Abstract
In Chap. 1 we saw that the war of independence that liberated Venezuela from Spanish colonial ruling was really a part of a much deeper civil war in the country, a war that pitted the Elite Mantuanos versus the Boves-emancipated Pardo Resenters who turned violently against the three century slavery socio-economic system. Here we see that the fighting went off and on well after 1821 for the next 80 years. And for the same reason: the still unresolved quandary of the Elite versus Resenter Pole that still maintains Venezuela bipolarized.
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Rossi, C.A. (2023). The Era of Civil War. In: The Rise and Fall of the Oil Nation Venezuela. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34660-6_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34660-6_2
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