WO2016076757A1

WO2016076757A1 - Method and system for controlling a gas system, and nuclear reactor facility

Info

Publication number: WO2016076757A1
Application number: PCT/RU2015/000743
Authority: WO
Inventors: Петр Никифорович МАРТЫНОВ; Константин Дмитриевич ИВАНОВ; Алексей Николаевич СТОРОЖЕНКО; Александр Юрьевич ЛЕГКИХ; Владимир Владимирович УЛЬЯНОВ; Степан Артемович БОРОВИЦКИЙ; Александр Иванович ФИЛИН; Сергей Викторович БУЛАВКИН
Original assignee: Открытое Акционерное Общество "Акмэ-Инжиниринг"
Priority date: 2014-11-11
Filing date: 2015-11-06
Publication date: 2016-05-19
Also published as: RU2580926C1

Abstract

Disclosed are a method and a system for controlling a gas system. The method contains the following steps: checking, prior to the supply of oxygen, whether hydrogen is being supplied to a reactor and/or ceasing the supply of hydrogen; supplying oxygen if hydrogen is not being supplied to the reactor; checking, prior to the supply of hydrogen, whether oxygen is being supplied to the reactor and/or ceasing the supply of oxygen; supplying hydrogen if oxygen is not being supplied to the reactor. Technical result: preventing the simultaneous supply of hydrogen and oxygen to a reactor, preventing the formation of oxyhydrogen, and increasing the safety and service life of a reactor facility.

Description

METHOD AND SYSTEM OF GAS SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND NUCLEAR REACTOR INSTALLATION

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of nuclear energy and nuclear reactor installations, in particular, to nuclear reactor installations with liquid metal coolants. At the same time, the present invention can also be applied in various types of non-nuclear reactor plants. State of the art

One of the main problems of liquid-cooled nuclear reactor plants is the corrosion of structural materials, of which the reactor is filled. To prevent corrosion, the method of forming protective oxide coatings can be applied, the integrity of which depends on the corrosion resistance of the materials from which the reactor, for example, steel, is made.

Note that this problem can also occur both in nuclear reactor facilities with non-liquid metal coolants and in non-nuclear reactor facilities. Although the present invention has been described with respect to nuclear reactor facilities with liquid metal coolants, it can also be used both in nuclear reactor installations with coolants other than liquid metal and in non-nuclear reactor facilities.

Oxygen can be used to form oxide films. Patent RU2246561 (published 02.20.2005) discloses a method for increasing the oxygen concentration in a coolant by introducing (ejecting) gaseous oxygen directly into a coolant or supplying oxygen to a coolant surface, for example, into a gas chamber near a coolant - in the latter case, oxygen will penetrate into the coolant by diffusion. Due to the fact that iron, chromium and other components of structural materials have a greater chemical affinity for oxygen than components of the coolant, such as lead and / or bismuth, oxygen introduced into the liquid metal coolant in the form of oxides of the coolant components will oxidize

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 components of structural materials and, at an appropriate oxygen concentration, form protective oxide films on the surface of the walls of the reactor.To ensure this effect, the oxygen concentration in the coolant must be maintained within appropriate limits, depending on the design of the reactor and the structural materials used in it, as well as on the type and composition of the coolant.

In the event that the oxygen concentration in the coolant is excessively high, oxygen corrosion of structural materials can begin, which leads to a decrease in the life of the reactor, the risk of leakage of the coolant, increased accumulation of solid phase deposits in the coolant, etc. To reduce the excessively high oxygen concentration in the coolant, which could result, for example, from depressurization of the reactor and the penetration of atmospheric air into it, or to carry out routine work during which an excessive increase in the oxygen concentration in the coolant was allowed, or it is possible to use hydrogen gas to clean the coolant introduced into the coolant. A similar solution and device for its implementation are presented in patent RU2247435 (published on 02.27.2005). This patent describes a method in which hydrogen is introduced into the volume near the heat carrier (in particular, above the surface of the heat carrier) and then introduced (ejected) into the heat carrier from the volume.

When hydrogen is introduced into the coolant, the oxygen concentration decreases due to the interaction of oxygen with hydrogen and the formation of water vapor. In the event that the oxygen concentration in the coolant takes an excessively low value, and this can occur both due to the excessive amount of hydrogen introduced into the coolant and the diffusion of the components of the structural materials in the coolant and their interaction with oxygen dissolved in the coolant, protective oxide can dissolve coatings, which will sharply increase the corrosion of structural materials of the reactor by coolant components. _. To prevent corrosion and increase oxygen concentration, the above method and device according to patent RU2246561 can again be used.

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 Thus, to properly control the oxygen concentration sufficiently applying two ways, ^"inter alia, increasing concentrations. Oxygen coolant and increasing the concentration in the hydrogen coolant, wherein the oxygen concentration in the coolant is reduced. However, for devices that implement the methods of the prior art , a characteristic problem is the possibility of the joint implementation of these methods, which leads, on the one hand, to the impossibility of changing the oxygen concentration in such a joint continuous mode of implementation of the methods, which means that the risk of corrosion of the structural materials of the reactor is preserved, and on the other hand, the simultaneous filling of the volume near the coolant in the reactor with oxygen and hydrogen leads to the formation of explosive gas (a mixture of gaseous oxygen and hydrogen). and detonation (explosion) with the formation of water.To start the reaction, a small spark with an energy of less than 20 microjoules is enough.

Due to the fact that a nuclear reaction occurs in the coolant with the release of a large amount of energy, radioactive decay products (ions, elementary particles, photons) can fly out into the volume near the coolant filled with explosive gas, which has an energy significantly greater than that necessary to start the explosive combustion reaction gas, which is, moreover, at elevated temperatures and often at high pressure. Under such conditions, a significant explosive risk of explosive gas is observed, and since explosive gas can form inside the reactor, the realization of this risk can lead to its depressurization and the removal of radioactive substances from the reactor into the external environment and / or damage to the equipment of the reactor located in the volume near the coolant, where explosive gas may form, either in the coolant or gas system due to the transfer of the shock wave by the coolant and / or gas in the gas system. Thus, the disadvantages of the prior art lead to a decrease in the safety and life of the reactor plants, in which gaseous oxygen and hydrogen are used to control the oxygen concentration in the coolant and, thereby, ensure the corrosion resistance of the reactor.

Disclosure of invention

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 The present invention is the provision of a method and device for controlling the concentration of hydrogen and / or oxygen in a reactor installation, in particular, in the coolant of a nuclear reactor installation, without the disadvantages inherent in the prior art. In particular, it is an object of the present invention to prevent the formation of explosive gas (a mixture of gaseous hydrogen and oxygen) in a reactor. In this regard, the invention is faced with the task of preventing the simultaneous supply of oxygen and hydrogen from the gas system to the reactor in a volume near the coolant. An additional objective of the present invention is to prevent the supply of oxygen from the gas system to the reactor in the volume near the coolant in which the hydrogen is located, as well as to prevent the supply of hydrogen from the gas system to the reactor in the volume near the coolant in which the oxygen is located.

The object of the present invention is achieved by a method for controlling a gas system designed to provide a gas containing oxygen and a gas containing hydrogen from the gas system to the reactor. The specified method has the following steps: before supplying a gas containing oxygen, check whether the gas containing hydrogen is supplied and / or stopped supplying the reactor, and / or the gas containing hydrogen is stopped; supplying a gas containing oxygen, if the gas containing hydrogen is not supplied to the reactor; before supplying the gas containing hydrogen, it is checked whether the supply of oxygen-containing gas is supplied and / or stopped, and / or the supply of oxygen-containing gas is stopped; hydrogen gas is supplied if no oxygen containing gas is supplied to the reactor.

Prior to supplying a hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor, in some embodiments, the oxygen content in the gas in the reactor can be checked and / or the gas contained therein can be removed from the reactor and / or a gas free of oxygen and / or neutral to hydrogen and / or or reducing oxygen content. The gas discharged from the reactor is preferably passed through a reaction chamber in which the oxygen contained in the gas is chemically bonded.

In addition, before supplying a gas containing oxygen to the reactor, in some embodiments, the hydrogen content in the gas in the reactor can be checked and / or the gas contained therein can be removed from the reactor and / or fed to the reactor

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 a gas not containing hydrogen and / or neutral to oxygen and / or reducing the hydrogen content. The gas discharged from the reactor is preferably passed through a reaction chamber in which the chemical bonding of the hydrogen contained in the gas is carried out.

The present invention also solves the method of controlling the concentration of oxygen and / or hydrogen in the coolant of the reactor installation, which includes a reactor, a coolant, a gas system located in the reactor * having an outlet into the reactor in a volume near the coolant, a device for introducing gas into the coolant (for example, dispersant), installed partially in the coolant and partially in the volume near the coolant and configured to supply gas from the volume near the coolant to the coolant, and an acid concentration sensor Oroda in the coolant.

The method contains the following steps: evaluate the oxygen concentration in the coolant based on data from the oxygen concentration sensor in the coolant; compare the assessment of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant with the upper and lower acceptable values; in the event that the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is greater than the upper acceptable value, it is checked whether the gas containing oxygen is supplied and / or stopped to the reactor, and / or the gas containing hydrogen is stopped, and / or the signal to stop its supply, and a gas containing hydrogen is supplied to the reactor from the gas system and / or a device for introducing gas into the coolant is activated if the gas containing oxygen is not supplied to the reactor; if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the lower acceptable value, check if the gas containing hydrogen is supplied and / or stopped to the reactor and / or the gas containing hydrogen is stopped and / or the signal to stop supplying a gas containing hydrogen, and a gas containing oxygen is supplied to the reactor from the gas system and / or a device for introducing gas into the coolant is activated if no gas containing hydrogen is supplied to the reactor.

Prior to supplying the gas containing hydrogen to the reactor, the oxygen content in the gas in the reactor is mainly checked and / or the gas therein is removed from the reactor and / or the gas is supplied to the reactor, which does not contain oxygen and / or is neutral to hydrogen and / or reduces the oxygen content . Gas,

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 withdrawn from the reactor, it is possible to pass through a reaction chamber in which the chemical binding of the oxygen contained in the gas is carried out.

Prior to supplying a gas containing oxygen to the reactor, the hydrogen content in the gas in the reactor is mainly checked and / or the gas present in it is removed from the reactor and / or gas is supplied to the reactor that does not contain hydrogen and / or is neutral to oxygen and / or reduces the hydrogen content . The gas discharged from the reactor may be passed through a reaction chamber in which the chemical bonding of the hydrogen contained in the gas is carried out.

A gas system control system for supplying a gas containing oxygen and a gas containing hydrogen to the reactor is directed to solving the problem of the present invention. The system includes the following modules: an oxygen-containing gas supply control module configured to control a gas system to provide oxygen-containing gas to the reactor if no hydrogen-containing gas is supplied to the reactor and a feed control module a hydrogen containing gas configured to control the gas system to provide hydrogen containing gas to the reactor if no oxygen containing gas is supplied to the reactor.

The oxygen-containing gas supply control module may be configured to obtain, from the hydrogen-containing gas supply control module, information on the supply and / or on the cessation of the supply of hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor. In addition, the oxygen-containing gas supply control module may be configured to transmit information to the hydrogen-containing gas supply control module about the need to stop supplying hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor, and the hydrogen-containing gas supply control module may be configured with the possibility of ensuring the cessation of the supply of gas containing hydrogen to the reactor upon receipt of information from the control module for the supply of gas containing oxygen about the need to stop the supply of gas to the reactor, with holding hydrogen.

The hydrogen-containing gas supply control module may be configured to obtain, from the oxygen-containing gas supply control module, information on the supply and / or on the cessation of the supply of oxygen-containing gas to the reactor. In addition, the gas control module, b

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 containing hydrogen, can be configured to transmit information to the oxygen-containing gas supply control module about the need to stop supplying oxygen-containing gas to the reactor, and the oxygen-containing gas supply control module can be configured to provide gas cut-off containing oxygen, upon receipt of information from the control module for the supply of gas containing hydrogen, the need to stop supplying to the reactor a gas containing oxygen.

The system may also include an auxiliary gas supply control module configured to control the gas system to provide a gas that does not contain oxygen and / or hydrogen and / or neutral to oxygen and / or hydrogen and / or reduces the content of oxygen and / or hydrogen into the reactor moreover, the control module for the supply of gas containing oxygen, can be made with the possibility of controlling the gas system to ensure the supply to the reactor of a gas containing oxygen, after feeding into the reactor gas not containing a hydrogen and / or oxygen neutral and / or hydrogen-reducing gas and / or a hydrogen-containing gas supply control module may be configured to control the gas system to provide hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor after the gas is supplied to the reactor, not containing oxygen and / or neutral to hydrogen and / or reducing the oxygen content.

The present invention also solves the system of controlling the concentration of oxygen and / or hydrogen in the coolant of the reactor installation, which includes a reactor, a coolant located in the reactor, a gas system having an outlet into the reactor in a volume near the coolant, a device for introducing gas into the coolant (for example, dispersant), installed partially in the coolant and partially in the volume near the coolant and configured to supply gas from the volume near the coolant to the coolant, and an acid concentration sensor Oroda in the coolant.

The control system contains the following modules: an oxygen concentration estimation module in the coolant, configured to receive data from the oxygen concentration sensor in the coolant, an estimate based on the received oxygen concentration in the coolant, and transmitting the oxygen concentration estimate in the coolant to the concentration estimation comparison module

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 oxygen in the coolant with an acceptable value; a module for comparing an estimate of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant with a valid value configured to obtain an estimate of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant from a module for assessing the concentration of oxygen in the coolant and comparing it with upper and lower acceptable values; an oxygen-containing gas supply control module configured to control the gas system to provide oxygen-containing gas to the reactor if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the lower acceptable value and if hydrogen-containing gas is not supplied to the reactor; a hydrogen-containing gas supply control unit configured to control the gas system to provide hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is above the upper allowable value and if oxygen-containing gas is not supplied to the reactor; and a control module for the device for introducing gas into the coolant, configured to activate the device for introducing gas into the coolant if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the lower acceptable value and if oxygen containing gas is supplied and / or supplied to the reactor, and / or in the event that the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is higher than the upper permissible value and if a gas containing hydrogen is supplied and / or supplied to the reactor.

The control system may also include a warning signal generating module, configured to generate a warning signal about the need to stop feeding gas containing oxygen to the reactor and / or supplying to the reactor a gas not containing oxygen and / or neutral to hydrogen and / or reducing the oxygen content, if the assessment of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is above the upper permissible value and the gas containing oxygen is supplied to the reactor and / or with the possibility of generating a signal warnings about the need to stop supplying hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor and / or supplying to the reactor a gas that does not contain hydrogen and / or is neutral to oxygen and / or reduces the hydrogen content if the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the lower acceptable value and the reactor is fed gas containing hydrogen.

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 The oxygen-containing gas supply control module may be configured to obtain, from the hydrogen-containing gas supply control module, information on the flow and / or on the cessation of the supply of gas containing hydrogen to the reactor, and / or with the possibility of ensuring the cessation of the gas supply to the reactor containing oxygen, in the event that the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or higher than the lower and / or upper acceptable value.

The oxygen-containing gas supply control module may be configured to transmit information to the hydrogen-containing gas supply control module about the need to stop supplying hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor, and the hydrogen-containing gas supply control module may be configured to provide of stopping the supply of hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor upon receipt of information from the control module for supplying a gas containing oxygen about the need to stop supplying gas containing hydrogen to the reactor odor

Control Module gas feed containing hydrogen, can be configured to receive from the control unit of gas feed containing oxygen ^'information on pitch and / or termination of feed gas reactor containing oxygen and / or with the possibility to stop the flow of gas reactor containing hydrogen, if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or lower than the upper and / or lower acceptable values.

The hydrogen-containing gas supply control module may be configured to transmit information on the oxygen-containing gas supply control module to the need to stop supplying oxygen-containing gas to the reactor, and the oxygen-containing gas supply control module may be configured to provide of stopping the supply of a gas containing oxygen to the reactor upon receipt of information from the control module for supplying a gas containing hydrogen about the need to stop supplying a gas containing hydrogen to the reactor oxygen.

The system may include an auxiliary gas supply control module, configured to control the gas system to provide gas that does not contain oxygen and / or hydrogen and / or is neutral to the reactor

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 oxygen and / or hydrogen and / or reducing the content of oxygen and / or hydrogen, moreover, the control module for the supply of gas containing oxygen, can be configured to control the gas system to ensure the flow in the reactor gas containing oxygen, after the gas is fed into the reactor, containing hydrogen and / or neutral to oxygen and / or reducing the hydrogen content, and / or a module for controlling the supply of gas containing hydrogen, can be made with the possibility of controlling the gas system to ensure supply to the reactor gas containing hydrogen, after feeding into the reactor a gas not containing oxygen and / or neutral to hydrogen and / or reducing the oxygen content.

The present invention also solves the gas system containing pipelines, valves and / or equipment for moving the gas medium, and having an exit to the reactor, configured to supply from the gas system to the reactor a gas containing oxygen and a gas containing hydrogen, in accordance with by a method according to any of the above options and / or using a system according to any of the above options.

A nuclear reactor installation, comprising: a reactor, a coolant located in a reactor, a gas system having an outlet into the reactor in a volume near the coolant, a device for introducing gas into the coolant (for example, a dispersant) partially installed in the coolant and partially in the volume near the coolant and configured to supply gas from the volume near the coolant to the coolant, and an oxygen concentration sensor in the coolant. The gas system in accordance with the invention can be configured to supply oxygen-containing gas and hydrogen-containing gas from the gas system to the reactor in accordance with the method of any of the above options and / or using the system of any of the above options and / or the reactor installation may be configured to control the hydrogen concentration in the coolant in accordance with the method according to any of the above options and / or using the system according to any of the above options.

Thanks to the present invention, it is possible to provide a method and device (system) for controlling the concentration of hydrogen and / or oxygen in a reactor

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BIRTHDAY SHEET RULE 26 installation, in particular, in the coolant of a nuclear reactor installation, without the disadvantages inherent in the prior art. A technical result is achieved, such as preventing the formation of explosive gas in the reactor and / or gas system. In particular, the simultaneous supply of oxygen and hydrogen to the reactor and / or gas system is prevented. This improves the safety, reliability and life of the reactor installation.

Brief Description of the Drawings

In FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a reactor installation in accordance with the present invention.

In FIG. 2 shows a possible embodiment of a gas system.

In FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method for controlling a gas system in accordance with the present invention.

In FIG. 4 shows an example of a reaction chamber.

In FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a dispersant.

In FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of an oxygen concentration sensor in a coolant.

In FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method for controlling the concentration of hydrogen and oxygen in a coolant in accordance with the present invention.

In FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of one embodiment of a device for controlling the concentration of hydrogen and oxygen in a coolant in accordance with the present invention.

The implementation of the invention

The present invention is applicable to a reactor installation (for example, a nuclear reactor installation) having in its composition, as shown in one example in a schematic view in FIG. 1, a reactor 101 in which a heat transfer fluid 104 is connected to the gas system via pipes 108 and 114 having shutoff valves 109 and 1 15, respectively. In addition, a dispersant 1 12 with a power and control terminal 113, and an oxygen concentration sensor 110 in the coolant 104 with a terminal 111 are also located in the reactor.

The reactor 101 is a vessel, the walls 102 of which are made of structural materials with sufficient mechanical,

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VILO 26 thermal, radiation and other types of resistances necessary for safe operation of the reactor installation, for example, such as steel. The safety of reactor installations is of particular importance in view of the fact that in the reactor 101 in the core 103 there are radioactive materials that release energy during radioactive fission. At least a portion of this energy in the form of heat is transferred to the coolant 104, which is in the reactor and in contact with the core (that is, the radioactive materials are mainly located in the coolant), and then transferred to the heat exchanger 107, in which thermal energy is transferred to other materials ( e.g. water, steam or other heat-intensive materials), at some distance from the source of radiation. The heat exchanger may be, in some embodiments, a steam generator designed to produce steam, which can then be used to heat other media or to drive turbines. Further, after the heat exchanger 107 in the communications outside the reactor, the thermal energy is transferred without the risk of radiation contamination, which, therefore, is concentrated within the reactor. In this regard, in view of the severe, undesirable and long-term consequences of radioactive contamination of the surrounding territories, special importance is attached to the strength and safety of the operation of the reactor. To ensure a long and efficient process of heat transfer from the core 103 to the heat exchanger 107 in the reactor, the coolant is preferably circulated in the reactor 101 in a loop surrounding the core and the heat exchanger. Pumps may be used to provide circulation (not shown in FIG. 1).

One of the important factors in maintaining the strength of the reactor 101 over time is the prevention or weakening to the acceptable level of corrosion of structural materials from which its walls 102 and reinforcing, fastening, strength, and other elements of the reactor 101 are made. This factor should be taken into account if as the heat transfer medium 104, the heat transfer medium is used from liquid metals such as sodium, lithium, lead, bismuth, and the like. Heavy metals (lead, bismuth) have an advantage over light because of their increased safety, in particular, according to the criterion of reduced fire hazard.

In addition, heat transfer fluids made using heavy metals also have the advantage of the stability of their properties under

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I CHANGE THE SHEET RULE 26 water entering them. Naturally, the physicochemical properties of such a coolant will change when water enters it, however, such changes will be insignificant and will allow further operation to continue. This may be useful to increase the safety of the reactor plant due to possible accidents or leaks of equipment in which water is in or flowing in liquid form or in the form of steam - for example, equipment such as heat exchangers or steam generators. Even if the heat exchanger or the steam generator has a malfunction in the form of a leak, the reactor installation can be operated further until the time comes when it is convenient to repair or replace the faulty (leaking) equipment, since the coolant using heavy metals allows this mode of operation due to the insignificant ( uncritical) dependence of their physico-chemical properties on the introduction of water in liquid or vapor form.

To reduce the corrosive effect on the structural materials of the reactor, it is considered promising to create oxide films at the interface between the coolant and the structural material, for example, by supplying the coolant to the surface (with subsequent diffusion of oxygen to the coolant) or into the coolant oxygen, which can be transferred by the coolant to the walls of the reactor, where oxygen can enter into a chemical compound with a structural material (which can be, for example, steel) and form oxide in e the oxide film on the surface of the structural material. An additional advantage of using such corrosion protection is a decrease in the heat exchange intensity between the coolant and the walls of the reactor due to the reduced thermal conductivity of the oxides. The introduction of oxygen into the coolant and an increase in its concentration can be achieved by supplying into the reactor from the gas system gaseous oxygen or gas containing oxygen to the volume near the coolant and / or ejecting them into the coolant.

In the event that the oxygen concentration in the coolant is excessively high, oxygen corrosion of structural materials can begin, which leads to a decrease in the life of the reactor, the risk of leakage of the coolant, increased accumulation of solid phase deposits in the coolant, etc. To reduce excessively high

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 the oxygen concentration in the coolant, which could lead, for example, to depressurization of the reactor and the penetration of atmospheric air into it or to carry out routine work, during which an excessive increase in the oxygen concentration in the coolant was allowed, or it is possible to use hydrogen gas or a gas containing hydrogen to clean the coolant fed into the volume near the coolant or introduced into the coolant. When hydrogen gas is introduced into the coolant, the oxygen concentration in the coolant decreases due to the interaction of hydrogen with oxygen in the coolant and / or the reduction of oxides of the coolant components. Reducing the increased concentration of oxygen in the coolant is an important process for the safety of the reactor due to the fact that too high a concentration of oxygen entails the risk of oxygen corrosion of the walls of the reactor.

Oxygen hydrogen can be supplied into the volume near the coolant by means of the gas system included in the reactor installation, which has an outlet into the reactor 101 into the volume 106 near the coolant 104 (in the preferred embodiment shown in Fig. 1 above the coolant) through a pipe 108. Coolant 104 occupies only part of the reactor capacity to reduce the risk of reactor depressurization due to thermal expansion of the coolant during heating. The upper part 106 of the reactor vessel, located above the surface 105 (“level”) of the coolant 104, is usually filled with a gas representing an inert gas (He, Ne, Ar) or a mixture of inert gases to prevent corrosion and undesirable chemical reactions. To supply gas to the reactor (into the volume above the coolant, as shown in Fig. 1, or near the coolant, which in some cases may be a separate volume from the tank in which the coolant is located), a gas system pipe 108 is provided. In addition, the gas system comprises a pipe 114 provided with a valve 115 for discharging gas from the reactor into the gas system. The purpose of the pipes (pipelines) 108 and 114 — supply or withdrawal of gas to / from the reactor — can be reversed. In addition, other pipes (pipelines) for supplying / withdrawing gas from the reactor may be provided in the reactor installation.

The gas system shown in more detail in FIG. 2, may contain pipelines (pipes) 108, 114, 226 and others, mixers / distributors 204-208,

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 shutoff valves 109, 114, 211-220, 225 (valves, valves, etc.), filters, pumps 209 and 223, measuring chamber 210 with sensors 221 and 222 of oxygen and hydrogen in the gas, respectively, reaction chamber 224 and other equipment not shown in FIG. 2, commonly used in gas systems and. known from the prior art. The gas system can be connected to sources of oxygen, inert gases and hydrogen, respectively, or include them, and can mix gases in mixers 204 and 205. The gas supply from sources 201-203 to mixers 204 and 205 is regulated with using shutoff valves 211-214, respectively.

Sources 201-203 of gases intended for supply to the reactor or for use in a gas system can be gas production and purification plants, for example, electrolysis of water for oxygen and hydrogen. Sources 201-203 may also be gas lines or gas cylinders or cylinder systems containing compressed gas. The gas supply can occur due to the high pressure inside the gas cylinders or pumps can be provided that encourage the supply of gas from the containers in which it is stored. In FIG. 2 schematically shows gas cylinders containing a high-purity gas under high pressure. At the outlet of the sources 201-203 or inside them, gas filters can be provided for purifying gases from particles of various sizes, which in the absence of such filters could damage the gas system and / or reactor, as well as contaminate the gas and / or coolant.

To regulate the movement of gases through pipes, pipelines,. mixers / distributors and various equipment of the gas system, it provides shut-off valves 109,115,211-220,225. Valves may be configured using gates, valves, switches, ^'taps, valves, locks and other types of equipment that can be used to regulate the flow of gas / liquid. In preferred embodiments, the shutoff valves are configured to be remotely controlled, for example, by means of electric, hydraulic, lever or other actuators. Thanks to the remote control, the safety of personnel serving the reactor and carrying out routine maintenance or its operation is ensured. Besides,

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 remote control allows you to control many valves ^' equipment. from one place, for example, from the remote control, thereby allowing you to monitor the situation as a whole and quickly respond to a changing Environment, providing the possibility of carrying out a number of works involving the implementation of complex sequences of operating modes, and increasing the safety of the reactor as a whole.

Mixers / distributors 204-208 are a combination of several pipes / pipelines through which various gases can be supplied for mixing and / or distribution to various pipes / pipelines and various equipment. Mixing can be carried out directly at the junction of pipes / pipelines due to the high diffusion ability of gases to penetrate each other and mix, or in a container specially designed for mixing, to which pipes / pipelines are supplied. The result of gas mixing can be discharged by one or more pipelines / pipes, i.e., discharged to one destination or distributed into several. In addition, the same gas can be supplied from one or more pipelines and supplied to several pipelines that discharge gas to their respective consumers or destinations - in this case, gas distribution is realized. In some cases, the mixer / distributor may operate in a conventional pipe / pipeline mode, in which gas is supplied to one pipe and introduced from another. The operating mode is regulated by shutoff valves, the state of which (open / closed, flow rate, etc.) determines the direction of gas flow.

For example, the mixer 204 can perform the function of supplying oxygen from a source 201 to a pipe 108 having an outlet into a volume 106 near the coolant through the wall 102 of the reactor. To do this, valves 211, 215 and 109 are opened, and the rest of the valves are closed. To supply inert gas to the volume 106 from the source 202, valves 212, 215, and 109 must be opened, while the remaining valves must be closed. To supply hydrogen from source 203 through mixers 205 and 204, valves 213, 214, 215 and 109 must be open with the remaining valves closed

In another embodiment, mixer 204 may supply a mixture of gases to volume 106. For example, to supply a mixture of oxygen with an inert gas,

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 oxygen from the source 201 and inert gas from the source 202, for which the valves 211, 212, 215 and 109 are opened, and the rest are closed. To supply a mixture of hydrogen with an inert gas, valves 212, 213, 214, 215 and 109 are opened, and the rest are closed.

In the event that it is necessary to determine the composition of the gas (gas mixture) supplied to the volume 106, the result of gas mixing can be supplied through mixers 205 and 207 to the measuring chamber 210 with sensors 221 and 222 and then through the mixer 208 and pipe 114 into the volume 106. Accordingly , to supply a mixture of inert gas with oxygen, valves 211, 212, 214, 216, 219 and 115 must be opened, and to supply a mixture of inert gas with hydrogen, valves 212-214, 216, 219 and 115 must be opened. When indicating that it is necessary or must be open certain valves (stop valves) it is understood that the rest of the valves (shut-off valves) are closed unless otherwise specified or otherwise is required to ensure the performance of functions. .

Thus, the gas system can supply inert gas to the reactor

(mixture of inert gases, neutral gas or the like), oxygen, hydrogen or a mixture of inert gas with oxygen or hydrogen. To ensure corrosion resistance, a gas containing oxygen or a gas containing hydrogen may be supplied to the reactor in a volume near the coolant. A gas containing oxygen can be, for example, a gas mixture of an inert gas or other neutral gas (in some cases it can also be water vapor) with oxygen (pure oxygen can create the danger of an excessively fast and uncontrolled increase in the concentration of oxygen in the coolant and as a consequence, oxygen corrosion of structural materials of the reactor). A gas containing hydrogen can be, for example, a gas mixture of an inert gas or other neutral gas (in some cases it can also be water vapor) with hydrogen (pure hydrogen can create a risk of an excessively fast and uncontrolled decrease in the oxygen concentration in the coolant and destruction of oxide films, which also leads to corrosion, but in this case, the corrosion is caused by the coolant). Gas mixtures can contain different proportions of oxygen or hydrogen, for example, from 1/3 to 1/5 (or less) of their volume - in this ratio there is a sufficient activity of oxygen or hydrogen contained in the gas, without

17

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 unnecessary risks of a sharp increase or decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the coolant and the onset of corrosion of structural materials.

Due to the fact that mixing oxygen with hydrogen leads to the formation of an explosive gas, which, due to the very low initiation energy of combustion (less than 20 μJ), is a substance prone to detonation (explosion), the simultaneous supply of oxygen and hydrogen to both the reactor and tank 106 and into the gas system itself, should be prevented. Even when mixtures of gases, for example oxygen with an inert gas and hydrogen with an inert gas, are fed into the reactor, the danger of detonation and explosion still remains, since the energy of combustion initiation is small, and the gases can be under high pressure and at high temperatures that saves the danger of a chain reaction of oxygen and hydrogen molecules throughout the volume and, accordingly, detonation and explosion.

To prevent mixing of oxygen and hydrogen, for example, in the case depicted in FIG. 2, when supplying oxygen from the source 201, the supply of hydrogen from the source 203 should be prevented or stopped. That is, in the event that the valve 211 is open, the valve 213 must be closed. When supplying hydrogen, accordingly, the supply of oxygen should be prevented or stopped, that is, if valve 213 is open, valve 211 must be closed. In some cases, simultaneous supply of oxygen and hydrogen, but they must be supplied and used in separate and not connected equipment, pipelines, mixers / distributors, etc. For example, if oxygen is supplied to volume 106, valves 211, 215 and 109 may be opened. Hydrogen may be supplied to reaction chamber 224, for which valves 214, 216, 219, 220 and 226 are opened. To prevent mixing of oxygen with hydrogen in the like In operation, all or part of the valves / fittings that are installed on pipelines, the passage of gases through which can lead to the ingress of oxygen and hydrogen into one volume, tank or pipe, must be in the closed position. For example, in the gas system of FIG. 2, valves 214, 217 and / or 218, as well as 115, must be shut off to prevent mixing of oxygen with hydrogen.

At the same time, during the operation of the reactor, depending on the state of the reactor and its operating conditions, it may be necessary to supply both oxygen and hydrogen to the reactor (individually, alternately). In this regard, to prevent

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 simultaneous supply to the reactor and / or to any element or equipment of the gas system, the method shown in FIG. 3. The following is about supplying or preventing the supply of gases to the reactor, but the same method, if necessary, can be used to prevent the simultaneous supply and mixing of oxygen and hydrogen in the gas system (in particular, in its pipes / pipelines, mixers // distributors, pumps and other equipment).

After starting the process, it is checked at step 301 whether oxygen or a gas containing oxygen is to be supplied to the reactor (hereinafter, when referring to the terms “oxygen” or “hydrogen”, these designations also mean “gas containing oxygen” or “gas containing hydrogen” ”, Respectively, unless otherwise stated). This step can be replaced by waiting for the command to supply oxygen. If it is necessary to supply oxygen, then before supplying oxygen to the reactor at step 302, it is checked whether hydrogen is supplied.

Checking the supply of hydrogen to the reactor can also be referred to as checking that hydrogen is not supplied to the reactor, or that hydrogen is prevented from entering the reactor. The essence of these actions is to determine whether or not hydrogen is supplied to the reactor. This determination can be made by checking the condition of the shutoff valves and / or equipment of the gas system to determine whether the current state of the valves / equipment makes it possible or impossible to supply hydrogen to the reactor. In addition, pressure / flow / gas sensors can be installed in the pipes / pipelines of the gas system to determine the flow of gas through the pipes / pipelines of the gas system and, if necessary, the gas composition.

In the event that it is determined at step 302 that hydrogen is supplied to the reactor, then at step 303, the hydrogen supply is stopped. To do this, close the shut-off valves through which hydrogen can pass or pass, and / or turn off / deactivate equipment that supplies hydrogen (for example, pumps). After that, go to step 304.

Go to step 304 if, in the course of checking the hydrogen supply, it was determined at step 302 that hydrogen was not supplied to the reactor. Accordingly, in step 304, oxygen is supplied to the reactor only if

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 if hydrogen is not supplied to the reactor. Oxygen is supplied by opening shut-off valves or activating gas system equipment that would allow oxygen to flow from the source to the reactor.

In the event that oxygen supply is not required (if it was not determined at step 301 or the oxygen supply command was not received), at step 305 a check is made to see if hydrogen is required. This step can be replaced by waiting for a hydrogen supply command. If it is necessary to supply oxygen, then before supplying hydrogen to the reactor at step 306, it is checked whether oxygen is supplied.

Checking the oxygen supply to the reactor can also be referred to as checking that oxygen is not supplied to the reactor or that oxygen is prevented from flowing into the reactor. The essence of these actions is to determine whether or not oxygen is supplied to the reactor. This determination can be made by checking the condition of the shutoff valves and / or equipment of the gas system to determine whether the current state of the valves / equipment provides the possibility or impossibility of supplying oxygen to the reactor. In addition, pressure / flow / gas sensors can be installed in the pipes / pipelines of the gas system.

In the event that it is determined at step 306 that oxygen is supplied to the reactor, then at step 307, the oxygen supply is stopped. To do this, shut off valves, through which oxygen can pass or pass, and / or disconnect / deactivate equipment that supplies oxygen (for example, pumps). After that, go to step 308.

Go to step 308 if, in the course of checking the oxygen supply in step 306, it was determined that oxygen was not supplied to the reactor. Accordingly, at step 308, hydrogen is supplied to the reactor only if oxygen is not supplied to the reactor. Hydrogen is supplied by opening shut-off valves or activating gas system equipment that would allow hydrogen to flow from the source to the reactor.

After performing steps 304 and 308, and also if it was determined at step 305 that hydrogen supply was not required (or such a command was not received), the system proceeds to the beginning at step 301. Steps 301 and 305 can be replaced by waiting for the command to the supply of oxygen or hydrogen, in which case such

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 the teams will correspond to the “Yes” branches of steps 301 and 305, respectively. The execution of steps 304 and 308 may have a predetermined duration or continue until a command is received to terminate these steps.

In addition to those shown in FIG. 3 steps, the method of regulation (control) of the gas system may contain other steps. For example, before supplying a gas containing oxygen to the reactor in step 304, the hydrogen content in the gas in the reactor can be checked. For this, sensors for the hydrogen content in the gas installed in the reactor or in the gas system can be used. The arrangement of sensors in a gas system, as shown in FIG. 2 is a preferred option since in this case the service life of the sensors is extended by eliminating the damaging effects of radiation, high temperature and pressure that are observed in the reactor. In order to determine the concentration of hydrogen in the gas in the reactor (in particular, in the volume near the coolant), this gas can be discharged through the pipe 114 into the gas system using a pump 209 and then, for example, returned to the reactor volume 106 through the pipe 108. To do this, valves 115, 219, 218, 217 and 109 must be open, and the rest closed. The pump 209 is activated, the gas begins to circulate and pass, including through the measuring chamber 210, installed between the valves 218 and 219, in which there are oxygen sensors 221 and 222 hydrogen.

In the event that the sensor determines that the gas in the reactor does not contain hydrogen, oxygen can be safely supplied to the reactor. If it is determined that the reactor contains hydrogen in pure form or in a mixture, then, for example, gas may be supplied to the reactor, which reduces the hydrogen content in an unbound form, for example, by the formation of chemical compounds with hydrogen. If during the supply of oxygen the gas formed as a result of mixing is non-explosive, the technical result of the present invention is achieved, which consists in preventing the formation of detonating gas.

In another embodiment, the gas present in the reactor, both with a specific hydrogen content and with an unknown composition, can be removed from the reactor. This can be done using pump 223 shown in FIG. 2. For this, valves 115, 220, and 225 must be open, and valve 219 must be closed (or may be left open if at the same time

21

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 gas composition is measured). A pump 223 discharges gas to an exhaust conduit 226 that can exit into the air or into a gas storage or processing tank. In addition, the gas with hydrogen can pass through the reaction chamber 224, in which chemical bonding of the hydrogen contained in the gas can take place.

In other embodiments, a hydrogen-free and / or oxygen-neutral gas may be introduced into the reactor, which will replace or displace the gas containing hydrogen from the reactor or reduce the hydrogen concentration to a safe limit. The feed gas may be inert gases, water vapor, and the like. This method eliminates the need for a pump to remove hydrogen-containing gas from the reactor.

On the other hand, before supplying the gas containing hydrogen to the reactor in step 308, the oxygen content in the gas in the reactor can be checked. For this, sensors for oxygen content in the gas installed in the reactor or in the gas system can be used. The arrangement of sensors in a gas system, as shown in FIG. 2 is a preferred option since in this case the service life of the sensors is extended by eliminating the damaging effects of radiation, high temperature and pressure that are observed in the reactor. In order to determine the concentration of oxygen in the gas in the reactor (in particular, in the volume near the coolant), this gas can be discharged through the pipe 114 into the gas system using a pump 209 and then, for example, returned to the reactor volume 106 through the pipe 108. For this, valves 115, 219, 218, 217 and 109 must be open, and the rest closed. The pump 209 is activated, the gas begins to circulate and pass, including through the measuring chamber 210, installed between the valves 218 and 219, in which there are oxygen sensors 221 and 222 hydrogen.

In the event that it is determined with a sensor that the gas in the reactor does not contain oxygen, hydrogen can be safely supplied to the reactor. If it is determined that the reactor contains oxygen in pure form or in a mixture, then, for example, gas may be supplied to the reactor, which reduces the oxygen content in an unbound form, for example, by the formation of chemical compounds with oxygen. If, during the supply of hydrogen, the gas formed by mixing

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 is non-explosive, the technical result of the present invention is achieved, which consists in preventing the formation of explosive gas.

In another embodiment, the gas present in the reactor, both with a certain oxygen content and with an unknown composition, can be removed from the reactor. This can be accomplished, as already noted with respect to hydrogen, using the pump 223 shown in FIG. 2. For this, valves 115, 220, and 225 must be open, and valve 219 must be closed (or may be left open if the gas composition is measured at the same time). A pump 223 discharges gas to an exhaust conduit 226 that can exit into the air or into a gas storage or processing tank. In addition, the gas with oxygen can pass through the reaction chamber 224, in which chemical binding of the oxygen contained in the gas can take place.

In other embodiments, oxygen-free and / or hydrogen neutral gas may be introduced into the reactor, which will replace or displace oxygen-containing gas from the reactor or reduce the oxygen concentration to a safe limit. The feed gas may be inert gases, water vapor, and the like. This method eliminates the need for a pump to remove oxygen-containing gas from the reactor.

These possible additional steps of the method, not shown in FIG. 3 further increase the safety of the reactor installation, since they prevent the formation of explosive gas in the reactor and / or gas system not only as a result of the simultaneous supply of hydrogen and oxygen, but also eliminate the possibility of the formation of explosive gas as a result of the supply of gas containing oxygen or hydrogen to the reactor, in which there is still a gas containing hydrogen or oxygen, respectively (that is, that additional component that is necessary for the formation of detonating gas). Thus, thanks to additional steps of the method, the possibility of formation of detonating gas is prevented even in the case of excluding the simultaneous supply of hydrogen and oxygen by eliminating from the reactor the gas that was there before the supply of the newly supplied gas. This provides an even greater degree of security.

In addition, in additional steps of the method, chemical bonding of oxygen and / or hydrogen discharged from the reactor is provided. It prevents

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REPLACE YOUR RIGHT SHEET the formation of detonating gas outside the reactor installation and, accordingly, the gas system, and also prevents environmental pollution by radioactive isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen.

For chemical bonding, reaction chamber 224 of FIG. 2. One of the possible embodiments of the reaction chamber is shown in FIG. 4. The reaction chamber may include a housing consisting of sides 401, a bottom 402 and an upper part 403. In the bottom 402 and an upper part 403, openings are provided for connection with an outlet pipe 408 and an inlet pipe 407. In the chamber, there may be a reaction material, for example, in granule form 405, which increases the efficiency of the interaction of the transmitted gas with the reaction material. The reaction material may be located in cartridges 404, due to which the gas entering the chamber is distributed over a larger volume and interacts with a large amount of reaction material. In particular, the gas entering the reaction chamber from the pipe 407 passes into the cassettes 404 through the openings in the middle of the cassettes and through the side walls of the holes enters the chambers, exits to the sides 401 of the chamber and exits into the pipe 408. To increase the efficiency of interaction of gas and its components with the reaction material, the interior of the chamber can be heated through its walls using heaters 406.

When a gas containing hydrogen is passed through a reaction chamber, it can interact with a reaction material that provides hydrogen bonding. Such a material can be a variety of oxides, upon reduction of which one of the reaction products will be water, which is hydrogen bound by oxygen. Water in the form of water vapor or in liquid form will go into the pipe 408, where it can then be collected in containers for such water. Due to this binding of hydrogen, it is prevented from being released into the atmosphere, where it can form an explosive gas, thereby improving the environmental safety of the reactor installation, since the release of radioactive hydrogen isotopes into the environment, which can be generated when hydrogen is in the reactor, in which the reaction of radioactive decay .

When passing through the reaction chamber a gas containing oxygen, it can interact with the reaction material that provides binding

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 oxygen. Such a material can be a variety of materials that allow their oxidation, that is, the formation of oxides. The reacted reaction material (oxygen bound) can be replaced with new material. In another embodiment, to restore the properties of the reaction material, hydrogen may be passed through the reaction chamber, which will interact with the oxides to reduce the reaction material. When reducing the reaction material, one of the reaction products will be water, which is hydrogen bound by oxygen. Water in the form of water vapor or in liquid form will go into the pipe 408, where it can then be collected in containers for such water. Due to this binding of oxygen, its release into the atmosphere is prevented, thereby improving the environmental safety of the reactor installation, since the release of radioactive oxygen isotopes into the environment, which can be formed when oxygen is in the reactor in which the radioactive decay reactions occur, is prevented.

In one embodiment, metal can be used as a reaction material, which allows a multiple oxidation-reduction cycle, which simplifies and lengthens the operation of the reaction chamber without the need to replace the reaction material. In some cases, metals that are part of the coolant can be used as metal. This will allow the reuse of gas and reaction products, since they will not be contaminated with impurities harmful to the coolant.

To control the gas system of the reactor, a gas system control system in accordance with the present invention can be used to supply gas containing oxygen and gas containing hydrogen to the reactor, while preventing the simultaneous supply of these gases. Such a system includes a control module for supplying a gas containing oxygen, and a control module for supplying a gas containing hydrogen.

The oxygen-containing gas supply control module controls the gas system so as to provide oxygen-containing gas to the reactor if no hydrogen-containing gas is supplied to the reactor. For this, it is connected to actuators, such as electric or hydraulic drives, which control the state (open, closed, orifice size) of the gas system shutoff valves, as well as with the gas system equipment,

25

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 such as, for example, pumps. The oxygen-containing gas supply control module controls the operation of actuators or equipment of the gas system so that a configuration is created in the gas system in which oxygen-containing gas enters the reactor (descriptions of similar configurations of the gas system and its equipment can be found with respect to Fig. 2).

To obtain the technical result of the present invention, the oxygen-containing gas supply control module can obtain information that the hydrogen-containing gas is supplied or not supplied to the reactor (or that the supply is stopped or started) from the gas supply control module, containing hydrogen, or directly on the basis of the state of the valves and / or equipment of the gas system, for which an additional module for estimating the supply of gas containing hydrogen can be provided in the module.

The oxygen-containing gas supply control module can also control the gas system so as to ensure that the oxygen-containing gas is not supplied to the reactor. In some embodiments, the oxygen-containing gas supply control module may also control the gas system so as to stop the supply of hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor if oxygen is to be supplied, but hydrogen is currently being supplied. However, this option is not very preferable due to the fact that this can create conflicts with the actions and commands of the gas supply module containing hydrogen.

To avoid this, the oxygen-containing gas supply control module may, in some embodiments, transmit to the hydrogen-containing gas supply control module information about the need to stop the supply of hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor, and the hydrogen-containing gas supply control module may in response to receive information from the control module for supplying a gas containing oxygen, about the need to stop supplying a gas containing hydrogen to the reactor, to stop supplying a gas containing hydrogen to the reactor d. This ensures the achievement of the technical result of the present invention even in the case when, if necessary, the supply of oxygen to the reactor is hydrogen. When such a need arises, the supply of hydrogen can be stopped in

26

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 the reactor can be supplied with oxygen without simultaneously supplying oxygen and hydrogen to the reactor, which would lead to the formation of detonating gas.

The hydrogen-containing gas supply control module controls the gas system to provide hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor if oxygen-containing gas is not supplied to the reactor. For this, it is connected to actuators, such as electric or hydraulic drives, which control the state (open, closed, orifice size) of the gas system shutoff valves, as well as with gas system equipment, such as, for example, pumps. The hydrogen-containing gas supply control module controls the operation of the actuators or equipment of the gas system in such a way that a configuration is created in the gas system in which the gas containing hydrogen enters the reactor (descriptions of similar configurations of the gas system and its equipment can be found with respect to Fig. 2).

To obtain the technical result of the present invention, the hydrogen-containing gas supply control module can obtain information that the oxygen-containing gas is supplied or not supplied to the reactor (or that the supply is stopped or started) from the gas supply control module, containing oxygen, or directly on the basis of the state of the valves and / or equipment of the gas system, for which an additional module for evaluating the supply of gas containing oxygen can be provided in the module.

The hydrogen-containing gas supply control module can also control the gas system so as to ensure that the gas-containing hydrogen is cut off to the reactor. In some embodiments, the hydrogen-containing gas supply control module can also control the gas system so as to stop the supply of oxygen-containing gas to the reactor if hydrogen is to be supplied, but oxygen is currently being supplied. However, this option is not very preferable due to the fact that this can create conflicts with the actions and commands of the oxygen-containing gas supply control module.

To avoid this, the hydrogen-containing gas supply control module may, in some embodiments, transmit information about the need to the oxygen-containing gas control module

27

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 stop supplying oxygen-containing gas to the reactor, and the oxygen-containing gas supply control module may, in response to receiving information from the hydrogen-containing gas supply control module, about the need to stop supplying oxygen-containing gas to the reactor, stop supplying gas to the reactor, containing oxygen. This ensures that the technical result of the present invention is achieved even when oxygen is supplied to the reactor if necessary. When such a need arises, the oxygen supply can be stopped and hydrogen can be supplied to the reactor without simultaneously supplying oxygen and hydrogen to the reactor, which would lead to the formation of detonating gas.

The gas system control system in accordance with the present invention may also comprise an auxiliary gas supply control module. The auxiliary gas supply control module controls the gas system in such a way as to supply to the reactor a gas not containing oxygen and / or hydrogen and / or neutral to oxygen and / or hydrogen and / or reducing the content of oxygen and / or hydrogen. Such auxiliary gas may be inert gases, water vapor and other gas neutral to oxygen and / or hydrogen. The decrease in the oxygen and / or hydrogen content in the reactor in the volume near the coolant can occur due to chemical interaction with the components of the auxiliary gas or due to their displacement or dilution with auxiliary gas. In addition, the auxiliary gas that reduces the content of oxygen and / or hydrogen may be a gas that promotes the dissolution of oxygen and / or hydrogen in the coolant, since this will decrease the content of these gases in the volume near the coolant. In general, oxygen and / or hydrogen tend to penetrate (diffuse) into the coolant from the volume near the coolant, therefore, in some cases, it may be sufficient to prevent the formation of explosive gas in the volume near the coolant if one of its components (oxygen or hydrogen) is present there by supplying the second component (hydrogen or oxygen, respectively), simply wait until the component, which is already in the volume near the coolant, dissolves in the coolant (or for example, using a dispersant or an ejector), although the implementation of this method will have to

28

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 spend some time. To accelerate these processes, gas is removed from the reactor or replaced or reduced in its content.

Accordingly, the oxygen-containing gas supply control module, in some embodiments, may provide oxygen-containing gas to the reactor after the gas has been supplied to the reactor that is hydrogen-free and / or neutral to oxygen and / or reducing the hydrogen content. The hydrogen-containing gas supply control module, in some embodiments, may also provide hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor after the gas has been supplied to the reactor that is oxygen-free and / or neutral to hydrogen and / or reducing oxygen content.

As already noted, in the case when a gas containing oxygen or hydrogen is supplied to the reactor volume near the coolant, oxygen or hydrogen can diffuse into the coolant, oxidize the coolant components or vice versa, bind to oxygen or reduce the oxides of the coolant components, for example, bismuth or lead. Oxygen or hydrogen partially diffused into the coolant due to convection or circulation of the coolant in the reactor can be carried deep into the reactor, where they can also oxidize the coolant components or components of structural materials, or vice versa, bind to oxygen or reduce the oxides of the coolant components. The resulting water molecules can evaporate from the surface of the coolant into the volume above it. In some cases, in order to prevent the destructive effect of oxygen or hydrogen on the coolant and protective oxide films on the surface of the walls of the reactor, water vapor can be added to the gas containing oxygen or hydrogen (for example, by means of a humidifier), which will get into the coolant create additional hydrogen and oxygen, which protects oxide films from interaction with hydrogen.

The described method of passive saturation of the coolant with oxygen or hydrogen to increase insufficient and reduce excessive oxygen concentration and thereby prevent corrosion can be used, for example, in stationary conditions, when the required rate of increase or decrease in oxygen concentration is low and enters through the surface of the coolant from the volume near the coolant oxygen or hydrogen is sufficient for this

29th

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 (the implementation of this method of controlling the concentration of hydrogen and oxygen in the coolant can be taken into account by the regulatory system of the reactor installation). However, this method has such disadvantages as inertia and low process control due to the low efficiency of the passive penetration of oxygen or hydrogen from the gas into the liquid coolant. Thus, the introduction of oxygen or hydrogen into the coolant due to diffusion through the surface of the coolant is not very accurate, slow and uncontrollable. At the same time, in some cases, for example, when passivating structural materials with oxygen or during hydrogen purification of the coolant from solid-phase oxides of structural materials or when the concentration of oxygen in the coolant is excessively high, which creates the risk of oxygen corrosion, a controlled and faster way to increase the hydrogen concentration in coolant.

To provide such a method of increasing the concentration of oxygen or hydrogen in a coolant with the indicated properties, gas is introduced into the coolant from the volume above the coolant. To introduce gas into the coolant in the reactor, an input device to the coolant is provided, installed partly in the coolant and partly in the volume above the coolant. The device provides the ability to supply gas from the volume above the coolant to the coolant due to the fact that it has openings interconnected by a channel and located one in the volume above the coolant and the other in the coolant. In one embodiment, this may be a tube having a channel inside that connects the holes at the ends of the tube, one end of which is above the coolant and the other in the coolant. In another embodiment, such a tube may be equipped with a pump that injects gas from a volume above the coolant into the tube and, thus, into the coolant. The device for introducing gas into the coolant can be made in the form of a dispersant, the device and the principle of operation of which is described below ^ or by a combination of these or other devices (as well as another device) that provide the possibility of introducing gas into the coolant.

Gas can be introduced into the coolant, for example, in two ways. Firstly, in order for the gas to enter the coolant, an increased pressure can be created in the volume above the coolant compared to the pressure inside the coolant (for example, if the gas in the volume above the coolant presses

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 not on the entire surface of the coolant, and / or if the coolant can flow into a volume in which there is no increased pressure created by the gas in the volume above the coolant), which can lead to the forced penetration of gas into the coolant with lower internal pressure through the gas inlet coolant. The pressure value can be determined by pressure sensors in this volume or by a gas system pipe connected to it, or by the amount of gas pumped into this volume, which can be determined using flowmeters. The disadvantage of this method is the tendency of the device for introducing gas into the coolant to clog the outlet (s) located in the coolant due to the formation of films and solid-phase particles or due to the penetration of solid-phase impurities, dust from the gas above the coolant into the device for introducing gas into the coolant. In order to prevent the outlet (s) of the gas inlet to the coolant from clogging, it is predominantly mounted on the moving elements of the gas inlet to the coolant installed in the coolant, for example, at the lower end of the rotating element of the gas inlet to the coolant.

Secondly, the introduction of gas into the coolant can be achieved by creating a local low pressure zone in the coolant, for example, near the device for introducing gas into the coolant (gas entrainment by the coolant). For example, this can be done using the elements of the device for introducing gas into the coolant rotating or moving in the coolant. In one of the options, this can be, inter alia, disks in the lower part of the dispersant, which can have blades and during rotation create a region of reduced pressure in the coolant due to centrifugal forces. The use of a dispersant has several advantages in comparison with the use of a passive device for introducing gas into the coolant (i.e., a device providing gas injection only at an increased gas pressure in the volume above the coolant) or another active device. Further, the present invention is described with respect to a dispersant, however, it can be replaced by the general term "device for introducing gas into the coolant" and vice versa.

In accordance with the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 1, a dispersant 112 is installed in the reactor 101, which also provides a controlled method for increasing the concentration of oxygen or hydrogen in the coolant 104 by introducing a gas, which may contain oxygen or hydrogen, from the volume

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 106 above the surface 105 of the coolant 104 in the coolant 104. For this, the dispersant 112 is installed partially in the coolant 104 and partly in the volume near the coolant 104. A gas containing oxygen or hydrogen can be introduced into the coolant directly from the pipeline of the gas system, however, in this case, the specified pipeline must be lowered into the coolant, which can lead to clogging and clogging of the pipeline and, thereby, to reduce the safety and duration of the reactor installation.

In the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the dispersant 112 is installed vertically, since in this case it is possible to use the volume 106 above the coolant 104 as a volume near the coolant (in this connection, additional measures to organize a separate volume for gas are not required), and the dispersant 112 is in a position that prolongs its period operation, since the coolant and the solid-phase oxides present in it do not penetrate into the dispersant (which would require their upward movement) and do not lead to clogging of the dispersant, which extends its life. Since the dispersant has the ability to supply gas from the volume near the coolant to the coolant, the gas trapped through the hole in the upper part of the dispersant, which is in the particular case in the volume above the coolant, passes through the channel in the dispersant (for example, in the shaft) from top to bottom and is discharged from the bottom of the dispersant located in the coolant (for other types of dispersant location, the direction names change accordingly).

In order for the gas to enter the coolant, an increased pressure can be created in the volume near the coolant, which would lead to the forced penetration of gas into the coolant, which has lower internal pressure, through the dispersant. The pressure value can be determined by pressure sensors in this volume or by a gas system pipe connected to it, or by the amount of gas pumped into this volume, which can be determined using flowmeters. In order to prevent the outlet (s) of the dispersant from becoming clogged, they are preferably made on the moving elements of the dispersant installed in the coolant, for example, at the lower end of the rotating dispersant.

In addition to creating increased gas pressure in the volume near the coolant, the introduction of gas into the coolant can be achieved by creating a coolant in the coolant

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REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 local zone of low pressure, for example, near a dispersant (gas entrainment with a coolant). For example, this can be done with the help of disks in the lower part of the dispersant, which can have blades and during rotation create a region of low pressure in the coolant due to centrifugal forces. The gas passing from the volume above the coolant through the longitudinal channel into the lower holes near the disks rushes into the indicated region of reduced pressure. Due to the velocity gradient of the coolant near the dispersant, in particular, disks, that is, the situation when the coolant near the dispersant moves faster than away from it, the gas entering the coolant in the form of bubbles is split into smaller bubbles, thereby forming a finely dispersed two-component suspension heat carrier gas. In the case when the gas contains hydrogen, conditions are formed for an effective increase in the concentration of hydrogen in the coolant. Due to the fact that the dispersant has moving (rotating) elements, it is possible to move (wash) the coolant near the surfaces of the dispersant, due to which solid particles and oxide films are washed off from the dispersant and thus carry out its automatic self-cleaning. This property increases the service life of both the dispersant itself and the life and safety of the operation of the reactor installation as a whole.

In the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the dispersant can have two disks, one of which rotates, and the other does not — thanks to this combination, a region of reduced coolant pressure is formed between the disks, into which gas can flow from the holes in the shaft or one or two disks. Since it is possible to provide a sufficiently small distance between the disks, and one of the disks rotates relative to the other, the pressure decreases more than in the case when both disks rotate. Due to this, the efficiency of introducing gas into the coolant is increased and gas bubbles become even less, that is, the efficiency of dissolving the gas, in particular oxygen or hydrogen, in the coolant is increased and, thereby, the concentration of oxygen or hydrogen is increased.

Control of the introduction of oxygen-containing or hydrogen-containing gas into the coolant, and thereby the regulation of the concentration of oxygen or hydrogen in the coolant, is achieved due to the possibility of controlling the gas

33

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 a system that can supply the necessary gas to the volume near the coolant and / or create increased pressure in the volume near the coolant, and due to the ability to control the operation of the dispersant, which in a passive state (without rotation of the disk) does not introduce gas from the volume above the coolant into the coolant, but into in the active state (with rotation of the disk) introduces oxygen-containing gas from the volume above the coolant into the coolant, and the rate (efficiency) of gas input into the coolant may depend on the speed of rotation of the disk. The use of dispersant with rotating disks is more attractive, since it is not necessary to create increased pressure in this volume to ensure gas is introduced from the volume near the coolant into the coolant, but it is enough to actuate (activate) the dispersant, which simplifies and thereby increases the reliability of the control system.

To actuate ("activate") the dispersant, the rotation of the shafts and disks (or one of the shafts and one of the disks) is required. This can be done using, for example, an electric motor. To reduce the destructive effect of high temperatures and coolant vapors on the electric motor and, accordingly, extend its service life, it is preferably located outside the reactor (although in some cases it can also be located inside). To bring the parts of the dispersant into rotation, a shaft can pass through the wall of the reactor from the electric motor, for which a hole must be made in the wall. However, in a preferred embodiment, to increase the structural strength of the reactor and, thus, the safety of its operation, it is possible to transfer rotation from the electric motor to the dispersant elements using a magnetic coupling, parts of which are mounted mainly opposite each other on opposite sides of the reactor wall. The magnetic field generated by one magnetic coupling half can transmit the force of rotation to another coupling half located on the other side of the reactor wall, thereby driving the dispersant. When the dispersant motor is located outside the reactor, it can be controlled through the wire (cable) 113 shown in FIG. 1 and intended for supplying electricity to an electric motor by supplying / not supplying a supply voltage or changing its parameters.

Actuation of the dispersant achieved by an electric motor is referred to in the present invention as “activation”

34

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 dispersant, and the motor stop, at which the dispersant stops its work, in the present invention is called "deactivation" of the dispersant. The rotation speed of the electric motor can be regulated in various ways: binary (disconnected / switched on), with several rotation speeds or with the possibility of imparting any rotation speed; in a certain range of speeds. Moreover, the higher the rotation speed, the more gas (including oxygen) is dissolved in the coolant and the more small gas bubbles are formed.

Shown in FIG. 5, the dispersant consists of the following main elements: dispersant body 501 with a fixed upper disk; a hollow shaft 502 connected to a lower rotating disk [503; a flange 504 mounting the dispersant to the reactor vessel; electric motor 507 with leading magnetic coupling 506, transmitting rotation | hollow shaft 502 using driven magnetic coupling half 505. An electric motor 507 with coupling half 506 is mounted on the wall of the reactor 102 from the outside, and the coupling half 505 is mounted on the inside of the wall of the reactor 102.

In the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the upper disk (stator) of the dispersant is fixedly connected to the dispersant body 501. The lower rotary disk 503 is connected to the rotary shaft 502. The lower disk and the shaft are hollow and are connected with each other. In the upper part, the shaft cavity is connected to the gas circuit through openings. The surface of the lower disk forming a gap [is perforated with holes (for example, at least twelve) of small diameter located around the circumference. The upper disk can also be perforated with small holes for liquid metal to enter the cavity between the disks. In the upper part, the rotating shaft is connected to the shaft of the sealed electric motor 507, fed from the frequency converter, using magnetic coupling halves 505, 506.

The dispersant is immersed in the coolant so that the holes in the upper part of the shaft are above the level, and the upper and lower disks are below the liquid level. When you turn on the sealed electric motor, the lower disk rotates at a given angular speed. In this case, as a result of the movement of the coolant relative to the lower disk, a zone of reduced pressure is formed in the gap, which causes gas injection from the cavity of the lower disk through the holes in the upper part

35

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 lower disk in the gap. In the gap, due to the coolant velocity gradient, the bubbles are crushed and the finely dispersed gas phase together with the coolant enters from the gap into the main coolant stream.

In other embodiments of the dispersant, the fixed disk may be the lower disk, and the rotating upper one. In addition, the cavity connecting the volume near the coolant and the holes in the disk can be both in the shaft and in the housing. Moreover, the holes themselves can be made both in a rotating disk and in a fixed one (or simultaneously in these disks).

As already noted, the principle of action of a gas dispersant is based on the fragmentation of gas bubbles in a liquid when they enter the stream with a large velocity gradient. In such a flow, due to the non-uniformity of the forces of the velocity head applied to the surface elements, large bubbles are destroyed with the formation of small ones. The creation of a highly gradient fluid flow in the gas dispersant in the preferred embodiment of the dispersant is carried out in the gap between the rotating and fixed disks. The degree of dispersion of the gas phase, ceteris paribus, depends on the velocity gradient in the stream. An increase in the velocity gradient is achieved by decreasing the gap between the disks or increasing the linear velocity of the relative motion of the disks.

In the reactor 101 is also located a sensor for oxygen concentration in the coolant 104. In a preferred embodiment, it is made in the form of a sensor of the thermodynamic activity of oxygen in the coolant, one of the variants of which is shown in FIG. 6. Shown in FIG. 6, the solid-state oxygen concentration sensor comprises a ceramic sensing element 601 sealed in the housing 605, a reference electrode 602 and a central electrode consisting of two parts - the lower 606 and the upper 1 1 1 located in the sensor cavity.

Ceramic sensing element 601 is made entirely of solid electrolyte in the form of a cylindrical element and part of a sphere conjugated to each other. For the manufacture of element 601, for example, partially stabilized zirconia, fully stabilized zirconia or hafnium oxide can be used. The side surface of the cylindrical element is connected to the inner side surface of the housing 605 by

36

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 connecting material 604, which may be, for example, a glass or pressed carbon fiber.

The sensor is equipped with a plug 603 of metal oxide, for example aluminum, having a hole and overlapping the cross section of the cavity of the ceramic sensor 601. The plug is designed to fix the reference electrode 602 in the inner cavity of the ceramic sensor 601. The reference electrode 602 is located in the cavity formed by the inner surface of the ceramic The sensing element 601 and the surface of the plug 603, and occupies at least part of it. The electrode 602 may be made, for example, of bismuth, lead, indium or gallium.

The free end of the lower part of the central electrode 606 facing toward the part of the spherical element is brought into the volume of the reference electrode 602 through an opening in the plug 603. An electrical contact is provided between the reference electrode 602 and the lower part of the central electrode 606. At least part of the sphere of the ceramic sensitive element 601 extends beyond the housing 605, for example, made of steel. During operation of the sensor, this protruding part is immersed, for example, in a molten liquid metal, in which oxygen activity is determined.

The materials of the housing 605, ceramic sensor 601 and the connecting material 604 have the same coefficient of thermal expansion and are chemically resistant to the working medium, for example, to lead melt at temperatures not exceeding 650 ° C. This allows you to maintain the efficiency of the sensor at rates of temperature change (thermal shock) in the molten metal up to 100 ° C / s in the temperature range 300 - 650 ° C.

A sleeve 608 is welded to the free part of the housing 605. The upper part of the central electrode 111, which in FIG. 1 in the form of a cable or wire passes through the wall 102 of the reactor vessel. The annular cavity between the sleeve 608 and the upper part of the Central electrode 111 is filled with a dielectric material 610, which is preferably used glass. Material 610 provides a seal to the interior of the sensor. This is necessary to prevent oxygen from entering the internal cavity of the sensor and changing the properties of reference electrode 602. Lower

37

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 a portion of the central electrode 606 located in the inner cavity of the housing 605 is housed in an insulator 607, preferably made of alumina.

The principle of operation of the oxygen thermodynamic activity sensor is based on measuring the difference in electrical potentials between two electrodes separated by a solid electrolyte (for example, Zr0 ₂ - ^ Y ₂ 0 ₃ ) with selective oxygen-ion conductivity. The magnitude of the difference in electrical potentials between the two electrodes is formed due to the difference in the oxygen potentials of the controlled medium and the medium with a predetermined oxygen potential (reference electrode). As a reference electrode, liquid metal solid oxide systems can be used, for example, {Bi} - <Bi ₂ 0 ₃ >. The potential difference value received from the sensor can be converted into the value of the thermodynamic activity of oxygen, its concentration, or other convenient value. In another embodiment, the control of means for increasing the oxygen concentration can be controlled directly depending on the potential difference value received from the sensor (for example, according to the correspondence table or via formula correspondence established by empirical or theoretical methods).

Direct or converted readings of an oxygen concentration sensor (for example, the thermodynamic activity of oxygen) can be compared with threshold values and decisions can be made to activate the mass transfer apparatus or dispersant in accordance with the result of the comparison. For example, it can be determined that the oxygen concentration is below a threshold value, and then a decision is made to activate one of these devices in order to increase the oxygen concentration (for example, its thermodynamic activity).

In accordance with the present invention, a method for controlling the concentration of oxygen and hydrogen to achieve the above technical results may comprise the following steps shown in FIG. 7.

Firstly, the readings of the oxygen concentration sensor are obtained (step 701) and the oxygen concentration in the coolant is estimated (step 702) based on the data from the oxygen concentration sensor in the coolant, and then the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is compared with the upper and lower acceptable values. In particular, at step 703, the concentration estimate is compared with the upper acceptable value. In the event that the oxygen concentration is greater

38

REPLACE AND the upper allowable value (for example, greater than the maximum allowable value, that is, is outside the range of acceptable values), check whether the gas containing oxygen is supplied (step 704).

In order to make a decision on supplying a gas containing hydrogen from the gas system to the reactor in the volume near the coolant and / or activating the dispersant, it is preferable to give a positive answer to the question “Is the oxygen concentration in the coolant higher than the maximum acceptable value?” And a negative answer to the question “serves Is there a gas containing oxygen in the reactor? ” If it is determined that the gas containing oxygen is supplied to the reactor, at step 705, the supply of gas containing oxygen is stopped, and then, at step 706, gas from the gas system containing hydrogen and / or dispersant activation is supplied from the gas system to the reactor into the volume near the coolant. If the supply of oxygen-containing gas was not carried out, then step 706 can be carried out immediately after checking the supply of oxygen-containing gas, that is, after step 704, without stopping the supply of oxygen-containing gas, since this is not necessary. In any of these embodiments, the technical result of the present invention will be achieved by preventing the simultaneous supply of a gas containing hydrogen and a gas containing oxygen to the reactor.

In the event that the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the upper acceptable value, after step 703 proceeds to step 707, where the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is compared with the lower allowable value. In the event that the oxygen concentration is less than the lower permissible value (for example, less than the minimum acceptable value, that is, is outside the range of acceptable values), it is checked whether gas containing hydrogen is supplied to the reactor near the coolant (step 708).

In order to make a decision on supplying a gas containing oxygen from the gas system to the reactor in the volume near the coolant and / or activating the dispersant, a positive answer to the question “is the oxygen concentration in the coolant lower than the permissible value?” And the negative answer to the question “submit is there gas containing hydrogen in the reactor? ” If it is determined that from the gas system to the reactor in the volume near the coolant

39

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 a hydrogen-containing gas is supplied, at step 709, the volume of gas near the coolant containing hydrogen is stopped flowing to the reactor, and then, at a step 710, a gas-containing gas is supplied and / or activation of the dispersant. If, however, the supply of hydrogen-containing gas to the volume near the coolant was not (was stopped), then step 710 can be carried out immediately after checking the state of the gas system, that is, after step 708, without stopping the supply of hydrogen-containing gas to the volume near the coolant , due to the lack of need for this. In any of these options, the technical result of the present invention will be achieved, which consists in preventing the simultaneous supply of a gas containing hydrogen and a gas containing oxygen to the reactor, in particular, to the volume near the coolant:

The above sequence of actions can be carried out automatically, for example, using a specialized system or device. However, in some cases, automatic execution is not possible. In this regard, the implementation of this method in accordance with the invention may occur manually by maintenance and / or operating personnel. In this case, if it is necessary to supply and / or stop supplying oxygen and / or hydrogen, a signal can be sent indicating the need for supply and / or shutdown, respectively, for example, in a visual, audible or other form perceived by a person. In this case, qualified and highly trained personnel servicing the reactor and monitoring its condition, having received such a signal, can stop supplying and / or start supplying the corresponding gases from the gas system to the reactor into the volume near the coolant, preventing the simultaneous supply of oxygen and hydrogen to the reactor, thereby providing the technical result of the present invention.

After performing step 710 or step 706, the oxygen concentration is checked, for example, in the same manner as before, that is, by evaluating the indicated concentration. As shown in FIG. 7, this can be done by returning to step 701.. In addition, step 701 proceeds from step 707 if the assessment of the oxygen concentration in the coolant shows that the concentration is greater than the lower Allowable value. In this case, the oxygen concentration in the coolant is in the allowable range (the range of permissible

40

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 values), that is, less than the upper acceptable value and more than the lower acceptable value, which means that no measures are required to change the oxygen concentration in the coolant (or to change or abandon previously taken measures). After that, the method depicted in FIG. 7 is cyclically repeated. At the same time, when repeating the method of FIG. 7 Exceptions or replacements are possible. For example, if the dispersant is activated and / or the necessary gas is supplied, then at steps 706 and 710, the gas and / or activation are not carried out or are carried out symbolically or fictitiously (for example, a start signal is sent to the start circuit, but this circuit does not start because that the dispersant or gas system is already brought to the required state). The method of FIG. 7 can be modified by introducing verification of the need to perform steps 706 and 710 in view of their possible implementation before that, respectively.

In step 706, as in step 710, five alternatives are possible, which will lead to the achievement of the desired result, which consists in increasing the concentration of hydrogen in the coolant (introducing hydrogen into it) or in increasing the concentration of oxygen in the coolant (introducing oxygen), respectively . In one of the alternatives, the necessary gas is supplied into the volume near the coolant from the gas system, for example, in a volume that does not lead to an increase in pressure, but simply displaces, for example, an inert gas (for example, into the second pipeline of the gas system having an outlet into the reactor volume near the coolant ) In order for hydrogen or oxygen to enter the coolant, the dispersant must be in an active state. Therefore, this alternative is used if, before the necessary gas was supplied, the dispersant was in an active state, for example, used to introduce, for example, an inert gas or a mixture of such gases into the coolant.

In the second alternative, the required gas (i.e., a gas containing hydrogen for step 706, and a gas containing oxygen for step 710) could already be in the volume near the coolant before activating the dispersant and to achieve the result, i.e. introducing a gas-containing or oxygen-containing gas into the coolant and, thereby, increasing the concentration of hydrogen or oxygen in the coolant, it is sufficient to activate the dispersant.

In the third alternative, until the desired result, the gas in the volume near the coolant could be, for example, inert, and the dispersant was turned off, and

41

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 in order to increase the concentration of hydrogen or oxygen in the coolant, it is required both to supply a hydrogen-containing or oxygen-containing gas to the volume near the coolant, respectively (in extreme cases, it can be pure hydrogen or pure oxygen, intended for mixing with an inert gas in the indicated volume), and activate dispersant.

In the fourth alternative, the dispersant is not activated, and the necessary gas containing hydrogen or oxygen is supplied from the gas system into the volume near the coolant in an amount (volume) or under pressure sufficient to create such pressure in the volume near the coolant that would cause gas to penetrate the coolant through the dispersant even with an inactive dispersant.

In a fifth alternative, the necessary gas containing hydrogen or oxygen is supplied to the volume near the heat carrier from the gas system in an amount (volume) or under a pressure sufficient to create such pressure in the volume near the heat carrier that would cause gas to penetrate into the heat carrier through the dispersant, and activate the dispersant - this allows you to extend the life of the dispersant.

Common to all these alternatives is that the result of increasing the concentration of hydrogen or oxygen is achieved only if there is a gas in the volume near the coolant containing hydrogen or oxygen, respectively, under a pressure exceeding the internal pressure in the coolant at the location of the outlet ( holes) of the dispersant, but they differ only in the way of creating the required pressure difference and in the initial conditions: the dispersant is activated or deactivated and is there about Itel needed gas and under any pressure. Thus, the present invention should be considered used in the case of performing any of the above actions, if they lead to the flow through the dispersant (or dispersant) of gas containing hydrogen or oxygen, depending on the step, from the volume near the coolant to the coolant.

As already noted, the ingress of gas (including hydrogen-containing and oxygen-containing) into the coolant is also possible if an increased gas pressure is created in the volume near the coolant, and the dispersant does not

42

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 is activated. However, in this case, it is likely that the outlet (s) of the dispersant are clogged, and therefore, to increase the reliability and service life of the reactor equipment, which leads to an increase in the safety and life of the reactor installation with this method of introducing gas into the coolant (due to the increased gas pressure in the volume near the coolant) the dispersant should still preferably be activated so that its outlet (s) at the lower end immersed in the coolant is washed by the coolant, etc. dotvraschaya accumulation in / on it oxides Fat, films, etc. Thus, in steps 706 and 710, even if a gas containing hydrogen or oxygen is introduced into the volume near the heat carrier from the gas system, the gas pressure in the volume near the heat carrier increases, which leads to the penetration of gas into the heat carrier even without activating the dispersant , the dispersant is preferably also activated (although the case without activating the dispersant is also included in the scope of the present invention).

In addition, the regulation of gas pressure in the volume near the coolant in such a way that it itself begins to penetrate into the coolant through the dispersant even without its activation can be undesirable due to the formation of large bubbles and is much less accurate due to the less accurate control of the pressure in the gas system than regulating the speed of rotation of the dispersant, and, accordingly, local pressure reduction in the coolant near the rotating end (disks) of the dispersant, and therefore it is preferable application of regulation of oxygen concentration in the coolant using an activated dispersant.

In the event that the regulation of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is carried out only by methods that use an activated dispersant, the present invention preferably applies only the first three previously described alternatives to steps 706 and 710, which combines the fact that the result is an increase in the concentration of hydrogen or oxygen , is achieved only if there is a gas in the volume near the coolant containing hydrogen or oxygen, respectively, and a dispersant is activated, which introduces gas from a volume of about t plonositelya to the coolant, and they differ only by the initial conditions: activated or deactivated, and whether the dispersant of approximately coolant gas containing oxygen or hydrogen. In this way,

43

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 the present invention should be considered to be used in the case of performing any of the above actions, if they lead to the dispersant supplying a gas containing oxygen or hydrogen from the volume near the coolant to the coolant. It should be borne in mind that the supply of gas containing oxygen or hydrogen into the volume near the heat carrier, both with the creation of pressure in this volume that exceeds the internal pressure of the heat carrier (not only locally near the dispersant, but also in the entire volume), and without creating such pressure , in any case, it will be considered as occurring as a result of supplying a gas containing oxygen or hydrogen to the volume near the coolant, and, thus, be one of the variants of the present invention, be included in the scope of protection of the claims and fall within od scope of this patent.

After performing steps 705 and 709, that is, stopping the supply of a gas containing oxygen or hydrogen to the reactor (into the volume near the coolant), oxygen or hydrogen can still be introduced into the coolant for some time due to the dispersant in the active state, or due to diffusion oxygen or hydrogen into the coolant through the interface, however, oxygen or hydrogen in the volume will be exhausted after some time without the intake of a gas containing oxygen or hydrogen, respectively. If the natural consumption of oxygen or hydrogen in the volume near the coolant does not occur quickly enough or it is necessary to exclude oxygen or hydrogen from this volume in general, then a gas containing no hydrogen and oxygen can be supplied to the volume near the coolant from the gas system. The supply of gas from the gas system that does not contain hydrogen and oxygen to the volume near the coolant can be carried out immediately as soon as a decision is made to stop the introduction of hydrogen or oxygen into the coolant, and this will mean that the supply of gas containing hydrogen or oxygen has stopped since the supplied (substitute) gas does not contain hydrogen and oxygen.

In the case when the oxygen concentration estimated in step 702 and compared in step 703 becomes equal to or lower than the upper acceptable value (in other cases, approaches the lower limit or crosses the lower limit of the acceptable range), the dispersant can be deactivated and / or terminated feeding into the volume near the coolant from the gas system a gas containing hydrogen (if necessary in addition to

44

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 stopping the supply of hydrogen containing gas to the volume near the coolant from the gas system; a hydrogen-free gas may be supplied to the volume near the coolant from the gas system). This allows you to maintain the oxygen concentration in the coolant in the allowable range, that is, not lower than the lower limit of the allowable range of oxygen concentration in the coolant. Tracking the condition "the oxygen concentration in the coolant is equal to or lower than the permissible value" is due to the fact that in this case the present invention is aimed at combating an excessively high oxygen concentration. Therefore, to solve the problems of the invention, it may be sufficient to ensure that the oxygen concentration in the coolant is equal to or lower than the upper allowable value by introducing a dispersant into the coolant, and when the oxygen concentration exceeds the upper allowable value, the dispersant can be reactivated.

In addition, if after supplying an oxygen-containing gas to the volume near the coolant from the gas system and / or activating the dispersant, the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or higher than the lower permissible value, it is possible to deactivate the dispersant and / or stop supplying from the coolant the gas system of a gas containing oxygen, since the oxygen concentration is already in the acceptable range of values (if necessary, in addition to stopping the flow into the volume near the heat transfer ator gas from the gas system containing oxygen in the amount of coolant around the gas system may supply gas containing no oxygen). After stopping the increase in oxygen concentration in the coolant by introducing oxygen-containing gas into it, its concentration in the coolant will fall to the lower limit of the allowable range of values and when the oxygen concentration in the coolant (estimate of this value) becomes again lower than the lower allowable value (which is preferably lower boundary of the permissible range of values), the dispersant can be activated again.

Due to the cyclical nature of the method, its repeatability and automatic regulation of the oxygen concentration in the coolant can be ensured, which reduces the need for intervention by qualified personnel and, in the limit, generally eliminates its participation in the process of regulation

45

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 reactor installation. However, a variant is possible in which the method of the present invention is not cyclically repeated. For example, the completion of the introduction of hydrogen or oxygen into the coolant can be carried out not by the condition of restoring the permissible concentration of oxygen, but by timer, after some time of active work of the dispersant. Further, the control system can go into standby mode starting the method from step 701, or start the method from this step automatically, thereby also ensuring the cyclicality and automatism of work. This can be useful when assessing the oxygen concentration should be free from the influence of various factors and requires the dispersant to be in an inactive state and, therefore, not affecting the sensor readings at the time it is received.

The steps 704,705, 708 and 709 of the method of FIG. 7 correspond to steps 306, 307, 302 and 303, respectively, of the method of FIG. 3, and steps 706 and 710 of the method of FIG. 7 include the steps of steps 308 and 304, respectively, of the method of FIG. 3. In this regard, everything that was indicated with respect to steps 302-304 and 306-308 of the method for controlling the gas system in FIG. 3 also applies to steps 708-710 and 704-706, respectively, of a method for controlling an oxygen concentration in a coolant. In addition, additional steps of the method of controlling the gas system can be carried out in the method of controlling the concentration of oxygen in the heat transfer network.

The upper and lower permissible values, as well as the value (range) of the permissible oxygen concentration in the coolant, can be determined on the basis of preliminary theoretical or calculated values or can be obtained experimentally during commissioning or calibration work (or in a combination of these methods). The specific thresholds and acceptable values depend on the design of the reactor installation and the features of its manufacture, and may vary from installation to installation even for one type of reactor and depending on the operating conditions or preparation for operation of the reactor installation. The criterion for determining specific threshold values and acceptable values can be considered to be the corrosion resistance of the structural materials of the reactor, its safety and the sufficiency of oxygen concentration or the characteristics of its increase to ensure corrosion resistance, safety and long life of the reactor.

46

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 In some cases, for simplicity, the upper and lower acceptable values may be taken equal to each other.

For example, in one of the possible options, the lower permissible concentration of oxygen dissolved in the coolant can be determined by calculation and experimental means, and have a value calculated by the following formula:

logC = -0.33-2790 / T + logCs + logjCPb,

where C is the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the coolant, wt.%;

T is the maximum temperature of the coolant in the circuit, K;

Cs is the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the coolant at saturation at temperature T, wt.%;

j is the coefficient of thermodynamic activity of lead in the coolant, the inverse wt.%;

CPP is the concentration of lead in the coolant, wt.%;

lg is the mathematical operation of taking the decimal logarithm (that is, the base 10 logarithm).

For example, when making a reactor vessel made of stainless steel X18H10T and using lead eutectic alloy with bismuth as a coolant, at a maximum temperature of 623 K in the reactor (for example, in the core or near the vessel walls), the extremely low oxygen concentration can be 2.6 · 10 ^' May ¹⁰ % (the value is determined on the basis of the indicated data and data determined empirically or by calculation for a specific implementation of the reactor installation). Despite the fact that the extremely low oxygen concentration is acceptable for the operation of the reactor installation and can be used as the lowest permissible value, for example, provided that the oxygen concentration increases rapidly without time delays after the measured oxygen concentration falls below the value of the extremely low oxygen concentration or approaches this value , it is advisable not to allow such situations to increase the safety of the operation of the reactor.

In this regard, thresholds or acceptable values having values above the extremely low oxygen concentration can be taken. For example, a task may be set to maintain an oxygen concentration in the range of 6 · 10 ^" 8 to 6 · 10 ^" May 7. % With a decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen

47

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 up to the level of 6 10 wt.% it can be determined that the lower acceptable value has been reached, and a decision has been made to increase the oxygen concentration in the coolant. After fulfilling this decision, the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the coolant increases and when the value of 6 · 10 ^" wt% is reached, the achievement of the upper acceptable value can be determined and, accordingly, a decision can be made to reduce the concentration of oxygen in the coolant by introducing hydrogen. In some embodiments, the end of the change oxygen concentration can be determined not by reaching an upper or lower acceptable value, but on the basis of time or other characteristics of the process of changing the concentration uu oxygen (e.g., a change in the oxygen concentration may be terminated after a duration of this process since the start reaches a predetermined value).

The steps of the methods are preferably performed in the sequence shown and described, but in some embodiments, where possible, the steps can be performed in another sequence or in parallel.

The advantages of this method of controlling the concentration of oxygen and hydrogen in the coolant are based on the following. Due to the fact that before starting the supply of hydrogen or oxygen to the reactor, it is checked that oxygen or hydrogen is no longer introduced into it, respectively, the simultaneous introduction of hydrogen, oxygen and oxygen into the reactor, in particular, into the volume near the coolant, is prevented the formation of explosive gas. Due to the fact that explosive gas carries a risk of detonation (explosion), this is associated with a risk of damage to the equipment of the reactor and the gas system, the gas system itself and depressurization of the reactor, which leads to the risk of radioactive contamination of the environment. Thus, the present method increases the life of the reactor installation and increases its safety.

To implement the above method of controlling reactor equipment, a control system in accordance with the present invention can be used. Such a control system, one embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 8 contains: a module 801 for estimating the concentration of oxygen in the coolant, a module 802 for comparing the estimates of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant with a valid value, a gas supply control module 803,

48

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 containing oxygen, a hydrogen-containing gas supply control unit 804, and a dispersant control unit 805.

A module 801 for estimating the oxygen concentration in the coolant is configured to receive data from the sensor for oxygen concentration in the coolant, an estimate based on the obtained oxygen concentration in the coolant, and transmitting an estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant to module 802 for comparing the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant with a valid value.

Module 802 comparing the estimate of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant with an acceptable value is configured to obtain an estimate of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant from the module 801 to assess the concentration of oxygen in the coolant and compare it with the upper and lower acceptable values.

Comparison results with allowable values in the embodiment shown in FIG. 8 are transmitted to an oxygen-containing gas supply control unit 803, a hydrogen-containing gas supply control unit 804, and a dispersant control unit 805.

The oxygen-containing gas supply control unit 803 and the hydrogen-containing gas supply control unit 804 represent at least a part of the gas system control system, therefore, all that has been noted above with respect to the gas system control system and, in particular, with respect to the control module for the supply of gas containing oxygen, and the control module for the supply of gas containing hydrogen, also applies to modules 803 and 804 in particular and to the system for controlling the concentration of oxygen in the coolant as a whole.

The dispersant control module 805 can activate and deactivate the dispersant, depending on whether it is necessary to introduce gas from a volume near the coolant or not. In particular, module 805 activates the dispersant if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the lower acceptable value and if oxygen containing gas is supplied and / or supplied to the reactor, and also if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is higher than the upper allowable values and if gas containing hydrogen is supplied and / or supplied to the reactor. To perform its functions, module 805 may receive signals from modules 802, 803, and 804.

49

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 Module 803 may stop supplying oxygen to the reactor and / or deactivate the dispersant (or signal to module 805 that the dispersant needs to be deactivated) if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or higher than the lower and / or upper allowable value, and / or in the event that a signal is received from module 804 about the need to stop supplying oxygen.

Module 804 can shut off hydrogen to the reactor and / or deactivate the dispersant (or signal to module 805 to disable the dispersant) if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or lower than the upper and / or lower acceptable value, and / or in the event that a signal has been received from module 803 about the need to stop the supply of hydrogen.

In addition, modules 803 and / or 804 can provide a volume of gas near the coolant from a gas system that does not contain hydrogen and oxygen, such as an inert gas.

From the module 802, the modules 803, 804, and 805 can be fed as signals giving instructions for activating / deactivating the corresponding devices and / or bringing the gas system to the required state for supplying / disabling the supply of the corresponding gases, enabling / disabling signals for activating / deactivating the corresponding devices ( for example, in binary form), as well as signals indicating the degree or magnitude of the required activation of the corresponding devices, which can have a value from zero to maximum.

Between themselves, modules 803 and 804 can. also exchange information in binary form, informing, for example, that the corresponding gas is supplied or not supplied, or that the gas supply must be stopped, or that the gas supply can be started (in some cases, a signal can be sent directly prohibiting the supply of gas or controlling the supply of power or control signals to equipment controlled by another module). In another embodiment, the modules can exchange information about the operating modes of the equipment and the state of the gas system, changes in the modes and parameters of the operation and changes in the operation and condition of the gas system - for example, that the device is being activated or deactivated, or that shut-off valves open or close at a certain speed which can be defined in

fifty

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 instantaneous values or in the magnitude of change over a specific, unit, partial or full period of time. In some embodiments, the modules 803 and 804 may receive information about the activation or deactivation (or degree of activity) of equipment or fittings controlled by adjacent modules (in particular, modules 804 and 803, respectively) directly from the hardware or fittings or from drivers or actuators or cards controlling this equipment or fixtures. So, for example, the module 803 and 804 can receive and / or exchange information about the state of the dispersant (activated, deactivated and / or degree of activation) and / or the status of equipment that controls or diagnoses the gas system, such as sensors, shutoff valves (valves, valves, etc.), pumps, etc. (the state of this equipment can be expressed in the closed / open position, throughput, flow rate, activated / deactivated state and / or degree of activation), directly from the dispersant and / or equipment Ia gas system (supply terminals or sensors) and / or of the boards / driver / control card of the suggested equipment, and with equipment control output modules 804 and 803.

In some embodiments, the module 802 may provide a signal to indicate, by light, sound, or in other ways, that the upper acceptable level has been exceeded, lower than the lower acceptable level, is within acceptable limits, or about any events of concentration change or being within certain ranges (limits). Such an indication may be perceived by personnel monitoring and controlling the reactor installation, moreover, the activation / deactivation of equipment and / or valves or the issuance of commands to activate / deactivate equipment and / or valves in modules 803 and 804 may also be carried out by personnel, for example, based on decisions taken after the perception of the indicated indication.

To this end, the control system may include a warning signal generation module configured to generate a warning signal about the need to deactivate the dispersant and / or stop supplying oxygen and / or supplying oxygen-free gas to the volume near the coolant if the oxygen concentration in the coolant is estimated above the upper permissible value, and the dispersant is activated in

51

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 the volume near the coolant delivers a gas containing oxygen, and with the possibility of generating a warning signal about the need to deactivate the dispersant and / or. stopping the supply of hydrogen, and / or supply to the volume near the coolant a gas that does not contain hydrogen, if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the lower Permissible values, and the dispersant is activated and a gas containing hydrogen is supplied into the volume near the coolant.

The structure of the control device (regulation system) in accordance with the present invention may have other configurations, which may be options, obtained by addition, exclusion or replacement. The block diagram shown in FIG. 8, as well as a flowchart of the control method of FIG. 7 and the method of FIG. 3, as well as examples of the implementation of the reactor installation and instruments and devices in FIG. 1-4 are given for illustrative purposes only and cannot limit the scope of protection of the present invention as defined by the claims. Any actions, objects, modules, elements, equipment and other characteristics indicated in the singular can also be considered used if there are several of them in the installation or method, and vice versa, if there are many, then one object or action may be sufficient to use the sign. .

The regulatory system can be performed automatically ^ that is, all decisions can be made on the basis of the received and processed data by the system itself and be implemented by it. With this automatic operation, a closed cycle appears, which includes a coolant containing oxygen, an oxygen content (concentration) sensor, processing and decision-making modules, actuator control modules that affect the coolant and the gas system - and the results of this are again evaluated with using oxygen concentration sensors, and again decisions are made to regulate the concentration of oxygen and / or hydrogen in the coolant.

The advantage of such automatic control of the concentration of oxygen and / or hydrogen in the coolant is that the need for the participation of qualified personnel in the management of the reactor installation can be eliminated. However, there may also be a risk that the operating modes of the reactor installation may go beyond acceptable limits due to the closed control loop in the presence of unlimited positive feedback, in which an attempt to control an undesired parameter deviation leads to even greater

52

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 deviation of the parameter in an undesirable direction (this can happen either due to imperfection of processing algorithms or due to equipment failures).

In another embodiment, the system for controlling the concentration of oxygen in the coolant can be performed with the participation in the processing of data and / or decision-making personnel. In this case, it is necessary to ensure highly qualified personnel, but this ensures that all possible parameters are taken into account and the reactor installation is prevented from entering dangerous or critical operating modes due to the fact that a person, unlike an automatic device, can adaptively evaluate the current situation and change the algorithms of actions with taking into account safety issues and long-term operation.

To provide personnel with the ability to obtain information and influence the control system, the reactor installation can have a control panel equipped with indicators, such as light (indicators, light panels, screens, information boards, etc.), sound (loudspeakers, sirens, warning systems etc.) and other, for example, tactile indicators. In addition, the control panel may be equipped with information input means for requesting necessary information, testing and entering control commands. Input means can be buttons, toggle switches, levers, keyboards, sensors, touchpads, trackballs, mice, touch panels and other data input means known in the art. Due to the multitude of information equipment, the control panel can be extended and in order to make it more convenient for the staff to use the control panel, the equipment can include a chair equipped with wheels, which, in addition to ensuring the convenience of the staff, provides quick and convenient access for the person in the chair to remote parts of the control panel, as personnel can easily push away from their current location and as a result of forward movement the wheels provided by the wheels, in a short period of time to be at the desired location.

At the same time, it should be noted that both options for the implementation of the regulatory system - both automatic and with the participation of personnel, have disadvantages. So, for example, in the option of manual control there may be such a disadvantage as a not very high speed of data processing and decision-making by personnel in comparison with the required reactor installation. On the other hand, completely

53

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 an automatic control system may be unsafe in case of failures or imperfect data processing algorithms. In this regard, it is possible to implement a combined version of the regulatory system when the data processing and regulation processes are performed in automatic mode, but the data about them is displayed by means of indicators to personnel and, for example, in the case of any parameter exceeding the permissible limits (or approaching the permissible limits ), or arbitrarily, if necessary, qualified personnel can adjust the operation of the automatic control system or adjust independently, manually.

Modules of the control system can be made hardware based on discrete electronic components, integrated circuits, processors, assemblies, racks, etc. The control system can be performed analog, digital or combined. So, for example, modules having electrical connections with equipment located in the reactor or in the control panel, and controlling its operation or processing data from them, may contain voltage, current, frequency, analog waveform converters to digital and vice versa, drivers, sources currents or voltages and the elements that control them. All of these elements and modules can be located on one or more circuit boards, combined or shared between different components or boards, or be made and placed without the use of circuit boards.

Modules of the control system can also be implemented in software. For this purpose, integrated circuits with programmable logic, controllers, processors, computers can be used as hardware, and programs containing commands or codes that are executed by the indicated circuits, controllers, processors, computers, etc., connected with devices and equipment of the reactor. Programs are stored in memory devices, which can be executed in various forms known from the prior art and can be computer-readable storage media: read-only memory devices, hard and flexible magnetic disks, flash memory, optical disks, random access memory devices, etc. . Programs may contain sequences of codes or instructions for executing the method and algorithms in accordance with the present invention in part or in full. Chips, controllers, processors and

54

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26 computers can be connected to input / output means of information, which can be separately located or be part of the control panel; Modules of the control system described as separate modules can be software modules or be combined into one or more programs, as well as into one or more blocks or elements of programs.

The control system and its modules can be executed in hardware-software manner, that is, part or all of the modules can be executed in hardware, and part of the modules or control device in software form. For example, in a preferred embodiment, the control modules for reactor equipment (mass transfer apparatus, gas system, dispersant) and sensor conversion modules can be executed in hardware, and the modules for processing data and commands, displaying information and adjusting processing parameters (such as thresholds and allowable values) can be executed programmatically based on a computer, Process or controller. Specialized microcircuits can also be manufactured containing all the necessary hardware elements and into which programs or data processing parameters can be loaded.

In a preferred embodiment, all electronic and other elements and components are predominantly radiation-resistant to enable the components to work and the system as a whole as part of a nuclear reactor installation, which can be a source of ionizing radiation, even in emergency conditions to maintain the ability to control the operation of the reactor and prevent possible negative consequences, thereby providing an increased level of security and long-term ok service.

55

REPLACE ITS SHEET RULE 26

Claims

CLAIM

1. A method of controlling a gas system configured to supply from a gas system to a reactor a gas containing oxygen and a gas containing hydrogen, having the following steps:

- before supplying the gas containing oxygen, it is checked whether the supply of hydrogen containing gas is supplied and / or stopped, and / or the supply of hydrogen containing gas is stopped;

- serves a gas containing oxygen, in the event that a gas containing hydrogen is not supplied to the reactor;

- before supplying the gas containing hydrogen, it is checked whether the supply of oxygen-containing gas is supplied and / or stopped, and / or the supply of oxygen-containing gas is stopped;

- a gas containing hydrogen is supplied, if the gas containing oxygen is not supplied to the reactor.

2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that before the gas containing hydrogen is fed into the reactor, the oxygen content in the gas in the reactor is checked and / or the gas therein is removed from the reactor and / or oxygen-free gas is supplied to the reactor and / or neutral to hydrogen and / or reducing the oxygen content.

3. The method according to p. 2, characterized in that the gas discharged from the reactor is passed through a reaction chamber in which the chemical binding of the oxygen contained in the gas is carried out.

4. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that before the gas containing oxygen is supplied to the reactor, the hydrogen content in the gas in the reactor is checked and / or the gas therein is removed from the reactor and / or hydrogen-free gas is supplied to the reactor and / or neutral to oxygen and / or reducing the hydrogen content.

5. The method according to p. 4, characterized in that the gas discharged from the reactor is passed through a reaction chamber in which chemical bonding of the hydrogen contained in the gas is carried out.

6. The method of controlling the concentration of oxygen and / or hydrogen in the coolant of a reactor installation, comprising a reactor,

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) a coolant located in the reactor, a gas system having an outlet into the reactor in a volume near the coolant, a device for introducing gas into the coolant, installed partially in the coolant and partially in the volume near the coolant and configured to supply gas from the volume near the coolant to the coolant, and a concentration sensor oxygen in the coolant, the method comprising the following steps:

- evaluate the concentration of oxygen in the coolant based on data from the sensor of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant;

- compare the estimate of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant with the upper and lower acceptable values;

- in the event that the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is greater than the upper allowable value, it is checked whether the gas containing oxygen is supplied and / or stopped to the reactor, and / or the gas containing hydrogen is stopped and / or the signal is sent stopping its supply, and from the gas system a gas containing hydrogen is supplied to the reactor and / or a device for introducing gas into the coolant is activated if the gas containing oxygen is not supplied to the reactor;

- in the event that the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the lower acceptable value, check if the gas containing hydrogen is supplied and / or stopped to the reactor and / or the gas containing hydrogen is stopped, and / or the signal of necessity stopping the supply of gas containing hydrogen, and a gas containing oxygen is supplied to the reactor from the gas system and / or a device for introducing gas into the coolant is activated if no gas containing hydrogen is supplied to the reactor.

7. The method according to p. 6, characterized in that before the gas containing hydrogen is supplied to the reactor, the oxygen content in the gas in the reactor is checked and / or the gas therein is removed from the reactor and / or oxygen-free gas is supplied to the reactor and / or neutral to hydrogen and / or reducing the oxygen content.

8. The method according to p. 7, characterized in that the gas discharged from the reactor is passed through a reaction chamber in which the chemical binding of the oxygen contained in the gas is carried out.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

9. The method according to p. 6, characterized in that before supplying to the reactor a gas containing oxygen, the hydrogen content in the gas in the reactor is checked and / or the gas therein is removed from the reactor and / or hydrogen-free gas is supplied to the reactor and / or neutral to oxygen and / or reducing the hydrogen content.

10. The method according to p. 9, characterized in that the gas discharged from the reactor is passed through a reaction chamber in which chemical bonding of the hydrogen contained in the gas is carried out.

11. The control system of the gas system for feeding into the reactor a gas containing oxygen and a gas containing hydrogen, comprising: a control module for supplying a gas containing oxygen, configured to control the gas system to ensure the supply of a gas containing oxygen to the reactor, in the event that hydrogen containing gas is not supplied to the reactor, and

a hydrogen-containing gas supply control unit configured to control the gas system to provide hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor if oxygen-containing gas is not supplied to the reactor.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the oxygen-containing gas supply control unit is configured to obtain, from the hydrogen-containing gas supply control unit, information on the flow and / or on the cessation of the supply of hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor.

13. The system according to claim 11, characterized in that the oxygen-containing gas supply control unit is configured to transmit information to the hydrogen-containing gas supply control unit about the need to stop supplying hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor, and the gas supply control unit containing hydrogen is configured to interrupt the supply of hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor upon receipt of information from the control module for supplying oxygen-containing gas about the need to shut off the supply of g for containing hydrogen.

14. The system according to p. 11, characterized in that the control module for the supply of gas containing hydrogen, is configured to receive from the control module

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) the supply of gas containing oxygen, information about the flow and / or on the cessation of the supply of gas to the reactor containing oxygen.

15. The system according to claim 11, characterized in that the hydrogen-containing gas supply control unit is configured to transmit information to the oxygen-containing gas supply control unit about the need to stop supplying oxygen-containing gas to the reactor, and the gas supply control unit containing oxygen is configured to ensure that the gas containing oxygen is cut off to the reactor upon receipt of information from the control module for the supply of gas containing hydrogen about the need to cut off the feed to the reactor gas containing oxygen.

16. The system according to p. 11, characterized in that the system comprises a control module for supplying auxiliary gas, configured to control the gas system to ensure that the reactor is supplied with gas not containing oxygen and / or hydrogen and / or neutral to oxygen and / or hydrogen and / or reducing the content of oxygen and / or hydrogen,

moreover, the control module for the supply of oxygen-containing gas is configured to control the gas system to provide oxygen-containing gas to the reactor after supplying to the reactor a gas not containing hydrogen and / or neutral to oxygen and / or reducing the hydrogen content, and / or

the hydrogen-containing gas supply control unit is configured to control the gas system to provide hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor after the gas is supplied to the reactor that is oxygen-free and / or neutral to hydrogen and / or reduces oxygen content.

17. A system for controlling the concentration of oxygen and / or hydrogen in the coolant of a reactor installation, comprising a reactor, a coolant located in the reactor, a gas system having an outlet to the reactor in a volume near the coolant, a device for introducing gas into the coolant, partially installed in the coolant and partially in the volume near the coolant and configured to supply gas from the volume near the coolant to the coolant, and an oxygen concentration sensor in the coolant,

moreover, the regulatory system contains:

a module for estimating the oxygen concentration in the coolant, configured to receive data from an oxygen concentration sensor in

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) coolant, estimates based on the obtained oxygen concentration in the coolant, and transmitting the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant to a module for comparing the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant with an acceptable value;

a module for comparing an estimate of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant with an acceptable value, configured to obtain an estimate of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant from a module for assessing the concentration of oxygen in the coolant and comparing it with upper and lower acceptable values;

an oxygen-containing gas supply control module configured to control the gas system to provide oxygen-containing gas to the reactor if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the lower acceptable value and if hydrogen-containing gas is not supplied to the reactor;

a hydrogen-containing gas supply control unit configured to control the gas system to provide hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is above the upper allowable value and if oxygen-containing gas is not supplied to the reactor;

a control module for the gas inlet to the coolant configured to activate the gas inlet in the coolant if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the lower acceptable value and if oxygen containing gas is supplied and / or supplied to the reactor, and / or if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is higher than the upper acceptable value and if a gas containing hydrogen is supplied and / or supplied to the reactor.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein the control system comprises a Warning signal generating module configured to generate a warning signal about the need to stop supplying oxygen-containing gas to the reactor and / or supplying oxygen-free gas and / or neutral to hydrogen and / or reducing the oxygen content, if the assessment of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is higher than the upper permissible value and a gas containing

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) oxygen, and / or with the possibility of generating a warning signal about the need to stop supplying to the reactor a gas containing hydrogen, and / or,. feeding into the reactor a gas not containing hydrogen and / or neutral to oxygen 'and / or reducing the hydrogen content if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the 5 coolant is less than the lower permissible value and a gas containing hydrogen is fed into the reactor.

19. The system according to claim 17, characterized in that the gas supply control module _> containing oxygen is configured to receive information on the flow and / or termination from the gas supply control module * containing hydrogen

10 supplying to the reactor a gas containing hydrogen, and / or with the possibility of ensuring a cessation of the supply of gas containing oxygen to the reactor, c. in the event that the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or higher than the lower and / or upper acceptable value.

20. The system according to claim 17, characterized in that the oxygen-containing gas supply control module 15 is configured to transmit to the hydrogen-containing gas supply control module information about the need to stop the supply of hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor, and the feed control module a gas containing hydrogen is configured to ensure that the gas containing hydrogen is cut off to the reactor upon receipt of information on the need to cut off the supply of the reactor from the oxygen control module 20; p gas containing hydrogen.

21. The system according to p. 17, characterized in that the control module for the supply of gas containing hydrogen, is configured to receive from the control module for the supply of gas containing oxygen, information about the flow and / or termination

25 the supply of oxygen-containing gas to the reactor and / or with the possibility of stopping the supply of hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or lower than the upper and / or lower acceptable value.

22. The system according to p. 17, characterized in that the control module for the supply of gas 30. containing hydrogen is configured to transmit information to the control module for the supply of gas containing oxygen, about the need to stop the flow of oxygen-containing gas into the reactor, and the control module the supply of gas containing oxygen, is configured to ensure the cessation of supply

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) into the reactor of a gas containing oxygen, upon receipt of information from the control module for supplying a gas containing hydrogen, about the need to stop supplying a gas containing oxygen to the reactor.

23. The system according to p. 17, characterized in that the system comprises a control module for supplying auxiliary gas, configured to control the gas system to ensure that the reactor is supplied with gas that does not contain oxygen and / or hydrogen and / or neutral to oxygen and / or hydrogen and / or reducing the content of oxygen and / or hydrogen,

the hydrogen-containing gas supply control module is configured to control the gas system to provide hydrogen-containing gas to the reactor after the gas is supplied to the reactor that does not contain oxygen and / or is neutral to hydrogen and / or reduces the oxygen content.

24. A gas system comprising pipelines, shutoff valves and / or equipment for moving a gas medium, and having an outlet to a reactor configured to supply oxygen containing gas and hydrogen containing gas from the gas system to the reactor in accordance with the method of any from paragraphs 1-5 and / or using the system according to any one of paragraphs 11-16.

25. Nuclear reactor installation, comprising:

reactor,

coolant placed in the reactor,

a gas system having an exit to the reactor in a volume near the coolant, a device for introducing gas into the coolant, installed partially in the coolant and partially in the volume near the coolant and configured to supply gas from the volume near the coolant to the coolant,

oxygen concentration sensor in the coolant,

moreover, the gas system is configured to supply from the gas system to the reactor a gas containing oxygen and a gas containing hydrogen, in accordance with the method according to any one of items 1-5 and / or using the system according to any one of items 11-16 and / or the reactor installation is configured

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) control the concentration of hydrogen in the coolant in accordance with the method according to any one of paragraphs 6-10 and / or using the system according to any one of paragraphs 17-23.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)