sides 153 of the SDA 123 such that when the latch 19 is released, the drug dosage form 67 is no longer held by the SDA and can be placed on an oral mucosal membrane by the user; a syringe-type SDA (6B) with a circular channel, where a drug dosage form 67 is pushed out of the end of the channel when a user pushes 155, the slider or plunger 159; a pusher-type SDA (6C) with a rectangular channel where a drug dosage form 67 is pushed out of the end of the channel when a user pushes 155, the slider 159; or a slider-type SDA (6D) where drug dosage form 67 is held in a pocket 161 and the drug dosage form 67 becomes accessible when a user pulls
- 6A
- Fig. 7A is a schematic depiction of an embodiment of an SDA for delivery of an oral transmucosal dosage form to a subject.
- the SDA is provided in child resistant packaging.
- the SDA has a pin lock 167 which serves as a lock-out feature and must be removed before a tablet can be injected from the SDA, as well as a pusher button 163, which is pushed by a user to eject a tablet into the mouth of the subject on a mucosal membrane, e.g., adjacent the frenulum in the sublingual space.
- the SDA may be disassembled and has a bottom clamshell 169 and a top clamshell 171.
- the SDA also has a shroud 29 and a valve 33, which serve to protect the tablet from saliva ingress when the SDA is inserted into the mouth of a subject.
- Fig. 7B is an exploded view of a schematic depiction of the SDA shown in Fig. 7A wherein the bottom clamshell 169 and top clamshell 171 are separated illustrating the pusher 165 and a dosage form 67, as well as the relative location of the dosage form 67, the valve 33, and the shroud 29.
- Oral transmucosal drug delivery provides a simple, non-invasive means to administer a single drug dosage form in order to achieve mild sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia.
- oral transmucosal delivery provides a significant advantage over traditional methods of oral administration, wherein the drug is swallowed.
- the oral transmucosal dosage forms described herein find utility in delivery of a combination of an opioid (such as sufentanil) and a benzodiazepine (such as triazolam) for procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia.
- the small volume oral transmucosal dosage forms (tablets) described herein provide for a blunted Cmax, avoiding the high peak plasma levels typically observed when the IV dosage route is employed, high relative AUC, low variability in T max , low variability in C max and low variability in AUC.
- the sedative effect of the drug combinations described herein may be the result of an additive or synergistic pharmacodynamic effect and/or may be due to the different onset and offset times of the opioid and benzodiazepine components of the combination.
- Triazolam is a short- acting benzodiazepine, however, it may still cause residual impairment into the next day, with "hangover" effects such as sleepiness, impaired psychomotor and cognitive functions, any of which can impair the ability of users to drive safely, etc. (Vermeeren A., 2004, CNS Drugs.18 (5): 297-328).
- benzodiazepines such as triazolam cause a greater degree of sedation and greater impairment of psychomotor performance in healthy elderly persons than in young persons who received the same dose (Greenblatt et al., 1991). Therefore it is important to minimize the dose of this agent, for example by adding another agent, such as sufentanil, which can enhance the properties of triazolam in effecting procedural sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia.
- Example 2 The results described herein in Example 2 show that oral transmucosal administration of a single tablet containing the combination of sufentanil and triazolam was effective to sedate alert, awake subjects in an initial human clinical trial.
- the amount of sedation as measured by the total AUC of the RASS sedation score was greater for the combination of sufentanil and triazolam, than for the equivalent dose of sufentanil alone.
- the combination of sufentanil and triazolam produced a higher degree of sedation than sufentanil alone, yet the duration of analgesia was not prolonged, being approximately 4 hours for both treatments.
- Example 3 The results described herein in Example 3 show that oral transmucosal administration of a single tablet containing the combination of sufentanil and triazolam in a Phase 2a clinical trial was effective to provide mild sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia during an abdominal liposuction procedure.
- the primary endpoint was efficacy of the
- sufentanil/triazolam combination as compared to placebo in providing mild sedation during the procedure, assessed using the validated, objective Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS; +4 for highly agitated to -5 for unarousable).
- RASS Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale
- the claimed opioid/benzodiazepine compositions find particular utility in pediatric applications, since the comfortable nature of the small, relatively flat oral transmucosal tablet will allow small children to readily accept this mode of therapy and reliably deliver drug transmucosally.
- Specific examples include, but are not limited to, sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia associated with a medical or dental diagnostic or therapeutic procedure or in an emergency situation, in particular, when IV access is not available or inconvenient, when a child is NPO (no oral intake allowed) or when rapid onset of drug effect is required.
- the claimed opioid (e.g., sufentanil)/benzodiazepine (e.g., triazolam) containing tablets find further utility in veterinary applications. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, treatment of any acute condition, medical or dental procedure for which IV administration is not readily available or is inconvenient, such as procedural sedation, anxiety/stress/pain relief, etc.
- EXAMPLE 1A All subjects received a 10-minute IV infusion of 5mcg sufentanil. After a 1-day washout period, each subject then received a single sublingual administration of a dosage form (comprising a slow-eroding formulation) containing 2.5mcg of sufentanil. On the two subsequent study days, the dose was escalated, and each subject received a dosage form (comprising a slow-eroding formulation) containing 5 and lOmcg of sufentanil.
- EXAMPLE IB All subjects received four repeated sublingual doses of a dosage form (comprising a slow-eroding formulation) containing 5mcg of sufentanil administered at 10-minute intervals.
- Table 1A provides a summary of pharmacokinetic parameters including C max , T max , AUCinf, F and ti /2 .
- the C max after multiple sublingual dosing was 46.36 pg/mL.
- the mean AUCinf increased with multiple sublingual dosing of sufentanil and was generally proportional to dose when compared to single sublingual administration.
- Table 1A Summary of Sufentanil Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter 5mcg IV 2.5mcg 5 meg 10 meg 4x5mcg
- EXAMPLE 1C Subjects were administered a 10-minute IV infusion of 5mcg sufentanil, a single sublingual administration of a dosage form containing lOmcg of sufentanil (faster-eroding formulation) and four repeated sublingual doses of a dosage form containing lOmcg of sufentanil (faster-eroding formulation) administered at 20-minute intervals.
- EXAMPLE ID Subjects were administered a 20-minute IV infusion of 50mcg sufentanil and a single sublingual administration of a dosage form containing 80mcg of sufentanil (faster-eroding formulation).
- Table IB provides a summary of pharmacokinetic parameters including C ma x, T ma x, AUQnf, F and t 1/2 .
- Cohort 2 also received a sublingual tablet containing lOmcg of sufentanil and 200mcg of triazolam, lOmcg of sufentanil and lOOmcg of triazolam or lOmcg of sufentanil alone on days 3-5 in a randomized, blinded design.
- the fractional (%) compositions of the formulation for each dosage form/tablet of sufentanil and triazolam are shown in Table 2. [0190]
- Table 2 Fractional Composition Per Tablet Of Sufentanil/Triazolam.
- a series of blood samples were drawn during the study as exemplified by the following schedule: On days 1 to 5: One sample was drawn prior to dosing and at approximately 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 160, 240, 320, 480, and 640 minutes post- dosing.
- PK Pharmacokinetic
- Sufentanil, triazolam and internal standards fentanyl and triazolam-D4 were extracted from 0.2 ml human plasma by solid phase extraction into an organic medium and reconstituted in 200mcl of reconstitution solution. An aliquot was injected into a High Performance Liquid Chromatography system and detected using a TSQ Quantum tandem mass spectrometer and quantitated using a peak ratio method. Analyses of sufentanil and triazolam were conducted at Biovail Contract Research.
- the RASS score was determined and recorded for each patient at a number of time-points after each dose.
- the RASS is used as a substantially objective assessment for sedation and includes a scale from -5 (unarousable) to +4 (combative), and includes a procedure on assessing and assigning the sedation score for a patient.
- the objectives of the study were to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single tablet including the combination of sufentanil and triazolam in providing Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO) Level 1 minimal sedation during the procedure, together with anxiolysis and analgesia.
- JCAHO Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Health Care Organizations
- a single tablet containing 15mcg sufentanil and 200mcg triazolam or placebo was placed directly under the tongue at the base of the frenulum using forceps by qualified medical staff. Patients were instructed that the NanoTabTM be allowed to dissolve under the tongue and not be crushed, chewed, or swallowed. Expected time for erosion after administration was 5 to 10 minutes.
- the tablets containing 15mcg sufentanil and 200mcg triazolam or placebo had a volume of about 6 mcl, were of uniform size for all dosage strengths, and had dimensions of approximately 3 mm in diameter and 0.7 mm in thickness.
- the primary efficacy endpoint of the study was sedation, assessed by the 10-point Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). Secondary endpoints included: patient report of procedural anxiety, patient report of pain intensity, patient and physician global assessments of efficacy and tolerability of the study drug, and time to a modified Aldrete score of 8 (readiness for discharge measurement; Table 15).
- RASS Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale
- RASS anxiety and pain intensity scores were collected every 10 minutes during the first hour after starting the procedure, every 15 minutes over the next 45 minutes, then every 30 minutes during the remaining 1.5 hours of the 4-hour study period. At the end of the 4-hour study period, the patient and physician provided global assessment of the effectiveness and tolerability of the study medication.
- the Intent-to-Treat (ITT) population included randomized patients who received study medication.
- the analyses of the primary and secondary efficacy endpoints included data from all patients who received treatment and completed the 4-hour study period.
- Safety monitoring was conducted throughout the study. Assessments of safety included measurements of heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation. No adverse events were reported from the time of informed consent until the completion of the study.
- the primary efficacy variable was the mean SRS-4 or the summed (cumulative) RASS score over the 4-hour study period.
- the RASS score was measured using the 10-point scale ranging from -5 (unarousable) to +4 (combative).
- the cumulative RASS scores over the 4-hour study (based on the Last Observation Carried Forward or "LOCF" method) were significantly lower for the group treated with a single tablet (NanoTabTM) containing 15mcg sufentanil and 200mcg triazolam relative to those treated with placebo (p ⁇ 0.001).
- the placebo group averaged positive cumulative (summed) RASS values once the procedure began, indicating patient anxiety and restlessness, while the patients treated with sufentanil/triazolam combination averaged negative cumulative RASS values in the mild sedation range (0 to -2) throughout the entire procedure. See Fig. 8.
- the time to readiness for discharge from the clinic was evaluated based on the total modified Aldrete score > 8 post-procedure.
- the modified Aldrete score (10-point scale assessing readiness for discharge was also assessed every 30 minutes starting 2 hours after study drug dosing.
- the modified Aldrete score card consists of 5 items (as shown in Table 15). Each item has a score of 0, 1 or 2 and the total modified Aldrete score ranges from 0 to 10. All patients were ready for discharge from the physician's office to home at all time points beginning at the first assessment, which was 2 hours after dosing and 1.25 hours after the start of the procedure (based on a modified Aldrete score > 8).
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (6)
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JP2012534353A JP2013508286A (en) | 2009-10-16 | 2010-10-14 | Compositions and methods for mild sedation, anxiety relief and analgesia in treatment situations |
BR112012011574A BR112012011574A2 (en) | 2009-10-16 | 2010-10-14 | Compositions and methods in the procedural configuration for mild sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia |
MX2012004467A MX2012004467A (en) | 1991-10-16 | 2010-10-14 | Compositions and methods for mild sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia in the procedural setting. |
EP10768667A EP2488156A1 (en) | 2009-10-16 | 2010-10-14 | Compositions and methods for mild sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia in the procedural setting |
CA2777537A CA2777537A1 (en) | 2009-10-16 | 2010-10-14 | Compositions and methods for mild sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia in the procedural setting |
CN2010800574129A CN102770120A (en) | 2009-10-16 | 2010-10-14 | Compositions and methods for mild sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia in the procedural setting |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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BR112012011574A2 (en) | 2016-06-28 |
US20110091544A1 (en) | 2011-04-21 |
CN102770120A (en) | 2012-11-07 |
CA2777537A1 (en) | 2011-04-21 |
EP2488156A1 (en) | 2012-08-22 |
JP2013508286A (en) | 2013-03-07 |
KR20120104543A (en) | 2012-09-21 |
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