WO2013186031A2

WO2013186031A2 - A method of producing an aperture plate for a nebulizer

Info

Publication number: WO2013186031A2
Application number: PCT/EP2013/060803
Authority: WO
Inventors: Brendan Hogan
Original assignee: Stamford Devices Limited
Priority date: 2012-06-11
Filing date: 2013-05-24
Publication date: 2013-12-19
Also published as: EP2859137A2; US20200078536A1; CN104350182B; JP2015527481A; EP2859137B1; BR112014027624B1; US10512736B2; US20150101596A1; US9981090B2; HK1205771A1; JP2018158150A; JP6385922B2; BR112014027624A2; RU2637737C2; JP2020096900A; WO2013186031A3; US11679209B2; EP3476982A1; CN104350182A; US20130334338A1

Abstract

A photo-resist (21) is applied in a pattern of vertical columns having the dimensions of holes or pores of the aperture plate to be produced. This mask pattern provides the apertures which define the aerosol particle size, having up to 2500 holes per square mm. There is electro-deposition of metal (22) into the spaces around the columns (21). There is further application of a second photo-resist mask (25) of much larger (wider and taller) columns, encompassing the area of a number of first columns (21). The hole diameter in the second plating layer is chosen according to a desired flow rate.

Description

'Ά Method of Producing an Aperture Plate for a Nebulizer"

Introduction

The invention relates to manufacture of aperture plates for aerosol (or "nebulizer^") devices. Vibrating aperture plates are used in a wide range of aerosol devices, and are typically supported around their rims by a vibrating support which is vibrated by a piezo element. Also, aerosol devices may have passive or static aperture plates, which operate for example by an acoustic signal from a horn causing a stream of medication to be filtered through the aperture plate. An aperture plate is used for aerosol delivery of liquid formulations delivering a controlled liquid droplet size suitable for pulmonary drug delivery. The ideal nebulizer is one which assures a consistent and accurate particle size in combination with an output rate that can be varied to deliver the drug to the targeted area as efficiently as possible. Delivery of the aerosol to the deep lung such as the bronchi and bronchiole regions requires a small and repeatable particle size typically in the range of 2 - 4 μιη. In general, outputs greater than 1 ml/min are required.

Currently, aperture plates are produced by a variety of different means, including electroplating and laser drilling. Electroplating is generally the most advantageous production method from a technical and economic standpoint. US 6,235, 1 77 (Aerogen) describes an approach based on electroplating, in which a wafer material is built onto a mandrel by a process of electro- deposition where the liquefied metals in the plating bath (typically Palladium and Nickel) are transferred from the liquid form to the solid form on the wafer. Material is transferred to the conducting surface on the mandrel and not to the photo resist areas which are non-conducting. Areas are masked with non-conductive photo resist where metallic build-up is not required, see Fig. 1 . After the conclusion of the plating process, the mandrel/wafer assembly is removed from the bath and the wafer peeled from the mandrel for subsequent processing into an aperture plate.

However, a problem with this approach is that the hole size is dependent on the plating time and the thickness of the resulting wafer. The process can be difficult to control, and if not perfectly controlled some holes may be near closed or blocked as shown in Fig 2, or over-sized as shown in Fig 3, and there may be out-of-tolerance variation in the sizes of the holes Also, there are limitations on the number of holes per unit of area. Further, with this technology an increase in output rate usually requires an increase in particle size, which generally may not be desired. It is more desired to increase output rate without increasing particle size. 7 -

Combinations of hole size accuracy and number of holes per unit of area can be a significant determinant in the nebulizer output rate and resulting particle size distribution. WO201 1/139233 (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) describes a microsieve manufactured using SU8 material with photo-masking.

US4844778 (Stork Veco) describes manufacture of a membrane for separating media, and a separation device incorporating such a membrane. The manufacturing method includes a two step photolithographic procedure.

EP1 199382 (Citizen watch Co. Ltd.) describes a production method for a hole structure in which there is exposure to photosensitive material in multiple cycles to provide deeper holes tapered towards the top because there is exposure through the first holes.

The invention is directed towards providing an improved method for manufacture of an aperture plate for a nebulizer to address the above problems.

Summary of the Invention

According to the invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing an aerosol-forming aperture plate wafer, the method comprising:

providing a mandrel of conductive material,

applying a mask over the mandrel in a pattern of columns,

electroplating the spaces around the columns,

removing the mask to provide a wafer of the electroplated material with aerosol- forming holes where the mask columns were,

wherein said masking and plating steps are followed by at least one subsequent cycle of masking and plating to increase the wafer thickness,

wherein the at least one subsequent cycle brings the overall wafer thickness up to a level desired according to criteria for removal of the wafer from the mandrel, and./or desired frequency of operation of the aperture plate, and/or physical constraints of an aerosolizing drive,

wherein the at least one subsequent cycle provides: - J - spaces at least some of which overlie a plurality of aerosol-forming apertures, and a plating material which occ ludes some of the aerosol-forming apertures, and wherein the at least one subsequent cycle is performed according to desired flow rate through the aperture plate.

All of the mask of all cycles may be removed together in some embodiments, however, in other embodiments the mask of one cycle may be removed before the subsequent cycle of masking and plating, and if so the subsequent plating is more likely to at least partly in-fill some of the lower holes.

In one embodiment, the columns have a depth in the range of 5 μιτι to 40 μτη, and preferably 15μηι to 25μπι. In some embodiments, the columns have a width dimension in the plane of the mandrel in the range of 1 μηι to 10 μηι, preferably 2 μητ to 6 μιη. In one embodiment, the electroplating is continued until the plated material is substantially flush with the tops of the columns.

In one embodiment, there is substantially no overlap between the plated material and the mask material. In one embodiment, the at least one subsequent cycle brings the overall wafer thickness up to above 50 μιη, and preferably greater than 58 μηι. In one embodiment, the extent of occlusion in the or each subsequent cycle is chosen for desired mechanical properties of the aperture plate.

In one embodiment, the first masking and plating are performed so that the aerosol-forming holes are tapered in a funnel-shape.

In one embodiment, the subsequent masking and plating are performed so that the overlay spaces are tapered in a funnel shape. In one embodiment, the plated metal includes Ni and/or Pd. In one embodiment, the Ni and/or Pd are present at a surface at a concentration chosen for anti-corrosion properties. In one embodiment, the proportion of Pd is in the range of 85% w/w and 93% w/w, and preferably about 89%, substantially the balance being Ni. In one embodiment, the plated material includes Ag and/or or Cu at a surface, at a concentration chosen for anti-bacterial properties. In one embodiment, the method comprises the further steps of further processing the wafer to provide an aperture plate ready to fit into an aerosol-forming device. In one embodiment, the wafer is formed into a non-planar shaped aperture plate. In one embodiment, the wafer is formed into a shape with a configuration chosen according to desired aerosolizing spray angles. In one embodiment, the wafer is formed into a shape having an operative dome-shaped part and a flange for engaging a drive. In one embodiment, the wafer is annealed before being formed.

In another aspect the invention provides an aperture plate wafer comprising a body of metal whenever formed in a method as defined above in any embodiment.

In a further aspect the invention provides an aperture plate whenever formed by a method as defined above in any embodiment. In another aspect, the invention provides an aperture plate wafer comprising a bottom layer of photolithography-plated metal with aerosol-forming through holes and at least one top layer of photolithography-plated metal having spaces, in which said spaces overlie a plurality of aerosol- forming through holes, in which the size and number of aerosol-forming holes per large hole is related to a desired aerosol flow rate

In one embodiment, the top layer occludes some of the holes in the bottom layer.

In one embodiment, the metal of all layers is the same. In one embodiment, the plated metal includes Ni and/or Pd. In one embodiment, the Ni and/or Pd are present at a surface at a concentration chosen for anti-corrosion properties.

In one embodiment, the proportion of Pd is in the range of 85% w/w and 93% w/w, and preferably about 89%, substantially the balance being Ni. In one embodiment, the plated metal includes Ag and/or or Cu at a surface, at a concentration chosen for anti-bacterial properties.

In another aspect, the invention provides an aperture plate including a wafer as defined above in any embodiment. 3 -

In another aspect, the invention provides an aerosol-forming device comprising an aperture plate as defined above in any embodiment, and a drive engaging the plate to vibrate it at a desired frequency for forming an aerosol. In another aspect, the invention provides an aerosol-forming device comprising an aperture plate as defined above in any embodiment, a support for the aperture plate for passive aperture plate use, and a horn arranged to force a wave of liquid through the aperture plate.

Detailed Description of the Invention

The invention will be more clearly understood from the following description of some embodiments thereof, given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:- Figs. 1 to 3 are cross-sectional diagrams outlining a prior art process as described above;

Figs. 4(a) and 4(b) are cross-sectional views showing masking and plating steps for a first stage of the method, and Fig. 5 is a part plan view of the wafer for this stage;

Figs. 6(a) and 6(b) are cross-sectional views showing a second masking and plating stage, and Fig. 7 is a plan view;

Fig. 8 is a cross-sectional view after resist removal;

Fig. 9 shows the wafer after punching to form the final aperture plate shape;

Fig. 10 is a plot of particle size vs. flow rate to illustrate operation of the aperture plate;

Figs. 1 1 (a), 1 1 (b) and 12 are views equivalent to Figs 4(a), 4(b), and 5 for a second embodiment, in which the holes are tapered; and

Figs. 13(a) and 13(b) are views equivalent to Figs 6(a) and 6(b), and for the second embodiment, and Fig. 14 is a plan view in the region of one large upper hole after removal of the photo-resist mask. Referring to Fig. 4(a) a mandrel 20 has a photo-resist 21 applied in a pattern of vertical columns having the dimensions of holes or pores of the aperture plate to be produced. The column height is preferably in the range of 5μηι to 40μιη height, and more preferably 5 μηι to 30 μηι, and most preferably 15 μιτι to 25 μηι. The diameter is preferably in the range of 1 μιτι to 10 μηι, and most preferably about 2μιτι to 6μηι diameter. This mask pattern provides the apertures which define the aerosol particle size. They are much greater in number per unit of area when compared to the prior art; a twenty-fold increase is possible, thus having up to 2500 holes per square mm. Referring to Figs. 4(b) and 5 there is electro-deposition of metal 22 into the spaces around the columns 21.

As shown in Fig. 6(a) there is further application of a second photo-resist mask 25. of much larger (wider and taller) columns, encompassing the area of a number of first columns 21 . The hole diameter in the second plating layer is between 20 μηι and 400 μιη and more preferably between 40 μιη and 150 μιη. To ensure higher flow rates this diameter is produced at the upper end of the range, and to assure lower flow rates it is produced at the lower end of the range to close more of the smaller openings on the first layer. Referring to Figs. 6(b) and 7 the spaces around the photo-resist 25 are plated to provide a wafer body 26 on the mandrel 20.When the photo-resist 21 and 25 is cleaned with resist remover and rinsed away the plated material 22 and 26 is in the form of an aperture plate blank or mask 30, as shown in Fig. 8, having large top apertures 32 and small bottom apertures 33. In this embodiment all of the resist 21 and 25 is removed together, however, it is envisaged that the resist 21 may be removed before the subsequent cycle of masking and plating. In this case the subsequent plating is more likely to at least partly in-fill some of the aerosol-forming apertures.

As shown in Fig. 9 the wafer 30 is punched into a disc and is formed into a dome shape to provide a final product aperture plate 40.

At this stage the doming diameter may be selected to provide a desired spray angle and/or to set the optimum natural frequency for the drive controller. The dome shape provides a funnelling effect, and the particular shape of the domed plate affects the spray characteristics. In an alternative embodiment the aperture plate is not domed, but is left planar, suitable for use in a device such as a passive plate nebulizer. In this type of nebulizer a sonotrode or horn is placed in contact with the medication on the plate. A piezo element causes rapid movement of the transducer horn, which forces a wave of medication against the aperture plate causing a stream of medication to be filtered through the plate to the exit side as an aerosol.

The majority of the benefits of the aperture plate manufacture of the invention are applicable to either vibrating or passive devices. In more detail, the mandrel 20 is coated with the photo resist 21 with a column height and width equal to the target hole dimension. This coating and subsequent ultraviolet (UV) development is such that columns 21 of photo-resist are left standing on the mandrel 20. These columns are of the required diameter and are as high as their rigidity will support. As the columns are only less than 10 μιη, and preferably less than 6 μιη in diameter it is possible to get many more columns and resulting holes per unit of area than in the prior art. It is expected that there may be as many as twenty times more holes than in the prior art electroplating approach. This creates potential for a substantial increase in the proportion of open area and resultant nebulizer output.

The mandrel 20 with the selectively developed photo resist in the form of upstanding columns 21 is then placed in the plating bath and through the process of electro-deposition containing the metals Palladium Nickel (PdNi) in liquid form typically is then imparted to the surface. The plating activity is stopped when the height of the columns is reached. No over-plating is allowed as the plating is stopped just as it reaches the height of the columns of photo resist. The plating solution is chosen to suit the desired aperture plate dimensions and operating parameters such as vibration frequency. The Pd proportion may be in the range of about 85% to 93% w/w, and in one embodiment is about 89% w/w, the balance being substantially all Ni. The plated structure preferably has a fine randomly equiaxed grain microstructure, with a grain size from 0.2μητ to 2.0 μιη for example. Those skilled in the electo-deposition field art will appreciate how plating conditions for both plating stages may be chosen to suit the circumstances, and the entire contents of the following documents are herein incorporated by reference: US4628165, US62351 17, US2007023547, US2001013554, WO2009/042187, and Lu S. Y., Li J. F., Zhou Y. H., "Grain refinement in the solidification of undercooled Ni-Pd alloys". Journal of Crystal Growth 309 (2007) 103- 1 1 1 , Sept 14 2007. Generally, most electroplating solutions involving Palladium and Nickel would work or Nickel only or indeed Phosphorous & Nickel ( 14:86) or Platinum. It is possible that a non-Palladium wafer could be plated at the surface (0.5 to 5.0 μ^ηι thick, preferably 1.0 to 3.0 μηι thick) in PdNi to impart more corrosion resistance. This would also reduce the hole sizes if smaller openings were desired. When removed from the plating bath, the wafer thickness is typically 5 - 40 μι^η depending on the height of the columns. Peeling off the wafer at this point would yield a very thin wafer in comparison to the standard 60 μητ thickness of the prior art. A wafer of this thickness would lack rigidity, be very difficult to process, and would require complex and expensive changes to the mechanical fabrication of the nebulizer core to achieve a natural frequency equivalent to the state of the art such that the existing electronic control drivers would be useable, which in some cases are integrated into ventilators. Use of a different drive controller would be a significant economic barrier to market acceptance due to the costs involved.

This problem is overcome by offering the plated mandrel to the second photo resist deposition process. In one embodiment, the photo resist thickness is placed to a depth equal to that required to bring the overall wafer thickness to approximately 60 μιη (similar to the prior art wafer thickness). The second mask height is preferably in the range of 40 - 50 μηι for many applications. It is then developed to allow larger columns to stand on the plated surface. These are typically of a diameter between 40 - 100 μιτι but could be larger or smaller. The additional height from the second plating aids removal from the mandrel, but importantly it also achieves a particular thickness which is equivalent to the prior art aperture plate thickness to allow the end product aperture plate 40 to be electrically driven by the existing controllers on the market. This creates a natural frequency matching to achieve correct vibration to generate an aerosol. In general, the second plating stage provides a thickness more suited to the nebulizer application for rigidity, flexibility and flexural strength. Another aspect is that it occludes some of the smaller holes, thereby achieving improved control over flow rate. Hence, the second masking and plating stage can be used to "tune" the end product aperture plate according to desired flow rate. Also, it may be rapidly changed between small batches to enable a wide range of differently tuned plates. The wafer is then carefully peeled from the substrate without the aid of any subsequent processes such as etching or laser cutting. This ease of peeling has the advantages of not imparting additional mechanical stresses into an already brittle wafer. The wafer is then washed and rinsed in photo-resist remover prior to metrology inspection. In the aperture plate blank or mask 30 the holes 33 have a depth equal to the first plating layer and the final wafer thickness will be equal to the sum of both plating layers, see Figs 8 and 9. It is then ready for annealing, punching and doming to form the vibrating plate 40 shown in Fig. 9. There may be additional steps to improve the membrane properties for certain applications. For example, the membrane may be of an electroformed Ni substrate material that is over-plated with corrosion-resistant materials such as Copper, Silver, Palladium, Platinum and/or PdNi alloys. Copper and silver advantageously have bacteria-resistant properties. It will be appreciated that the invention provides an aperture plate having a first layer of electroformed metal with a plurality of aerosol-forming through holes which defines the droplet size being ejected and a second top layer of similar or dis-similiar electroformed material with larger diameter holes or spaces above the aerosol-forming holes and the plating material of which occlude some of the first layer holes.

In various embodiments, the second layer has a number of holes or spaces with diameters chosen such that a pre-determined number of droplet size forming first layer holes are exposed, which determines the number of active holes and thus defines the quantity of liquid being aerosolised per unit of time

The size and number of holes in both layers can be independently varied to achieve the desired ranges of droplet size and flow rate distribution, which is not possible with the prior art plating defined technology. It will also be appreciated that the invention provides the potential for a much greater number of holes per unit of area when compared to the prior art. For example a twenty-fold increase is possible, thus having up to 2500 holes per square mm.

Also, in various embodiments the second layer at least completely or partly inter-fills some of the aerosol-forming holes in the first layer, thus forming mechanical anchorage of both layers to help achieve endurance life requirements.

The following is a table of examples of different hole configurations for aperture plates ("AP") of 5mm diameter: Large Hole Diameter (mm) 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04

Number Large Holes / AP 815 1085 1464 2179

Small Holes / Large Hole 12 7 4 1

Small Holes / AP 9780 7595 5856 2179

Advantageous aspects of the invention include:

(i) Greater number of holes per unit of area are possible

(ii) Smaller and more diametrically accurate hole sizes are possible.

(iii) Similar thickness to existing commercially available wafers, which alleviates the onerous need to re-design the nebulizer to match the correct frequency for the existing controllers to activate the aerosol generator.

(iv) Only two plating layers or plating steps are required

(v) Still easy to carefully peel the wafer from the mandrel substrate.

(vi) Possible to use existing electronic controllers to drive the aperture plate as the natural frequencies are matched, having achieved similar aperture plate thickness.

(vii) Possible to get smaller and more controllable particle sizes (2 - 4 μιη).

(viii) Possible to achieve higher flow rates (0.5 to 2.5 ml/min, more typically 0.75 - 1.5 ml/min)

(ix) Possible to achieve flow rates and particle size more independent of each other when compared to the prior art as described. (Typically in the prior art, the increasing flow rate usually requires increasing particle size and vice versa). These advantages are illustrated in the plot of Fig. 10.

Referring to Figs. 1 1 to 14 in a second embodiment the processing is much the same as for the above embodiment. In this case however, both of the sets of photo-resist columns are tapered so that the resultant holes are tapered for improved flow of aerosol liquid. There is a mandrel 50, first mask columns 51 and in-between plating 52. The second mask comprises tapered columns 55, and the spaces in-between are plated with metal 56. Greater care is required for the plating steps to ensure that there is adequate plating under the mask overhangs. Fig. 14 shows a plan view, in this case after removal of the photo resist. It will be seen that there are several small holes 61 for each large top hole 65 in the PdNi body 56/52. The top hole 65 has the effect of a funnel down to the small holes 61 , which themselves are funnel-shaped. The invention is not limited to the embodiments described but may be varied in construction and detail. For example, it is envisaged that the second cycle of masking and plating may not be required if the wafer can be removed from the mandrel, either due to the required wafer depth being achieved in the first stage or due to improved wafer-removal technologies being available. In addition, a third layer could be applied to provide more mechanical rigidity to the aperture plate. Also, in the embodiments described above the layers are of the same metal. However it is envisaged that they may be different, and indeed the metal within each hole-forming layer may include sub-layers of different metals. For example the composition at one or both surfaces may be different for greater corrosion resistance and/or certain hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties. Also, there may be an additional plating step for the top 1 to 5 μηι or 1 to 3μηι surface layer.

Claims

1. A method of manufacturing an aerosol-forming aperture plate wafer (30), the method comprising:

providing a mandrel (20) of conductive material,

applying a mask over the mandrel in a pattern of columns (21 ),

electroplating (22) the spaces around the columns,

wherein said masking and plating steps are followed by at least one subsequent cycle of masking (25) and plating (26) to increase the wafer thickness, wherein the at least one subsequent cycle brings the overall wafer (30) thickness up to a level desired according to criteria for removal of the wafer from the mandrel, and./or desired frequency of operation of the aperture plate, and/or physical constraints of an aerosolizing drive,

wherein the at least one subsequent cycle provides after mask removal:

spaces (32) at least some of which overlie a plurality of aerosol-forming apertures (3), and

a plating material (3 1) which occludes some of the aerosol-forming apertures (33), and

wherein the at least one subsequent cycle is performed according to desired flow rate through the aperture plate.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the columns (21 ) have a depth in the range of 5 μιτι to 40 μηι, and preferably 15μηι to 25μιη .

3. A method as claimed in claims 1 or 2, wherein the columns (21 ) have a width dimension in the plane of the mandrel in the range of 1 μηι to 10 μιτι, preferably 2 μιη to 6 μιη.

4. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the electroplating is continued until the plated material is substantially flush with the tops of the columns (21 ).

5. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein there is substantially no overlap between the plated material (22) and the mask material (21 ).

A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the at least one subsequent cycle brings the overall wafer thickness up to above 50 μηι, and preferably greater than 58 μιη.

A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the extent of occlusion in the or each subsequent cycle is chosen for desired mechanical properties of the aperture plate.

A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the first masking and plating are performed so that the aerosol-forming holes ( 1 ) are tapered in a funnel-shape.

A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the subsequent masking and plating are performed so that the overlay spaces (55) are tapered in a funnel shape.

A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the plated metal includes Ni and/or Pd.

A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the Ni and/or Pd are present at a surface at a concentration chosen for anti-corrosion properties.

A method as claimed in claims 10 or 1 1 , wherein the proportion of Pd is in the range of 85% w/w and 93% w/w, and preferably about 89%, substantially the balance being Ni.

A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the plated material includes Ag and/or or Cu at a surface, at a concentration chosen for anti-bacterial properties.

A method as claimed in any preceding claim, comprising the further steps of further processing the wafer to provide an aperture plate (40) ready to fit into an aerosol-forming device.

A method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the wafer is formed into a non-planar shaped aperture plate (40).

A method as claimed in claim 15, wherein the wafer is formed into a shape with a configuration chosen according to desired aerosolizing spray angles.

A method as claimed into claims 15 or 16, wherein the wafer is formed into a shap having an operative dome-shaped part and a flange for engaging a drive.

A method as claimed in any of claim 17, wherein the wafer is annealed before bein formed.

19. An aperture plate wafer comprising a body of metal whenever formed in a method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 18.

20. An aperture plate whenever formed by a method as claimed in any of claims 14 to 19.

21. An aerosol-forming device comprising an aperture plate of claim 20, and a drive engaging the plate to vibrate it at a desired frequency for forming an aerosol.

22. An aerosol-forming device comprising an aperture plate of claim 20, a support for the aperture plate for passive plate use, and a horn arranged to force a wave of liquid through the aperture plate to form droplets.

An aperture plate wafer (30) comprising a bottom layer (3 1 ) of photolithography-plated metal with aerosol-forming through holes (33) and at least one top layer of photolithography-plated metal (31 ) having spaces (32), in which said spaces overlie a plurality of aerosol-forming through holes (33), in which the size and number of aerosol- forming holes per large hole is related to a desired aerosol flow rate

An aperture plate wafer as claimed in claim 23, wherein the top layer occludes some of the holes (33) in the bottom layer.

An aperture plate wafer as claimed in either of claims 23 or 24, wherein the metal of all layers is the same.

26. An aperture plate wafer as claimed in any of claims 23 to 25, wherein the plated metal includes Ni and/or Pd.

27. An aperture plate wafer as claimed in claim 26, wherein the Ni and/or Pd are present at a surface at a concentration chosen for anti-corrosion properties.

28. An aperture plate wafer as claimed in claim 27, wherein the proportion of Pd is in the range of 85% w/w and 93% w/w, and preferably about 89%, substantially the balance being Ni.

29. An aperture plate wafer as claimed in any of claims 23 to 28, wherein the plated metal includes Ag and/or or Cu at a surface, at a concentration chosen for anti-bacterial properties.

30. An aperture plate including a wafer of any of claims 23 to 29.

31. An aerosol-forming device comprising an aperture plate of claim 30, and a drive engaging the plate to vibrate it at a desired frequency for forming an aerosol.

32. An aerosol-forming device comprising an aperture plate of claim 30, a support for the aperture plate for passive aperture plate use, and a horn arranged to force a wave of liquid through the aperture plate.