WO2012036783A1 - System and method for sweet zone identification in shale gas reservoirs - Google Patents
System and method for sweet zone identification in shale gas reservoirs Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2012036783A1 WO2012036783A1 PCT/US2011/044132 US2011044132W WO2012036783A1 WO 2012036783 A1 WO2012036783 A1 WO 2012036783A1 US 2011044132 W US2011044132 W US 2011044132W WO 2012036783 A1 WO2012036783 A1 WO 2012036783A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- data
- neutron
- density
- radioactivity
- porosity
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 title claims description 22
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000005251 gamma ray Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- -1 kerogen Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000015076 Shorea robusta Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 244000166071 Shorea robusta Species 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- RKMGAJGJIURJSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Substances CC1(C)CCCC(C)(C)N1 RKMGAJGJIURJSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021532 Calcite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013500 data storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012432 intermediate storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/10—Locating fluid leaks, intrusions or movements
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to methods and systems for identification of the sweet zone in shale gas reservoirs and more particularly to combining types of well log information to identify the sweet zone.
- a computer implemented method for automatically identifying a hydrocarbon (such as kerogen, gas, oil) rich zone in a well bore includes obtaining well log data including neutron data, density data, radioactivity data, and resistivity data representative of physical characteristics of a formation surrounding the well bore and computing an apparent neutron porosity and an apparent density porosity based on the neutron data and density data.
- a normalized neutron-density separation is computed based on the computed apparent neutron porosity and the computed apparent density porosity and a baseline of normal shale is determined for each data type.
- a computer system for automatically identifying a hydrocarbon rich zone in a well bore includes a computer readable medium having computer readable well log data stored thereon, the well log data including neutron data, density data, radioactivity data, and resistivity data representative of physical characteristics of a formation surrounding the well bore.
- a processor of the computer system is configured and arranged to compute an apparent neutron porosity and an apparent density porosity based on the neutron data and density data, to compute a normalized neutron-density separation based on the computed apparent neutron porosity and the computed apparent density porosity, to compute a baseline of normal shale for the neutron data, density data, radioactivity data and resistivity data, and to compute the presence or absence of a hydrocarbon rich zone based on the computed normalized neutron-density separation, the radioactivity data, the resistivity data, and the determined baselines.
- the computations outlined above are done at each depth level logged in the well.
- Figure 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
- Figure 2 is an example of a set of well logs showing a determined sweet zone indicator and sweet zone quality index in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 3 schematically illustrates a system for performing a method in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
- One method of characterizing a formation is to make measurements of characteristics along a borehole penetrating the formation, either during or after drilling operations, i.e., well logging.
- Well logging includes a number of techniques including resistivity/conductivity measurements, ultrasound, NMR, neutron, density, uranium concentration and radiation scattering, for example.
- Borehole data of this type is often used to replace or supplement the collection of cores for direct inspection.
- logged borehole data is analyzed by human interpreters in order to characterize a subsurface geological formation to allow decisions to be made regarding potential of the well or to determine information about the nature of the surrounding geologic area.
- the inventors have determined that by combining information from a variety of well logs, a quantitative approach may be pursued to identify formations or portions of formations that are likely to be rich in organic material and therefore likely to offer potential in hydrocarbon production, without requiring human interpretation.
- well log data is obtained.
- the well log data comprises neutron, density, uranium concentration and resistivity data.
- uranium concentration is replaced by gamma ray data, each being a type of radioactivity data.
- the well log data may be acquired by any of a variety of well logging techniques, or may be existing well log data stored locally or remotely from a computer system on which the method is executed. In a particular example and not by way of limitation, the well log data may be from a shale formation.
- Equation 1 sets out the calculation for PHIT D:
- Equation 1 P M is the density of the rock matrix (where the matrix is selected to be a calcite matrix or other appropriate matrix, depending on the geology of the shale formation), P B is the bulk density of the rock, and P F is the density of fluid in the rock (where the fluid may be selected to be water).
- this Equation will produce a value of 0.0 where the ratio (PM - PB)/ (PM - PF) is negative, 1.0 when the ratio is greater than one, and the value of the ratio where the ratio is between zero and one. That is, it calculates a porosity value that is bounded by zero and one.
- Equation 2 an apparent neutron porosity
- Equation 2 TMPH is the neutron porosity reading of the rock, TNPM is the neutron porosity of the matrix and TNPF is the neutron porosity of the fluid.
- this Equation produces a value equal to the ratio (TNPH - TNPM)/ (TNPF - TNPM) for values between zero and one, and is bounded by zero and one for all other values of the ratio.
- VWSH NDS normalized neutron-density separation
- VWSH NDS max(min([(PHIT_N - PHIT D) - (PHIT N - PHIT_D) min ]/ [(PHIT N - PHIT_D) ns - (PHIT N - PHIT_D) min ], 1.0), -1.0) Eqn. 3
- Equation 3 the newly introduced quantity (PHIT N - PHIT_D) ns is the neutron-density separation for normal shales, while (PHIT N - PHIT_D) m i n represents a minimum value of the neutron-density separation.
- (PHIT N - PHIT_D) m i n is taken to be zero and that portion of the numerator and denominator is eliminated. This equation produces values between minus one and one, although in most cases the values are between zero and one.
- a baseline value for each of the quantities is determined. For an embodiment using neutron, density, uranium concentration and resistivity data, baselines are determined for each of these. For embodiments in which gamma ray data replaces uranium concentration data, a baseline for gamma ray log readings is determined.
- step 20a the values determined in the preceding steps are used to generate a sweet zone indicator (RNR) in accordance with the if statement in Equation 4.
- VWSH NDS NSBSL is the normalized neutron-density separation baseline for normal shales
- URAN is a uranium concentration
- URAN NSBSL is baseline uranium concentration for normal shales
- RD is a resistivity value of the log data
- RD NSBSL is a baseline resistivity for normal shales
- FVBSL, FUBSL and FRBSL are adjustment factors for the respective baselines.
- the baseline for each type of log may be a constant, or may vary with depth and thus be represented by a curve or trendline, depending on the geological or borehole conditions.
- a shale interval is chosen to determine the baseline value or curve.
- the respective adjustment factors, FVBSL, FUBSL and FRBSL are selected to reduce measurement noise and also to reduce high frequency variations in the actual geological structure, thereby improving reliability of the indicator. In an embodiment, these are determined by Monte Carlo experimentation.
- the adjustment factors may also be adjusted in accordance with the experience of a user based on local geological conditions, analogues, and data quality and/or data provenance.
- Equation 4 is replaced by Equation 5.
- steps 12 and 14 could be performed in any order.
- step 18 the baseline determination for each type of well log performed in step 18 could, in principle, be performed in advance of any of the other calculations, and after all calculations except those of step 20, which depend on the results of step 18.
- Equation 4 or 5 Evaluation of either Equation 4 or 5 will return a value of one or zero, indicating presence or absence of a sweet zone respectively.
- the indicator may then be used as a basis for determining a depth to initiate a horizontal drilling operation, or otherwise to guide production drilling decisions.
- Figure 2 illustrates a number of well logs and derivative products in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
- the first column shows radiation data derived from gamma ray measurements.
- the space between the two curves in the central portion of the log is indicative of uranium and represents a difference between spectral gamma radiation (the right hand curve) and computed gamma radiation (left hand curve).
- Some additional curves along the left-hand side of the trace are not relevant to the method described herein.
- the second column shows depth of the well.
- the third column shows resistivity data for a number of different depths of investigation.
- the fourth column shows neutron and density data and the fifth shows uranium data.
- the indicator may be supplemented with a quality index that quantifies the quality of the identified sweet zone. This is illustrated in Figure 2, in the sixth column where 30 indicates a region in which the sweet zone indicator is one and 32 is a curve indicating the quality index within the zone 30.
- the region 30 corresponds to the shaded region in column 5 where normalized neutron-density separation is less than its baseline and the intersection of that shaded region with the shaded region in column 6 where uranium concentration is above its respective baseline.
- resistivity is above its baseline substantially throughout the region in which normalized neutron- density separation is less than its baseline.
- a sweet zone quality index may be calculated based on the data used to determine the sweet zone indicator.
- quality indexes are calculated for each of the data types, then those calculated quality indexes are used to compute an overall quality index that allows for comparison between or among various formations.
- SQI NDS min(max([VWSH_NDS_NSBSL - VWSH_NDS]/[VWSH_NDS_NSBSL -
- SQI_RD min(max([logio(RD)-logio(RD_NSBSL)]/[logio(RD max )-logio(RD_NSBSL)],0), 1)
- SQI min(max([SQI_NDS ⁇ (W nds /(W nds + W gr + W rd )) + SQI_GR ⁇ (W gr /(W nds + Wgr +
- Equation 10 and 11 the choice between Equation 10 and 11 will depend on availability of uranium data. Where uranium data is not available, gamma ray data is used in accordance with Equation 11. Otherwise, Equation 10 is generally preferable.
- the W quantities are respective weighting factors, and the default value is 1.
- the respective weighting factor has a subscript of nds when referring to the neutron-density separation data, uran when referring to the uranium data, gr when referring to the gamma ray data, and rd when referring to the resistivity data. An operator may elect to weight the quantities differently, based on the observed geological conditions, data quality and/or provenance, or other factors.
- Equations 6 through 11 are various measures of the sweet zone quality index based on individual well logs and normalizing constants.
- SQI NDS refers to the sweet zone quality index from the neutron- density separation data
- VWSH_NDS min is the minimum value of VWSH_NDS_NSBSL (with a default of zero).
- SWI URAN refers to the sweet zone quality index from the uranium concentration data
- URAN max refers to the maximum of the uranium concentration data (default value of 10 in ppm).
- SQI GR refers to the sweet zone quality index from gamma ray data
- GR max refers to the maximum of the gamma ray data (default value of 200 in API units).
- SQI RD refers to the sweet zone quality index from resistivity data
- RD max refers to the maximum of the resistivity data (default value of 100 in ohm-meter units).
- SQI refers to the sweet gas quality index which is a combination of previous determined parameters from Equations 6 and 9, and either Equation 7 or Equation 8 depending on whether uranium concentration data is available.
- the foregoing methods may be implemented in a computer system and computer executable instructions for performing the method may be stored on a tangible computer readable medium.
- the system includes a data storage device or memory 202.
- the stored data may be made available to a processor 204, such as a programmable general purpose computer.
- the processor 204 may include interface components such as a display 206 and a graphical user interface 208, and is used to implement the above-described transforms in accordance with embodiments of the invention.
- the graphical user interface may be used both to display data and processed data products and to allow the user to select among options for implementing aspects of the method.
- Data may be transferred to the system 200 via a bus 210 either directly from a data acquisition device, or from an intermediate storage or processing facility (not shown).
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA2809969A CA2809969C (en) | 2010-09-13 | 2011-07-15 | System and method for sweet zone identification in shale gas reservoirs |
CN2011800439070A CN103098062A (en) | 2010-09-13 | 2011-07-15 | System and method for sweet zone identification in shale gas reservoirs |
EP11825591.8A EP2616978A1 (en) | 2010-09-13 | 2011-07-15 | System and method for sweet zone identification in shale gas reservoirs |
AU2011302598A AU2011302598B2 (en) | 2010-09-13 | 2011-07-15 | System and method for sweet zone identification in shale gas reservoirs |
JP2013528197A JP2013542412A (en) | 2010-09-13 | 2011-07-15 | System and method for sweet zone identification in a shale gas reservoir |
EA201390369A EA201390369A1 (en) | 2010-09-13 | 2011-07-15 | SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR IDENTIFICATION OF A LOW-GAS GRID ZONE IN SLAST GAS PLASTERS |
BR112013005708A BR112013005708A2 (en) | 2010-09-13 | 2011-07-15 | system and method for sweet zone identification in shale gas reservoirs |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US12/880,436 US8626447B2 (en) | 2010-09-13 | 2010-09-13 | System and method for sweet zone identification in shale gas reservoirs |
US12/880,436 | 2010-09-13 |
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WO2012036783A1 true WO2012036783A1 (en) | 2012-03-22 |
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PCT/US2011/044132 WO2012036783A1 (en) | 2010-09-13 | 2011-07-15 | System and method for sweet zone identification in shale gas reservoirs |
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US (1) | US8626447B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2616978A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2013542412A (en) |
CN (1) | CN103098062A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2011302598B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR112013005708A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2809969C (en) |
EA (1) | EA201390369A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012036783A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
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---|---|---|---|---|
US11360004B2 (en) | 2017-09-15 | 2022-06-14 | Korea Institute Of Geoscience And Mineral Resourues | Shale gas extracting device and extracting method therefor |
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US8332155B2 (en) * | 2010-09-13 | 2012-12-11 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | System and method for hydrocarbon gas pay zone characterization in a subterranean reservoir |
EP2707828A4 (en) * | 2011-05-10 | 2016-06-01 | Chevron Usa Inc | System and method for hydrocarbon pay zone definition in a subterranean reservoir |
US9291690B2 (en) * | 2012-06-22 | 2016-03-22 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | System and method for determining molecular structures in geological formations |
CN104573339B (en) * | 2014-12-24 | 2018-03-09 | 中国石油大学(北京) | The geologic parameter of shale gas reservoir determines method and apparatus |
US10209393B2 (en) | 2015-01-23 | 2019-02-19 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Method to correct and pulsed neutron fan based interpretation for shale effects |
CN106761728B (en) * | 2017-02-14 | 2019-10-01 | 中国石油大学(北京) | A kind of recognition methods of the advantageous interval of marine facies shale formation |
KR101985497B1 (en) * | 2017-06-09 | 2019-09-04 | 한국지질자원연구원 | Method for estimating water saturation rate of tight gas reservoir composed of shale |
CN112180443B (en) * | 2019-07-04 | 2024-03-01 | 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 | Shale gas two-dimensional seismic dessert area optimization method and device |
CN111487176B (en) * | 2020-05-13 | 2022-06-10 | 南京宏创地质勘查技术服务有限公司 | Method for calculating porosity occupied by liquid hydrocarbon in shale oil system |
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2010
- 2010-09-13 US US12/880,436 patent/US8626447B2/en active Active
-
2011
- 2011-07-15 WO PCT/US2011/044132 patent/WO2012036783A1/en active Application Filing
- 2011-07-15 JP JP2013528197A patent/JP2013542412A/en active Pending
- 2011-07-15 EA EA201390369A patent/EA201390369A1/en unknown
- 2011-07-15 CN CN2011800439070A patent/CN103098062A/en active Pending
- 2011-07-15 CA CA2809969A patent/CA2809969C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-07-15 AU AU2011302598A patent/AU2011302598B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2011-07-15 EP EP11825591.8A patent/EP2616978A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-07-15 BR BR112013005708A patent/BR112013005708A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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JP2013542412A (en) | 2013-11-21 |
AU2011302598B2 (en) | 2015-04-16 |
BR112013005708A2 (en) | 2016-05-10 |
US20120065887A1 (en) | 2012-03-15 |
US8626447B2 (en) | 2014-01-07 |
AU2011302598A1 (en) | 2013-03-21 |
CN103098062A (en) | 2013-05-08 |
CA2809969A1 (en) | 2012-03-22 |
CA2809969C (en) | 2019-01-15 |
EA201390369A1 (en) | 2013-07-30 |
EP2616978A1 (en) | 2013-07-24 |
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