WO2011057015A2 - Photochemical purification of fluids - Google Patents
Photochemical purification of fluids Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011057015A2 WO2011057015A2 PCT/US2010/055510 US2010055510W WO2011057015A2 WO 2011057015 A2 WO2011057015 A2 WO 2011057015A2 US 2010055510 W US2010055510 W US 2010055510W WO 2011057015 A2 WO2011057015 A2 WO 2011057015A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- light
- photocatalyst
- treatment
- photoreactor
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 366
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J19/122—Incoherent waves
- B01J19/123—Ultra-violet light
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/88—Handling or mounting catalysts
- B01D53/885—Devices in general for catalytic purification of waste gases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
- C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
- C02F1/325—Irradiation devices or lamp constructions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/725—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation by catalytic oxidation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/207—Transition metals
- B01D2255/20707—Titanium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/80—Type of catalytic reaction
- B01D2255/802—Photocatalytic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
- B01D2255/92—Dimensions
- B01D2255/9202—Linear dimensions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/60—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/60—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
- B01D2257/602—Mercury or mercury compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/91—Bacteria; Microorganisms
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
- B01D2259/80—Employing electric, magnetic, electromagnetic or wave energy, or particle radiation
- B01D2259/804—UV light
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0871—Heating or cooling of the reactor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
- B01J2219/0875—Gas
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
- B01J2219/0877—Liquid
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
- B01J2219/0892—Materials to be treated involving catalytically active material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/32—Details relating to UV-irradiation devices
- C02F2201/322—Lamp arrangement
- C02F2201/3222—Units using UV-light emitting diodes [LED]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/32—Details relating to UV-irradiation devices
- C02F2201/322—Lamp arrangement
- C02F2201/3227—Units with two or more lamps
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to the purification of a fluid, such as water or air, and more
- Light- activated photocatalytic oxidation is an advanced oxidation process that involves the creation of nonselective, strongly oxidizing hydroxyl radicals at the fluid-photocatalyst interface that mineralize (i.e., convert to carbon dioxide) a wide range of organic compounds in water or in the presence of water.
- the photocatalytic process also produces reduction sites that participate in reduction of inorganic ions as well as photoadsorption of toxic heavy metals. Still further, the photocatalytic process also produces "super oxygen" ions and other species that contribute to further fluid purification reactions.
- Titania is known to have strong sorption affinities for heavy metals, including toxic metals such as lead, arsenic and mercury.
- Photoadsorption is one example of a photo-enhanced sorption process that can efficiently remove heavy metals dissolved in a fluid to stable sorption sites on the surface of a photoactivated semiconductor material.
- illumination of a fluid such as water or air with light, especially with ultraviolet (UV) light
- UV light can directly induce breaking of chemical bonds within some first organic compounds in the fluid, forming new compounds and thereby reducing the concentration of said first organic compounds.
- illumination of a fluid such as water or air with light, especially UV light of sufficient intensity can be used to disinfect the fluid photochemically by directly killing or sterilizing microorganisms therein.
- illumination of a fluid such as water or air with light of sufficient intensity can disinfect the fluid indirectly by
- photoadsorption and photocatalysis require delivery of light and contaminants to reaction sites.
- Optimizing both process rate and energy efficiency involves efficiently producing and delivering light at optimum photon energy and optical flux to reaction sites while also maximizing mass transport of reagents to reaction sites. Therefore, in an effective and efficient photochemical fluid decontamination process and system it is desirable that light be produced with high electrical-to-optical conversion efficiency and that the light thus produced be delivered to reaction sites while minimizing optical loss.
- semiconductor absorption of photons is understood to be approximately proportional to the square of the photon energy above the semiconductor band gap.
- Mass transport limits result in practical limits on both illumination flux and photochemical reaction rates. Therefore, a desirable approach that optimizes photochemical removal of contaminants from a fluid involves maximizing the mass transport of contaminant species to adsorption sites on the photocatalyst material in such a photochemical system. Maximizing available photocatalyst surface area is also desirable for an improved photochemical fluid decontamination system. In addition, turbulent flow in the fluid adjacent to a photocatalyst surface is also desirable to improve mass transport of contaminants from the fluid to the surface. Maximizing and/or enhancing turbulence in fluid flow near the photocatalyst surface is a still further desirable aspect of a method in a photochemical fluid decontamination system.
- a desirable flow system in accordance with an aspect of certain embodiments of this disclosure induces microscopic turbulence in flow over a stationary photocatalyst.
- the specific surface area density of the photocatalyst can also be very high, such as 50 square meters per liter of fluid being treated or much higher.
- the apparatus desirably incorporates at least one treatment vessel containing a photocatalyst on a fixed porous substrate within the vessel.
- the apparatus desirably has a fluid inlet to the treatment vessel and a fluid outlet from the treatment vessel.
- the apparatus and method desirably treat fluid within the vessel by irradiating the fluid and photocatalyst with light comprising one or more wavelength bands.
- the apparatus and method can employ light generated by lamps, solid-state emitters and/or the sun.
- the apparatus and method can treat the fluid in a flowing state, wherein fluid flows from the inlet to the outlet during the treatment process, or in a stationary (e.g., a batch) state, wherein the fluid does not flow during the treatment process.
- Exemplary embodiments enable a plurality of
- novel light management mechanisms that improve optical coupling from the light source or sources into the treated fluid, minimize light loss due to reflection from the photocatalyst and its support within the treatment vessel, and light sources that can be in removable cartridges and/or that can be otherwise removable from intimate contact with the fluid stream for ease of service; features that improve mass transport of contaminants to photocatalyst surfaces within the treatment vessel such as through the use of a randomly oriented, narrow fiber photocatalyst substrate, with resulting increase in photochemical process rates; using fluid treated in the apparatus to carry away heat generated by the apparatus and method; features that enhance the following features.
- the housing defining a fluid flow path between the fluid inlet and the fluid
- An at least partially light transmissive fiber substrate can be disposed within the housing in the fluid flow path.
- the fiber substrate desirably has a non-uniform
- a semiconductor photocatalyst is disposed on (deposited onto, adhered to, coated onto, and/or otherwise connected to) the substrate and has a band gap wavelength that is approximately g .
- the photocatalyst desirably has a
- the photoreactor can also include at least one light source that produces light, wherein at least 50% of the light from the at least one light source has a wavelength that is between k g - 30 nm) and g .
- the housing can include at least one light transmitting portion operable to guide fluid flow through the photoreactor while also transmitting the light produced by the at least one light source into an illuminated portion of the fluid with less than a 10% loss of light through the light transmitting portion.
- the housing can constrain the illuminated portion of the fluid to have a substantially constant thickness at least in the region of the housing where the fluid is illuminated by the at least one light source.
- the housing can include at least first and second fluid guiding surfaces, and with an illuminated portion of the fluid of a substantially constant thickness being confined between the at least first and second fluid guiding surfaces of the housing, such as parallel planar fluid guiding surfaces.
- the housing can include an outer cylindrical wall section and at least one inner cylindrical wall section within the outer wall section.
- the outer wall section can comprise an inner fluid guiding surface
- the at least one inner wall section can comprise an outer fluid guiding surface
- the housing constrains the fluid flow path between the inner fluid guiding surface of the outer wall section and the outer fluid guiding surface of the at least one inner wall section.
- the housing can comprise a wall section, such as a right cylindrical wall section, with a plurality of light sources and/or light guides positioned within the housing.
- the light sources and/or light guides can be cylindrical in shape.
- the housing can be in the form of a removable member, such as a cartridge, to facilitate servicing.
- the amount and disposition of the photocatalyst on the substrate in the housing is sufficient to absorb at least 60% of the light reaching the photocatalyst from the at least one light source.
- the combined volume of the photocatalyst and the substrate can be less than 1%, 2% and/or 5%, of the fluid volume in the fluid flow path within the housing.
- the specific surface area of the photocatalyst can be greater than 2000, 1000, 500 and/or 100 square meters per liter of fluid.
- light from the at least one light source can illuminate a portion of fluid and a portion of the photocatalyst in the fluid flow path with a minimum optical intensity within the illuminated portion of the photocatalyst of greater than 15% and/or greater than 10% of the maximum optical intensity within the illuminated portion of the photocatalyst.
- a controller is operable to control at least a first operating parameter of the photoreactor
- at least one sensor is coupled to the controller and operable to sense at least a second operating parameter of the photoreactor and produce an output signal corresponding to the sensed at least second operating parameter and the output signal is communicated by the controller to effect control of the at least first operating parameter.
- the first operating parameter includes at least one of: an electrical current supplied to the at least one light source, a fluid flow rate within the fluid flow path and a cooling fluid flow rate through a heat sink; and the second operating parameter comprises at least one of: a temperature of the at least one light source, a temperature of the fluid in at least one location within the photoreactor, a purity of the fluid in at least one location within the photoreactor and a turbidity of the fluid in at least one location within the photoreactor.
- controller effecting control of the at least first operating parameter.
- a fluid treatment photoreactor can include a housing having a treatment volume within the housing, wherein the treatment volume includes a fluid.
- An at least partially light transmissive fiber substrate can be disposed in the fluid
- the light is transmitted into the treatment volume and at least 10% of the light from the at least one light source is transmitted to a depth of at least 1.5 cm into the treatment volume.
- the light is transmitted into the treatment volume from plural directions, such as from two opposing sides of the treatment volume.
- the system can be operated such that at least 20% of the light from the at least one light source is transmitted to a depth of at least 1.5 cm into the treatment volume, and/or the wavelength peak is in a range from about (X g - 3 nm) to about X g .
- the housing can define a treatment volume and a fluid flow path from the fluid inlet through the treatment volume and to the fluid outlet, and the photoreactor can also include at least one light transmitting element operable to guide fluid flow
- An at least partially light transmissive substrate is disposed in the fluid within the
- the photoreactor can also include a
- controller that is operable to control at least a first operating parameter of the
- photoreactor and at least one sensor coupled to the controller and operable to sense at least a second operating parameter and produce an output signal corresponding to the sensed at least second operating parameter, wherein the output signal is
- inventive features and method acts include all novel and non-obvious elements and method acts disclosed herein both alone and in novel and non-obvious sub-combinations with
- FIG. 1 is a cut-away view of an embodiment in accordance with the present disclosure
- FIG. 2 is a cut-away view of another embodiment in accordance with the present disclosure
- FIG. 3 is a cut-away view of yet another embodiment in accordance with the present disclosure
- FIG. 4 is a graph supporting one aspect of the present disclosure
- FIG. 6 is a graph yet supporting another aspect of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 7 is a graph still supporting another aspect of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 9 is a cut-away view of still another embodiment in accordance with the present disclosure.
- one or more photocatalysts can be bonded to an at least partially light transmissive fibrous substrate in a photochemical reactor apparatus, which can be used for the disinfection and purification of a fluid, such as water or air, for commercial and industrial applications, for point-of-use markets, for cleanup of contaminated process outflow such as waste water and exhaust gases, and for environmental remediation.
- a fluid such as water or air
- a photochemical reactor apparatus which can be used for the disinfection and purification of a fluid, such as water or air, for commercial and industrial applications, for point-of-use markets, for cleanup of contaminated process outflow such as waste water and exhaust gases, and for environmental remediation.
- an effective and efficient photochemical system for fluid disinfection and purification with photocatalytic functionality utilizes the delivery of sufficient illumination intensity to a photocatalyst to activate its photochemical performance, and the incorporation of sufficient photocatalyst to effectively absorb that light.
- the illuminated photocatalyst is desirably dispersed within the fluid being treated in order to purify and disinfect substantially all, or all, the fluid effectively.
- contaminants in the fluid are substantially, if not entirely, purified and disinfected at the surface of the photocatalyst, so that it is desirable that the surface area of the photocatalyst be relatively large. It is also desirable that contaminants be delivered to that surface through mass transfer induced by turbulent flow through the photocatalyst material.
- the present disclosure describes embodiments of an apparatus and method for disinfecting and purifying a fluid that is desirably presented to an inert, semi-rigid, fibrous material that is at least partially transmissive to light (i.e., the fibrous material allows at least a portion of light incident upon it to pass into and/or through the fibrous material), through which fluid can flow, and onto which one or more high- surface- area photocatalysts are adhered.
- the terms "light transmissive,” “transmissive to light” and the like can be defined with respect to specific light wavelengths and a specific material to mean that at least 50% of light incident on the material penetrates to a depth of 1 cm into the material or passes through the material.
- An optical coupling mechanism can be used to deliver light from the light sources to the one or more photocatalysts employed in the photochemical fluid disinfection and purification apparatus and method described in the present disclosure that is characterized by high optical efficiency and by an improved uniformity in the illumination of the photocatalyst.
- One desirable embodiment uses a photocatalyst deposited onto, adhered to, coated onto, and/or otherwise connected to a narrow, optically transparent quartz fiber to provide improved photocatalytic performance.
- the photocatalyst in this embodiment can be a titania
- the fiber mass in this example comprises about 1% of the volume it occupies, so that the fiber mass presents low impedance to fluid flow and therefore a low fluid pressure drop in flow across the fiber mass. In other examples, the fiber mass can comprise a higher percent of the volume it occupies, such as about 2% or about 5%.
- the fiber-to-fiber spacing in this example varies from zero to >1 mm, with average spacing of approximately 0.5 mm, presenting a wide range of effective pore sizes and diverging pathways to water flowing through the fiber mass.
- This high light transmissivity provides pathways through the substrate for light to penetrate to the photocatalyst coating even in the presence of strong optical absorption by contaminants in the fluid being treated.
- the spectral distribution of the light used to produce electron-hole pairs in the semiconductor photocatalyst in a photochemical fluid treatment system can be selected to enhance or maximize the absorption depth in the semiconductor and thereby enhance or maximize the photocatalytic surface area in contact with the fluid.
- a particularly desirable spectral distribution of sources in this embodiment is a narrow band of wavelengths peaking near but below the band gap wavelength of the semiconductor, so that more than half of the power in this spectral distribution is at wavelengths below the band gap wavelength. Because the absorption depth is strongly dependent on wavelength near the band gap wavelength, a narrow spectral distribution also reduces the variation in absorption depths across the spectral distribution and thereby provides for more uniform production of electron- hole pairs throughout the semiconductor photocatalyst. This uniformity also permits the use of higher optical intensities in activating the photocatalyst than have been treated in prior art, with resulting higher photochemical reaction rates.
- light sources can be arranged to illuminate the photocatalyst within the photochemical fluid treatment system from plural directions, such as from at least two opposing sides of the semiconductor photocatalyst.
- the intensity of light propagating through a semiconductor material diminishes with an exponential dependence on the propagation distance. Efficient utilization of light from a single light source results from more full absorption of light within the semiconductor photocatalyst, while maximum photocatalytic process rates require that the intensity be high throughout the photocatalyst.
- the light guides can be positioned to transmit light from the source but to not transmit heat produced by the source, allowing separation of thermal management subsystems used to control source temperature from the operation of a fluid containment vessel.
- a heat exchanger may be used to pre -heat fluid entering the photochemical treatment system while cooling the treated fluid leaving the system.
- This heat exchanger may comprise separate fluid transfer lines passing through a common thermally conductive housing or block. Photochemical reaction rates increase with modest fluid temperature rise, resulting in improved process performance. Cooling the treated fluid effluent from the system can also serve to improve the quality of this effluent, as is the case for purified drinking water for example.
- FIG. 2 is a vertical sectional view or cut-away view of another exemplary photochemical fluid treatment reactor with at least one light guide delivering light to fluid flow chambers on more than one side of the light guide.
- the photoreactor in this cut-away view represents either two substantially planar fluid flow cells separated by at least one light guide that illuminates both cells, together with additional light guides illuminating the flow cells individually, or a fluid flow cell with a substantially annular cross section comprising a flow volume between two substantially concentric cylinders together with light guides both interior to and exterior to the annular fluid flow cell volume.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of a photochemical fluid treatment reactor with direct illumination of the photocatalyst by LED arrays (no light guides).
- Fluid flows into inlet 112 and then through influent plenum 114, which desirably spreads the input fluid stream uniformly over the cross section of the interior of the treatment vessel 110 to produce substantially plug flow of the fluid through the treatment vessel.
- influent plenum 114 desirably spreads the input fluid stream uniformly over the cross section of the interior of the treatment vessel 110 to produce substantially plug flow of the fluid through the treatment vessel.
- effluent plenum 116 and outlet 118 After flowing the length of the treatment vessel, fluid exits the treatment vessel through effluent plenum 116 and outlet 118.
- Treatment vessel 110 has light transmissive portions, in this case windows, forming or incorporated into exterior surfaces of the vessel, and is illuminated by light from light sources 142 and 146 through the treatment vessel windows.
- the optimum wavelength band lies just below the band gap wavelength.
- the average absorption depth is -2.75 times larger than that for a source with peak wavelength 20 nm lower, and most of the narrow spectral distribution is below the band gap wavelength and thus capable of efficient production of electron-hole pairs for photocatalytic activity.
- the maximum practical incident light intensity at the photocatalyst surface increases commensurately.
- the light sources can desirably produce light wherein at least 50% or at least 75% of the light has a wavelength that is between the band gap wavelength of the photocatalyst and the band gap wavelength minus 30 nm or minus 20 nm. Light having such concentrated bandwidths can achieve greater penetration depths within the
- FIG. 5 relates to the advantage of illuminating a photocatalyst from opposing sides to optimize photocatalyst performance with high optical efficiency. Illumination of a photochemical treatment cell by a light source on one side results in an exponential decrease in light intensity across the cell, as shown by curve 67. A cell optimized to use most of the incident light from one side only will have very low intensity on the opposite side of the cell to avoid having light lost at the far side of the cell. By adding illumination from a similar light source on the other side of the cell, as shown by curve 63, the intensity across the cell can be maintained at a higher level at a greater depths of penetration as shown by curve 75.
- the fiber substrate of the photocatalyst can be substantially transmissive to 320-400 nm wavelengths, light in this wavelength range that is not absorbed in the photocatalyst coating on this substrate can be substantially transmitted through the substrate and can pass through the fluid to another coated fiber. This process can repeat until the optical energy is absorbed by photocatalyst or transmitted out of the medium.
- microturbulence in flow through the photocatalyst/substrate material can enhance mass transfer of contaminants to the surface of the semiconductor photocatalyst and thereby enhance the rate of removal of these contaminants from the fluid by photochemical means.
- increasing photocatalyst/substrate density can impede fluid flow and thereby increase pressure drop across the treatment chamber and reduce flow rates.
- the density of the photocatalyst and substrate within the fluid being treated desirably are selected to balance micro turbulence in flow through the medium with pressure drop in across the medium to maximize overall energy efficiency.
- the controller can turn on or increase power or current to one or more light sources in order to increase the purification rate. If the sensor indicates that the purity of the fluid is above a desired purity threshold, the controller can decrease power or current to the light source to reduce power consumption. If the sensor indicates that the purity of the fluid is below a desired purity threshold with the lights sources operated at maximum power, the controller can alert a user or other system controller by light, sound or electric signal through appropriate system output ports. Alternatively, the flow rate can be reduced to enhance the purity of the treated fluid to achieve the threshold.
- a threshold such as a predetermined threshold
- the photoreactor 902 can further comprise outer light guides outside of the outer wall 904 that transmit light from light sources through the outer light guides, to and through the windows of the outer wall 904, and into the fluid flow chamber 908.
- the light guides can further comprise scattering features to scatter light out of the guides.
- the inner surface 910 of the outer wall 904 can also comprise a reflective material to reflect light from the fluid back into fluid.
- the cylindrical shape of the inner and outer walls can provide sufficient strength to contain fluid with the flow chamber 908 at a predetermined maximum pressure, such as 125 psi.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP10829118.8A EP2496341A4 (en) | 2009-11-04 | 2010-11-04 | Photochemical purification of fluids |
US13/505,451 US20120228236A1 (en) | 2009-11-04 | 2010-11-04 | Photochemical purification of fluids |
AU2010315119A AU2010315119B8 (en) | 2009-11-04 | 2010-11-04 | Photochemical purification of fluids |
CA2779814A CA2779814A1 (en) | 2009-11-04 | 2010-11-04 | Photochemical purification of fluids |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US25815409P | 2009-11-04 | 2009-11-04 | |
US61/258,154 | 2009-11-04 |
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WO2011057015A2 true WO2011057015A2 (en) | 2011-05-12 |
WO2011057015A3 WO2011057015A3 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
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PCT/US2010/055510 WO2011057015A2 (en) | 2009-11-04 | 2010-11-04 | Photochemical purification of fluids |
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US (1) | US20120228236A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2496341A4 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2010315119B8 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2779814A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011057015A2 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2011057015A3 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
AU2010315119A1 (en) | 2012-06-21 |
AU2010315119B2 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
CA2779814A1 (en) | 2011-05-12 |
AU2010315119B8 (en) | 2015-02-26 |
EP2496341A2 (en) | 2012-09-12 |
US20120228236A1 (en) | 2012-09-13 |
AU2010315119A8 (en) | 2015-02-26 |
EP2496341A4 (en) | 2017-10-18 |
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