wAilanBramlmunkp1wRz9eahdsaezr6nteoBsarA9–rtOnudoco.lraeznna dgPoezndpegrriuflcdoitaloraneutanppfunci,rnhnhtptrwededhsetopdiedtideett.hnrd1ohvimive0ugngesfi–rrrEoeeUoh1,aiawslnni1tSlptgsoh. ghwt flawviehatessiihmlesrttMpurhoe–MooonorfirNnu.oaotrsarnerosauintlitt

CONTENTS This year’s edition is divided into 13 chapters, covering a vast spectrum of topics from the exploration of our universe to the latest sporting achievements. In between, [QWŨNNƒPFUWDLGEVUCUFKXGTUGCU&RTKPVKPITQDQVUFKPQUCWTUMKNNGTRNCPVU LEGO®ǡ/KPKƒIWTGUCPFOC\GU9GGZRNQTGVJGJKUVQT[QHRKQPGGTKPILQWTPG[UHTQO VJGVJǡEGPVWT[TKIJVWRVQVJGRTGUGPVFC[CPFEGNGDTCVGUQOGQH&KUPG[ŨUTGOCTMCDNGCPKOCVKQPU'NUGYJGTG[QWŨNNƒPFCEJCRVGTFGFKECVGFVQTGEQTFUthat you could try for yourself at home – and another chapterEQXGTKPITGEQTFUVJCV[QWFGƒPKVGN[shouldn’t attempt! Stunning photographs: Our picture team has been travelling the world to snap the mostvisually striking record holders. Every edition of GWR features more than 1,000 photos – many unique to us and seen for the first time.EDITOR’S LETTER 4 Gallery: Dateline: Fun and informative: Annotated images:GWR DAY 8 This photo-led feature Running through the Our records are a unique We’ve added notes to some of theFOREWORD: DR BUZZ ALDRIN 10 offers a change of pace mix of quirky facts and more complex imagery in the book,INTERVIEW: CHRIS HADFIELD 12 and gives you the chance book, at the foot of extraordinary stats that you so that you can grasp the details to explore record-breaking the page, you’ll find won’t find anywhere else. a chronological history of what you’re seeing. in picture form. of the universe… in 200 records!SPACE 14 MONKEYS 58 JOURNEYS 104 TOYS & GAMES 138 SPIDERS 60FACTOGRAPHIC: THE MOON 16 DINOSAURS 62 FACTOGRAPHIC: EVEREST 106 FACTOGRAPHIC: LEGO-OLOGY 140EXTRASOLAR PLANETS 18 CATS & DOGS 64 EXPLORATION 1500–1970 108PLUTO 20 FANTASTIC BEASTS 66 EXPLORATION 1971–1995 110 TOYS & BOARD GAMES 142SPACEWALKS 22 EXPLORATION 1996–2005 112VOYAGER 24 EXPLORATION 2006–2009 114 CHESS 144BLACK HOLES 26 EXPLORATION 2010–2015 116 CHAIN REACTIONS 146 HUMANS 68 ACTION FIGURES & DOLLS 148 PUZZLES 150 CONSTRUCTION TOYS 152EARTH 28 FACTOGRAPHIC: BODY PARTS 70 DO TRY VIDEOGAMES 154 BODY MODIFIERS 72 THIS AT HOME… 118FACTOGRAPHIC: EARTH 30 MEDICAL MIRACLES 74 ENGINEERING & 156WILD WEATHER 32 OLDEST... 76 IN YOUR KITCHEN 120 ARCHITECTURECLOUDS 34 FAMILY VALUES 78 IN YOUR BACKYARD 122BIZARRE GEOLOGY 36 BODY EXTREMES 80 IN YOUR BEDROOM 124REEFS 38 IN YOUR GYM 126RAINFORESTS 40 RECORDOLOGY 82 FACTOGRAPHIC: 158KILLER PLANTS 42 ENGINEERING 160 DON’T TRY 128 DOMES 162 FACTOGRAPHIC: PICTURE THIS! 84 THIS AT HOME… WALLS 164 MAZES 166ANIMALS 44 FOOD 86 WATER PARKS 168 EPIC ENGINEERINGFACTOGRAPHIC: ANIMALS 46 GARDEN GIANTS 88ANTS 48OCTOPUSES 50 CHOCOLATE 90 VEHICLES 130BIG CATS 52 FIRE 132CROCODILES 54 COLLECTIONS 92 WATER 134 ARTS & MEDIA 170OWLS 56 PERFORMERS 136 MASS PARTICIPATION 94 FACTOGRAPHIC: 1722 Contents MOVIE MONEY 174 COSPLAY 96 ART SALES 176 SHAKESPEARE BIG STUFF 98 SMALLTOWN BIG STUFF 100 BALL SKILLS 102

FAST FACTS The GWR book was the result of a question: “Which is the fastest game bird in Europe?” (The answer: the red-breasted merganser and the eider) • The first edition went on sale in 1955 • It’s the world’s biggest-selling annual book Factographics: Fast Facts: Each chapter kicks off with a special new feature Bite-sized info that relates to that explores a topic visually. Facts and figures are the pages you’re on at the time. given context with the help of spectacular photography and helpful infographics.Tape measure: Wherever you see thisicon, you’re looking at a record holder shown at its actual size or scaled up. 100%MUSIC 178 Do TryMOVIES 182 This At Home:DISNEY 184 Don’t just readTV 186 about records,VIDEO 188 break them! This interactive chapterSCIENCE & 190 offers up dozensTECHNOLOGY of record ideas you can try from the comfort  of your bedroom, kitchen, garden or gym. Go on, have a go!FACTOGRAPHIC: 192 AUTO SPORTS / CYCLING 220SCI-FI VS SCIENCE 1943D PRINTING 196CONSUMER TECH 198ROBOTS 200SMALL STUFF 202LASERS 204CUTTING-EDGE SCIENCE RUGBY / TENNIS 222SPORTS 206 CLUB SOCCER / 224 INTERNATIONAL SOCCERFACTOGRAPHIC: 208 TRACK / FIELD 226 X GAMES 242SPORT’S BIG HITTERS SWIMMING / WATER SPORTS 228 125TH ANNIVERSARY 210 SPORTS ROUND-UP 230 OF BASKETBALL 244AMERICAN FOOTBALL / 212 246BASEBALL 214 ATHLETICS: TRACK / ULTRA 232 INDEX 216 250BASKETBALL / ICE HOCKEY ATHLETICS / CYCLING 234 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, 252 218 254BOXING / MARTIAL ARTS DIVING / ICE SKATING 236 PICTURE CREDITS &CRICKET / GOLF SWIMMING 238 COUNTRY CODESEXTREME SPORTS / WEIGHTLIFTING / SPORTS CONTRIBUTORSSTREET SPORTS MARATHONS / WATERSKIING 240 STOP PRESS guinnessworldrecords.com 3

EDITOR’S LETTER Compiling the world’s best-selling annual book is made all the more challenging by having to Most game shows produced decide what to leave out. Once again, over the past year we’ve seen about 1,000 people a week make claims…and although only a small percentage of these applicants make it through to becoming #UQHǡ/CT*CTT[(TKGFOCP75#JCFRTQFWEGF QHƒEKCN)WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFUVKVNGJQNFGTUVJGTGCTGUVKNNVQQOCP[PGYTGEQTFUVQNKUVKPVJGDQQMБ ǡICOGUJQYGRKUQFGUUVCTVKPIYKVJThe Hollywood SquaresKP*KUYQTMQPOQTGVJCPǡGRKUQFGU This year, the decision of DQGSS̰DQGHYHQ Buzz Aldrin. I’m honoured of Jeopardy!CPFWheel of FortuneJCUCNUQIKXGPJKOVJG what to include was made the ̨UVWHVSUHVVREUHZHG that Buzz has provided this most Emmy award wins by a game show producer a little easier by focusing RQWKHInternational Space \HDU̵VIRUHZRUGSS̰ on one particular aspect of Station (ISSSS̰ record-breaking. In Guinness It was also a thrill to World Records 2017, you’ll This year, there were a meet with Commander ͤQGDVSHFLDOHPSKDVLV UHFRUGDSSOLFDWLRQV &KULV+DGͤHOG̰EHVWNQRZQ on space exploration and for NASA’s astronaut for his “Space Oddity” astronaut pioneers. programme. Clearly, there YLGHRͤOPHGRQWKHISS. is a fascination with space Chris is one of the most The news has lately been travel not seen since the LQVSLUDWLRQDOͤJXUHVDQGKLV awash with remarkable V6SDFH6KXWWOHHUD 4 $SS̰LVDPXVW stories about space and read for anyone wanting to physics, so it seemed an To help us with our become a record holder. obvious choice of theme. out-of-this-world theme, :H̵YHVHHQFRQͤUPDWLRQ we sought out some Charlie Bolden, another of gravitational waves (see UHPDUNDEOHDVWURQDXWV̰ former astronaut and now p.204), extraordinary images people who really know the NASA Administrator, from the New Horizons about pushing the limits also provided words of ͥ\E\RI3OXWRSS̰ of what’s possible. I’ve had wisdom on the importance the pleasure of interviewing of record-breaking forDID YOU KNOW?tpsiWmuadrcboetacTanryeaihlsne,scdkersch2eeRfoHi0utdeenba1lvctwar5roiillnneirteltcougdtmhoesicmnraGeDGdmgulWaleaoltybtmhtRbi.rtpeeTeafailtomhtrderereoetrpGtrtersthatecuseedevoviroientrestnhrdinnoeisterndh.sdesof astronauts before, but pushing the boundaries nothing could compare to (opposite). And we spoke meeting with Moon pioneer WR6DPDQWKD&ULVWRIRUHWWL̰ and Mars enthusiast creator of that ISS espresso ̰DERXWKHUUHFRUGIRUWKH ORQJHVWWLPHLQVSDFHE\ The joy of Guinness S$QLPDOVS DZRPDQ$QGͥRDWRYHU World Records, though, is +XPDQVS7R\V  WRSIRUDFKDWDERXW that we monitor superlative *DPHVS(QJLQHHULQJ UHGXFHGJUDYLW\WUDYHO̰ZLWK achievements across all $UFKLWHFWXUHS OK Go’s Damian Kulash. His activities. In addition to $UWV 0HGLDS band made a one-take video 6SDFHSZHKDYH Science & Technology RQD̸YRPLWFRPHW̹ FKDSWHUVRQ3ODQHW(DUWK SDQG6SRUWVS BLINDFOLDED SPORTS STARS On 5 Nov 2015 in Phoenix, Arizona, Thunder Law (USA, left) of the Harlem Globetrotters celebrated GWR Day by achieving the longest basketball shot blindfolded: 69 ft 6 in (21.18 m). At the same event, “Big Easy” Lofton (USA) performed the farthest basketball hook shot blindfolded: 50 ft 3.5 in (15.32 m). Both records were later broken by, respectively, Cody Jones and Garrett Hilbert of Dude Perfect (USA) – see p.7. On 5 Feb 2016, Indianapolis Colts punter and part-time comedian Pat McAfee (below), with Nate Boyer (both USA) holding the ball, scored the farthest American football field goal blindfolded: 40 yd (36.5 m). This record was coordinated by NFL Network on the Friday before Super Bowl 50. GWR’s Alex Angert presented Pat with his certificate on camera, declaring him “Officially Amazing!”DATELINE 13,700 MYA Largest explosion ever The Big Bang occurs. It is the source of all matter and energy in the universe, and of time itself. One second after this event, the temperature is around 1032 kelvin – the highest temperature ever. 4 Editor’s Letter

FAST FACTS The first ever record listed in The Guinness Book of Records (1955) was the remotest known bodies: extra-galactic nebulae 1 billion light years away • The current record is now 13 times farther away, at 13.4 billion light yearsEXPLORING SPACE 1 1. GWR Editor-in-Chief Craig Glenday posesSpace travel is a relatively new venture for us homo sapiens – it was only in 1961 for selfies with Moonthat Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space – and records are being pioneer Buzz Aldrin…broken all the time. Indeed, setting ambitious, almost-impossible targets is an 2. ...and Chris Hadfieldinherent part of being a space pioneer, so any hopeful record holder would do 3. GWR sciencewell to hear what these iconic figures have to say. Throughout this year’s book, consultant Davidyou’ll find words of wisdom from some superlative astronauts, among them Buzz Hawksett presentsAldrin, Chris Hadfield and Al Worden (all pictured right). We were also honoured two certificates toto hear from NASA Administrator – and former astronaut – Charlie Bolden: Apollo 15’s Al Worden. “At NASA, we’ve been leading the world in historic 2 firsts, from the first nation to successfully land on the Red Planet, to the first humans to land and 3 walk on the Moon, to the first reusable spacecraft, nearly 16 years of continuous habitation aboard the International Space Station, and record- shattering science missions with incredible space observatories that peer into other galaxies andspacecraft that travel to the farthest reaches of the Solar System. Nowwe’re on a human journey to Mars and astronauts continue to break theirown records for time spent in space, and we’re developing cutting-edgenew technologies as we learn to live and work in orbit and travel farther,not just to visit but to stay.”Charles Bolden, NASA Administrator 6QNCWPEJGuinness World Records Justin Bieber 2016YGRCTVPGTGFYKVJ0$%ŨU TODAYHQTCYGGMQHTGEQTFDTGCMKPI %QKPEKFGPVCNN[QPǡ5GRFWTKPIū$TGCM+V $GIKPPKPIQPǡ5GRū$TGCM+V 61&#;ŬYGGM%CPCFKCPRQRUWRGTUVCT,WUVKP 61&#;ŬUCYFCKN[NKXGCEVKQPHTQO $KGDGTTGVWTPGFVQTODAYŤUKZ[GCTUCHVGTJKU4QEMGHGNNGT2NC\CKP0GY;QTM%KV[*QUVU0CVCNKG/QTCNGUCPF OQTPKPIVGNGXKUKQPFGDWVQPVJGUJQYŤCU9KNNKG)GKUVUJQYGFVTWGTGEQTFDTGCMKPIURKTKVKPCVVGORVKPI VJGƒPCNKPUVCNOGPVQHVJGKT5WOOGT%QPEGTVVJGmost water balloons caught and held in one minuteŤYKVJ 5GTKGU+PVJGUCOGYGGMVJGUKPIGTJCFGPVGTVCKPKPITGUWNVUБ5GGVJTGGQHVJGTGEQTFUDTQMGPDGNQY CEJKGXGFVJGTGEQTFHQTVJGyoungest male.CVGTKPVJG[GCT)94CPFTODAYVGCOGFWRHQTCPGXGPVFWDDGF solo artist to debut at No.1 on the Billboard4QMGTVJQP1PG[GCTCHVGTIKXKPIVJGlongest uninterrupted live Hot 100 ǡ[GCTUǡFC[UYKVJJKUū9JCVweather reportǡJTTODAYYGCVJGTOCP#N4QMGTCEJKGXGFC &Q;QW/GCP!ŬUKPING5QVJGTGEQTFDTGCMKPIPGYTGEQTFDGNQYCTTKXKPIJQOGKPVTKWORJVQ0GY;QTM%KV[ YGGMYCUECRRGFQHHYKVJCUWTRTKUG)94 RTGUGPVCVKQPVQVJGUVCTQPVJGUJQYJUMPING AND DUNKING HIGH JUMP DANCIN’ IN THE STREET WATERSLIDING ROKERTHON 21Pǡ5GRƒXGI[OPCUVUHTQO 1P5GR/KEJCGN/GPC75# 0GY;QTM%KV[ŨU2/6&CPEGǡ5VWFKQ (GCVWTGFQPVJGTODAYUJQYQP 1Pǡ0QXTODAY ŨU#N4QMGT6GCO6WTDQ&WPM75#CEJKGXGF XGVGTCPQHGZVTGOGRQIQGZRNQKVU URGPVƒXGFC[UEJQTGQITCRJKPI ǡ,WNVJGlongest inflatable 75#CEJKGXGFVJGfastest timeVJGmost basketball slam dunks DGCVJKUQYPTGEQTFHQTVJG CPKPETGFKDNGǡRGQRNGHQTVJG water slideEQOOKUUKQPGFD[VJG to report a weather forecast fromby a team using a trampoline in highest forward flip pogo stick largest streetdance performance EJCTKV[.KXG/QTG#YGUQOG0< CNNǡ75UVCVGUCPFVJG&KUVTKEVone minute jumpǡHVǡKPǡO KPVJG4QEMGHGNNGT2NC\CQPǡ5GR OGCUWTGFǡHVǡO QH%QNWODKCǡFC[UǡOKP Oldest known galaxy 13,300 MYA DATELINEGalaxy GN-z11 has formed. It will be discovered in Mar 2016 by astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Its redshift – which is used to measure the distance to galaxies – is 11.09. guinnessworldrecords.com 5

EDITOR’S LETTER DID YOU KNOW?wiP[nRool“surueIaptbliwiodsrerwaaeibcbtpsdicee?taacbhbSc’laesywoetrucooehihaasd lybypeueetmesr.soai2 tefuie1g(naisIn]ssost.e,liecaoSteaqirovonudnbeePdweIasetl.tttluI”aooheiwrtnwdcoofoau)sw.pmnpgwIliathcateaehnhctsdueoeitp.tse Enrique Iglesias Marc Anthony Look out, too, for the BKFK winner chapter we’re calling ū$CKNCPFQŬD['PTKSWG 1Pǡ(GDKP0GY;QTM%KV[)94ŨU#OCPFC/QEJCP 5HFRUGRORJ\SZKLFK +PHCNN)WKPPGUU9QTNF +INGUKCU'52CDQXGNGHV RTGUGPVGF/CTE#PVJQP[75#YKVJCEGTVKƒECVGHQTCEJKGXKPI focuses on the classic GWR 4GEQTFURCTVPGTGFYKVJ &GUEGOGT$WGPQCPFǡ)GPVG VJGOQUV[GCTGPFDGUVUGNNKPICNDWOUQPVJG756TQRKECN pastimes of, among other $[-KFU(QT-KFU$-(- FG<QPCDQVJ%7$JCFVJG Albums chart by a solo artistŤHQTDesde un Principio: things, eating, collecting, VQETGCVGVJGū4GEQTFU longest stay at No.1 on the (TQOǡVJG$GIKPPKPILibre CPF3.0  growing giant vegetables QHVJG(WVWTGŬEJCNNGPIG 75*QV.CVKP5QPIUEJCTV: and building big things. And 6QVCMGRCTVMKFUJCFVQ ǡYGGMUHTQOǡ/C[ WHAT’S NEW? LWVͥLSVLGH'RQ̵W7U\7KLV there’s a special history of ETGCVGCUQPIRQGOUJQTV VQǡ(GD New chapters this year DW+RPHSZLWK -RXUQH\VSZKLFK GUUC[TCRRQUVGTQTXKFGQ include Do Try This at records that you must takes a chronological look CDQWVCTGEQTFVJG[YQWNF +INGUKCUJCUCNUQCEJKGXGF +RPHSHDV\WR certainly not have a go at at the story of humanity’s NKMGVQUGVQTDTGCMKPVJG VJGmost No.1 songs on the attempt record ideas using unless you’re a trained need to explore the planet PGZVǡ[GCTU6JGYKPPGT 75*QV.CVKP5QPIUEJCTV: KRXVHKROGLWHPV̰DQG SHUIRUPHURUVWXQWPDQ DQGEH\RQGIURP(DUWK̵V YCU[GCTQNF4GDGEEC /QUVTGEGPVN[ū&WGNGGN deepest point to our nearest 6JQTPVQPCDQXGHTQO %QTC\ȕPŬCFWGVYKVJ9KUKP Solar System neighbours. 9KUEQPUKPHQTJGTTCRCDQWV 24+VQRRGFVJGEJCTVQP DGEQOKPIVJGyoungest ǡ/C[ Another new feature is person to visit Pluto Dateline, which runs along the foot of most pages. of the universe condensed This is effectively a history into just 200 records. It’s no easy task to sum up the Largest game of catch (baseball/softball) VWRU\RIWKHSDVWELOOLRQ /CLQT.GCIWG$CUGDCNN/.$CPFVJG%KPEKPPCVK4GFURNC[GFCICOGQHECVEJEQPUKUVKPIQHǡRCKTUCVVJG2)%KPEKPPCVK years in 200 entries, /.$ǡ7TDCP;QWVJ#ECFGO[KP%KPEKPPCVK1JKQQPǡ,WN/.$NGIGPF&CXG2CTMGTYJQEQWPVGFFQYPVJGCVVGORVTGEGKXGF so this is our review VJG)94EGTVKƒECVGKPEQPƒTOCVKQPQHVJGCEJKGXGOGPV6JGGXGPVRTGUGPVGFD[%JGXTQNGVYCURCTVQH/.$ŨU2NC[$CNNKPKVKCVKXG of history as seen VQǡGPICIG[QWPIRGQRNGYKVJDCUGDCNNCPFNCWPEJGFVJG#NN5VCTYGGM$QVJRTQHGUUKQPCNRNC[GTUCPFJWPFTGFUQH[QWPI through the lens of HCPUHTQOGKIJVVQ[GCTUQNFRCTVKEKRCVGF the superlative, from the ODUJHVWH[SORVLRQ ̰WKH%LJ%DQJ̰WR the aforementioned ̨UVWFRQ̨UPDWLRQRI JUDYLWDWLRQDOZDYHV LQ,̵PVXUH you might disagree with some choices, but we hope this feature will stimulate discussion and get you thinking about history. Gallery pages this year JLYHRXU3LFWXUH(GLWRUVWKH chance to showcase some of the best photography. We’ve got galleries covering topics from Videogames SS̰DQG'LVQH\ UHFRUGVSS̰WR &ORXGVSS̰DQG 'RPHVSS̰7KH book is peppered with awesome images from our roving photographers, who’ve toured the world to illustrate our remarkable record holders.DATELINE 13,000 MYA Oldest planet An extrasolar planet in the globular cluster M4 forms some 5,600 light years from Earth. It is more than twice as old as the Solar System, and its discovery will be announced in Jul 2003. 6 Editor’s Letter

FAST FACTS The USA is the third largest country by size (after Russia and Canada) and population (more than 323,000,000, behind China and India) • Alaska is the largest state, purchased from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 mGuinness World Records LIVE! The last new feature to Longest career as a sports mention is Factographics. broadcaster for a single team;QWECPDTGCMCTGEQTFQPVJGURQVCV)94.+8'БRGTOCPGPVN[ A spread at the start ofNQECVGFCVVJG)WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFUCVVTCEVKQPKP*QNN[YQQF each chapter explores one #UQHǡ5GR8KP5EWNN[75#JCFDGGPDTQCFECUVKPIHQT%CNKHQTPKC1Pǡ5GR-ƒTCPF;QUUK5COCPCDQVJ+54 aspect of record-breaking VJG.QU#PIGNGU&QFIGTUHQTǡ[GCTUǡFC[U*GDGICPJKUCDQXGNGHVFKFLWUVVJCVYKVJVJGfastest time to bounce a ping in more detail, using ECTGGTYKVJVJGVJGP$TQQMN[P&QFIGTUQPǡ#RTCPFOQXGFRQPIDCNNKPVQƒXGRKPVINCUUGUVGCOQHVYQǡUGE photography and graphics VQ.QU#PIGNGUYKVJVJGVGCOHQTVJGUGCUQP to tell the story behind the )94.+8'БGXGPVUCTGCNUQJGNFYQTNFYKFGGXGT[[GCT1Pǡ,WN records. Among the topics DUDE PERFECTCV/KPGEQPKPHTQPVQHCPKPVGTPCVKQPCNCWFKGPEGQHMinecraft covered are the MoonHCPU,CMG'FYCTFU7-CDQXGTKIJVKPDNWGDWKNVVJGmost SS̰0RXQW(YHUHVW On 30–31 Mar 2016, Dude Perfect had 10 basketball recordssandcastles in three minutes on Minecraft: Pocket Edition SS̰WKHFXUUHQW filmed for their YouTube channel, with GWR’s Michael WRSWDOOHVWEXLOGLQJV Empric adjudicating. These included the longest basketball Sports fans will notice features. If it’s classic SS̰DQGWKH shot blindfolded (71 ft; 21.64 m), by Cody Jones; farthesta new approach to the sporting superlatives ͤQDQFLDOVLGHRIWKHPRYLH basketball hook shot blindfolded (55 ft; 16.7 m), by GarrettͤQDOFKDSWHURIWKHERRN you’re after, just turn SS̰DQGVSRUWV Hilbert; longest trampoline basketball shot performingthis year. We’ve decided to to the back for Sports SS̰LQGXVWULHV a forward flip (72 ft; 21.9 m), by Tyler Toney; and farthestfocus exclusively on all the Reference, which lists basketball bounce shot (91 ft 2 in; 27.7 m), by Cory Cotton.PRVWUHFHQWDQGVLJQLͤFDQW absolute records across A big thank-you to allachievements from a range many different sports. our consultants who’veof events, presented as contributed to this year’sa series of single-page book, especially those PDNLQJWKHLU*:5GHEXW cruciverbalists Will Shortz and John Henderson, Shakespeare expert Stuart Hampton-Reeves, chess HQWKXVLDVW-DPHV3UDWWDQG cyberneticist Rohan Mehra. $QGͤQDOO\WKDQNVWRWKH thousands of claimants who applied this year. I hope you agree that it all makes for the most fascinating read… &UDLJ*OHQGD\ (GLWRULQ&KLHILongest career as a TV judge(court room)6JGTGCNKV[EQWTVUJQY,WFIG,WF[%$5RTGOKGTGFQPǡ5GRRTGUKFGFQXGTD[TGVKTGF/CPJCVVCPLWFIG,WF[5JGKPFNKP75#5KPEGVJGPū,WFIG,WF[ŬJCFCFLWFKECVGFUOCNNENCKOUFKURWVGUKPVJG68EQWTVTQQOHQTǡ[GCTUǡFC[UCUQHǡ#WI6JGVJUGCUQPQH,WFIG,WF[DGICPQPǡ5GR Greatest impact on Earth 4,500 MYA DATELINEA planet the size of Mars collides with the young Earth. Some of the debris from this cataclysm goes into orbit around Earth and collects together under its own gravity to form the Moon. guinnessworldrecords.com 7

GWR DAY You could say that every day is Guinness World Records Day, with records being attempted and achieved by someone, somewhere, at any moment. #PF[QWŨFDGTKIJV1WTFGFKECVGF)94&C[VJQWIJYCUƒTUVUVCIGFKPVQ mark our 50th anniversary and is an international celebration of records and TGEQTFDTGCMKPI6JGGXGPVJGNFKP0QXGODGTGCEJ[GCTVJTQYUCURQVNKIJVQPVJGVJQWUCPFUQHRGQRNGYJQEJQQUGVJKUFC[VQOCMGVJGKTCVVGORVUCPFVJGNCVGUV)94&C[UCYOQTGVJCPRCTVKEKRCPVUVCMGRCTVKPLWUVQPGTGEQTFCVVGORVCNQPGHQTVJGmost people sportstacking in multiple venues. Featured here are some of theQVJGTUWEEGUUHWNCVVGORVUOCFGVQOCTM)94&C[ŲMost pine boards Farthest basketballbroken in one minute hook shot blindfolded(female) In one of seven records broken by the Harlem GlobetrottersGWR Day in Australia was featured (USA) on GWR Day 2015 (see Ball Skills), “Big Easy” Loftonlive on the Today show, and Summerly PGVVGFCDCNNHTQOǡHVǡKPǡOCV6CNMKPI5VKEM4GUQTVDenny (AUS) rose to the occasion, #TGPCKP2JQGPKZ#TK\QPC6GCOOCVGū*COOGTŬ*CTTKUQPOCFGDTGCMKPIǡRKPGDQCTFUCVVJG1N[ORKE the longest underhand basketball shotǡHVǡKPǡO2CTMKP5[FPG[5WOOGTN[CVVGORVGFthe record in order to raise awareness Most people sport stacking from 31 countries – tookof cancer research; her father Glenn in multiple venues part in the record, which%QZQPŤYJQJCRRGPUVQJQNFVJGTGEQTF The 10th annual World challenges as many peoplefor the most pine boards broken in one Sport Stacking Association as possible to participateminute (male) – had recently undergone STACK UP! proved, once in sport stacking. Thistreatment for stage-four cancer. again, to be the most relatively new sport requires attended Guinness World people to stack and de- Records Day attempt. A stack specially designed total of 618,394 stackers plastic cups. Attendance – representing 2,691 numbers varied, from the schools and organizations USA’s 547,777 participants to the Philippines’ 35, but LONGEST HUMAN TUNNEL everyone was a winner! SKATEBOARDED BY A DOG Fastest 100 m running Otto the skateboarding dog has perfected the art of on all fours whizzing through an arch of human legs, tilting and GWR Day clearly motivated weaving to avoid mishaps. No surprise, then, that Kenichi Ito (JPN) to regain the English bulldog wowed fans in Lima, Peru, by a record that he had held skimming through a tunnel of 30 people for GWR until 2013. After studying Day. Otto’s proud owners, Luciana Viale and Robert the locomotion of patas Rickards, were inspired to choose a bulldog after monkeys, Ito worked out watching videos of former record star Tillman, another how best to run 100 m skateboarding bulldog. Otto is also a talented surfer. on all fours in the fastest possible way, clocking a new time of 15.71 sec in Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan. Fastest tennis ball caught Anthony Kelly (AUS) – a martial artist and Australia’s most decorated Guinness World Records title holder – demonstrated KLVOLJKWQLQJUHͥH[HVRQ the Today show for GWR Day. At the Olympic Park in Sydney, Anthony caught DWHQQLVEDOOͤUHGIURP a machine at a distance of 6 m (19 ft 8 in). It was travelling at a scorching 119.86 mph (192.9 km/h) – a painful but impressive feat that brought his record total to 41.8 GWR Day

FAST FACTS YouTube rap star Dan Bull wrote an inspirational GWR song to encourage everyone attempting records on the day • Sport stacking is the most popular GWR Day activity: to date, more than 3.7 million people have taken partMASS PARTICIPATIONGWR Day is the day to gather friends, family, colleaguesor classmates to try for a listing in our book. Here aresome of the group effort records that were set forGWR Day in the past (some have since been broken):PEOPLE RECORD COUNTRY/YEAR Most people sport stacking – USA, 2015 OWNVKǡXGPWG Largest line dance – multi venue China, 2014 Most children reading with an adult UAE, 2008 Largest computer class – India, 2006 multi venue1,554 Largest wheelbarrow race #WUVTCNKC Largest game of leapfrog 0GY<GCNCPF882 Largest sports lesson 0+TGNCPF7- Largest gathering of people dressed as penguins Largest gathering of people 0+TGNCPF7- 5OCUJKPIVJGKTRTGXKQWUTGEQTFQH4KEJCTF*QWUG%JKNFTGPŨU*QURKEG7-ICVJGTGF wearing bobble hats RCTVKEKRCPVUHQTVJGKT2GPIWKP9CFFNGGXGPV6JG[UGEWTGFVJGVKVNGKPCUWPMGP CORJKVJGCVTGŤVJG5EQQRCV/QTG.QPFQPCTVUXGPWGQP.QPFQPŨU5QWVJ$CPM5VCHH Most people flapping USA, 2012 HTQOVJGJQURKEGKPKVKCVGFVJGGXGPVVQRWDNKEK\GCPFTCKUGHWPFUHQTVJGKTEJCTKV[YJKEJ simultaneously RTQXKFGUENKPKECNCPFTGUKFGPVKCNECTGHQT[QWPIRCVKGPVUCPFUWRRQTVHQTVJGKTHCOKNKGU  Largest gathering of ABBA Australia, 2011DCPFU impersonatorsFastest time to type a text Largest lipstick sculpture their shopping mall, and simultaneously (49), honour of both Guinnessmessage (SMS) on a mobile On 10 Nov 2015, Agnè she spent two months the most matchsticks World Records Day andphone while performing Kišonaitè (LTU) revealed her developing the 3.03-m-tall extinguished with the Veterans Day (11 Nov).head spins glamorous Lipstick Tower, (9-ft 11-in) tower. tongue in one minute 7KHͤWQHVVHQWKXVLDVWHe may have several built from 18,399 lipsticks. (30), and the most grapes surpassed the previousbreakdance records to Agnè was sponsored by Most lit candles stuffed in the mouth (88). record of 5,801 pull-ups withhis name, but it was by wtc more (HKG) to make held in the mouth a nail-biting 12 min to go.WH[WLQJWKDW%HQHGLNW a Christmas sculpture for In honour of GWR Day 2015, Most pull-ups in 24 hoursMordstein (DEU) secured Dinesh Shivnath Upadhyaya Marine Corps veteran Guy Most hula-hoops spunhis latest world record. (IND) beat his own personal Valentino (USA) completed %UHH.LUN%XUQQDQG$86While maintaining a head EHVWE\VWXͦQJEXUQLQJ 5,862 pull-ups in New York, whirled into the recordspin, Mordstein typed out candles into his mouth. USA, live on television in books by keeping 181 hula-DVHYHQZRUGWH[W̰WKH He continued the “mouth” hoops spinning in Perth,German proverb “Ein theme with the most Australia. She held theEOLQGHV+XKQͤQGHWDXFK record for 10 days before itein Korn” (“Even a blind hen toothpicks was reclaimed by previousVRPHWLPHVͤQGVWKHFRUQ̹ rotated in holder Marawa Ibrahim– doing so in just 56.65 sec the mouth (AUS), with 200 hoops!in Freising, Germany.DID YOU KNOW?(t2Aais.aghb9lpaths5iassot tcisthleFnaheuesi)ioatttrAwehwtp(uoaw5riadinitt0ngoroew 08arhsrBcla pltdJtil)saiorhenarmnralaetlt pnso2mciIonao0ntaergrhh1trkpdhe5eoe.ar.alfcHndr7omak.sare5ri,tt tnsciiUhhotlgmiseKende,alfl Tightest parallel park in reverse $TKVKUJUVWPVFTKXGTCPFOWNVKRNGTGEQTFJQNFGT#NCUVCKT/QHHCVV YCUQPRGCMHQTOCV$TQQMNCPFUKP9G[DTKFIG5WTTG[7-YJGP JGCVVGORVGFCRCTCNNGNRCTMŲKPTGXGTUG&TKXKPICENCUUKE/KPK JGCEEGNGTCVGFDCEMYCTFUVQǡORJǡMOJVJGPRWNNGFQHH CJCPFDTCMGVWTPURKPPKPICHWNN° and, in one seamless OCPQGWXTGUNKFKPIDGVYGGPVYQRCTMGF/KPKU6JGURCEGJG UNQVVGFǡKPVQYCUCOGTGǡHVǡKPǡEONQPIGTVJCPVJGECT JGǡYCUFTKXKPIDTGCMKPIVJGGZKUVKPIYQTNFTGEQTF $TQQMNCPFUVJGDKTVJRNCEGQH$TKVKUJOQVQTURQTVQRGPGF KPǡCPFYCUVJGƒTUVRWTRQUGDWKNVOQVQTTCEKPIEKTEWKV. guinnessworldrecords.com 9

FOREWORD: DR BUZZ ALDRIN “DR RENDEZVOUS” The children born between the years 2000 and 2010 will be the ones making the first Colonel Buzz Aldrin – born landings on Mars. And it’s those kids that Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr – was we would like to ensure are enthusiastic known to his NASA colleagues as about the future… Dr Buzz Aldrin, “Dr Rendezvous”. He was the first lunar explorer and space pioneer of the NASA astronauts to have a doctorate – in Buzz’s case, in orbital This edition of Guinness dynamics – and his pioneering World Records takes as research and techniques on docking its inspiration two major spacecraft in orbit are still employed themes of record-breaking: today. A keen scuba diver, he also the conquest of space and championed underwater training pioneering adventures. And techniques to simulate the zero- there is no one alive on gravity environment encountered (DUWKWRGD\PRUHTXDOLͤHG during spacewalks. to introduce these concepts than Dr Buzz Aldrin. A Upon his return from the Moon, space scientist, astronaut Buzz was awarded the Presidential and educator, Buzz Medal of Freedom and, in 2011, occupies the space where the Congressional Gold Medal. He these two worlds collide. continues to advocate space travel, +HLVWKHYHU\GHͤQLWLRQRI and inspires a new generation of a space pioneer, holding astronauts with his best-selling records for, among other books and his commitment things, taking the ƒTUV to education. UGNƒGKPQRGPURCEG and, of course, for his central role10 Foreword in the ƒTUVOCPPGFNCPFKPI QPǡVJGǡ/QQP. During a trip to London to launch his book – Welcome to Mars: Making a Home on the Red Planet (2015) – Dr Aldrin met with GWR to receive his world record FHUWLͤFDWHV,QDQH[FOXVLYH interview with Editor-in- Chief Craig Glenday, Buzz talked about his superlative achievements and his determination for humanity to reach our planetary neighbour. (KTUVOCPPGFNWPCTNCPFKPI Apollo 11 saw Buzz (Lunar Module Pilot) and Neil Armstrong %QOOCPFGTOCMGVJGƒTUVJWOCPNCPFKPIQPVJGUWTHCEGQH the Moon – in the Eagle – at 20:18 UTC on 20 Jul 1969. While /KEJCGN%QNNKPUQTDKVGFKPVJG%QOOCPF/QFWNG0GKNCPF$W\\ DGECOGVJGƒTUVJWOCPUVQUGVHQQVQPVJG/QQPŨUUWTHCEGŤ 0GKNǡCV76%QP,WNHQNNQYGFD[$W\\CV

FAST FACTS Buzz got his name from his sister, who mis-pronounced “brother” as “buzzer” • He changed his name legally to Buzz in 1988 • His mother’s maiden name was Marion Moon • MTV named their Video Music Award statue “Buzzy” after him(KTUVUGNƒGKPQRGPURCEG and computers. You need for people to be out of their And when you’re out there the arts involved, so a element and to land [on the on the surface and look up,1P0QXFWTKPIVJG)GOKPKOKUUKQP$W\\UVCTVGF number of us are calling Moon]. But looking around, you say, “Oh yeah! That’sVJGUGEQPFQHJKUVJTGGURCEGYCNMU&WTKPIVJGJTOKP [for] “S.T.E.A.M.” education: nothing could have been the Earth up there!”VGVJGTGFYCNMKPQRGPURCEGJGVQQMRJQVQUQHVJGXKUKDNGUVCT Science, Technology, more desolate than whatƒGNFUDWVCNUQVWTPGFVJGECOGTCQPJKOUGNHVQVCMGVJGƒTUV Engineering, Arts, we saw: the black sky, the %TCKI9JCVYCUKVNKMGUGNHRQTVTCKVKPQRGPURCEG Mathematics. We want to sunlit terrain. Very clear. UGGKPI'CTVJHTQOVJGǡ/QQP! keep up with things, just like No atmosphere. No life. $W\\,QWHOOHFWXDOO\UHDOL]LQJ ū+LWUVQRGPGFVJGJCVEJCPFNQQMGFCTQWPFŬUCKF$W\\ Guinness World Records And up here, what we were that everyone else – living,ūLWUVǡNKMGCUKIJVUGGKPIVQWTKUVYQWNF+UCYVJGECOGTCCPF wants to keep up with the looking at hadn’t changed or dead – is on the EarthVJQWIJVŧ+YQPFGTYJCVYQWNFJCRRGPKH+VQQMCRKEVWTGQHOGŨ latest records that are in thousands of years. H[FHSWWKHWKUHHSHRSOHXSnot knowing whether it would turn out at all! The lighting was being set. there at the Moon... that’sPQVVQQYGNNUGNGEVGFDWV[QWEQWNFVGNNYJQKVYCUŬ There isn’t any place like a contrast. That’s a record! %TCKI6CNMKPIQHTGEQTFU that on the Earth. So, it is VGNNWUCDQWV[QWT a desolate place we were For more on the Moon GZRGTKGPEGQPVJG/QQP YLVLWLQJEXWDPDJQLͤFHQW landings, see pp.16–17. 9JCVIQGUVJTQWIJ[QWT achievement [to reach it]. JGCFYJGP[QWƒTUVUVGR QHHǡVJCVNCFFGT! $W\\One step at a time! And go down backwards, so that you can watch as you go down and not miss a step!%TCKI9J[FKF[QWEJQQUG %TCKI*QYNQPIYQWNF %TCKI;QWFGUETKDGFKV %[ENKPIVQ/CTUVQYTKVGCDQQMCDQWV/CTU! VJGǡLQWTPG[VQ/CTUDG! KP[QWTCWVQDKQITCRJ[CU$W\\,ZURWHLWEHFDXVH $W\\ ,ZDVUHDGLQJWKH ūOCIPKƒEGPVFGUQNCVKQPŬŲ $W\\KURCUUKQPCVGCDQWVVJGRNCPGV/CTUCPFJCUFGXQVGF,WKLQNWKHLGHDRID other day that people $W\\That was an overall OWEJQHJKUVKOGUKPEGJKUJKUVQTKE/QQPNCPFKPIVT[KPIVQtransportation system think we could get there impression of the entire GPEQWTCIGJWOCPKV[VQUGVVJGKTUKIJVUQPQWT5QNCT5[UVGObetween the Earth and in 30 days, maybe even progression of information, PGKIJDQWTCUJWOCPKV[ŨUPGZVHTQPVKGTWKH0RRQWKDW,KDG TXLFNHUEXW,WKLQNWKDW̵V RIGLVFRYHU\RIH[SORUDWLRQ̿been working on was quite a bit in the future. Compared to the history ū+HYGVQQMCNNVJGYCUVGFGHHQTVVJCVTGUWNVUKPVJGFKUEQTFLQWHUHVWLQJIRUH[SORUHUV of humans, it was a QPǡVJG'CTVJCPFRWVKVKPVQUQOGVJKPIRQUKVKXGKVYQWNFDGOr for adventure-travel %TCKI;QWŨTGRCUUKQPCVG PDJQLͤFHQWDFKLHYHPHQW CǡIQQFVWTPCTQWPFQHGHHQTVŬ$W\\VQNF)94ū6JGJKUVQTKECNtourism. But NASA wasn’t CDQWVEQOOWPKECVKPI UKIPKƒECPEGQHRGQRNGHTQOVJG'CTVJDGIKPPKPIVQRQRWNCVGLQWHUHVWHGLQWKDW6R, UEKGPEGCPFCUVTQPQO[ CPQVJGTRNCPGVŲ+FQPŨVVJKPMRGQRNGJCXGCP[KFGCQHJQYshifted my attention to VQǡMKFU*QYKORQTVCPV KORQTVCPVVJCVEQWNFDGŬa unique transportation KUǡVJCVVQ[QW!system between Earth $W\\The children born +PJKUNCVGUVDQQMWelcome to Mars$W\\GZRNQTGUVJGand Mars. Mars is our between the years 2000 XCTKQWUQRVKQPUYGJCXGHQTŤVQSWQVGVJGUWDVKVNGŤūOCMKPIIXWXUH̰DOWKRXJK,ZRQ̵W and 2010 will be the ones CǡJQOGQPVJG4GF2NCPGVŬū/[YC[VQIGVHTQO'CTVJVQ/CTUbe around long enough PDNLQJWKHͤUVWODQGLQJV KPXQNXGUŧE[ENKPIŨ+VYCUFKUEQXGTGFKPCPFKUUVKNNVJGDGUVto see it all happening! on Mars. And it’s those kids YC[QHIGVVKPIHTQO'CTVJVQ/CTUŬ$[ūE[ENKPIŬ$W\\OGCPU that we would like to ensure GORNQ[KPICHNGGVQHURCEGETCHVūE[ENGTUŬCTVKUVŨUKORTGUUKQP%TCKI9JGPYKNNYGDGCDNG are enthusiastic about the CDQXGVJCVYQWNFWUGVJGITCXKV[QH/CTUCPF'CTVJVQNQQRVQNCPFǡCJWOCPQP/CTU! future. DGVYGGPVJGVYQRNCPGVUYKVJXKTVWCNN[PQHWGNEQPUWORVKQPŤ$W\\ ,WKLQNDWDURXQG CPFRQVGPVKCNN[EQPVKPWGVQFQUQKPFGƒPKVGN[/WEJQHJKUVKOG2040. This is two decades You don’t want an KUPQYFGXQVGFVQUGEWTKPIVJGUWRRQTVCPFHWPFUPGGFGFHQTfrom the celebratory date of education programme VJKUCODKVKQWU/CTVKCPFTGCO20 Jul 2019 – 50 years from just for “geeks” – youreaching the Moon. know, people who $W\\EQPVKPWGUū'ORKTGUTKUGCPFGORKTGUHCNN$WV+YQWNF only know math PQVNKMGVQDGTGOGODGTGFCUDGKPICNKXGCVCVKOGYJGPYG YGTGQPVJGYC[FQYP9GEGTVCKPN[PGGFVJGRWDNKEDGJKPFWUŬ You are the future. You are going to achieve super things that are out of this world and that no one else has done before, and go to places that no one has ever gone. Earth isn’t the only world for us any more. guinnessworldrecords.com 11

INTERVIEW: CHRIS HADFIELD If you get into Guinness World Records, it means that you’ve done something that’s right on the edge of the human experience. Something that has pushed back the level of what we’ve achieved in the past. As an astronaut, I’ve been lucky enough to do several things that fit into that category… CDR Chris Hadfield LCoiibfhfnfoeorrmosiohspfiknuiw,asrsEAScsaiiaottneclhbrnma(Atusghhnesusmi,dtesshrfriohfGSecoanopWmtrvawaairucRldaikhetge’csTesShoeioeGrtnrffis)etu.sCichlIfiiimoandoicsrnneeahdl.stodtie:oesvde If we earthlings had 6KRUWO\EHIRUHZHZHQW to identify a planetary WRSUHVV*:5(GLWRULQ ambassador – a truly &KLHI&UDLJ*OHQGD\VSRNH H[FHSWLRQDOͤJXUHWR with Chris about the need to represent our race – then set goals and aim to be the we would do well to choose record-breaking best in the the Canadian astronaut ZRUOGQRPDWWHUZKDWWKH &KULV+DGͤHOG$QHQJLQHHU DFWLYLW\RUVXEMHFWPDWWHU WHVWSLORW6SDFH6KXWWOH FUHZPHPEHUFRPPDQGHU Craig: How important is of the International Space VJGǡPGGFVQKFGPVKH[CPF Station and record-breaking DTGCMYQTNFTGEQTFU! PXVLFLDQ&KULVHPERGLHV Chris:,WKLQNWKURXJK the very best of what it KXPDQQDWXUHZHUHVSRQG PHDQVWREHKXPDQ+LV ZHOOWRDFKDOOHQJH,I incredible resumé has given VRPHRQHVD\VWR\RX him a unique perspective ̸,FDQMXPSRYHUWKDWWKLQJ RQOLIHDQGZKHQLWFDPH ,FRXOGOLIWWKDWURFN,I\RX WRͤQGLQJLQVSLUDWLRQDO and I ran from here to that ͤJXUHVWRLQWURGXFHWKLV WUHH,̵GEHDW\RX̹LWUDLVHV year’s edition of Guinness World Records&KULVZDV DQREYLRXVFKRLFH COMMANDER .CTIGUVURCEGUVCVKQP CHRIS AUSTIN HADFIELD The International Space Station, which Chris commanded FWTKPI'ZRGFKVKQPKPKUǡOǡHVNQPI Chris Hadfield was first CPFǡOǡHVYKFG9KVJCXQNWOGQHǡO3 inspired to become an ǡEWǡHVCPFYGKIJKPIǡMIǡNDŤ astronaut as a nine-year- CDQWVǡVJGUK\GQHCǡ$QGKPIŤKVŨUVJGDKIIGUVJCDKVCDNG old child after watching CTVKƒEKCNUCVGNNKVG+VǡQTDKVUEǡMOǡOKCDQXG'CTVJ the Moon landings on TV. With the Moon as his goal, he embarked on learning to fly – first gliders, then fighter jets – and later earned a degree in engineering and a masters in aviation systems. In 1992, he joined the Canadian Space Agency’s astronaut programme, and finally became the first Canadian to walk in space. He also learned Russian, reckoning that being able to speak the language of a superpower able to send humans into space would serve him well, which it did when he visited the Mir space station and flew on Space Shuttle and Soyuz missions. In Mar 2013, he took command of the International Space Station (ISS). Since returning to Earth, Chris has written three books: An Astronaut’s Guide to Life on Earth (2013), You Are Here: Around the World in 92 Minutes (2015), and the children’s book The Darkest Dark (2016).12 Interview

FAST FACTS Chris Hadfield’s YouTube video of “Space Oddity” had amassed nearly 31.7 million views as of 4 May 2016 • Chris is afraid of heights! • During his first spacewalk, Chris was temporarily blinded by contamination in his spacesuit a goal in life that is right RQWKHHGJHRILPSRVVLEOH Because even though you might not climb all those SHDNVRULQYHQWWKDWWKLQJ.CTIGUVTQDQVKECTOKPURCEG the choices you’re going (KTUVOWUKEXKFGQƒNOGFKPURCEG to make in pursuit of that%JTKUYCURCTVQHVJGVGCOVJCVKPUVCNNGF%CPCFCTOŤ goal will actually change 1P/C[%JTKURQUVGFCXKFGQVQ;QW6WDGQHJKOVJGOHVTQDQVKECTOVJCVYCUCVVCEJGFVQVJG ZKR\RXDUH$QG\RXZLOO UKPIKPICOQFKƒGFXGTUKQPQH&CXKF$QYKGŨUū5RCEG1FFKV[ŬInternational Space StationQPǡ#RT6JGCTOYCU be pursuing something TGEQTFGFFWTKPIJKUNCUVOKUUKQPQPDQCTFVJGInternationalƒVVGFǡFWTKPICJTURCEGYCNMD[%JTKUCPF75CUVTQPCWV WKDWLVLQ\RXUKHDUW Space StationISS6JGOWUKEXKFGQŤVJGƒTUVƒNOGFGPVKTGN[5EQVVǡ2CTC\[PUMK2KEVWTGFCDQXGKU%JTKUŨISS ETGY KPURCEGŤUJQYU%JTKUHNQCVKPICTQWPFKPUKFGVJGISS with ,QP\FDVH,VDLG̸,ZDQW JKUǡIWKVCTYKVJ'CTVJXKUKDNGVJTQWIJVJGUVCVKQPŨUEWRQNC &WTKPIVJGOKUUKQP%JTKUDGECOGVJGƒTUV%CPCFKCPVQ to be an astronaut who YKPFQY6JGXQECNUCPFIWKVCTYGTGTGEQTFGFQPVJGISS,YCNMǡKPURCEGū&QKPIURCEGYCNMUKUGZVTGOGN[FCPIGTQWUŬ ZDONVRQWKH0RRQ̹<HW, YJKNGRKCPQCPFQVJGTOWUKECNCEEQORCPKOGPVYGTGCFFGFJGǡUC[Uū#PFKVŨUGZVTGOGN[JCTF9GRTGRCTGHQT=KV?GZVGPUKXGN[ QHYHUKDYH%XWLWDOORZHG D[ǡRGTHQTOGTUQP'CTVJ6JGXKFGQYCUOKZGFYKVJVJGJGNR#PFNKMGCP[VJKPIVJCV[QWŨXGRTGRCTGFHQTHQT[GCTUCPF[GCTU me to choose the things QHǡVJG%CPCFKCP5RCEG#IGPE[VJCVCNUQJCUCPGNGOGPVQHFCPIGTVQKVYJGPVJGOQOGPV I was going to do that ledEQOGUKVŨU[QWTYJQNGHQEWUŲ+VŨUMKPFQH[QWTYJQNGNKHGKP me through a life that has %JTKUCOCUUGFUQOGHQNNQYGTUQP6YKVVGTFWTKPICǡOQOGPV#PFǡKVFQGUPŨVFKUCRRQKPVБŬ absolutely fascinated me JKUǡVKOGQPVJGISSHQTJKUXKFGQUCPFRJQVQUQH'CTVJHTQO and brought things out of URCEGDGEQOKPICEGNGDTKV[KPVJGRTQEGUU me that I never would have RWKHUZLVHEHHQDEOHWRGR *GKPVTQFWEGFVJGUQPIYKVJVJGRQUVū9KVJFGHGTGPEGVQ It allowed me to see and VJGǡIGPKWUQH&CXKF$QYKGJGTGŨU5RCEG1FFKV[TGEQTFGFQP understand things that 5VCVKQP#NCUVINKORUGQHVJG9QTNFŬ+P,CPJGCFFGF ūǡOKNNKQPJKVUБ+COUQFGNKIJVGFYKVJVJGYQTNFYKFGTGCEVKQP would have been denied VQUEKGPEGCTVVQIGVJGTŬa fundamental response \RXUVHOIWKDWJRDO̰PD\EH PHRWKHUZLVH $QYKGVYGGVGFū*CNNQ5RCEGDQ[ŬVJGVKVNGQHJKUJKVwithin each of us that is “I want to climb Mount That’s the real core of UKPINGKPTGURQPUGVQ%JTKUŨUXKFGQMXVWEDVLFKXPDQQDWXUH (YHUHVW̹RU̸,ZDQWWRFOLPE LWWRFKDOOHQJH\RXUVHOI<RXPLJKWUXQIDVWHULQ the highest six peaks in 1RWGHͤQH\RXUVHOIE\WKDWyour life than you ever had WKHZRUOG̹RU̸,ZDQWWR ͤQDOVXFFHVVEXWXVHLWfor no greater purpose invent a valve that will as the long-term lure thatthan the competition; it’s allow someone who has allows you to pursue – andjust primordial to who we DKHDUWDWWDFNWRVXUYLYH̹ succeed at – things on aDUH%\KDYLQJDERRNOLNH or “I want to be able to do GDLO\EDVLVGuinness World RecordsLW surgery on an eyeball sohelps measure the best of WKDWDEOLQGSHUVRQFDQVHH̹ For more on spacewalks,XV$QGLI\RX̵UHD\RXQJ ̰ZKDWHYHU*LYH\RXUVHOI HNQCVǡQXGTVQRRŤSHUVRQLWFDQFKDOOHQJHyou to do something thatotherwise you never would That’s the real core of it: tohave attempted – a self- challenge yourself. Not definebetterment that you mightQHYHUKDYHWULHG&KDOOHQJH yourself by that final success,is a wonderful thing to haveLQOLIH$QGOLNHHYHU\RQH but use it as the long-term lureHOVHRQWKHSODQHW,KDYHread through Guinness that allows you to pursue –World Records and have and succeed at – thingsbeen amazed by some ofthe things people have on a daily basis.DFFRPSOLVKHG%TCKI9JCVFQGUKVVCMGVQǡDG%JTKU*CFƒGNF!Chris: I think the mostimportant thing is to giveyourself a long-term goalthat you think is probablyLPSRVVLEOH%XWJLYH guinnessworldrecords.com 13

SPACE DID YOU KNOW?TBahPatnuhnleure1dnnt1loeawi-b’yymsa(reU(sdaeaUriSarPsKit-Abachlo)ulo)n.elea,dtvHanoadtesoetnifrwcsreeOpohcawrguaxoo,srsnfvoCmassoeclnlurgoryoedgdyinddnrgfUe.wltahe,hTtnVaseshotrsieeveamniderfdetrbwebetsaaiyriaauttsygohDATELINE 3,825 MYA Oldest volcanic rocks on Earth A lava flow on the surface of the still-cooling Earth solidifies into a slab of igneous rock. Its age will be confirmed in 2002 by researchers in Quebec, Canada. 14 Space

CONTENTS 16 18SPACE FACTOGRAPHIC 20EXTRASOLAR PLANETS 22PLUTO 24SPACEWALKS 26VOYAGERBLACK HOLESSmallest planet?Discovered in 1930, Pluto was known for generations as the SolarSystem’s smallest planet. This all changed in 2006, when theInternational Astronomical Union (IAU) revoked its planet status,changing it from the ninth planet – and the last entry in numerousclassroom rhymes and mnemonics – to trans-Neptunian object“134340 Pluto”. Recently, however, the campaign to return Pluto’splanet status has been gaining ground, boosted by pictures suchas this composite showing the relative scale of Pluto (right) andKVUǡOQQP%JCTQPVCMGPD[0#5#ŨUNew Horizons spacecraft in&Tǡ#NCP5VGTPŤ2TKPEKRCN+PXGUVKICVQTQPVJGNew Horizonsmission – gives his thoughts on the debate on p.21. First photosynthesis 3,700 MYA DATELINETiny, single-celled organisms – distant ancestors of present-day cyanobacteria – develop the ability to process nutrients using the light of the Sun as an energy source. guinnessworldrecords.com 15

FACTOGRAPHICTHE MOONGWR presents a whistle-stop tour of our nearest DID YOU KNOW?EQUOKEǡPGKIJDQWTŤCPFVJGVGEJPQNQI[VJCVGPCDNGFJWOCPKV[VQǡTGCEJKV The maximum distance between Earth andThe Moon is slightly more than a quarter the size of Earth in terms of diameter, the Moon is around 406,700 km (252,711 mi).and its elemental composition is very similar to that of our own planet. In fact, To understand the vast distance, consider this:YGŨTGENQUGN[TGNCVGFCEEQTFKPIVQVJGIKCPVKORCEVJ[RQVJGUKUCTQWPFǡDKNNKQP the combined diameter of Mercury, Venus,years ago a Mars-sized planet called Theia crashed into Earth, violently ejecting Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus andlarge amounts of debris into space. During the next million years or so, those rocky Pluto is 387,941 km (241,055 mi). This meansbits and pieces eventually coalesced to form the Moon. The Moon was thought you could fit all eight of our Solar SystemVQǡDGǡWPKSWGWPVKNǡYJGP+VCNKCP neighbours between Earth and the Moon!astronomer Galileo GalileiKFGPVKƒGFOQQPU Crust 6JGƒTUVOGPQPVJG/QQPYGTGECTTKGF SATURN V (USA)CTQWPFǡ,WRKVGT On average, the Moon’s crust KPVQURCEGQPCǡ5CVWTP8TQEMGVUVKNNVJG • Length: 110.6 m is 34–43 km (21–27 mi) thick, NCTIGUVTQEMGVlaunched to date. On the (363 ft) Mantle although it is as thin as 1 km launchpad, fully loaded with propellant • About 18 m (60 ft) Between the Moon’s crust and (0.6 mi) in certain impact – crucial to escape the pull of Earth’s taller than the inner core is a rigid zone known basins, and as thick as 60 km gravity – the rocket weighed some Statue of Liberty as the lithosphere, or upper (37 mi) in the highlands on ǡVQPPGU75VQPU*GTGǡKU and some 15 times mantle. It is approximately the far side. The surface of VJGǡ5CVWTP8UJQYPVQUECNGYKVJVYQ heavier than a blue 620 km (385 mi) deep. the Moon is called its regolith, other record-worthy spacecraft. whale. Active from and there are two main types: 1967 to 1973. the bright ancient highlands,Partial melt Fluid outer core dominated by breccia, formed VOSTOK 1 (USSR, SPACE SHUTTLE (USA)Separating the mantle from Thought to be composed mainly by asteroids and meteorites now Russia) • Length: 56 m (184 ft)the innermost core is a partly of liquid iron. The outer core has a pulverising and melting the • Length: 30.8 m • The first reusable spacecraftmolten layer of rocks and radius of around 330 km (205 mi). surface, and the darker maria (101 ft) made its maiden flight on 12 Aprmetals with a radius of roughly (seas) that formed as basaltic • Carried Yuri 1981, weighing 2,000 tonnes480 km (300 mi). ODYD̨RRGHGWKHORZODQGV Gagarin (USSR) on (2,204 US tons) at launch. Fuel the first manned alone was around 25 times spaceflight on heavier than the shuttle itself. 12 Apr 1961.Solid inner coreThe heart of the Moon consistsof a hard core with a radius of240 km (150 mi), containing ahigh density of iron. It representsabout 20% of the Moon; the coresof other planets in the SolarSystem can account for up to50% of their size. The footprints left by the Apollo astronauts are all still there. There is no lunar atmosphere, which means that there is no wind or YGCVJGTVQǡGTQFGVJGO

The Apollo Guidance = #PCXGTCIG75$OGOQT[UVKEMKUOQTG %QORWVGT#)% powerful than the computers that were circuitry was even used to put a man on the Moon. OQTGǡDCUKEVJCPVJG start/stop/defrost 6JGOCUUQHVJG'CTVJZ24ǡMI electronics used in QTZ25 NDKUUQOGǡVKOGU modern toasters, having greater than that of the Moon LWUVǡ-$QHOGOQT[ ǡZ22MIQTZND and operating at ǡ/*\ #VCRRTQZKOCVGN[MO ǡOKVJGFKCOGVGTQHVJGA single Google search for /QQPKUCTQWPFMOǡOKū#RQNNQOKUUKQPŬWUGUCU smaller than the distancemuch computing power as between Australia’s westVJGǡGPVKTG#RQNNQǡǡOKUUKQP CPFǡGCUVEQCUV DID YOU KNOW?rwcpliaosahenukuroTtydlectdhh,io1tdnnaeei6soap’gf AttJtnpahuewgpmai-aleone rst1tilnet9llctlanoitiha6emftwe1s9esle1iyp rbi–r.noetaySflhdnssaaoaetugumartf.rfinnohrTainrcdilenheishayepectnusdeoMsdptcias–shgoootytoennou.odtnelooddtso DID YOU KNOW?tahssaftionrxroohttnnTEihhemaMehaereu-ereaeiostrtvsisooshxcyunnhw.tu rsiThiEgmfopshaauhoaacbirfelcspetderethmprhgsbosru–reeenooaiawgmxatvtnrsibheimea.stlreeyvaetaMihtnotitoteanydolntjooyutonhnmtep The Moon is 4 moving away from Earth at a rate of 3 4 cm (1.5 in) per year. This is roughly the length 2 \RXUͤQJHUQDLOVZLOO grow in the same amount of time. 1 ǡEO

EXTRASOLAR PLANETS Largest on 20 Feb 2013. Kepler-37b Youngest extrasolar planet Most planets orbiting extrasolar is only about 1,200 mi Infrared observations of another star planet (1,930 km) across, smaller the young star CoKu Tau 4 than the planet Mercury. by NASA’s Spitzer Space *&ǡCTVKUVŨUKORTGUUKQPCDQXGKUCUVCTVJCVKU Discovered in 2005, planet Telescope reveal a gap in XGT[UKOKNCTVQQWT5WPCPFCDQWVNKIJV[GCTUCYC[ *&ǡDJCUDGGP The smallest extrasolar the circumstellar disc of $CUGFQPQDUGTXCVKQPUOCFGCV.C5KNNC1DUGTXCVQT[ GUVKOCVGFVQDGǡOK planet directly imaged by dust and gas that is likely KPǡ%JKNGD[/KMMQ6WQOK7-KVJCUCVǡNGCUVUGXGP ǡMOKPFKCOGVGT telescope is the gas giant to be a newly formed planet. RNCPGVUCPFRQUUKDN[CUOCP[CUPKPG +VǡJCUCOCUUCRRTQZKOCVGN[ 51 Eridani b. It is about the The star, along with its VKOGUVJCVQH,WRKVGTCPF same diameter as Jupiter possible planet, is located 5GXGPRNCPGVUCTGCNUQMPQYPVQQTDKV-+% KVUUK\GOCMGUKVXGT[ENQUG (86,880 mi; 139,820 km) around 420 light years from CFYCTHUVCTCDQWVNKIJV[GCTUCYC[ VQVJGDQWPFCT[DGVYGGP but twice its mass. It orbits Earth in the constellation IKCPVRNCPGVUCPFDTQYP the star 51 Eridani in the Taurus, and is no more than the Sun. The gas giant, TRIVIA FYCTHUVCTU+PHCEVKVOC[ constellation Eridanus and 1 million years old. estimated to be 1.6 times VWTPQWVPQVVQDGCRNCPGV ZDVWKHͤUVWGLVFRYHU\RQ the mass of Jupiter, If we awarded a record CVCNN+VQTDKVUVJGUVCT 13 Aug 2015, by the Gemini Nearest extrasolar planet orbits the star Epsilon for pinkest planet, it *&ǡCMC-4/WUECG Planet Imager at Stanford On 7 Aug 2000, a team led Eridani. The exoplanet would surely go to the KPVJGEQPUVGNNCVKQP/WUEC University, USA, which began by Dr William Cochran of lies some 478 million km newly formed GJ 504b CRRTQZKOCVGN[ǡNKIJV searching for extrasolar the University of Texas (297 million mi) from its in the constellation of [GCTUCYC[6JGUVCTKVUGNH planets in Nov 2014. McDonald Observatory central star, which is about Virgo, which glows a KUǡEOKNNKQP[GCTUQNF (both USA) revealed the same distance as our evidence of a new world Sun to the Asteroid Belt. magenta or cherry red Smallest extrasolar planet “in our own backyard”, (artist’s impression Kepler-37b orbits the star just 10.45 light years from below). Kepler-37 at around 210 light years from Earth in the constellation Lyra. Its discovery by NASA’s Kepler spacecraft was made publicDID YOU KNOW?hwBoaEhLfvtxbGoieoctu u-orah3tarrtt9iibsohSvst0ois auitlaLlnisarnbiebtotra .osctcfTptuaorkcmhlotknhyaezeoocniselsnwseluenpyaaetrohlb-opfOrefiaeocladGdfcreurteebaLetih,sEenni1lstn-lsi0thi2k.beks0eyeaetee0altmEliayhr5ear,a-vtrssoteshd, MOST DISTANT EXTRASOLAR PLANET Near the centre of the Milky Way, at a distance of 21,500 ± 3,300 light years away from Earth, the planet OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb orbits a red dwarf star. The low energy of its star, coupled with the size of its orbit (corresponding to between that of Mars and Jupiter around the Sun), means that the planet’s surface temperature is just -220°C (-364°F). This makes OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb the coldest extrasolar planet. The OGLE part of its name derives from the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. This uses ground-based telescopes to scan the central Milky Way for signs of a “microlensing event”. In this phenomenon, light coming from a distant star is seen to dip if another star and its planet crosses in front of it. This is owing to the gravity of the nearer star and its planet.DATELINE 3,600 MYA Oldest mountain range The Barberton Greenstone Belt (also known as the Makhonjwa Mountains) begins to form in present-day South Africa. It is here, in 1875, that the first gold in the country will be discovered. 18 Space

FAST FACTS As of Feb 2016, there have been 2,085 confirmed discoveries of extrasolar planets • According to the National Academy of Sciences, there could be as many as 11 billion habitable, Earth-like planets in the Milky Way alone First map of an extrasolar planet +P0#5#ŨUSpitzer Space TelescopeQDUGTXGFVJGUVCT *&ǡCPFKVURNCPGV *&ǡDHQTǡJT6JG QDUGTXCVKQPUYGTGEQPXGTVGF KPVQCVGORGTCVWTGOCRYKVJ CǡTCPIGQHŤ°%Ť °(6JGOCRRKEVWTGF JGTGUJQYUCYCTOURQVQP VJGǡRNCPGVŨUUWPNKVUKFGClosest extrasolar planet to be subject to winds of up of Earth and orbits its DID YOU KNOW?beDc1cra4onaAmn sues–ttewgteacrrIsLrohnn,tisnP,caa2aaohorom0nnpalmat1dcedeen5tins r3cef,d.go1atrtSehio lsletokieUsfxtslPrhottIpnoSnrrealimaeRatonpse.n ndBuorfenl1a(bPtaI2naslAhri5ttcaoUpi7a,rob+ls)teaneyo1rntnaa2goelnoirtwvsaeto its parent star to 9,000 mph (14,500 km/h). Sun-like star in about 290 days. The luminosity&KUEQXGTGFD[0#5#ŨUKeplerURCEGETCHVKP-GRNGTD 'CTVJNKMGGZVTCUQNCTRNCPGV of this star and Kepler-22b’sQTDKVUKVUJQUVUVCT-GRNGTCVCFKUVCPEGQHǡCUVTQPQOKECN More than 2,000 extrasolar orbital distance suggestWPKVUCDQWVǡMOǡOK.QECVGFENKIJV planets in 1,300-plus that it may occupy its[GCTUCYC[KPVJGEQPUVGNNCVKQP%[IPWU-GRNGTDQTDKVUKVU systems have been spotted star’s habitable zone. If theUVCTKPLWUVJTCPFJCUCPGUVKOCVGFUWTHCEGVGORGTCVWTG to date. Of these, Kepler-22b planet has an Earth-likeQHCTQWPF°%°(OCMKPIKVVJGhottest extrasolar LVWKHͤUVWSRWHQWLDOO\(DUWK greenhouse effect, itsplanet+VOC[DGVJGTQEM[EQTGTGOCKPUQHCICUIKCPV like example. Found in 2011, surface temperature could it is about 2.4 times the size be about 22°C (72°F).FIRST…Planet hunter space mission (KTUVEQPƒTOGFFKUEQXGT[The Convection Rotation of an extrasolar planetCPFǡ2NCPGVCT[6TCPUKVU(COROT ) spacecraft was +PCUVTQPQOGTUCPPQWPEGFVJGRTGUGPEGQHVYQlaunched on 27 Dec 2006 RNCPGVUQTDKVKPICRWNUCTPCOGF254$CDQXGinto a polar orbit 827 km ǡNKIJV[GCTUHTQO'CTVJ#RWNUCTKUCTCRKFN[URKPPKPI(513 mi) above Earth. It PGWVTQPUVCTŤVJGEQNNCRUGFEQTGQHCPGZRNQFGFIKCPVZDVWKHͤUVWFUDIWGHVLJQHG UVCTŤCPFGOKVUKPVGPUGTCFKCVKQP254$ŨUVSHFLͤFDOO\WRͤQGSODQHWV RNCPGVUYGTGFGUKIPCVGFūUWRGT'CTVJUŬŤOQTGaround other stars and OCUUKXGVJCP'CTVJDWVOWEJNGUUOCUUKXGoperated until Nov 2012, VJCPQWTICUIKCPVUŤUQVJKUCNUQOCTMGFwhen it suffered an VJGƒTUVUWRGT'CTVJGZVTCUQNCTRNCPGVirreparable computer failure. discovered254$DC VJKTFRNCPGVNCVGTEQPƒTOGFKPExtrasolar planet CPFPQYPCOGF&TCWITdiscovered orbiting KUVJGlightest extrasolarCǡOCKPUGSWGPEGUVCT planet+VUOCUUKUCDQWVAstronomers from the ǡVKOGUVJCVQH'CTVJUniversity of Geneva (CHE)announced the discovery of51 Pegasi b on 6 Oct 1995.It orbits 51 Pegasi, a G5Vmain-sequence star – onethat is in the process offusing hydrogen into heliumat its core, like our Sun. The title of windiestextrasolar planet also goesto 51 Pegasi b, along withthe gas giants HD 179949 band HD 209458 b, whichorbit other stars. All appear Oldest oil 3,200 MYA DATELINE The remnants of dead organisms lying on the seabed begin millions of years of transformation, crushed by the intense pressure from sediment deposits to form oil. guinnessworldrecords.com 19

PLUTO Shortest time from the Most Plutonian geology discovery of a planet to its distant The New Horizons̨\E\UHYHDOHGVWXQQLQJVXUIDFH exploration by spacecraft human details that helped scientists better understand the Pluto was discovered remains composition of the planet by US astronomer Clyde Tombaugh on 18 Feb 1930. #TQWPFǡIǡQ\QH Rock core It took just over 85 years – the cremated remains A core of dense rock 31,193 days, to be precise QH%N[FG6QODCWIJ accounts for an – for it to be explored by ŤCTGDGKPI estimated 70% of spacecraft (see below). ECTTKGFQPDQCTFVJGNew Pluto’s diameter HorizonsURCEGETCHVKPC Planet with the most ECPKUVGTCDQXGCVVCEJGF Nitrogen ice surface Mantle of water ice chaotically rotating moons VQVJGETCHVŨUWRRGTFGEM An estimated 98% of the A sub-surface ocean 3OXWRKDVͤYHNQRZQPRRQV 1PGQHJKUƒPCNYKUJGU surface is nitrogen ice, of water ice that Charon was discovered YCUHQTJKUCUJGUVQDG with traces of methane could be 100–180 km by American astronomer UGPVKPVQURCEG and carbon monoxide (62–112 mi) thick James Christy at the US Naval Observatory in Pluto’s largest moon around a common centre Pluto at a glance Atmospheric pressure Flagstaff, Arizona. Its is Charon, with a mean of gravity between them. at the surface            2C discovery was announced diameter of 1,212 km New Horizons came within Discovery               Density          ǡIEO3 on 7 Jul 1978. Nix and Hydra (753 mi) – more than half 28,800 km (17,895 mi) of Mass          Z22ǡMI Surface gravity       ǡOU2 were discovered in 2005, Pluto’s diameter. Pluto is Charon on 14 Jul 2015. Volume        ZMO3 Axial tilt               o and two others in 2011 and around eight times more Equatorial radius     ǡMO 2012, provisionally named massive than Charon; the The longest canyon on Number of moons            5 TGVTQITCFGTQVCVKQP S/2011 P 1 and S/2012 P 1. two bodies orbit each other Charon, as imaged by New Temperature     VQo% Horizons, stretches at least These last four are chaotically rotating moons. This means they tumble instead of rotating neatly along one axis. Saturn’s moon Hyperion is the only other known chaotically rotating moon in the Solar System. NEW HORIZONS 1,600 km (990 mi) across the surface of the moon On 14 Jul 2015, the New Horizons spacecraft made the first flyby of Pluto. and may extend farther, It launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida, USA, in Jan 2006, and, because to its dark side. of its mass of less than 0.5 tonnes (0.55 US tons), achieved the fastest Earth departure speed for a planetary mission: 58,338 km/h (36,250 mph). New Tallest mountain on Pluto Horizons passed the orbit of the Moon in just 9 hr and reached Neptune’s In 2015, a 5.25-km-tall (3.2-mi) mountain orbit in 8.6 years. It made observations of Jupiter during its was discovered by the flyby in Feb 2007. The craft’s suite of seven instruments New Horizons team. includes the Venetia Burney Student It was named Matthew Dust Counter, built by students Alexander Henson, after at the University of Colorado. WKHͤUVW$IULFDQ$PHULFDQ It is the first mission to the outer Arctic explorer. Solar System led by a scientist rather than a NASA centre, and is now en route to the Kuiper Belt Object (KBO) 2014 MU69 – an icy, rocky object – which it will encounter on 1 Jan 2019. DID YOU KNOW?ofbKvtmoeahiBtlfaoPifiOaleoatfleluvur2itsdes-thr0adboate1Steihi4asorSysate loaoMapatlnblinraNaUcodtrSrefu6tryPrwS9teoosly,gufttHmshaeitttoolohmeemtnr,emhei.wzooveKSo.soifcuflntllioiuicsaerpr’ytnembeiflvotbriyiealnoslBbatitdoieylsoilnetn,sDATELINE 2,400 MYA Longest ice age The most severe ice age begins, and will last around 70 million years. During this period, the entire Earth will be covered in ice, possibly to a depth of 1 km (0.6 mi). 20 Space

FAST FACTS Pluto is 4.8 billion km (3 billion mi) from Earth • A major feature is a vast, roughly heart-shaped area dubbed the Tombaugh Regio • Pluto has a nitrogen atmosphere with layers of constant haze hovering above its surfaceLargest cryovolcano direction of Pluto. Part of TRIVIAon Pluto by diameter WKLVVLJQDOZDVUHͥHFWHG from Pluto and detected by On 4 Jul 2015, the#ET[QXQNECPQQTKEGXQNECPQGTWRVUNKSWKFUCPFXCRQWT the REX radar experiment New Horizons team6YQǡIGQNQIKECNHGCVWTGUTGUGODNKPIET[QXQNECPQGUJCXGDGGP on board the spacecraft. lost contact with theHQWPFUQWVJQH2NWVQŨUKE[5RWVPKM2NCPWO4GUWNVUUQHCT The technique, known spacecraft – it hadUJQY2KEECTF/QPUDGNQYVQDGCTQWPFǡMOǡOK as bistatic radar, can switched to the backupYKFGCPF9TKIJV/QPUCDQXGǡMOǡǡOKYKFG+H reveal surface properties computer because ofVJGUGCTGET[QXQNECPQGUVJGKTGTWRVKXGOCVGTKCNYQWNF of planetary bodies. a problem. The teamRTQDCDN[DGYCVGTKEGCOOQPKCPKVTQIGPCPFQTOGVJCPG During this successful had to work round the experiment, New Horizons clock to restore main was 33 astronomical units computer function in from Earth, or 33 times the time for the 14 Jul flyby. distance of Earth to the Sun. Coldest glaciers in the Solar System %NQUGWRUQHVJGXCUVKE[ RNCKPMPQYPCU5RWVPKM 2NCPWOKP2NWVQŨUūJGCTVŬ UJQYHNWXKCNHGCVWTGU TGOKPKUEGPVQHINCEKGTUQP 'CTVJ6JGUWTHCEGJGTGKU VJQWIJVVQDGEQORQUGF OQUVN[QHPKVTQIGPKEGYKVJ VGORGTCVWTGUCUNQYCU ǡMGNXKPº%º(Largest crater on Pluto and the lack of impact Most distant bistatic Dr Alan SternSputnik Planum, mostly craters indicates its surface radar experimentin Pluto’s northern is less than 10 million years Just after New Horizons’ The Principal Investigator on NASA’s New Horizons mission tohemisphere, measures old. Sputnik Planum is now closest approach to Pluto, Pluto and the Kuiper Belt, Dr Alan Stern (fourth from right) sharesaround 1,050 x 800 km believed to occupy a giant a radar signal from NASA’s his thoughts on Pluto’s changing status as a planetary body.(650 x 495 mi). It is the site DQFLHQWLPSDFWEDVLQͤOOHG Deep Space Network onof active nitrogen glaciation, with volatile ices. Earth was sent in the ū6KOGUEJCPIG$CEMKPCEQPXGPVKQPQHCUVTQPQOGTU FGENCTGF2NWVQPQNQPIGTCRNCPGVDWVRNCPGVCT[UEKGPVKUVULargest “classical” PGXGTXQVGFVQCITGG0QYHQNNQYKPIVJGGZRNQTCVKQPQH2NWVQcrater on Pluto D[0#5#ŨUNew HorizonsKPVJGRGPFWNWOUQHRNCPGVCT[ GZRGTVUCPFNC[QRKPKQPCTGUYKPIKPIUVTQPIN[VJGQVJGTYC[6JGMOYKFGOKKORCEVDCUKP8GPGVKC$WTPG[KUCǡūENCUUKECNŬETCVGTQPGVJCVJCUPQVDGGPTGUWTHCEGFYKVJKEG ū6JGCTIWOGPVUCICKPUV2NWVQYGTGVJCVKVYCUVQQUOCNN6JKUKOCIGUJQYUVJGETCVGTGFKPVGTKQTQH8GPGVKC$WTPG[ QPVQQQFFCPQTDKVCPFQPGQHVQQOCP[HQTUEJQQNMKFUVQYJQUGQWVGTTKOHQTOUVJGNKPGQHJKNNUXKUKDNGCVVJGDQVVQO TGOGODGTVJGKTPCOGU$WVCHVGTVJGCFXCPEGUCPFUEKGPVKƒE RTQITGUUQHVJGNCUVFGECFGHTQOVGNGUEQRKEUVWFKGUVQVJGHN[D[ QH2NWVQYGUGGPGYFCVCQXGTVWTPKPIVJQUGQNFKFGCU ū5KPEGVJGP2NWVQJCUDGGPUJQYPVQDGVJGNCTIGUVMPQYP DQF[KPVJGFGGRQWVGT5QNCT5[UVGODG[QPF0GRVWPG#PF VJQWUCPFUQHRNCPGVUJCXGDGGPFKUEQXGTGFQTDKVKPIQVJGT UVCTUOCP[KPQTDKVUNKMG2NWVQŨU6JGUGHCEVUCNQPIYKVJVJG FK\\[KPIN[EQORNGZUWTHCEGVJCV2NWVQUJQYGFNew Horizons CPFFKUEQXGTKGUVJCV2NWVQJCUƒXGOQQPUOQTGVJCP'CTVJ /CTU8GPWUCPF/GTEWT[EQODKPGFŤCUYGNNCUDNWGUMKGU OQWPVCKPUINCEKGTUCTQEM[KPVGTKQTCPFFWPGUŤJCXGVKRRGF VJGUECNGUDCEMVQRNCPGVJQQF ū9GMPQYVJCV2NWVQKUPQVCEQOGVCHGYMKNQOGVTGUCETQUU GKVJGT+VŨUJWIGYKVJCEKTEWOHGTGPEGQHCNOQUVǡMO ǡOKťCUHCTCUHTQO/CPJCVVCPYGUVCETQUU0QTVJ #OGTKECCPFVJG2CEKƒEVQ/CWK=KP*CYCKK?+P2NWVQKUPŨV UGGPLWUVCUCRNCPGVDWVVJGNCTIGUVQHOCP[UOCNNRNCPGVUVJCV KPJCDKVQWTFGGRQWVGT5QNCT5[UVGOCPFRTQDCDN[CTGEQOOQP VQQVJGTUVCTU[UVGOUCUYGNNŬ Oldest macroscopic organism 2,100 MYA DATELINEGrypania cf. spiralis, an ancestor of algae, is present in Michigan, USA. Meanwhile, other organisms, later called the “Gabonionta” or “Francevillian biota”, are flourishing in Gabon, Africa. Both are visible to the naked eye. guinnessworldrecords.com 21

SPACEWALKS (KTUVURCEGYCNM Longest total time (KTUV YCNMKPIǡKPURCEGD[ URCEGYCNM .KGWVGPCPV%QNQPGN#NGZGK.GQPQX7554RGTHQTOGFVJGƒTUV CǡHGOCNGCUVTQPCWV HGOCNG '8#QP/CTURGPFKPIOKPUGEQWVUKFGVJG Sunita Williams (USA) 8QUMJQFǡURCEGETCHV6JGURCEGYCNMYCUCVTKWORJDWV has spent 50 hr 40 min on 1Pǡ,WN5QXKGV .GQPQXJCFRTQDNGOU4GVWTPKPIVQVJGCKTNQEMJGHQWPFVJCV seven separate spacewalks EQUOQPCWV5XGVNCPC JKUURCEGUWKVJCFDCNNQQPGF*GEQWNFPŨVDGPFJKUCTOUQTNGIU from the International 5CXKVUMC[CRGTHQTOGFC RTQRGTN[CPFJCFVQTGNGCUGCNKVVNGQZ[IGPYJKNGKPURCEGVQ 5RCEGǡ5VCVKQP (ISS). URCEGYCNMŤOQTGHQTOCNN[ TGGPVGTVJGETCHV MPQYPCUCPGZVTCXGJKEWNCT 1NFGUVRGTUQPVQRGTHQTO CEVKXKV['8#ŤQWVUKFG CǡURCEGYCNM the 5CN[WVǡURCEGUVCVKQP On 19 Apr 2013, Russia’s CURCTVQHVJG5Q[W\ǡ6 Pavel Vinogradov (b. 31 Aug OKUUKQP5CXKVUMC[CCPF 1953) performed a 8NCFKOKT&\JCPKDGMQXURGPV spacewalk from the ISS ǡJTǡOKPQWVUKFG5CN[WVǡ, aged 59 years 231 days. ECTT[KPIQWVOCKPVGPCPEG TGRCKTUKPENWFKPIVJGƒTUV FIRST… YGNFKPIKPQRGPURCEG 5RCEGYCNMDGVYGGP IPVGTPCNURCEGYCNM URCEGETCHV On 22 Aug 1997, Russia’s On 20 Jul 1966, Michael Anatoly Solovyev and Collins (USA) spacewalked Pavel Vinogradov carried from )GOKPKǡ to the out a spacewalk inside unmanned GATV-8 booster the depressurized Spektr with a tether and Hand-Held module of the Mir space Maneuvering Unit. The craft station, whose hull had been were 3 m (9 ft 10 in) apart. breached after striking an unmanned Progress supply The day before, Collins vehicle. Their spacewalk, to ͥLSSHGKLVFDPHUD inspect and initiate repairs, around to take the ̨UVW lasted 3 hr 16 min. VHǪHLQVSDFH in (KTUVURCEGYCNMKPFGGRURCEG the )GOKPKǡ capsule. The same urge #N9QTFGP75#YCU%QOOCPF/QFWNG2KNQVQP#RQNNQǡ YJKEJTGVWTPGFVQ'CTVJQPǡ#WI'PTQWVGJQOGCPF gripped astronaut UVKNNPGCTN[ǡMOǡOKHTQO'CTVJJGRGTHQTOGF Buzz Aldrin (USA) VJGƒTUVURCEGYCNMVJCVYCUPQVKP.QY'CTVJ1TDKVVQTGVTKGXG during the Gemini 12 ƒNOECUUGVVGUHTQOECOGTCUQPVJGURCEGETCHV*KU'8#QP mission, which ǡ#WINCUVGFHQTǡOKPKPCNN9QTFGPKURKEVWTGFCDQXG took place later that TGEGKXKPIJKU)94EGTVKƒECVGKP(GD year. On 13 Nov, he paused during a 2-hr spacewalk to take thęUVWVHǪHLQ RSHQVSDFH. CHRIS HADFIELD, SPACEWALKER Canada’s Chris Hadfield is the man who charmed the world with his memorable take on David Bowie’s “Space Oddity”, filmed during his last mission on the ISS and immortalized as the first music video filmed in space. But GWR caught up with him in Nov 2015 to find out about another record-breaking feat. During a 7-hr spacewalk on 22 Apr 2001, Chris and Scott Parazynski (USA) attached Canadarm2 (the longest robotic arm in space) to the ISS. It was his first spacewalk, and it got off to a bad start: his visor’s chemical anti-fogging solution got in his eyes, causing him to lose his vision, first in one eye, then the other. “And then I was blind, in my spacesuit, outside on a spacewalk!” Years of extensive preparation helped him to keep a calm head, even when he was hanging on to the ISS for dear life. “OK, I can’t see,” he told himself. “But I can still feel. I can hear. I can talk. I can breathe. How am I going to solve this problem?” Luckily, his tears welled up and helped to dilute the contaminant within half an hour.DATELINE 2,000 MYA Largest impact crater on Earth An asteroid or comet collides with Earth, creating a depression with an estimated diameter of 300 km (186 mi). Now known as the Vredefort crater, it is located near present-day Johannesburg in South Africa. 22 Space

FAST FACTS To date, more than 200 astronauts have performed a spacewalk • Spacesuits are white to reflect the heat of direct sunlight in space, which may exceed 275°F (135°C) • It takes about 45 min to don a spacesuit DID YOU KNOW?raesmsctOlrpagoootranapvhdSnrcseagiepeaeeiebrpnauwntdwruechit.taieonsbieFrnslwubd booke“ttlirgabrehnt(e–leeshstkeganhen,aestjweoledyhoftcnrshbihefiamno”eoitnrp.mcthluissouhgltegaw–rhtfchstheeta)aatewtowdknsuhixkaeraphecyvssbaogetlbouoaouleeodnsnrl8ipiiesng ,teh,ttgeslro.se,t(KTUVWPVGVJGTGFURCEGYCNM .CTIGUVPGWVTCNDWQ[CPE[RQQN0#5#CUVTQPCWV%CRVCKP$TWEG/E%CPFNGUU++75# 0#5#ŨU0GWVTCN$WQ[CPE[.CDQTCVQT[KUUKVWCVGFCVVJGYCUǡVJGƒTUVRGTUQPVQRGTHQTOCPWPVGVJGTGF 5QPP[%CTVGT6TCKPKPI(CEKNKV[PGCTVJG,QJPUQP5RCEGURCEGYCNMHTQOVJG5RCEG5JWVVNGChallenger, on %GPVGTKP*QWUVQP6GZCU75#6JGHCEKNKV[JCUCXQNWOGQHǡ(GDǡ6JGYCNMYCUUEJGFWNGFKPQTFGTVQVGUV ǡEWǡHVǡO3ŤPGCTN[VKOGUVJCVQHCPVJGǡ/CPPGF/CPGWXGTKPI7PKVCǡDCEMRCEMVJCVEQUV 1N[ORKEUYKOOKPIRQQN6JGPGWVTCNDWQ[CPE[RTQXKFGFD[ǡOcOVQFGXGNQR VJGYCVGTUKOWNCVGUVJGGHHGEVUQHOKETQITCXKV[QPCP'8#MOST… 5RCEGYCNMUFWTKPI /QUVRGQRNGQPCURCEGYCNM Cǡ5RCEGǡ5JWVVNGOKUUKQn5RCEGYCNMU Robert Curbeam (USA) 6JG5RCEG5JWVVNGEndeavourNCWPEJGFKP/C[OKUUKQP'XULQJͤYHVSDFHͥLJKWV performed four spacewalks 5656JGRTKOCT[CKOQHVJGGZGTEKUGYCUVQTGRCKTVJGbetween 1988 and 1998, during the STS-116 mission Intelsat VIUCVGNNKVGYJKEJJCFRCTVKCNN[HCKNGF4GVTKGXKPIVJGAnatoly Solovyev (RUS) by the Space Shuttle UCVGNNKVGRTQXGFRTQDNGOCVKEWPVKN2KGTTG6JWQV4KEJCTF*KGDCPFmade 16 spacewalks. Discovery on 9–22 Dec 2006. 6JQOCU#MGTUCNN75#RGTHQTOGFCURCEGYCNMVQIGVJGTCPFYGTG CDNGVQECRVWTGIntelsat VID[JCPFYJKNGOKUUKQPEQOOCPFGT 5RCEGYCNMUHTQO &CPKGN$TCPFGPUVGKPFGNKECVGN[RQUKVKQPGFEndeavourVQYKVJKPC QPGǡURCEGETCHV HGYHGGVQHVJGUVTKEMGPUCVGNNKVG6JKUOCTMUVJGQPN[QEECUKQPVQ FCVGVJCVVJTGGRGQRNGJCXGYCNMGFKPURCEGCVVJGUCOGVKOG As of 3 Feb 2016, a total of 193 spacewalks had been staged outside the ISS. They were undertaken by 121 different astronauts and cosmonauts and lasted for 1,192 hr overall..QPIGUVURCEGYCNM#OGTKECPCUVTQPCWVU,KO8QUUCPF5WUCP*GNOUURGPVǡJTǡOKPKPURCEGQP/CT6JGKTLQDYCUVQOCMGTQQOon the ISS HQTVJG+VCNKCPECTIQOQFWNGLeonardo6JGOQFWNGYJKEJECTTKGFUWRRNKGUCPFGSWKROGPVHQTVJGUVCVKQPYCUVTCPURQTVGFD[VJG5RCEG5JWVVNGDiscovery Largest marine animal structure 600 MYA DATELINEDead and living stony corals begin to coalesce into what will become the Great Barrier Reef. Located off the coast of present-day Queensland in Australia, it will eventually measure 80,000 sq mi (207,200 km2). guinnessworldrecords.com 23

VOYAGER First and farthest VOYAGER MISSIONS Launched in 1977, 8Q[CIGTǡ and8Q[CIGTǡ were sent to -XSLWHU study the giant outer planets 8/CT Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and 8,WN Neptune. En route to Jupiter, 8Q[CIGTǡ captured the ̨UVW 6DWXUQ LPDJHRI(DUWKDQGWKH 80QX 0RRQLQDVLQJOHIUDPHIURP 8#WI VSDFH. It has now travelled into interstellar space, 8UDQXV making it the ̨UVWSUREHWR 8,CP OHDYHRXU6RODU6\VWHP, on around 25 Aug 2012. As 8Q[CIGT (launched 5 Sep 1977) 1HSWXQH of 24 Mar 2016, 8Q[CIGTǡ 8Q[CIGT (launched 20 Aug 1977) 8#WI was 20,078,268,831 km (12,476,057,841 mi) away Not to scale from Earth and still sending data to Mission Control in the USA – the ORQJHVW FRPPXQLFDWLRQVGLVWDQFH. With their radioisotope thermoelectric generators, the probes are the PRVW GXUDEOHQXFOHDUSRZHUHG LQWHUSODQHWDU\VSDFHFUDIW. Jupiter: 8Q[CIGTǡ performed Io: On 8Q[CIGT’s OKUUKQP 'WTQRC,WRKVGTŨUNCTIG 5CVWTP6JGUVTWEVWTGQH5CVWTPŨUTKPIUŤVJGNCTIGUVTKPIU[UVGO KVUHN[D[QH,WRKVGTQPǡ/CT PCXKICVKQPGPIKPGGT.KPFC KE[OQQP'WTQRCJCUVJG QHCP[RNCPGV– TGUWNVUHTQOVJGITCXKVCVKQPCNKPHNWGPEGQHKVU 1979. After its closest /QTCDKVQ75#PQVKEGFC UOQQVJGUVUWTHCEGKPVJG OCP[OQQPU6JGUGEQWPVNGUURCTVKENGUQHKEGCPFFWUVJCXG CRRTQCEJVJGRTQDGVWTPGF ETGUEGPVRTQVTWFKPIǡHTQO 5QNCT5[UVGO. Its only COCUUQHǡZǡ19ǡMIǡZǡ19ǡNDGSWKXCNGPVVQCDQWVǡOKNNKQP VQHCEGVJGRNCPGVKPVJG ,WRKVGTŨUOQQP+Q6JKU RTQOKPGPVTGNKGHCTGTKFIGU /QWPV'XGTGUVU5CVWTPCNUQJCUVJGNCTIGUVJGZCIQPKPVJG5QNCT 5WPŨUFKTGEVKQP+PVJGƒTUV OCTMGFVJGƒTUVFKUEQXGT[ CHGYJWPFTGFOGVTGUJKIJ 5[UVGO– CENQWFHQTOCVKQPYKVJMONQPIOKUKFGU QDUGTXCVKQPUǡQH,WRKVGTŨUTKPI QHGZVTCVGTTGUVTKCN CUFKUEQXGTGFD[8Q[CIGTǡ CVKVUPQTVJRQNGƒTUVFKUEQXGTGFD[VJGVYQVoyager probes. U[UVGOKVUKIJVGFCHCKPVTKPI XQNECPKUO+QKUVJGOQUV FWTKPIKVUHN[D[KP,WNǡ ŤVJGOCKPEQORQPGPVKPǡVJG XQNECPKECNN[CEVKXGDQF[ +OCIGUQHYJCVNQQMUNKMG DID YOU KNOW?cSbTtoaehhntieSneuisnyoggtramnraasona’rnlserovteoriwssrntticoaihnloei,yieegndtstnrehsipoorst1eaeffoai0 rsrridpme0tmtiepssn kimdeapgcmea,nrsrpiproaelemtleamndniidoriyantetcn.,ylmttboyeyhtruoobehbataroyaviiartntettsrbehse.sye. RNCPGVŨUTKPIU[UVGO6JKUǡCNUQ KPVJG5QNCT5[UVGO. Its DTQMGPUGCKEGTGHTQ\GP JCUCPKPPGTVQTWUEKTENGǡQH XQNECPKERNWOGUECPTGCEJ UWIIGUVVJCVCUWDUWTHCEG ICUCPFVYQHCKPVQWVGTTKPIU JWPFTGFUQHMKNQOGVTGUJKIJ QEGCPOC[GZKUVQP'WTQRCPlanetary bodies not to scaleDATELINE 565 MYA Oldest animal trails Marine creatures, possibly resembling sea anemones, leave tracks on rocks in the Ediacaran Period. These are later found off Newfoundland, Canada. 24 Space

High-gain antenna: FAST FACTS For transmitting science and Voyager 1 and 2 carry a “Golden Record” – a phonograph of sounds and images engineering data to Earth via two channels. from Earth to tell aliens who and where we are • Both Voyagers are poweredVOYAGER 2 by long-lasting plutonium batteries, which should operate until the 2020s Magnetometer boom: Takes Imagingdirect measurements of magnetic cameras: Voyager 2 has fields in space. Voyager 2 is narrow-angle equipped with two low-field and and wide-angle two high-field magnetometers. cameras. Radioisotope thermoelectric generator: The central power source for the mission module – there are three in all. Low-energy charged- particle detector: For sensing the speed and number of particles in the solar wind and at the outer planets. Optical calibration target: Infra-red spectrometer: Flat, fixed rectangle against A multi-function device that acts as a thermometer, a detector of elements which instruments (such and compounds, and a radiometer for as cameras) on the movable measuring the amount of sunlight scan platform can calibrate. reflected by a body.'PEGNCFWU+Pǡ0#5#ŨU 7TCPWU1Pǡ,CP /KTCPFC7TCPWUŨUUOCNN 0GRVWPG1Pǡ#WI 6TKVQP 8Q[CIGTǡFKUEQXGTGF%CUUKPKOKUUKQPQDUGTXGF 8Q[CIGTOCFGVJG OQQP/KTCPFCKUQPN[ 8Q[CIGTǡOCFGVJGƒTUV CEVKXGET[QXQNECPKUOQPVJGNCTIGUVGTWRVKXGKEG ƒTUVHN[D[QH7TCPWU ǡMOǡOKKPFKCOGVGT HN[D[QH0GRVWPGCHVGTC 0GRVWPGŨUNCTIGUVOQQPRNWOGUCDQXGVJGUQWVJRQNG EQOKPIYKVJKPǡMO $WVKVUIGQNQIKECNN[DK\CTTG VJTGGCPFCJCNH[GCTETWKUG KPVJGHQTOQHIG[UGTUQHQH5CVWTPŨUOQQP'PEGNCFWU ǡOKQHVJGENQWF UWTHCEGRJQVQITCRJGFD[ HTQO7TCPWU+VECOGYKVJKP PKVTQIGPICUCPFUPQY7R6JKUEQPƒTOGFYJCVVJG VQRUQHVJGRNCPGV+V 8Q[CIGTǡHGCVWTGUVJG ǡMOǡOKQHVJG VQǡMOǡOKJKIJVJG[CTGVoyager probes JCFKPFKECVGF FKUEQXGTGFTKPIUCTQWPF JKIJGUVENKHHKPVJG5QNCT ENQWFVQRUQHVJGRNCPGVŨU VJGVCNNGUVPKVTQIGPIG[UGTUVJGTGKUET[QXQNECPKUO 7TCPWUCEQORNGZ 5[UVGOCDQWVǡMOǡǡOK PQTVJRQNG8Q[CIGTǡ RTQDCDN[ECWUGFD[YGCMCEVKXKV[HTQOCPKEGXQNECPQ OCIPGVKEƒGNFCPFPGY VCNN0COGFVerona RupesKV HQWPFVJCV0GRVWPGJCUVJG UWPNKIJVJGCVKPIPKVTQIGPKEGQP'PEGNCFWU+VKUCNUQVJG UOCNNOQQPU8Q[CIGTǡ is KUOQTGVJCPǡVKOGUVCNNGT HCUVGUVYKPFUKPVJG5QNCT DGNQY6TKVQPŨUUWTHCEG6JGUOCNNGUVIGQNQIKECNN[CEVKXG UQHCTVJGQPN[OCPOCFG VJCPVJGYCNNUQHVJG)TCPF 5[UVGODNQYKPICVCTQWPF DNCEMUVTGCMUKPVJKUKOCIGDQF[KPVJG5QNCT5[UVGO. QDLGEVVQTGCEJ7TCPWU %CP[QPKP#TK\QPC75# ǡMOJǡORJ CTGHCNNQWVHTQOVJGIG[UGTU Oldest vertebrate 530 MYA DATELINE The prehistoric jawless fish Haikouichthys swims in Earth’s Early Cambrian oceans. This makes the 2.5-cm (1-in) sea creatures our oldest ancestors. guinnessworldrecords.com 25

BLACK HOLES DID YOU KNOW?itisnhncetitThehcwhneoetaetleDh“oismfibaeouolccprpahrcarpcliaorelogkllnleseyyietuhndre.ialooadAeitcnnllf,rceilftttsyudehieipsnrcminotsaituiscIc,tucnit”egwtcult.yhsiehhrIcu,rtoeieasmrcffdntrnhaetoocdchlaeurltaefetonwhfrlredieaegcisdnhtsgt here. What is a black hole? Black holes are the remnants of stars that ended their lives as supernovae. They are characterized by a region of space in which gravity is so strong that not even light can escape. Pictured right is a ground-breaking rendering of a black hole, painstakingly created by the makers of the movie Interstellar (USA, 2014) in collaboration with the US theoretical physicist Kip Thorne. Densest objects Heaviest First MOST SCIENTIFICALLY ACCURATE KPǡVJGǡWPKXGTUG black hole “rogue” black BLACK HOLE IN A MOVIE A “stellar” black hole (i.e., In 2009, hole discovered a black hole created from astronomers using Markarian 177 is Gargantua (above) is the fictional black hole in the the gravitational collapse NASA’s Swift gamma- a dwarf galaxy some movie Interstellar (released 5 Nov 2014). It was rendered of a massive star) can be ray space telescope 90 million light years away. using code called Double Negative Gravitational around 20 times the mass measured the mass of the Studies using Hawaii’s Keck Renderer (DNGR), which was developed by visual of our Sun. At its centre supermassive black hole Observatory in Jun 2013 effects company Double Negative in collaboration is the “singularity”, where at the centre of the quasar strongly suggest that the with renowned physicist Kip Thorne (USA, below). the mass of the dead star S5 0014+81. (Quasars are bright object SDSS1133, from which the black hole star-like “extra-galactic” associated with the galaxy, It works by solving equations for bundles of light originated is compressed objects that are the most is a supermassive black propagating around the curved space-time of a spinning to a single point of zero luminous objects in the hole that has been ejected black hole. The result is an accurate reproduction of the VL]HDQGLQͤQLWHGHQVLW\ universe.) The result – from the galaxy’s centre. gravitational lensing effects It is this singularity that around 40 billion solar an observer would see if they generates the powerful masses – means that were there. While the initial JUDYLWDWLRQDOͤHOGRIDEODFN this black hole is some black hole they produced hole. Many thousands of 10,000 times larger than was more realistic, director them are thought to exist in the supermassive black Christopher Nolan requested our galaxy alone. Scientists hole at the heart of our a few changes to make it believe that supermassive Milky Way galaxy. more comprehensible to black holes reside in the movie audiences – a decision centres of most, if not all, that Thorne agreed with. galaxies and weigh more than a million Suns. Closest black hole to Earth Shortest distance between Farthest object ever visible two black holes to the naked eye A0620-00 is a binary system containing a low-mass star and a stellar black hole. The In Mar 2009, a team of Gamma-ray bursts are the system is located approximately 3,000 light years away from Earth, in the constellation astronomers reported birth cries of black holes, Monoceros. The black hole in this star system has a mass at least 3.2 times that of the Sun that the quasar SDSS created as supermassive CPFEQWNFDGCUOWEJCUǡVKOGUJGCXKGT1PEGGXGT[JTKVKUQTDKVGFD[Cū-V[RGŬUVCT J153636.22+044127.0 stars exhaust their fuel and ŤQPGVJCVKPUVGNNCTVGTOUJCUCTGNCVKXGN[EQQNVGORGTCVWTG6JGCTVKUVŨUKORTGUUKQPCDQXG appears to contain a binary collapse to a singularity. On UJQYUVJGEQORCPKQPUVCTECWIJVKPVJGDNCEMJQNGŨUITCXKVCVKQPCNRWNN black hole at its centre. 19 Mar 2008, NASA’s Swift Revealed by spectral satellite detected a gamma- analysis of their light, the ray burst from a galaxy two black holes weigh the 7.5 billion light years away. equivalent of 50 million and Some 30–40 sec after 20 million Suns, but are the detection by Swift, the only one-third of a light year optical counterpart of the apart. This is less than 10% gamma burst was picked up of the distance between by telescopes on Earth. The our Sun and the nearest ͥDVKIURPWKLVLQFLGHQW̰ star, Alpha Centauri. referred to by astronomersDATELINE 380 MYA First known example of a live birth A mother and embryo placoderm (prehistoric armoured fish) perish, producing a well-preserved fossil in which the embryo is attached to its mother via an umbilical cord. Some 25 cm (9.8 in) long, the species will be named Materpiscis attenboroughi. 26 Space

FAST FACTS TM Black holes distort space and time: the closer you get to one, the more time slows down • Prof John Wheeler (USA) coined the term “black hole” in 1967 • The term for the way matter is shredded by the gravity of a black hole is “spaghettification”Fastest spinning Despite its distance, it hassupermassive black hole an apparent magnitude of 12.9 – bright enough for itAt the heart of the spiral galaxy NGC 1365 is a black to be seen with relativelyJQNGYKVJCOCUUQHCTQWPFǡOKNNKQP5WPU5EKGPVKƒE modest telescopes. TheUVWFKGURWDNKUJGFQP(GDTGXGCNGFVJCVVJG extreme luminosity ofblack hole is spinning at around 84% of the speed of light. this quasar is believed to be caused by the heatingas GRB 080319B – was Later the same year, of a huge accretion disc Nearest supermassive black holevisible to the naked eye for on 16 Sep, NASA’s Fermi (revolving disc of material)approximately 30 sec. In Gamma-ray Space Telescope surrounding a supermassive 5CIKVVCTKWU#KUVJGUWRGTOCUUKXGDNCEMJQNGCVVJGEGPVTGtechnical terms, it had an detected the most powerful black hole. If 3C 273 was QHQWT/KNM[9C[UQOGNKIJV[GCTUCYC[HTQO'CTVJapparent magnitude of 5.8, gamma-ray burst ever, just 30 light years away, 9KVJCOCUUQHCTQWPFOKNNKQP5WPUKVKUQTDKVGFD[UGXGTCNmaking it about as bright as from 12.2 billion light years it would shine as brightly OCUUKXGUVCTU6JKUKOCIGYCUVCMGPD[0#5#ŨUChandra spacethe planet Uranus appears away in the direction of the as the Sun in our sky. telescope. The different colours represent X-rays of differentfrom Earth. Carina constellation. The GPGTIKGU6JGūENQWFŬKPVJGEGPVTGTGRTGUGPVUFWUVCPFICUCV event recorded by Fermi Most powerful X-ray flare the centre of the galaxy emitting X-rays. Sagittarius A* is Apparent magnitude is a was as powerful as around from a black hole in the JKFFGPKPVJGXGT[DTKIJVGUVRCTVQHVJGEGPVTGQHVJKUKOCIGscale used in astronomy to 9,000 normal supernovae. Milky Waydescribe the brightness of The blast threw out material On 14 Sep 2013,objects as seen from Earth. at speeds of 99.9999% of astronomers using NASA’sConfusingly, the numbers the speed of light. Chandra X-ray Observatoryin the magnitude scale run detected an increase inbackwards: the brighter the Brightest quasar in the sky X-ray radiation of a factor oflight from an astronomical Quasar 3C 273 is some 400 from the supermassiveobject appears, the lower 2.5 billion light years away black hole Sagittarius A*,its apparent magnitude in the constellation of Virgo. located at the centre ofnumber will be. the Milky Way galaxy. The ͥDUHZDVWKUHHWLPHVPRUH powerful than the previous holder, which occurred in the same region in 2012. It lasted for a couple of hours, which is consistent with one theory about its origins. Scientists have speculated that an asteroid was torn apart by the gravitational force of the black hole, and that itsMost massive overcontact binary debris was then heated million billion times lower as it spiralled into the event than the deepest note aVFTS 352 is a binary star system in the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud, KRUL]RQFUHDWLQJWKHͥDUH human ear can detect.UQOGNKIJV[GCTUCYC[HTQO'CTVJ6JGVYQUVCTUJCXGCEQODKPGFOCUUQHCTQWPFVKOGUVJCVQHVJG5WPCPFQTDKVGCEJQVJGTUQENQUGN[VJCVVJG[QXGTNCRCPFUJCTG &GGRGUVPQVGKPǡVJGǡWPKXGTUG These acoustic wavesOCVGTKCN-PQYPCUCPūQXGTEQPVCEVDKPCT[ŬVJGUGVYQOCUUKXGUVCTUCTGCPGUVKOCVGF Acoustic waves generated were discovered byǡOKNNKQPMOǡOKNNKQPOKCRCTVCPFQTDKVVJGKTEQOOQPEGPVTGQHOCUUQPEGCFC[ by a supermassive black an international team hole in the centre of of astronomers led by the Perseus cluster of Prof Andrew Fabian galaxies, 250 million light (UK) using observations years away, have given recorded by the Chandra rise to a phenomenally X-ray Observatory. deep note. The sound, which propagates through DID YOU KNOW?bl–aBconaeikusoAnyttth.nor“eeIoopnrt“vnlo deepieoisv’enntsmephrtplnieiiemosugtrrfhhblhselnaototuaoepu–rnsrsinrecdzeotadothtfwnaonueari”drelyubnlsie,slblc”sntaaec.ticohmprsktieeuhbahtcteiteohnektrlegehemd.e the extremely thin gas surrounding the black KROHLVD%ͥDWRFWDYHV below middle C. We can’t hear this noise because sound waves cannot travel through the vacuum of space and so the black hole’s rumblings are contained within the gas cloud. Also, the note produced is more than a Largest galactic collision 300 MYA DATELINE A group of around 300 galaxies slams into a larger group of approximately 1,000 galaxies, resultingin Abell 754 – a turbulent giant galactic cluster with a diameter of approximately 1 million light years. guinnessworldrecords.com 27

EARTHDATELINE 240 MYA Oldest known dinosaur The small, meat-eating Nyasasaurus parringtoni thrives in Tanzania; analysis of fossils in 2012 reveals that it is the oldest dinosaur by 10–15 million years. 28 Earth

CONTENTS 30 32EARTH FACTOGRAPHIC 34WILD WEATHER 36CLOUDS 38BIZARRE GEOLOGY 40REEFS 42RAINFORESTSKILLER PLANTSLongest-burning methane craterThe Darvaza Crater, also known as the “Door to Hell”, is locatedKPCǡPCVWTCNICUƒGNFKP6WTMOGPKUVCPCPFJCUDGGPDWTPKPIUKPEG+VKUDGNKGXGFVJCVVJGITQWPFECXGFKPCUCTGUWNVQHFTKNNKPICPFVJGETCVGTYCUKPVGPVKQPCNN[UGVCNKIJVKPCPCVVGORVVQDWTPQHHVJGNGCMKPIOGVJCPGICU+VJCUDWTPGFEQPVKPWQWUN[GXGTUKPEG +P0QXǡHGCTNGUU%CPCFKCPCFXGPVWTGT)GQTIG-QWTQWPKUDGECOGVJGƒTUVRGTUQPVQGZRNQTGVJG&CTXC\C%TCVGT(inset).9GCTKPICJGCVTGUKUVCPVCNWOKPKWOUWKVCPFWUKPICEWUVQOOCFG-GXNCTENKODKPIJCTPGUU-QWTQWPKUFGUEGPFGFVQVJGDCUGQHVJGƒGT[JQNGVQEQNNGEVTQEMUCORNGU.CVGTNCDVGUVUTGXGCNGFDCEVGTKCNKXKPIQPVJGTQEMURTQXKPIVJCVNKHGECPUWTXKXGGZVTGOGVGORGTCVWTGUKPGZEGUUQHo%o( Longest dinosaur 154 MYA DATELINE At 39–52 m (128–170 ft) in length, Seismosaurus halli – a diplodocidsauropod dinosaur – is the lengthiest vertebrate to ever roam the Earth. guinnessworldrecords.com 29

FACTOGRAPHICEARTHOur home planet carries us through space at more than 2 WHAT MAKES THE EARTH? HIGHEST POINTǡMOJǡORJTGNCVKXGVQVJG5WP9GŨTGCNUQURKPPKPI ON EARTHQPǡQWTCZKUCVCTQWPFǡMOJǡORJCVVJG'SWCVQTŤC It took billions of years for Earth to change from aFK\\[KPIHCEVБ#OQPIKVUEQORCPKQPUKPVJG5QNCTǡ5[UVGO'CTVJKU whirling mass of gas and dust to a habitable planet, /QWPV'XGTGUVKPVJG*KOCNC[CUQPVJG6KDGVCTGCNTGEQTFDTGCMGTKVŨUVJGdensest planet, the largest terrestrial creating the unique mix of elements listed below. 0GRCNDQTFGTTKUGUǡOǡHVCDQXGplanetCPFVJGmost geologically active inner planet UGCNGXGNCOGCUWTGOGPVQDVCKPGFKP ELEMENT WHERE FOUND AMOUNT 6JGƒTUVGHHQTVUVQOGCUWTGVJGOQWPVCKPŤKP  ŤTGUWNVGFKPCPGZCEVƒIWTGQHǡHV 1 Iron +PPGTEQTGQWVGTEQTGETWUV  ǡODWVUWTXG[QTUCVVJGVKOGHGNVVJCVVJG  RWDNKEYQWNFCUUWOGVJKUYCUTQWPFGFQHHUQ 2 Oxygen 1WVGTEQTGOCPVNGETWUV  VJG[CFFGFCPGZVTCǡHVБ DID YOU KNOW?st–irenoo–lnnxIearyegmorrgmmenaeec,tbnnioahtnor-gtheseeunaei,rmtlnegami9tcdoili5vosocsb%en,stfiumstacoelockobfaluodmuktomr.hifnpSnpeEmdoiglclaaauiorurcnnnuntpaetdhsttset’si.sts 3 Silicon /CPVNGETWUV  6JG*KOCNC[CUKUVJGYQTNFŨUlargest  mountain rangeEQPVCKPKPIQHVJGǡRGCMU 4 Magnesium Mantle, crust 1.4% QP'CTVJVJCVCTGOQTGVJCPǡOǡHV 1.2% JKIJ(QTOGFD[VJGEQNNKUKQPQHVJG+PFKCPCPF 5 Sulphur Outer core 'WTCUKCPVGEVQPKERNCVGUVJG*KOCNC[CUUVKNN ūITQYŬD[CDQWVǡEOǡKPC[GCT 6 Nickel +PPGTCPFQWVGTEQTG 1 7 Calcium %TWUV 7 8 Aluminium %TWUV 4 9 Trace elements 3 9 6DID YOU KNOW?gcobAaoledtnflotmrcrhwoeueicanbEkbceeahoy-srts,i6tteishoz0loed’m°smdCssoelau(e1fm3rs4tf.s9ho0at uec°khFendma),te.ntEeo(h2apfae.ecgs4rhuso omtlgctdaoki.)nr 8 5 6QVCNFKUVCPEGKPHTGGHCNNǡMOǡOK 'XGT[QPGYQWNFHCNNVJTQWIJVJG'CTVJKPVJGUCOGVKOGYJCVGXGTVJGKTYGKIJV WORLD OF GOLD FALLING THROUGH THE EARTH +HYGGZVTCEVGFCNNVJGIQNFVJCV UKVUCV'CTVJŨUEQTGYGEQWNF +OCIKPG[QWŨXGFTKNNGFCVWPPGN IQNFRNCVGQWTRNCPGVVQCFGRVJ VJTQWIJ'CTVJCPFLWORGFKP QHǡEOǡKP*QYGXGTKVKU #UUWOKPIPQCKTTGUKUVCPEGCPF TCVJGTJCTFVQTGCEJCVǡMO CPKORGTXKQWUPGUUVQUGCTKPI ǡOKDGNQYQWTHGGVYJGTG JGCVŤKPHCEVCUUWOKPIClotQH VGORGTCVWTGUCTGWRYCTFUQH VJKPIUБŤJQYNQPIYQWNFKVVCMG o%o(5QKVOKIJV [QWVQTGCEJVJGQVJGTUKFG!1PG DGEQQNGTCPFOQTGGHHGEVKXGVQ VJGQT[ŤCPFVJGTGCTGOCP[Ť RTQURGEVKPVJGQEGCP'XGT[NKVTG UWIIGUVUOKP)TCXKV[CEEGNGTCVGU ǡRKPVUQHUGCYCVGTEQPVCKPU [QWFQYPYCTFURWNNGFD[VJGOCUU CTQWPFǡDKNNKQPVJUQHCITCOQH QH'CTVJŨUKTQPTKEJEQTGYJKEJKU YJCVOCMGUQWTUVJGdensest planet IQNFCFFKPIWRVQCVQVCNQHǡOKNNKQP KPVJG5QNCT5[UVGO#VVJGEGPVTGYJKNG VQPPGUQHIQNFŤOQTGVJCPVJTGGVKOGU OQXKPICVCTQWPFǡMOUGEǡOKUGE VJGYGKIJVQHVJG)TGCV2[TCOKFCV)K\C [QWTDQF[DGEQOGUYGKIJVNGUU#U[QWRCUU VJGEQTG[QWŨNNUVCTVVQHGGNVJGGHHGEVUQHITCXKV[ CICKPDWVPQYYQTMKPICICKPUV[QWTGFWEKPI[QWT URGGF/QOGPVWOYKNNMGGR[QWIQKPIVJQWIJCPF [QWŨNNCTTKXGQPVJGQVJGTUKFG,WUVDGUWTGVQITCDQP VQǡUQOGVJKPIQTGNUG[QWŨNNLWUVHCNNDCEMKPCICKPБ

BOWLING BALL EARTH WATER, WATER, EVERYWHERE/QWPVCKPUCPFFGGRXCNNG[UOCMGWRLWUVVJQHVJG #EEQTFKPIVQVJG75)GQNQIKECN5WTXG[KHCNNVJGYCVGTQPKPUWTHCEGQHQWTRNCPGV+VJCUDGGPECNEWNCVGFVJCV'CTVJYQWNFDG CPFCDQXG'CTVJYGTGICVJGTGFKPVQCUKPINGFTQRKVYQWNFJCXGUOQQVJGTVJCPCDQYNKPIDCNNYGTGKVUECNGFFQYPVQVJGUCOG CFKCOGVGTQHCDQWVǡMOǡOKLWUVVYKEGVJGNGPIVJQHUK\G*QYGXGT'CTVJKUPQVRGTHGEVN[URJGTKECNNKMGCDQYNKPI VJG)TCPF%CP[QP6JGHTGUJYCVGTVJCVCNNNKHGHQTOUEQPUWOGDCNN#UYKVJCNNURKPPKPIRNCPGVUKVDWNIGUUNKIJVN[KPVJGOKFFNG KUUWTHCEGYCVGTVCMGPOCKPN[HTQOTKXGTUCPFNCMGU6JKUYQWNFVJG'SWCVQT+VUFKCOGVGTJGTGKUCDQWV EQODKPGKPVQCUKPINGFTQRCDQWVǡMOǡOKYKFGǡMOǡǡOKYKFGTVJCPDGVYGGPVJGRQNGU RAINING CHAMPION DID YOU KNOW?TwreedHrbnpeeMpeceedlihapobnsr,kweeuopislnpwro)ot,vpiow1wpnee8uatydit7eltrhds5hditneh.sioa Intiisfpfontu  tt M2dtCrhh hfkhoneeaemuaaoMctlnmeclra(et.ee1neraEn.idg2navce temnh(rhsra,fieieei)tesrstst 6JGURGGFQHCV[RKECNTCKPFTQRKUCDQWVǡORJ ǡMOJ6JKUKUUNKIJVN[HCUVGTVJCPVJGHQWTOKPWVG OKNGRCEGDWVǡORJǡMOJUNQYGTVJCP7UCKP $QNVCDQXGKPTGEQTFDTGCMKPIOQFG4CKPFTQRUCTG WUWCNN[TGRTGUGPVGFITCRJKECNN[KPVJGUJCRGQHC VGCTFTQRDWVKPHCEVNCTIGTQPGUHNCVVGPQWVKPVQC JCODWTIGTUJCRGCUVJG[HCNN#P[VJCVDGEQOG OWEJNCTIGTVJCPǡOOǡKPDTGCMCRCTV DEEPEST POINT ON EARTH 6JG%JCNNGPIGT&GGRUGEVKQPQHVJG/CTKCPC6TGPEJKPVJG YGUVGTP2CEKƒE1EGCPRNWPIGUVQǡOǡHVDGNQY UGCNGXGN+VKUVJGUKVGQHVJGdeepest solo ocean descent in CXGUUGND[,COGU%COGTQP%#0KPCPFQHVJGƒTUV manned descentCPFdeepest ocean descentD[,CESWGU 2KEECTF%*'CPF&QPCNF9CNUJ75#KP The ocean FGRVJUTGRTGUGPVQPGQHVJGƒPCNHTQPVKGTU HQWTVKOGUCU OCP[ǡRGQRNGJCXGYCNMGFQPVJGUWTHCEGQHVJG/QQP VJCPǡJCXGXGPVWTGFVQVJGDQVVQOQHVJG%JCNNGPIGT&GGR

WILD WEATHER (CUVGUVMCVCDCVKEYKPF When cold, dense air from high altitudes flows downhill under the force of gravity, it can give rise to so-called katabatic (or fall) winds. Around the coastal escarpment of #PVCTEVKECMCVCDCVKEYKPFUECPTGCEJǡMOJǡORJŤCUHCUVCU%JKPCŨUJKIJURGGF trains. Because these winds are driven by the local geography, they are known for their consistency of direction. The term derives from the Greek word katabasis (“descending”). DID YOU KNOW?voTdaofh sulCecsraaToiikmlnhncbniieguaacosctgtcwelehlioeogdntesuihhnwhuadutsennsCintr“eih(hd“en“pxifiepgyvlspreryhroespeorolocthc”ocontw)a”ouer.n2tmdmmdo3oreg ueecaArrasllmuapoonappnurairthndi2teimiego0scodn1bf5tue.sn” First colour photograph DVPIWLQZLWK First QHǡCǡITGGPHNCUJ ͤVKDQGGROSKLQVIRXQG FGUETKRVKQP Occurring after sunset, VWUDQGHGRQWKHWRSRI QHǡETQYPHNCUJ or just before sunrise, a PKLJKIWFOLIIV7KH JUHHQͥDVKLVHVVHQWLDOO\D VXUJHUHVXOWHGLQWKHGHDWKV Seen as a bright patch above PLUDJHLQZKLFKWKHKLJKO\ RIPRUHWKDQSHRSOH thunderstorms, crown flash UHIUDFWHGVXQOLJKWVHHPV YCUƒTUVFGUETKDGFKP to produce a green spot at /QUVHTGSWGPVQEEWTTGPEG It is probably caused by WKHWRSRIWKH6XQ7KHͤUVW QHǡTGFǡTCKP EJCPIKPIGNGEVTKECNƒGNFU FRORXUSKRWRJUDSKLFSURRI 6LQFHWKHUHKDYH within the thundercloud, RIWKLVHOXVLYHSKHQRPHQRQ been sporadic reports of VQǡYJKEJRNCVGQTPGGFNG ZDVWDNHQLQE\ FRORXUHGUDLQLQWKH,QGLDQ shaped ice crystals align, '.-2̵&RQQHOORIWKH VWDWHRI.HUDODRQWKH reflecting sunlight. 9DWLFDQ2EVHUYDWRU\LQ,WDO\ 0DODEDU&RDVW)URP-XO WR6HS.HUDOD *KIJGUVUVQTOUWTIG VDZPXOWLSOHVKRZHUVRI 2Q0DU7URSLFDO UHGUDLQ̰WKHRQO\SODFH &\FORQH0DKLQDVWUXFN ZKHUHWKLVKDVRFFXUUHGLQ %DWKXUVW%D\LQ4XHHQVODQG WKUHHFRQVHFXWLYHPRQWKV $XVWUDOLD7KHDVVRFLDWHG 6FLHQWLVWVDQDO\VHGUHG storm surge – a rise in UDLQVDPSOHVDQGLQ VHDZDWHUOHYHOFDXVHG FRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHHIIHFW E\DFRPELQDWLRQRIKLJK LVEURXJKWDERXWE\VSRUHV ZLQGVDQGORZSUHVVXUH̰ IURPWKHPLFURDOJDHVSHFLHV ZDVUHSRUWHGWREHDVKLJK Trentepohlia annulata OLDEST DESCRIPTION OF VOLCANIC LIGHTNING In volcanic eruptions that include a large ash plume, an electrical charge builds up in the air above the volcano and discharges as lightning. The first known description of volcanic lightning was written by Roman statesman Pliny the Younger, who witnessed the 79 CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius. He narrowly escaped with his life, and his famous uncle, Pliny the Elder, died trying to evacuate nearby towns.DATELINE 153 MYA Oldest flying bird Archaeopteryx lithographica flourishes in what is now southern Germany; with feathers and wings but also claws and teeth, it is a key link between dinosaurs and birds. 32 Earth

FAST FACTS On 3 Mar 1876, it rained raw meat near Rankin in Kentucky, USA • Tropical cyclones that form in the Atlantic or eastern Pacific are called hurricanes, while those that form in the western Pacific are called typhoons /QUVVKOGUVQDGOCFG JQOGNGUUD[JWTTKECPGU /GNCPKG/CTVKPG\HTQO$TCKVJYCKVG.QWKUKCPC75#YCU FGUETKDGFCUū#OGTKECŨUWPNWEMKGUVYQOCPŬCHVGTNQUKPIƒXG FKHHGTGPVJQOGUVQƒXGFKHHGTGPVJWTTKECPGU$GVU[ ,WCP)GQTIGU-CVTKPCCPF+UCCE *WTTKECPG+UCCEJKV$TCKVJYCKVGQPǡ#WIŤ VJGUGXGPVJCPPKXGTUCT[QH*WTTKECPG-CVTKPC)TGCVGUVRTGUUWTGFTQR RI/RXLVLDQDDQGQHDUE\ NPKPSK$V IRUPHGLQ2FWKROGVOGCUWTGFKPCVQTPCFQ VWDWHVLQWKHVRXWKHUQ86$ \HWXQFRQͤUPHGUHSRUWV WKHUHFRUGIRUmost intense causing around $108 bn VXJJHVWWKDW+XUULFDQH tropical cycloneZLWKDORZ1Pǡ#RTCVQTPCFQJKVCOQDKNGOGUQPGVXGJKENGVJCV eEQZRUWKRIGDPDJH 3DWULFLDZKLFKVWUXFN SUHVVXUHRIPLOOLEDUVYCUICVJGTKPIUEKGPVKƒEFCVCKPVJGVQYPQH6WNKCKP6GZCU75# 0H[LFRLQ2FWPD\ and wind speeds of6JGXGJKENGŨUKPUVTWOGPVUTGEQTFGFCRTGUUWTGFTQRKPUKFGVJG /QUVKPVGPUGJWTTKECPG KDYHEHHQVWURQJHUVWLOO NPKPSKXQTVGZQHǡOKNNKDCTU6QTPCFQGUKPVJG75#CPF%CPCFCCTG 7KHFDWHJRU\+XUULFDQHTCVGFŤCEEQTFKPIVQVJGFCOCIGVJG[ECWUGŤQPVJG'PJCPEGF :LOPDZKLFKIRUPHGLQ2FW (YHQWKHODUJHVW /QUVVQTPCFQGUURCYPGF(WLKVC'(UECNGTCPIKPIHTQOǡOKNFVQVQVCNFGUVTWEVKQP LVWKHVWURQJHVWRQ KXUULFDQHVKRZHYHUDUH D[ǡCJWTTKECPG6JKUVQTPCFQCHVGTOCVJRKEVWTGFYCUūQPN[ŬCP'( UHFRUG,WKDGDORZSUHVVXUH GZDUIHGE\WKHWURSLFDO +XUULFDQH,YDQIRUPHGRQ FHQWUHRIPLOOLEDUV F\FORQHVWKDWIRUPRYHU 6HSEHFRPLQJD and sustained winds of WKHZHVWHUQDQGFHQWUDO FDWHJRU\VWRUPLQWKH 3DFLͤF7\SKRRQ7LSZKLFK &DULEEHDQ6HD$FFRUGLQJ WRWKH1DWLRQDO&OLPDWLF Data Center, it spawned WRUQDGRHVLQDWKUHH GD\RXWEUHDNIURP6HS)TGCVGUVTCKPHCNNKPǡJQWTU %QUVNKGUV DID YOU KNOW?anSwlciechiaet–ioszTlcsitflehonit arfnoairltsgrat0ehimin.enaic2szdsfeg,5uit,it--nenohgirinrgnffslemaat-ir2razctca0aaheeneiti1disnconhc2.encki.mo,naT(aefr6ouVxfa.stsp3eqnhet5oruroils-sacewamoeelaidifsvxmfsayet,tlh)olaaerstmOn 15 and 16 Mar 1952, VTQRKECNǡE[ENQPGsome 1,870 mm (6 ft 1 in) of On 29 Aug 2005,UDLQIHOOLQKULQ&LODRVRQ +XUULFDQH.DWULQD5«XQLRQLVODQGLQWKH,QGLDQ ODLGZDVWHWR2FHDQ7KHDYHUDJHUDLQIDOO WKHFRDVWIRUWKDWPRQWKLVQHDUHUPPLQ 9QTUVFCOCIG KPCPKEGUVQTO +PVJGƒTUVYGGMQH,CP a devastating ice storm hit GCUVGTP%CPCFCCPFCFLQKPKPI RCTVUQHVJG75#+VOCFG travel impossible and cut off RQYGTVQǡOKNNKQPRGQRNGŤ CNOQUVQHVJGRQRWNCVKQP of Québec. The bill was an GUVKOCVGF%#0ǡDPǡDP cǡDPKP%CPCFCCNQPG First known hominid 6 MYA DATELINE Orrorin tugenensis walks on two legs and is about the size of an adult female chimp. Scientists in the KenyaPalaeontology Expedition announce their discovery of its 6-million-year-old fossilized remains in Dec 2000. guinnessworldrecords.com 33

CLOUDS GALLERY #RCTVHTQOCFQTPKPIQWTUMKGUYKVJGXGTUJKHVKPIUJCRGUCPFNKIJV 2 GHHGEVUENQWFUCTGVJGOGVGQTQNQIKUVŨUHTKGPF6JG[JGNRWURTGFKEV YGCVJGTU[UVGOUEJCPIGUCPFGZVTGOGUŤXKVCNKPRNCPPKPINQIKUVKEU VTCXGNCPFUCHGV[6JG[CTGHQTOGFHTQOYCVGTFTQRNGVUQTKEGET[UVCNUVJCVCTGUQ NKIJVǡVJG[ECPHNQCVKPCKTCPFDGIKPNKHGCUYCVGTXCRQWTTKUKPIHTQOVJGQEGCPNCMGU CPFTKXGTU5QOGENQWFUTKFGCUJKIJCUCLGVRNCPGQVJGTUETGGRCNQPIVJGITQWPF KPǡCǡOKUV6JG[CTGPCOGFCEEQTFKPIVQVJGKTUJCRGCPFVJGKTJGKIJVKPVJGUM[ 1 3 HIGHEST CLOUDS 1 LOWEST CLOUDS 2 CLOUDS WITH THE 3 HIGHEST OCCURRENCE 4 1EEWTTKPICVCNVKVWFGUQHCTQWPFǡOK (COKNKCTITG[YJKVGstratusENQWFUJCXG GREATEST VERTICAL RANGE OF DIAMOND DUST ǡMOPQEVKNWEGPVENQWFUVQRKP DNWTT[ǡGFIGUVJCVHQTORCVEJGUQTGZVGPUKXG +PVJGVTQRKEUOCUUKXGcumulonimbus clouds 2NCVGCW5VCVKQPCPQYFKUWUGF75TGUGCTEJ 5VQEMJQNO5YGFGPCTGDGNKGXGFVQDGC NC[GTUDGNQYJGKIJVUQHCTQWPFǡO JCXGDGGPQDUGTXGFVQTGCEJCJGKIJVQHPGCTN[ UVCVKQPQPVJGEGPVTCN#PVCTEVKE2NCVGCW OKZVWTGQHKEGET[UVCNUCPFOGVGQTFWUV ǡHV9JGPFTKHVKPICVITQWPFNGXGN ǡOǡHVŤOQTGVJCPVYKEGVJG GZRGTKGPEGUVJGHQTOCVKQPQHFKCOQPF 6JG[ǡOC[DGXKUKDNGCHVGTUWPUGVYJGPQYKPI VJG[ǡCTGMPQYPUKORN[CUūHQIŬRKEVWTGFJGTG JGKIJVQH/QWPV'XGTGUV6JGUGIKCPVVQYGTU FWUVQPǡCXGTCIGFC[UGCEJ[GCT6JGUG VQVJGKTITGCVJGKIJVVJG[CTGUVKNNNKVWRD[ JCPIKPIQXGT&CN[%KV[KP%CNKHQTPKC75# HWGNNGFD[UVTQPIWRFTCWIJVUQHCKTCTGPCOGF ITQWPFNGXGNENQWFUQHKEGET[UVCNUQEEWTYJGP VJG5WPŨUTC[U0CETGQWUQTOQVJGTQHRGCTN .C[GTUQHstratusOC[HQTOHTQOOQTPKPIHQI CPXKNJGCFcumulonimbusYJGPVJG[FGXGNQR EQNFCKTǡWPFGTNKGUYCTOGTCKT&KCOQPFFWUV ENQWFUKPUGVKPVJG#PVCTEVKECTGCTCTGHQTO CUKVTKUGUQPYCTOCKTYJKEJOGCPUCUJQYGT CV[RKECNHNCVVQRRGFUJCRG6JKUQEEWTUYJGP KUOWEJǡVJKPPGTVJCPHQICPFECPDGUGGPCU of cirrusVJGhighest standard cloud form QHNKIJVTCKPQTUPQYKUCNKMGN[RTQURGEV+H CENQWFHNCVVGPUQWVCUKVJKVUVJGVJKPPGTCKTQH HNCUJGUQHNKIJVYJGPUWPNKIJVKUTGHNGEVGFCPF CXGTCIKPIǡOKǡMO0CETGQWUENQWFU VJGTGCTGPQQVJGTENQWFUCDQXGVJGstratus VJGUVTCVQURJGTGCumulonimbusENQWFUDTKPI TGHTCEVGFHTQOVJGKPFKXKFWCNKEGET[UVCNU+VKU OC[TGCEJPGCTN[ǡOKǡMOKPJGKIJV NC[GTVJG5WPQT/QQPOC[UJKPGVJTQWIJ VWTDWNGPEGCPFVJWPFGTUVQTOU OQUVEQOOQPKPVJGRQNCTTGIKQPUDATELINE 5.9 MYA Largest sea to dry up Geologic processes block the channel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, transforming the latter into a dry salt basin. 34 Earth

6 7 DID YOU KNOW?thcfHelkoaenrksmBkoesLriynwosufiiauet:tnkoenioswtsefdt”adh wr)hHts ta,chaheacttioamaruihuewrrttsem”uthaach)(“ste.lurLrenodr(aleu“uuatfec(rimdso1unmwmr7(re“e7flaarheo2ctjtaero–oce1asf“rhot8psciicr6pn”nlloo)o4rgglueuo),wadigdasdsians”sdt.4 58LARGEST SOLITON CLOUDS 5 SLOWEST CLOUDS 6 7MOST RECENTLY CLASSIFIED LONGEST-LASTING 84CTGUQNKVCT[ENQWFHQTOUECNNGFUQNKVQPU .GPVKEWNCTENQWFUYJKEJQHVGPHQTO CLOUD FORMATION MOUSTACHE CLOUD 6JGNCUVENQWFV[RGVQDGTGEQIPK\GFCUFKUVKPEVOCKPVCKPVJGKTUJCRGYJKNGOQXKPICV KPVJGǡNGGǡQHOQWPVCKPRGCMUQTQVJGT YCU cirrus intortusOGCPKPIūVYKUVGFEWTNŬQT 1PGQHVJGTCTGUVENQWFUQP'CTVJJQTUGUJQG ūTKPINGVŬKP6JKUVJKPcirrusENQWFHQTOUCEQPUVCPVURGGF6JGNQPIGUVTGIWNCT IGQITCRJKECNDCTTKGTUCTGUVCVKQPCT[CPF JKIJWRKPVQUYKTNKPIQTUJCRGNGUUƒNCOGPVU+P XQTVGZQTūOQWUVCEJGŬENQWFUJCXGPQVDGGP CPGYV[RGQHENQWFUVTWEVWTGundulatusQEEWTTGPEGQHVJKUKUMPQYPCUVJG/QTPKPI TGOCKPKPRNCEGYJKNGCKTOQXGUVJTQWIJVJGO asperatusCMCCURGTKVCUYCURTQRQUGFD[VJG QDUGTXGFVQNCUVOWEJNQPIGTVJCPQPGOKPWVG %NQWF#RRTGEKCVKQP5QEKGV[+VKUEJCTCEVGTK\GF)NQT[YJKEJHQTOUKPVJG)WNHQH%CTRGPVCTKC 6JG[QEEWTUKPIN[QTKPNC[GTUCVCNVKVWFGUQH D[CPCRRGCTCPEGTGUGODNKPIQEGCPYCXGU HTQOHQTOCVKQPVQFKUUKRCVKQP6JG[HQTOYJGP CPFKUTGNCVKXGN[TCTG6JGUGENQWFUVGPFVQ#WUVTCNKC6JKUDCEMYCTFTQNNKPIENQWF WRVQǡOǡHV#UHCUVOQXKPI FKUUKRCVGYKVJQWVECWUKPIUVQTOU CKTTQVCVGUYJKEJECPNGCFVQCVQTPCFQ$WVHQTOCVKQPECPDGǡMOǡOKNQPI UVCDNGCKTKUHQTEGFWRYCTFUD[IGQITCRJKECN UKPEGVJGTQVCVKPICKTEQNWOPKUJQTK\QPVCNǡMOǡOKJKIJCPFECPVTCXGNCVǡMOJ HGCVWTGUKVUOQKUVWTGEQPVGPVOC[EQPFGPUG PQVXGTVKECNPQVQTPCFQQEEWTU+PUVGCFCPǡORJ6JG/QTPKPI)NQT[TGIWNCTN[ VQETGCVGVJGUGENQWFU6JG[CTGTGIWNCTN[ WRFTCWIJVVWTPUVJGTQVCVKPIENQWFKPVQCCVVTCEVUINKFGTUYJQECVEJVJGWRFTCWIJV OKUKFGPVKƒGFCU7(1UQYKPIVQVJGKTUOQQVJ ETGUEGPVUJCRG6JKURJGPQOGPQPJCUDGGPQPǡVJGNGCFKPIGFIGQHVJGENQWF TQWPFQTQXCNNGPUNKMGUJCRG ECRVWTGFQPECOGTCQPN[CJCPFHWNQHVKOGU Heaviest flying bird ever 5 MYA DATELINE Argentavis magnificens, a massive condor-like bird weighing 72 kg (158 lb) – heavier than a fully grown adult man – rules the skies over Miocene South America. guinnessworldrecords.com 35

BIZARRE GEOLOGY Largest geological feature The tectonic processes Largest cannonball concretions discovered from space occurring under Afar are the Located in the part of the same as those on the ocean Cannonball concretions are roughly spherical boulders formed by the natural cementation of Sahara Desert that lies ͥRRUDWULGJHVZKHUHQHZ UCPFD[COKPGTCNECNNGFECNEKVG6JGNCTIGUVGZCORNGUCTGǡOǡHVǡKPCETQUUCPFCTGHQWPFKP within Mauritania, the crust forms and the existing Rock City, Kansas, USA, as well as in central Wyoming and north-east Utah, USA, where they are Richat Structure is a circular, crust is pushed apart. CUUQEKCVGFYKVJVJG(TQPVKGT(QTOCVKQPQHVJG.CVG%TGVCEGQWURGTKQFEŤOKNNKQP[GCTUCIQ multi-ringed sedimentary basin with a diameter of Largest “stone forest” scientists discovered the ice and a light breeze. around 50 km (31 mi). Once The Grand Tsingy in cause in Dec 2013 when thought to be an impact western Madagascar is a checking on equipment As the ice begins to break DID YOU KNOW?twhaaa2rbttce.tey7ooosrtmbunatheichlcrlpteWieleodioooosclYisfaaricnoevioitnlvgdchenygdeoieea.oRnrmnaTrfegoadnrhdargclsiaeskrACt.isnaitIfru(o.,tnesiansrtewaiteattseotretaubanihbsnedrl,eeiefiapatlrnoohtbnartgiweernhmetl)agsoreooinnobsdfidglabaescyskd crater, it is now believed to 600-km2 (230-sq-mi) “stone put in place to research be the eroded remains of an forest” of sharp limestone this phenomenon. All it up, the rocks sometimes uplifted sedimentary dome. pinnacles dating from the takes is the heating up get caught up and moved This distinctive “bull’s-eye” Jurassic period (201.3– of a thin sheet of ground in a process known as feature was discovered 145 million years ago). “ice shove”. from orbit by US astronauts Over time, this limestone Jim McDivitt and Ed White has been eroded by rain, Most natural arches on the Gemini 4 mission forming a landscape in KPǡQPGǡTGIKQP in Jun 1965. which limestone peaks Arches National reach 90 m (295 ft) in height. Park in Utah, USA, has Newest ocean 2,067 natural arches with In 2005, a rift some 56 km .QPIGUVūUCKNKPIǡUVQPGŬǡVTCKNU spans of 3 ft (90 cm) or (35 mi) long opened up in The Racetrack Playa – a dry the Afar Depression (the lake bed in Death Valley on lowest point in Africa, the US Nevada-California also known as the Danakil border – is home to “sailing Depression) in Ethiopia. In stones”. The rocks here Nov 2009, scientists stated appear to have moved on that their analysis showed their own, leaving trails the rift to be the start of the across the surface up to formation of a new ocean. 880 m (2,887 ft) long. Two more; the largest exceed 300 ft (97 m). Largest flared slope 9CXG4QEMKUǡO ǡHVNQPICPF ŤǡOŤǡHVVCNN with an exposed area of CDQWVŤǡO ŤǡUSǡHV +VǡKUNQECVGFQPVJG north face of Hyden Rock in Western Australia. LONGEST NATURAL ARCH Xian Ren Qiao (Fairy Bridge) is located north-west of Fengshan in Guangxi Province, China. A subclass of arch known as a natural bridge, Xian Ren Qiao was formed by the Buliu River carving through terrain composed of limestone. An expedition by the Natural Arch and Bridge Society in Oct 2010 measured its span at approximately 400 ft (120 m).DATELINE 3.6 MYA Oldest hominid footprints Two or three hominids stride upright on the ashy plains of present-day Laetoli in northern Tanzania, leaving the earliest known human-like footprints. The track consists of some 70 prints in two parallel trails about 30 m (100 ft) long. 36 Earth

FAST FACTS Pumice is the only rock that floats in water • Sand makes up only about 30% of the Sahara Desert • Scientists have identified about 4,000 minerals • You could fit about 4 million Empire State Buildings into the Grand CanyonHighest natural arch and its tributaries, the cave has taken some6WUJWM6CUJOGCPKPI2KGTEGF4QEMCMC5JKRVQPŨUǡ#TEJ 25 million years to form.KUCPCVWTCNCTEJQHEQPINQOGTCVGOCVGTKCNNQECVGFYGUVŤ It is home to around 200PQTVJYGUVQH-ŨCUJKJKP5KPMKCPI%JKPC+PCP indigenous species, mostlyexpedition from National Geographic measured the height invertebrates.QHǡVJGCTEJVQDGCTQWPFǡHVǡOŤCDQWVǡHVǡOUJQTVGTVJCP0GY;QTMŨU'ORKTG5VCVG$WKNFKPI Deepest cave On 10 Aug 2013, UkrainianWaterfall with the Longest cave system caver Gennady SamokhinOQUVǡPCVWTCNDTKFIGU Mammoth Cave in extended the explored depthDiscovered in 1952, the Mammoth Cave National of the Krubera Cave in theCave of the Three Bridges Park, Kentucky, USA, is Arabika Massif, Georgia,in Tannourine, Lebanon, a network of limestone by 6 m (19 ft 8 in). Krubera,contains a waterfall that chambers of which around the only known cave withplunges 255 m (836 ft) past 400 mi (640 km) have a depth greater than 2 kmthree natural stone bridges. been explored so far. PLQRZKDVDQRͦFLDOIt cuts through 160-million- Created by the weathering depth of 2,197 m (7,208 ft).year-old Jurassic limestone. action of the Green RiverLargest concentration of Largest slot canyonOGVJCPGǡGZRNQUKQPETCVGTU Slot canyons evolve when hairline cracks in rock gradually+P,WNCRKNQVHN[KPIQXGTVJG;COCN2GPKPUWNCKP DGEQOGGPNCTIGFQXGTOKNNGPPKCD[SWKEMN[HNQYKPIYCVGTCPFPQTVJYGUV5KDGTKCURQVVGFCNCTIGJQNGEǡǡOǡHV flash floods. The US state of Utah is particularly rich in theseCETQUUǡǡOǡHVFGGRCPFHTGUJKPQTKIKP5EKGPVKUVU formations, owing to its dry conditions and the presence of softbelieve that it formed after an explosion of methane hitherto UCPFUVQPG6JG0CTTQYUUNQVECP[QPKP<KQP0CVKQPCN2CTM7VCJtrapped in the permafrost. Seven such craters have now KUCRRTQZKOCVGN[ǡOǡHVFGGR[GVKVUYCNNUCTGQPN[ǡODGGPǡHQWPFQPGYCUǡEKTENGFD[ǡCTQWPFǡUOCNNGTQPGU ǡHVCRCTVCVVJGKTYKFGUVRQKPVU6JGECP[QPUPCMGUHQTǡMO ǡOKVJTQWIJVJG<KQP0CVKQPCN2CTMKPUGVCPFJKMGTUVCMG CPǡCXGTCIGQHǡJQWTUVQVTCXGTUGKV First recognizable human 2.5 MYA DATELINE The tool-using Homo habilis evolves from a hominid such as Australopithecus afarensis, although it hassmaller teeth and a larger brain than its ancestors. It lives in what is today eastern and southern Africa. guinnessworldrecords.com 37

REEFS Oldest coral reef the coast of Florida, USA, The Chazy Reef Formation revealed a new type of coral is a fossilized coral reef that ecosystem. Unlike all the extends from Tennessee, deep-water reefs previously USA, to Newfoundland, studied, Pulley Ridge has Canada. It originally formed photosynthesizing algae. around 450 million years This is impressive, because ago in what was then the LWVORFDWLRQRQWKHVHDͥRRU Iapetus Ocean. Its most at a depth of 80 m (262 ft) VLJQLͤFDQWRXWFURSRFFXUV receives only 1% of the light in Vermont at Isle La Motte, that reaches the surface. a rocky lake island that was once a substantial colony Deep-water corals are of stromatoporoid coral. found everywhere from Norway to Nova Scotia, Deepest photosynthetic coral reef In 1999, research at a deep-water reef called Pulley Ridge, located off LONGEST REEF but their hard-to-reach Largest raised coral atoll locations mean that little The Great Barrier Reef, located is known about their A raised coral atoll is an island that forms as a normal, mostly off the coast of Queensland in ecosystems and life-cycles. submerged coral atoll, but is then lifted far above sea level north-eastern Australia, measures by tectonic forces. The largest of these is Lifou Island in the some 1,260 mi (2,027 km) from end to end. LARGEST... UQWVJYGUV2CEKƒE1EGCPYJKEJEQXGTUUQOGǡMO That’s about the same as the distance from Miami to ǡUSǡOKCPFǡKUǡJQOGVQCTQWPFRGQRNG New York City or from Madrid to Rome. Reef system ever A system of glass sponge The largest system of that are as tall as 21 m The Great Barrier Reef is, in fact, a “reef system” – reefs, 7,000 km (4,350 mi) glass sponge reefs today is (69 ft) – that’s more than comprising some 2,900 separate colonies of living coral from end to end, thrived in ORFDWHGRII&DQDGD̵V3DFLͤF four storeys high – and in – that covers an area of 80,000 sq mi (207,200 km²). the Tethys Ocean during coast, covering around excess of 9,000 years old. The reef is a diverse but fragile ecosystem, maintained the Late Jurassic (157–145 700 km2 (270 sq mi) of by a delicate balance between the more than 5,000 million years ago). WKHVHDͥRRULQWKH4XHHQ Barrier reef system in species that call it home. Seemingly minor human It was more than VJGǡPQTVJGTPJGOKURJGTG three times the Charlotte Sound. Barrier reefs are separated interference can have length of the Great It is home to from the mainland or island dramatic effects. It is Barrier Reef. Such sponges suspected, for example, reefs were thought that overfishing to be extinct, but certain predators living examples were creates “plagues” discovered in the 1980s. of coral-eating starfish that kill off whole reefs. DATELINE 1.65 MYA Oldest stone tools In Africa, oval- and pear-shaped tools are made by chipping flakes from stone to create sharp or rounded edges. The oldest surviving samples of these “Acheulean” tools are later found in the West Turkana region of Kenya. 38 Earth

FAST FACTS Technically, the word “reef” describes any underwater obstruction • Corals are marine invertebrates (phylum Cnidaria) related to jellyfish and anemones • Coral reefs are home to around 25% of all fish species Largest atoll archipelago 6JG6WCOQVW#TEJKRGNCIQKPVJGEGPVTCN2CEKƒE1EGCP EQPVCKPUEQTCNCVQNNUKPCEJCKPCDQWVǡMOǡOK NQPI6JGNCTIGUVCVQNN4CPIKTQCRKEVWTGFEQXGTUCPCTGC QHCTQWPFǡMOǡUSǡOKCNVJQWIJQPN[ǡMO ǡUSǡOKQHVJCVKUNCPFLargest coral die-off+PCTKUGKPQEGCPVGORGTCVWTGUVTKIIGTGFD[CP'N0KȓQGXGPVECWUGFUQOGQHVJGYQTNFŨUEQTCNTGGHUVQDNGCEJCPFFKG$NGCEJKPIKUCRJGPQOGPQPKPYJKEJFCOCIGFTGGHUUJGFVJGKTU[ODKQVKECNICGNGCXKPILWUVVJGUVQPGNKMGHQTOUQHVJGEQTCNKVUGNHCDQXG#UKOKNCTFKGQHHJCRRGPGFKPCPFOCP[UEKGPVKUVUDGNKGXGVJCVCVJKTFUWEJGXGPVKUEWTTGPVN[VCMKPIRNCEGshore by a deep, and often Double barrier reef encloses a shallow lagoon. Although Kwajalein is Marine reservewide, lagoon. Although Only six double barrier reefs The largest is Kwajaleinlarge barrier reefs are – reefs formed as inner Atoll, one of the Marshall the largest atoll, very little The NorthwesternFRPPRQLQWKH3DFLͤFWKH and outer layers – exist in Islands, which twists andCaribbean is home to only the world today. Of these, turns for 176 mi (283 km) of it is above sea level. The Hawaiian Islands Marinea few. No reef system in the largest is the Danajon to enclose a lagoon ofthe northern hemisphere Bank, which is 272 km2 1,100 sq mi (2,850 km²) – largest atoll by land area is National Monumentis more extensive than the (105 sq mi) in size. It lies the largest body of waterBelize Barrier Reef, which between the islands of enclosed by an atoll. The Kiritimati, part of the Line covers 356,879 km²stretches from the coast of Cebu and Bohol in the lagoon is so large thatsouthern Mexico to northern Philippines. observers cannot see the Islands chain in the central (137,791 sq mi) of theGuatemala. It is second islands on one side fromin size only to the Great Atoll reef the other. 3DFLͤF7KLVLVDSDUWLDOO\ 3DFLͤF7KHUHHIVLQWKLVBarrier Reef, the largest An atoll reef isreef system in the southern an often more raised atoll (see left) whose protected region – abouthemisphere and the overall or less circularlongest reef (see left). coral reef that islands cover an area of the size of Germany – are 235 sq mi (609 km2) around home to more than 7,000 a small lagoon. species, a quarter of which are found nowhere else. Fringing reef This type of reef occurs DID YOU KNOW?tPhKUreiwSnwTtaozrNehjanrEasaeediltlusvycesiGgoydnkidrneraioewouenvcweAfearat,fiitttwssvnahowCiuehgltepilaesitto1(Gcri.ohsnp9rheemia4ugrees6lmwraioalt.envRraaIifetknerntswe)awnhbfinasuhaiidspshtcinlttloieleon’emtaotsihtrhtehe.itepo close to the shore with no intervening lagoon. The largest is Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia, which is approximately 300 km (180 mi) long and some 100 m (330 ft) from the shore at its closest point. .CTIGUVCTVKƒEKCNTGGH +PVJG750CX[FGEKFGFVJCVVJGHVOCKTETCHV ECTTKGT755Oriskany, which had been rusting away in a navy UJKR[CTFUKPEGYQWNFDGFQPCVGFHQTWUGCUCPCTVKƒEKCN TGGH1P/C[CHVGTVYQ[GCTUQHYQTMVQTGOQXGVQZKE insulation materials, the Oriskany was sent to the bottom of the )WNHQH/GZKEQD[ǡNDǡMIQHECTGHWNN[RNCEGFGZRNQUKXGU DGNQY6JGOriskany has since attracted an abundance of OCTKPGNKHGCPFDGEQOGCRQRWNCTFKXKPIUKVGNGHVEQOOQPN[ MPQYPCUVJGū)TGCV%CTTKGT4GGHŬ Oldest musical instrument 43,000 BCE DATELINE In a campsite located in modern-day Ljubljana, Slovenia, a Neanderthal takes a segment offemur from a cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) and pierces it with four holes to create a bone flute. guinnessworldrecords.com 39

RAINFORESTS (KTUVWUGQHCECPQR[TCHVKPTCKPHQTGUVTGUGCTEJ 295,000 km2 Largest natural (113,900 sq mi) RJCTOCE[ +P1EVǡDKQNQIKUV(TCPEKU*CNNȌ(4#NGFVJGƒTUVGZRGFKVKQPVQVJGECPQR[QHVJGTCKPHQTGUVKP of the west 5PCMG%TGGM)W[CPC*KUVGCOWUGFCECPQR[TCHVFGUKIPGFD[RKQPGGTKPI(TGPEJDCNNQQPKUV&CP[ coasts of the #TQWPFQHCNNYGUVGTP %NG[GV/CTTGNYJKEJYCUFTQRRGFQPVQVJGVQRQHVJGTCKPHQTGUVECPQR[D[CPCGTQUVCVCNKIJVGT USA and Canada. pharmaceutical products VJCPCKTETCHVUWEJCUCPCKTUJKR6JGTCHVKVUGNHYCUCO2USHVJGZCIQPVJCVWUGFCKT These forests come from ingredients in KPHNCVGFDGCOUCPFRQN[XKP[NEJNQTKFGPGVVKPI9GKIJKPILWUVǡMIǡNDKVYCUFGUKIPGFVQTGUV are only VTQRKECNTCKPHQTGUVUQYKPI QPVJGTCKPHQTGUVECPQR[YKVJQWVFCOCIKPIPGYITQYVJ6JKUƒTUVGZRGFKVKQPYJKEJCNUQEQWPVGFCU around VQVJGKTTKEJDKQFKXGTUKV[ ƒGNFVTKCNUCNNQYGFUEKGPVKUVUVQUCORNGVTGGUCPFRNCPVUCPFRTGUGTXGVJGOHQTNCVGTUVWF[ a few Indigenous tribes have thousand years old, having utilized plants for medicinal formed after the last Ice Age. purposes for millennia, DWVVJGYGUVGTPYQTNFQPN[ Largest coastal began to rediscover them OCPITQXGǡHQTGUV in the second half of the The Sundarbans stretches VJǡEGPVWT[ for almost 6,000 sq mi (15,540 km²) across eastern in area, the reserve contains India and Bangladesh, and many endangered species acts as a natural barrier of plant and animal. The against tsunamis and creation of the park was cyclones that often blow announced on 22 Aug in from the Bay of Bengal. 2002 by Brazilian president The mangrove trees in this Fernando Henrique Cardoso. forest sometimes exceed 70 ft (21 m) in height, above .CTIGUVTKXGTDCUKP islands of layered sand The greatest river basin and grey clay. They have is that drained by the saltwater-tolerant roots. Amazon, covering Largest tropical HQTGUVǡTGUGTXG The Tumucumaque National Park is located in the rainforest of the northern Amazonian state of Amapá in Brazil. Measuring some 38,875 km² (15,010 sq mi) 1NFGUVVGTTGUVTKCNDKQOG survived the last Ice Age, This area represents the Biome with the Most of Earth’s tropical which ended around 10,000 largest single contiguous ITGCVGUVǡDKQFKXGTUKV[ rainforests have been years ago, because unlike block of rainforest in established for at least the majority of the planet, Australia and is estimated The precise number of animal and plant species a million years, although the equatorial forests did to be 180 million years old. VJCVǡGZKUVKPVJGYQTNFŨUVTQRKECNTCKPHQTGUVUKUWPMPQYP some are much older. They not freeze over. Current estimates of biodiversity suggest that .CTIGUVVGORGTCVGǡTCKPHQTGUV UQOGVJKPIKPVJGTCPIGQHŤQHCNN'CTVJŨUNKXKPIDID YOU KNOW?adTarcdhanaii(eytn5nita5afooe sorrnpiranrenmyeita)onosaowr“ftntftsorahihd,aarntet-hienmdhnwswnbeftIeousoeorrsrelertaitelhnel-laaUktsrrapnhtnSae”ldadAioantdn.ewc,efeneNm1ansss4loceplts0rr.ruetiwI obcrnrcpmeaaehiyestceal The oldest rainforest Temperate rainforests, URGEKGUCTGEQPEGPVTCVGFKPVJKUJCDKVCVYJKEJVQFC[ of them all is the Daintree which exist outside the EQXGTUCTQWPFŤQHVJGRNCPGVŨUUWTHCEG Rainforest, located on Earth’s tropics, generally the north-east coast of form where relatively warm Queensland in Australia. ocean temperatures impact It covers around 1,200 km2 inland climates. They have (463 sq mi) and is part a much greater seasonal of the Wet Tropics of variation than tropical Queensland, which was rainforests. The largest made a World Heritage expanse of this biome Site in 1988 by the United RQ(DUWKLVWKH3DFLͤF Nations Educational, Temperate Rainforests, 6FLHQWLͤFDQG&XOWXUDO which cover around Organization (UNESCO).DATELINE 30,000 BCE Oldest paintings A group of Stone Age humans paint portraits of animals and imaginary beasts on the walls of a cave in what is now southern France. 40 Earth

FAST FACTS Around 70% of plants identified as potential anti-cancer treatments are native to rainforests • If it were a country, the Amazonian rainforest would be the ninth largest • More than 20% of Earth’s oxygen is made in the Amazon rainforest6CNNGUVVTQRKECNTCKPHQTGUVVTGGU YDQLOODIDPLO\WKLVͥRZHU .CTIGUVVTGGEQXGTNQUU tropical forests) that have grows in the rainforests of D[ǡCTGC historically come underAbove the canopy of rainforests is the “emergent” layer, Queensland, Australia, and is “Tree-cover loss” refers to scrutiny for their rates ofEQORTKUKPICUOCNNPWODGTQHXGT[NCTIGVTGGU6JGVCNNGUVKU a saprophyte (i.e., it feeds on the removal of trees, which deforestation. Brazil lostVJGǡMCRQMVTGGCeiba pentandraYJKEJITQYUVQǡOǡHV decaying organic material). may be within natural 38 million of its 519 millionCVCTCVGQHCTQWPFOǡHVRGT[GCT+VECPDGHQWPFOCKPN[ It is not free-standing, but is forests or tree plantations, hectares of tree cover,KPUQWVJGTP/GZKEQVJGUQWVJGTP#OC\QPCPF9GUV#HTKEC supported by other trees. and can result from factors ranking second globally such as mechanical after Russia in absolute (CUVGUVFGENKPKPIDKQOG KDUYHVWLQJͤUHGLVHDVHRU tree-cover loss (mostly Tropical rainforests are storm damage. According tropical forest) in 2001–14. shrinking more quickly to data from the University More worryingly, and despite than any other biome. of Maryland and Google a drop in 2013, Indonesia’s A 2002 study using published by Global Forest tree-cover loss rose by more satellites revealed that Watch, over the years than 30% in 2013–14 – the around 5.8 million ha 2001–14 Russia suffered largest deforestation by (14.3 million acres) of the greatest tree-cover annual increase rate – rainforest per year were loss – largely boreal forests while that of Brazil rose lost from 1990 to 1997. – with 40.94 million of its by “only” 16% during the Between 2000 and 2005, 761 million hectares lost. same time period. The two Central America lost 1.3% of countries showed a less its tropical rainforests each In terms of the global marked three-year average year; around two-thirds of impact of deforestation, trend – 0.46% and 1.01% its rainforests have become however, it is Brazil and respectively – for the years pasture since 1950. Indonesia (with some of 2012 to 2014. Earth’s most extensivearound 7,045,000 km² The Amazon also has LARGEST(2,720,000 sq mi). It has the JUHDWHVWULYHU̩RZ, with TROPICAL RAINFORESTcountless tributaries, an average discharge rateincluding the Madeira, of about 200,000 m³/sec The Amazon rainforest spans nine Southwhich at 3,380 km (7,100,000 cu ft/sec) – American countries and covers some(2,100 mi) is the longest that’s 80% of an Olympic 5.5–6.2 million km2 (2.1–2.3 million sq mi). Thisriver tributary. swimming pool – into is necessarily an estimate, not only because the Atlantic Ocean. the rainforest does not have distinct edges, Perhaps unsurprisingly, but also because it merges with similar biomesthe Amazon is the widest 6CNNGUVQTEJKF across its indistinct boundaries. It is part of theriver. :KLOHQRWLQͥRRG A height of 15 m (49 ft) has Amazon biome – covering 6.7–6.9 million km2its main stretches reach been recorded for the orchid (2.5–2.6 million sq mi) – and includes the wholewidths of up to 11 km (7 mi) )CNGQNCǡHQNKCVC. Part of the of the Amazon River Basin. Approximatelyat their broadest. two-thirds of the rainforest is in Brazil.Highest concentrationQHǡWPEQPVCEVGFVTKDGUAccording to the human rights organization Survival+PVGTPCVKQPCNVJGTGCTGCRRTQZKOCVGN[WPEQPVCEVGFVTKDGUǡKPVJGYQTNFVQFC[/QTGVJCPJCNHQHVJGUGCTGDGNKGXGFVQǡNKXGYKVJKPVJG$TC\KN2GTWTGIKQPQHVJG#OC\QPKCPTCKPHQTGUV/CP[QHVJGUGVTKDGUCEVKXGN[EJQQUGVQJCXGPQEQPVCEVYKVJVJGQWVUKFGYQTNFUQOGVKOGUD[GZJKDKVKPIJQUVKNKV[VQQWVUKFGTUKPENWFKPIPGKIJDQWTKPIVTKDGU Largest waterfall ever 13,000 BCE DATELINE The ice dam holding Glacial Lake Missoula collapses, sending billions of tons of water over cliffs in what is now eastern Washington state, USA. guinnessworldrecords.com 41

KILLER PLANTS Most fluorescent First plant species Most dangerous tree carnivorous KFGPVKƒGFQP(CEGDQQM plant 8SWRPIWLQ A member of the spurge family, the manchineel (Hippomane mancinella) grows in the USA’s ORQJWKHDSWO\QDPHG Florida Everglades and on the Caribbean coast. The sap that its trunk exudes is so acidic In a 2013 study, the peristome PDJQLͤFHQWVXQGHZ and poisonous that the merest contact with human skin causes a breakout of blisters; if it (the slippery ring of tissue at &TQUGTCOCIPKƒECLVRQH touches the eyes, it can cause blindness. Even standing under the tree in the rain is enough the opening to the pitcher) of RIQHDUO\VSHFLHV to cause blistering if the skin is wetted by raindrops containing any sap. the Khasi Hills pitcher plant RIFDUQLYRURXVSODQWV (Nepenthes khasiana) of India LQWKHWD[RQRPLFIDPLO\ digesting insects and and southern Oregon, USA. Most selective was found to emit fluorescent 'URVHUDFHDH,Q RWKHUVPDOOLQYHUWHEUDWHV %UXVKͤUHVUHJXODUO\VZHHS ECTPKXQTQWUǡRNCPV light of a wavelength of DPDWHXUUHVHDUFKHU 7KHSODQWVWUDSWKHLUSUH\ through this area, and the 0GRGPVJGUCNDQOCTIKPCVC ŤǡPCPQOGVTGU 5HJLQDOGR9DVFRQFHORV XSRQJOLVWHQLQJGURSVRI FREUDOLO\KDVHYROYHGWKH DWWUDFWVDQGIHHGV KGǡDNWGǡNKIJV %5$KDGSRVWHGDSKRWR GHZOLNHPXFXVDWWKH DELOLW\WRUHJURZLWVOHDYHV H[FOXVLYHO\RQWKHIRUDJLQJ RQ)DFHERRNRIDVXQGHZ WLSVRIPXFXVVHFUHWLQJ DQGSLWFKHUVIURPLWVURRW WHUPLWH*QURKVCNKVGTOGU SODQWWKDWKHKDGVHHQZKLOH WHQWDFOHVRQWKHLUOHDYHV DIWHUVXFKDFRQͥDJUDWLRQ DKEQNQT*URZLQJLQWKH H[SORULQJDMXQJOHLQ0LQDV UDLQIRUHVWVRI0DOD\VLDDQG *HUDLVVRXWKHDVWHUQ%UD]LO /QUVƒTGRTQQH Largest prey of any Indonesia, 0CNDQOCTIKPCVC ,Q-XOWKHVXQGHZZDV ECTPKXQTQWUǡRNCPV carnivorous plant LVDOVRWKHRQO\SODQWWR LGHQWLͤHGE\H[SHUWVDVD 7KHFREUDOLO\&CTNKPIVQPKC Both 0GRGPVJGUǡTCLCJ and RIIHULWVRZQWLVVXHWR KLWKHUWRXQNQRZQVSHFLHV ECNKHQTPKECLVQRWDWUXH 0ǡTCHHNGUKCPCKDYHEHHQ VHFXUHDPHDO7KHSODQW NQRZQWRHDWODUJHIURJV JURZVDULQJRIHGLEOH 7KHlargest species of OLO\EXWDVSHFLHVRI ELUGVDQGHYHQUDWV7KHVH ZKLWHKDLUV̸WULFKRPHV̹ sundew is &ǡGT[VJTQI[PG, a SLWFKHUSODQW,WLV VSHFLHVDUHFRPPRQO\ ZKLFKDWWUDFWWKHWHUPLWHV FOLPELQJVSHFLHVHQGHPLF QDWLYHWRWKHVRXWKHUQ IRXQGLQWKHUDLQIRUHVWVRI 7KHVHLQVHFWVIUHTXHQWO\ WR:HVWHUQ$XVWUDOLD HQGRIWKH&DVFDGH $VLDLQSDUWLFXODU%RUQHR VOLSGRZQWKH̸WKURDW̹RI ZKLFKSURGXFHVDOHQJWK\ Mountains range in ,QGRQHVLDDQG0DOD\VLD WKHSODQWDQGDUHWKHQ VFUDPEOLQJVWHPWKDWFDQ QRUWKHUQ&DOLIRUQLD JURZWRPIWLQORQJ 2IFRVPRSROLWDQGLVWULEXWLRQ VXQGHZVDUHFDUQLYRURXV IDPRXVIRUFDSWXULQJDQG FASTEST ENTRAPMENT TRIVIA BY A CARNIVOROUS PLANT Tomato leaves and Carnivorous plants trap their prey in movements stems contain a poison considered to be among the fastest in the plant kingdom. On land, the clamshell-like leaves of the Venus flytrap called tomatine, (Dionaea muscipula, left) shut in one tenth of a second considered a natural (100 milliseconds) from the moment they are stimulated, pesticide. Apple seeds typically by insect contain tiny doses of prey moving into the amygdalin – a cyanide trap. Underwater, the and sugar compound. hinged trapdoor of the bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris, right) captures its victim in 1/15,000th of a second. The bladderwort has no roots; its fleshy underwater leaf branches are filled with air and keep the plant buoyant, enabling it to float.DATELINE 9500 BCE Earliest cultivated food crops Neolithic farmers in south-west Asia begin sowing domesticated plants for human consumption, including pulses, cereal and flax. 42 Earth

FAST FACTS Only 5% of the Venus flytrap’s diet consists of flies • The poisonous plant wolfsbane was once thought to ward off werewolves, hence its name • The first major study of carnivorous plants was produced by Charles Darwin in 1875Most poisonous Most dangerous stinger Largest freshwatercommon plant blue-green algal bloom 6JGƒPGYJKVGUVKPIKPIJCKTUQH0GY<GCNCPFŨUVTGG ,Q̰DNPRicin – the poison of the castor nettle, aka ongaonga (7TVKECHGTQZ), inject toxins into PLVWUHWFKRIoil plant (Ricinus communis) – the skin that are potent enough to kill dogs and horses. $XVWUDOLD̵V%DUZRQ'DUOLQJKUǡVKOGUOQTGVQZKEVJCP The hairs contain many skin irritants, notably histamine, 5LYHUZDVFRQWDPLQDWHGcyanide and 12,000 times more 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), acetylcholine and E\DWR[LFEOXHJUHHQtoxic than rattlesnake venom. HQTOKECEKF1PCVNGCUVQPGQEECUKQPKPVJG DOJDOEORRP6XFKHYHQWVAccording to 6JG/GTEM+PFGZ RNCPVǡKUMPQYPVQJCXGMKNNGFCǡOCPLWUVƒXGJQWTU DUHRIWHQFDXVHGE\#P'PE[ENQRGFKCQH%JGOKECNU CHVGTǡUMKPEQPVCEV IHUWLOL]HUUXQRIIZKLFK&TWIUCPF$KQNQIKECNU IHHGVDSRSXODWLRQ(1997 edition), a dose of H[SORVLRQLQFRORQLHVRIǡOKETQITCOUǡQ\ EOXHJUHHQDOJDHDOVRis enough to kill a person NQRZQDVF\DQREDFWHULDYGKIJKPIǡMIǡND 7KHVHEDFWHULDSURGXFH F\DQRWR[LQV̰VRPHRIWKHGLJHVWHG8QZLWWLQJO\ MXVWDVLQJOHVSHFLHV̰WKH Most poisonous fungus PRVWSRLVRQRXVVXEVWDQFHVKRZHYHUVXUYLYLQJWHUPLWHV $XVWUDOLDQSLWFKHUSODQW #OCPKVCRJCNNQKFGUNQRZQ NQRZQWRVFLHQFH7KHHQFRXUDJHPRUHRIWKHLU %GRJCNQVWUHQNNKEWNCTKU DVWKHGHDWKFDSPXVKURRP %DUZRQ'DUOLQJ5LYHUEORRPIHOORZSUH\WRYLVLWWKHSODQW ZKLFKLVDOVRNQRZQDV LVUHVSRQVLEOHIRURI ZKLFKZDVGRPLQDWHGE\E\UHWXUQLQJWRWKHLUFRORQ\ WKH$OEDQ\SLWFKHUSODQW IDWDOSRLVRQLQJVFDXVHG #PCDCGPCEKTEKPCNKU, causedZLWKWKHKDLUV $VPDOOVSHFLHVZLWKGHHS E\IXQJL7KH WKHGHDWKVRIGRPHVWLFDWHG UHGGLVKSXUSOHSLWFKHUVLW GHDWKFDS OLYHVWRFNWKDWGUDQNWKHSmallest family of VWDQGVRQO\FPLQ LVIRXQG FRQWDPLQDWHGZDWHUDQGcarnivorous plants WDOODQGLVQDWLYHWRVRXWK ZRUOGZLGHLQFOXGLQJ OHGWRDVWDWHRIHPHUJHQF\7KHWD[RQRPLFIDPLO\ ZHVWHUQFRDVWDOGLVWULFWV 1RUWK$PHULFD EHLQJGHFODUHG&HSKDORWDFHDHFRQWDLQV LQ:HVWHUQ$XVWUDOLD and the UK. 7KH̨UVWDQLPDO poisoning caused by a freshwater blue-green algae occurred in Lake $OH[DQGULQD6RXWK $XVWUDOLDLQWKHODWH WKFHQWXU\'RJVVKHHS SLJVKRUVHVDQGFDWWOHDOO GLHGDIWHUGULQNLQJZDWHU IURPWKHODNHWKHVXUIDFH RIZKLFKKDGEHHQFRYHUHG ZLWKDVFXPRI0QFWNCTKC URWOKIGPC.Largest genus of pitcher plantsThe genus NepenthesEQPVCKPUUQOGǡURGEKGUQHVTQRKECNRKVEJGTplants, plus hybrids and cultivars. The largest meat-eating plant isthe giant montane pitcher plant 0ǡTCLCJ, right), native to the stateQH5CDCJQP$QTPGQ6JGNCTIGUVURGEKOGPYCUǡEOǡHVǡKPVCNNǡDGNQY+VYCUHQWPFQPǡ/CTFWTKPIC5CDCJ5QEKGV[XKUKVVQǡ/GUKNCWQPVJGGCUVTKFIGQH/QWPV-KPCDCNWQP$QTPGQ Oldest walled town 7800 BCE DATELINEWith some 2,000 people already calling it home, Jericho in the Middle East is one of the earliest settlements to construct a stone boundary. It is today the oldest continually inhabited city. guinnessworldrecords.com 43

ANIMALS DID YOU KNOW?lMecbwlgaeasemltseiwahgwuKnehdsiordentcuem,nugjsrtultiorhManlradietreagnpooydytpgtadcsholaiutoerrlenaansnwntdmgtbtodiiioAeontlanhaoouutesrningtxeniphne.hutgrehgasoiistemufrte.ihstWrfaahtoeshereirioidritemlnnhyledigss,DATELINE 7000 BCE Oldest playable instrument A seven-holed flute is carved from the leg bone of a crane in the village of Jiahu, near the Yellow River in China. In 9,000 years’ time, when it is unearthed by archaeologists, the wind instrument will still produce a tune! 44 Animals

CONTENTSANIMALS FACTOGRAPHIC 46ANTS 48OCTOPUSES 50BIG CATS 52CROCODILES 54OWLS 56MONKEYS 58SPIDERS 60DINOSAURS 62CATS & DOGS 64FANTASTIC BEASTS 66Largest lizard5JQTVNKUVGFCUCƒPCNKUVKPVJGRTGUVKIKQWU9KNFNKHG2JQVQITCRJGTQHVJG;GCTEQORGVKVKQPVJKUOKFDCVVNGUJQVYCUUPCRRGFD[4WUUKCPRJQVQITCRJGT#PFTG[)WFMQXKP+PFQPGUKC)GVVKPIVJKUENQUGVQ-QOQFQFTCIQPUVaranus komodoensis)KUǡPQǡOGCPHGCVPQVNGCUVDGECWUGVJGONQPIHVKPTGRVKNGUCTGMPQYPHQTDGKPICIITGUUKXG +VYCUQPEGVJQWIJVVJCVVQZKEDCEVGTKCKPKVUUCNKXCCNQPIYKVJKVUUJCTRVGGVJYGTGVJKUNK\CTFŨURTKOCT[YGCRQPU+PǡJQYGXGTUEKGPVKUVUEQPƒTOGFVJCVŤCUYGNNCUDKVKPIKVURTG[ǡŤVJGURGEKGUGORNQ[UXGPQOUGETGVKPIINCPFUKPKVUNQYGTLCYOCMKPI-QOQFQUVJGǡlargest venomous land animal First pottery kilns 6000 BCE DATELINE Progressing from baking clay in the Sun, the Hassuna culture of northern Mesopotamia(modern-day Iraq) revolutionizes pottery by developing kilns that can reach 1,000°C (1,830°F). guinnessworldrecords.com 45

FACTOGRAPHIC LARGEST WING-SPANANIMALS FOR A LIVING BIRDThe animal kingdom is remarkably diverse. Members range in complexity 1Pǡ5GRCOCNG =HTQOIGNCVKPQWULGNN[ƒUJCPFUKORNGURQPIGUVQUWTRTKUKPIN[EQORNGZ YCPFGTKPICNDCVTQUUDiomedeaYCVGTǡHNGCUCPFWNVTCKPVGNNKIGPVFQNRJKPUŲCPFVJKUKULWUVVJGUGCNKHGБ exulans) of the southern oceansIn size, the range is also extreme, from single-celled organisms to the was studied by members of themighty blue whale, the largest animal ever. Illustrated here is a selection TGUGCTEJUJKR7505Eltanin in theQHǡETGCVWTGUPQVGFHQTVJGKTUWRGTNCVKXGUK\GDGKVJGKIJVYGKIJV 6CUOCP5GC+VJCFCYKPIURCPYKPIURCPQTCRRGVKVGCNQPIUKFGGCEJKUCEQORCTKUQPVQKNNWUVTCVG QHǡOǡHVǡKPŤCDQWVjust how immense these animals are. VYKEGVJGJGKIJVQHVJGCXGTCIG JWOCPCPFPGCTN[ǡVKOGU TALLEST MAMMAL VJGYKPIURCPQHǡCDNCEMDKTF 6WTFWUǡOGTWNC). #PCFWNVOCNGIKTCHHGGiraffaDID YOU KNOW?vtaIToethhrdscsaeiaogannewtndliesnalaeipelpwn.hnthIodhatoofo’onuasrnlltg.oses’uImthsuttrp’ptrtos raeowpnau elbpgaensnrltmeuakaoenncnsrei,eokscdno,uhaatsraga.ehbbdhrnieeyigtsgruohfirgtosylpieyoevrutde,.ll camelopardalisV[RKECNN[ = OGCUWTGUŤǡOŤǡHV in height. The tallest recorded DID YOU KNOW?2Et mhvboeaifnr(nf6wtsnh mfpiaettsrrohw6tiogsan abutirngnoonhtd)rhu(ud.cinunTnma2mdghgl vmai!epurenfa,sptse)dfo,,mfsrsatetoohvasapeetlraephrtrsaielengigifrtgiieanvlegler URGEKOGPVQFCVGYCUOVCNN HV)GQTIGC/CUCKDWNN )ǡEǡVKRRGNUMKTEJK ) originally HTQO-GP[CVJCVYCUTGEGKXGF CVǡ%JGUVGT<QQKP%JGUJKTG7- QPǡ,CP*GYCUOQTG than three times the height QHǡCPǡCFWNVJWOCPLARGESTTERRESTRIAL MAMMAL6JGCFWNVOCNG#HTKECPGNGRJCPVLoxodontaafricanaV[RKECNN[UVCPFUŤǡOǡHVǡKPŤǡHVǡKPCVVJGUJQWNFGT+VYGKIJUŤǡVQPPGUŤǡNDŤCPCXGTCIGYGKIJVGSWKXCNGPVVQHWNN[ITQYPCFWNVOGP6JGVCNNGUVURGEKOGPMPQYPŤCDWNNUJQVQPǡ#RTŤOGCUWTGFCPWPRTGEGFGPVGFǡOǡHVǡKPHTQOUJQWNFGTVQHQTGHQQV =

LARGEST LIVING BIRD LARGEST FELINE CARNIVORE /CNGGZCORNGUQHVJG0QTVJ#HTKECPQUVTKEJ5VTWVJKQ 6JGOCNG5KDGTKCPVKIGT2CPVJGTCVKITKUCNVCKEC) camelus camelusCTCVKVGHNKIJVNGUUUWDURGEKGU CXGTCIGUǡOǡHVǡKPKPNGPIVJHTQOPQUGVQVJG JCXGǡDGGPTGEQTFGFCVǡOǡHVVCNNCPFYGKIJKPI VKRQHVJGGZVGPFGFVCKN+VCNUQUVCPFUŤǡEOǡHV ǡMIǡND6JCVOCMGUVJGQUVTKEJCRRTQZKOCVGN[ ǡKPŤǡHVǡKPCVVJGUJQWNFGTCPFYGKIJUCDQWVǡMI ǡVKOGUJGCXKGTVJCPVJGOCNGDGGJWOOKPIDKTF ǡND6QOCKPVCKPKVUYGKIJVQPGVKIGTJCUVQGCV /GNNKUWICJGNGPCG), the smallest bird. VJGǡGSWKXCNGPVQHVGP[GCTQNFDQ[UGXGT[OQPVJБ x10,000 x10,000 x10,000 = x10,000 x10,000 x10,000 x10,000 = x10,000 x10,000 x8,000LARGESTPINNIPED6JGTGCTGMPQYPURGEKGUQHRKPPKRGFŤCSWCVKEOCOOCNUKPENWFKPIUGCNUUGCNKQPUCPFYCNTWUGUŤVJGNCTIGUVQHYJKEJKUVJGUQWVJGTPGNGRJCPVUGCNMirounga leonina$WNNUCXGTCIGǡOǡHVǡKPNQPICPFYGKIJUQOGŤǡVQPPGUŤǡNDŤWRVQQHYJKEJECPDGDNWDDGT#UVJGDWNMKGUVOGODGTQHVJGVCZQPQOKEQTFGT%CTPKXQTCVJGGNGRJCPVUGCNKUCNUQVJGlargest carnivoreUQOGƒXGVKOGUJGCXKGTVJCPVJGCXGTCIGCFWNVRQNCTDGCTUrsus maritimusŤVJGlargest land carnivore. WhileUGXGTCNYJCNGUGCVOGCVVJG[CTGPQVRCTVQHVJG%CTPKXQTCITQWRUQVCZQPQOKECNN[URGCMKPICTGPQVECTPKXQTGU =

ANTS ANATOMY Spiracle: Ants do not have Antennae: Sensory organs used that are routinely inundated OF AN ANT lungs. Oxygen enters the to smell, touch and feel. They can by the tide. Its nests are body through openings also be used for communication. constructed with purpose- called spiracles and is piped built air pockets for the safe 100% Head storage of eggs, and its directly to tissue. Mouth workers have developed the Largest ant ability to swim underwater Fulvus driver ant (Dorylus Gaster: Abdominal Leg Thorax: A muscular Eye: The ant’s for prolonged periods – an fulvus) queens (above) structure housing Claws midsection to compound eyes adaptation seen in no other can measure as much as which the six comprise numerous species of ant. 5 cm (2 in) long once fully vital organs. Its jointed legs mature. The smallest driver telescoping segments tiny lenses. (CUVGUVUGNHRQYGTGF ant workers, by contrast, connect, along with RTGFCVQT[UVTKMG are only 2.5 mm (0.1 in) allow the gaster wings in the flying Odontomachus bauri – aka long. The large, wingless to expand – for the trap-jaw ant – of South queens travel with their example, if the ant (mating) phase. America can close its workers in migratory groups has fattened up to mandibles at a speed of that periodically split up survive the winter. Mandibles: Mouthparts used for up to 64 m/s (209 ft/s). to form new colonies. cutting, digging and fighting, as In addition to using its well as passing food to the mouth; mandibles to bite prey, the Largest average size controlled by powerful muscles ant also utilizes them to HQTǡCPǡCPVURGEKGU escape danger, striking 7KHUHLVXVXDOO\VLJQLͤFDQW in the head. them against the ground to variation in size between ͥLQJLWVHOIFPLQLQWR the different castes of ants a queen that is much larger and Peru as well as in (GYGUVEJTQOQUQOGU the air and horizontally as far in a colony. A species with than normal may not have coastal Guyana, it averages KPǡCPǡKPUGEV as 39.6 cm (1 ft 3.5 in). This unusually large workers, 3.3 cm (1.3 in) long. Male ants are “haploid” is the equivalent of a humanDID YOU KNOW?sdpitnJeriuhnfotwsiejhgstenaiecsonwclttkpfeiiOiwrnsatnohig(hSbngcaaciupenolyhesla3vdolsmie-erun)igter.nriesHaidflcnhtenthetaaeditpmnrdereauculexgis”htssn.asbtcitgtnsoyreugigcainbnnehiseaggtnaisihdrlsa“teceelhlirocokeattel and vice versa. (they have only one jumping 13.4 m (44 ft) .CTIGUVCPVURGEKGUGXGT chromosome from each of straight up. Going on the mean body We know from fossils found their species’ chromosome size (the average obtained in Messel, Germany, that pairs), while female ants TRIVIA from the measurements of queens of Titanomyrma are “diploid” (possessing workers, soldiers, drones giganteum, which lived in both parts of the pair). The A number of birds and queens), the largest Europe around 50 million Australian jack jumper ant indulge in “anting”, species is Dinoponera years ago, were 6 cm (Myrmecia pilosula) has which involves crushing gigantea. Native (2.4 in) long and had a only a single pair, meaning ants and rubbing them to the Amazon wing-span of 15 cm (5.9 in). that males of the species all over their plumage. rainforest in Brazil have just one chromosome. Pictured is a hairy woodpecker (Picoides The most chromosomes villosus) in a typical recorded in an ant is 94 anting posture. The SDLUV7KLVͤJXUHZDV formic acid released recorded from two different from the ants helps to species – the dinosaur or keep parasites away. dawn ant (Nothomyrmecia macrops) of Australia and Platythyrea tricuspidata, a species found in Indonesia. /QUVCSWCVKECPV Polyrhachis sokolova, native to Queensland in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the island of New Caledonia, lives in mangrove forests /QUVRCKPHWNKPUGEVUVKPI Smallest ant 5,700% 100% +PGPVQOQNQIKUV,WUVKP15EJOKFV75#RWDNKUJGFVJG Carebara bruni, a species of ƒTUVXGTUKQPQHVJG5EJOKFV5VKPI2CKP+PFGZ6JGKPFGZTCPMU ant native to Sri Lanka, contains VJGDWNNGVCPVParaponera clavataŤPCVKXGVQ0KECTCIWCCPF YQTMGTUCUVKP[CUǡOOǡKP UQWVJYCTFUVJTQWIJ%GPVTCN#OGTKECVQ2CTCIWC[ŤCUVJG NQPIŤVKOGUUOCNNGTVJCPVJG KPUGEVYKVJVJGOQUVRCKPHWNUVKPITGIKUVGTKPICOCZKOWO longest worker antUGGCDQXG TKIJV6JGNGPIVJQH%ǡDTWPK UEQTGQHQP5EJOKFVŨUHQWTRQKPVUECNG KUTQWIJN[ǡVJGUCOGCUVJG VJKEMPGUUQHCDCPMECTFDATELINE 5000 BCE Oldest surgical procedure A 50-year-old man in Ensisheim, France, undergoes trepanation – the process of removing bone from the top of the skull; the discovery of his body 7,000 years later provides the oldest evidence of surgery. 48 Animals

.QPIGUVYQTMGTCPV DID YOU KNOW?t“hadpednro(imotqfp,Anf(utuodeneyeslrr”tpaeteoctnaicnndcionosoteael)mdnostflalye)ny“,omnnp iswf“edeodowfshs l nfetdcioe–hrlio–rreteeoktinsrlrsieee”tlo“ear.rlfc ”Wvidmena,eim“seoasaqtrrealeuseksvlssmeeee”serr–asnal ol–”lf, LONGEST nest. COLUMN OF ANTS6JGGNQPICVGFDQFKGUQH#WUVTCNKCPIKCPVDWNNFQICPVUMyrmecia brevinodaCURGEKGUQH#WUVTCNKCPDWNNCPV Most ant colonies live in fixedOGCUWTGCUOWEJCUǡEOǡKPNQPI$WNNCPVU nests on a site chosen by theNCEMCFXCPEGFUQEKCNUVTWEVWTGUUQGCEJYQTMGTJCU queen, leaving only to mateGXQNXGFVQDGUVTQPIGPQWIJVQHQTCIGCNQPG or forage for food. There are some exceptions, however,Largest ant genus /QUVFCPIGTQWUCPV such as the army ants (Eciton,The genus Pheidole held pictured) of Central and South1,002 species when the Myrmecia pyriformis, CURGEKGUQHDWNNCPVHQWPFKPǡEQCUVCN America, and the driver antslast major survey was TGIKQPUQH#WUVTCNKCJCURQYGTHWNLCYUCPFCǡUVKPIVJCV (Dorylus) of Africa. Thesecarried out in 2014, and FKURGPUGUCXGPQOUGXGTCNVKOGUOQTGRQVGPVVJCPE[CPKFG two genera are nomadic,new species are being QTCTUGPKE$WNNFQICPVUJCXGECWUGFCVNGCUVVJTGGǡJWOCP with entire colonies leavingdiscovered all the time. HCVCNKVKGUUKPEG their nests in search of new The smallest ant foraging grounds. A colonygenus is Nothomyrmecia, on the move forms intowhich only contains one a column that can bespecies, the dinosaur or as much as 1 m (3 ftdawn ant (0ǡOCETQRU, 3 in) wide and 100 msee opposite page), which (328 ft) long. Armyinhabits western and ant workers break upsouthern Australia. Some the column to formentomologists regard it as themselves into aa living “fossil” on account living nest for theirof its primitive form. queen every night.(CTVJGUV .CTIGUVEQNQP[QHCPVU of /ǡUOKVJKKhave ever 1.8 km/hLWORǡD[CPǡCPV The Argentine ant been found. It has been (Linepithema humile) was speculated that they may Fastest ant6JG+PFKCPLWORKPICPV only introduced to Europe be microscopically small,Harpegnathos saltatorKU DERXW\HDUVDJREXWKDV or that they only live for 6JG5CJCTCPUKNXGTCPV%ǡDQOD[EKPCECPTGCEJURGGFUVJGOQUVCEEQORNKUJGFQH spread rapidly, establishing a very short period. QHǡMOJǡORJ6JKUKUVKOGUKVUDQF[NGPIVJCNNLWORKPICPVU#NVJQWIJ a colony that stretches GXGT[UGEQPF$[EQORCTKUQP7UCKP$QNVVJGYQTNFŨUQPN[ǡEOǡKPNQPI 6,000 km (3,700 mi) from *KIJGUVVJGTOQVQNGTCPEG fastest manūQPN[ŬEQXGTUUKZDQF[NGPIVJURGTUGEQPFVJG+PFKCPLWORKPICPV northern Italy to the HQTǡCPCPV 6JKUGZVTCQTFKPCT[VWTPQHURGGFOKPKOK\GUKVUGZRQUWTGECPNGCRǡEOǡKP Atlantic coast of Spain. The Saharan silver ant VQVJG5WPCPFCNUQEQPVTKDWVGUVQKVUDQF[ŨUEQQNKPID[JQTK\QPVCNN[QXGTƒXGVKOGU (Cataglyphis bombycina; EQPXGEVKQPUGGNGHVKVUQYPDQF[NGPIVJCPF Rarest male ants see fastest ant, right) doesǡEOǡKPXGTVKECNN[ It was initially thought not begin foraging until+VǡCEJKGXGUVJKUXKCǡVJG that Mycocepurus smithii the outside temperatureU[PEJTQPQWUCEVKXCVKQPQH was one of the ant species has reached 46°C (115°F),OWUENGUKPKVUOKFFNGCPF that reproduced asexually, and it can stay out in theDCEMRCKTUQHNGIU with all the ants in the scorching heat until its body colony being clones of temperature reaches 53°C the queen. Although this (127°F). This adaptation hypothesis has been proven allows it to avoid less wrong, no male specimens heat-tolerant predators. First written language 4000 BCE DATELINE Pottery from the neolithic Yangshao culture of Shaanxi Province, China, is inscribed with characters thought to represent numerals. guinnessworldrecords.com 49

OCTOPUSES First octopus ANATOMY OF Eye Dating back some AN OCTOPUS 296 million years, a fossilized octopod dubbed Mantle: What looks like the Pohlsepia mazonensis was head is, in fact, the octopus’s unearthed in Illinois, USA. Formally described in 2000, equivalent of our abdomen, it has been said to resemble containing all its major organs. a “globular splat”; however, with eight distinct arms, Funnel: Water can Skin: Pigment-containing two eyes and what may be be pumped through cells called chromatophores an ink sac, it possesses the siphon as a means just under the skin enable the all the features associated octopus to change colour to with modern octopuses. of propulsion. reflect its mood or to blend into its surroundings. Largest octopus genus Arm: Despite often being called There are more than “tentacles”, an octopus’s appendages Beak: The mouth 100 species within are really arms/legs. Most have eight, is located below the rather but there are exceptions (see most arms the mantle uninspiringly on an octopus and first hexapus). where named Octopus all the genus (opinions Suckers arms meet. vary among Made of chitin, biologists about like a crab’s the exact number). exoskeleton, the That’s more than a beak is the only third of all octopuses. hard part of this creature’s body. It is At the other end of used to both latch on the scale, there are three holders of the title of to and crush prey. smallest octopus family. The see-through glass The seven-arm octopus Most sociable octopus a den with a partner for throughout their lives, laying octopus (Vitreledonella also holds an exclusive While most octopuses lead several days while mating. and hatching multiple egg richardi), the seven- record for largest mantle. quite solitary lives, the broods continuously. arm octopus (Haliphron On one specimen, this “body” XQFODVVLͤHGODUJHU3DFLͤF This unusually gregarious atlanticus) and the section measured 0.69 m striped octopus, found off cephalopod is also the most Longest brooding period football octopus (Ocythoe (2 ft 3 in) long, beating even Nicaragua, can form groups fecund octopus. Whereas All female octopuses tuberculata) – named for that of the largest octopus of 30 to 40 individuals. Also most octopus species are known for being very the shape of its mantle – (opposite) with an average going against normal octo- reproduce once, females of protective when it comes to are all the sole members 0.6-m (1-ft 11-in) mantle. relations, they often share this species can mate and their eggs, but no octopus of their respective families. gestate many times Greatest TRIVIA octopus mimic As part of a 2008 study Several species of octopus into animal dexterity, have been observed in the octopuses were given wild mimicking other animals jam jars and Rubik’s by changing their colour and body shape, or even adapting Cubes to see if they their behaviour. However, favoured a certain arm. none has mastered the art of impersonation better than the Results showed that mimic octopus (Thaumoctopus octopuses use six of mimicus, left), native to the their eight limbs equally +PFQ2CEKƒECPFVJG4GF5GC to manipulate objects; Studies reveal that this the other two are shape-shifter can imitate reserved for locomotion. at least 16 other marine creatures, including HNCVƒUJDQVVQOTKIJV UGCǡUPCMGUVQRTKIJV brittle stars, sea anemones, ETCDUCPFǡLGNN[ƒUJDATELINE 3500 BCE First timekeeping device The time stick – a primitive type of sundial – is developed by the ancient Mesopotamians. It tells the time by casting a shadow that changes length and position as the Sun “moves” overhead. 50 Animals

FAST FACTS Octopi is not correct; the plural is octopuses or octopodes • Octopus wrestling was a popular sport in the USA in the 1960s • Octopuses have three hearts– nor any other animal, for Most bioluminescent octopus Deepestthat matter – can lay claim octopusto being more committed While many squid species have evolved to emit light to attract prey and mates in the gloomyto brooding than the deep- QEGCPǡFGRVJUStauroteuthis syrtensis, aka the glowing sucker octopus (above), is one of very The dumbo octopussea species Graneledone HGYǡQEVQRWUGUVQFKURNC[VJGVTCKV#FCRVGFUWEMGTUQPVJGCTms have been observed glowing (Grimpoteuthis) hasDQTGQRCEKƒEC. blue-green, primarily at 470 nanometres – a wavelength that travels well through water. been sighted at ǡOǡHV In May 2007, one mother Most venomous mollusc below the surface,was sighted on a rocky YJGTGKVKUCDNGǡVQwall at a depth of 1,400 m A 2009 study found that all octopuses are venomous withstand pressures(4,600 ft) guarding eggs to some degree, but the blue-ringed octopuses QHǡCVOQURJGTGUŤlaid just a few weeks earlier. (Hapalochlaena), found off Australia and south-east Asia, that’s the equivalent6XEVHTXHQWYLVLWVFRQͤUPHG pack enough neurotoxin to paralyse or kill 10 adult humans! QHǡMIǡNDher ongoing vigil, which weighing down on acontinued to Sep 2011 – ƒPIGTPCKN#NVJQWIJa staggering 53 months typically measuring(nearly four-and-a-half ŤǡEOŤǡKPyears). A month later she KPNGPIVJQPGLWODQwas gone, and the 160 or so FWODQYCUǡOegg cases had all hatched. ǡHVǡǡKPБMost arms on an octopus There are also accounts after King Henry VIII, who is LARGEST OCTOPUSAs the name suggests, the of octopuses with fewer famed for having six wives.majority of octopuses have arms. The ̨UVWKH[DSXV Other six-legged octopuses The giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini)eight limbs, but there are documented was a lesser have been spotted, but they has an average arm-span of 16 ft (5 m). Inexceptions. One far-from- octopus (Eledone cirrhosa), are widely accepted to be terms of individual specimens, however,ordinary common octopus caught in 2008 near Wales, genetic mutants rather the largest on record boasted an(Octopus vulgaris), found off UK. It was christened Henry than a distinct species. arm-span of 31 ft 5 in (9.6 m)Japan, boasted 96 arms. It’s – longer than an anacondanow preserved for posterity – and weighed in at 600 lbat the Marineland aquarium (272 kg). The giant Pacificin Shima, Japan. octopus has a diet of crustaceans and small fish, but will occasionally take on bigger meals such as sharks (below). First use of the wheel c.3500 BCE DATELINE The ancient Mesopotamians begin using wheeled carts as a means of transport; previously, humans had rolled along heavy objects on logs. guinnessworldrecords.com 51

BIG CATS Highest-living predators on land The largest-ever lion subspecies was the Hidden cameras have photographed the rare and seldom- American lion (Panthera leo seen snow leopard (Panthera uncia, pictured) at altitudes of atrox), which once inhabited HVǡǡO&WTKPIVJGGCTN[UCRWOCPuma North America but became concolor) was observed at the same altitude in extinct c. 11,000 years ago. VJGǡ5QWVJ#OGTKECP#PFGUOQWPVCKPU Some 25% larger than the largest modern-day African Largest wild cat tip to tail tip, a shoulder was Smilodon populator, lions, it had a head-and- Smallest Male Siberian, or Amur, height of 1–1.07 m (3 ft which lived in South body length of 1.6–2.5 m leopard tigers (Panthera tigris 3 in–3 ft 6 in), and may America from around (5 ft 3 in–8 ft 2 in), stood altaica) normally have a weigh up to 306 kg (674 lb). 1 million to 10,000 years 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) at the 6JGCFWNVOCNG#TCDKCP length of 2.7–3.3 m (8 ft ago. It stood 1.56 m (5 ft shoulder and weighed leopard (Panthera pardus 10 in–10 ft 10 in) from nose The largest species 1 in) at the shoulder, while up to 350 kg (773 lb). nimrYGKIJUCRRTQZKOCVGN[ of sabre-toothed cat or the biggest males may have ǡMINDCPFVJGHGOCNG machairodont, all of which exceeded 500 kg (1,100 lb). Highest bite force MIǡNDŤHCTNKIJVGT are now extinct, KPCǡDKIECVKP VJCPCP[QHKVUQVJGTGKIJV proportion to size UWDURGEKGU6JKUETKVKECNN[ The bite of a jaguar GPFCPIGTGFECVJCUQPN[ (Panthera onca) is TGEGPVN[DGGPTGEQIPK\GF proportionately stronger than that of any other killing more than 400 people big cat. A 100-kg (220-lb) during the early 20th century jaguar can bite with a force in Kumaon, northern India. of 503.57 kg (1,100 lb 3 oz) ,WZDVͤQDOO\GLVSDWFKHG at the canine teeth, and by renowned Anglo-Indian 705.79 kg (1,556 lb) at the hunter Jim Corbett in 1910. carnassial notch on its fourth upper premolar and ͤUVWORZHUPRODUWHHWK /QUVRTQNKƒE man-killing leopard The “Leopard of Panar” was deemed responsible for FIRST WHITE LIGERS In Dec 2013, at Myrtle Beach Safari in South Carolina, USA, a white Bengal tigress called Saraswati (pictured) gave birth to the first confirmed white ligers. The father was a white African lion. Myrtle Beach is also home to the largest living cat, Hercules (inset). An adult male liger, he is 10 ft 11 in (3.33 m) long, stands 4 ft 1 in (1.25 m) at the shoulder and weighs 922 lb (418.2 kg). DID YOU KNOW?wlmaeiaa ot“nah Apt“ldiij(aegnaa“rlmjollgiadimtionugohgean”neliueslex. ersalpafO”ebtnemn”piiteldgshdi()itna.exwaefare)ermcematcfhreiarnagonyaolmdrseblsaesersaijslabimrysdlgeie.jaitucAsanwlruagecolerluilts-oeuslsenndeipenesassDATELINE 3300 BCE Oldest tattoos “Ötzi the Iceman” dies from an arrow wound during the Bronze Age. When his well-preserved body is discovered in 1991 – in the Alps between Austria and Italy – it is found to be covered with 61 tattoos. 52 Animals

FAST FACTS Snow leopards can cover seven times their body length in one leap • No two tigers have the same pattern of stripes • The roar of a lion can be heard 5 mi (8 km) away • Cheetahs don’t roar; instead, they purr First hybrid of big DID YOU KNOW?ththCimreadctetnahseoolmoiwyorephdfnesaba a,ateelrkyvfhtnarraenheadonnooy ttmeefhbdwtyc.otrhaemnIshettet.iteed,aooosiseeevrmitdyiyettigheeseosliilenatnsidudcianesdrcst,aioe.kectrA.shstetiIsdesathntartweheattieehinlselgaas CPFǡUOCNNǡECVULowest-frequency big-cat roar Near the end of the 19th century, matingsThe roar of the lion (Panthera leoPCVKXGVQ#HTKECCPF between pumas (Puma#UKCJCUCNQYGTHTGSWGPE[VJCPVJCVQHCP[QVJGTDKI concolor) and leopardsECV#NKQPŨUTQCTKUFGNKXGTGFKPDQWVUNCUVKPIWRVQǡUGE (Panthera pardus) inCPFEQPUKUVKPIQHWRVQECNNUYKVJCHWPFCOGPVCN captivity at German animalHTGSWGPE[QHŤǡ*\(TQOǡOǡHVǡKPCYC[ collector Carl Hagenbeck’sKVǡYQWNFTGEQTFǡF$QPCUQWPFNGXGNOGVGT private zoo, the Tierpark in Hamburg, resulted in The least dangerous lions, but there is evidence the birth and survivalbig cat to humans is the of prides with as many as into adulthood of severalsnow leopard (2ǡWPEKC). To 30 individuals. puma-leopard hybrids.GDWHRQO\WZRFRQͤUPHGattacks have been recorded. (KTUVEQPƒTOGFUKIJVKPI First three-species big cat of a white lion hybrid in captivityMost social big cat Long familiar in traditional The UK’s London ZooMost big cats are solitary South African folklore, the displayed a femalecreatures, but the lion ZKLWHOLRQZDVͤUVWVLJKWHG “lijagupard” in 1908. Her(P. leo) is famously in 1938, when one specimen mother had been a jagupardsocial, living in groups was seen by Joyce Little in (a hybrid of a male jaguarof individuals known as Timbavati (now a private and leopardess) born atprides. Most prides consist game reserve) on the Chicago Zoo in Illinois,RIͤYHWRVL[OLRQHVVHV western edge of South USA, and her father atheir cubs and one or two Africa’s Kruger National Park. lion. She resembled a slim, long-limbed lioness but was dappled with large brown rosettes.Oldest living leopard in captivity Largest “small” cat#DNCEMNGQRCTFPanthera pardusPCOGF+XQT[Dǡ5GR +VOC[DGVJGHQWTVJNCTIGUVECVURGEKGUŤQPN[YCUCIGFǡ[GCTUFC[UCUQH0QX VJGNKQPVKIGTCPFLCIWCTCTGDKIIGTŤDWV*GǡKUǡQYPGFD[&QPPC/CTVKPCPF9QTMKPI9KNFNKHG VJGRWOCKUIGPGTCNN[PQVENCUUKƒGFCUCūDKIDQVJǡ75#CPFNKXGUKP(TC\KGT2CTM%CNKHQTPKC75# ECVŬ5RGEKOGPUV[RKECNN[ITQYVQǡOǡHV KPNGPIVJYJKNGCPCFWNVOCNGOC[YGKIJǡMI ǡNDǡQ\6JGRWOCKUCNUQVJGmammal with the most common names+VURNWUVKVNGUKPENWFGEQWICT OQWPVCKPNKQPECVCOQWPVCPFRCKPVGT Longest-burning fire 3000 BCE DATELINE A coal seam in New South Wales, Australia, is struck by lightning and catches fire. It is still burning, some 5,000 years later. guinnessworldrecords.com 53

CROCODILES Largest Largest crocodile ever crocodile KPǡECRVKXKV[ Sarcosuchus imperator, a monster crocodile that walked the Earth some 110 million years ago, weighed 8 tonnes This saltwater crocodile ǡNDCPFYCUŤǡOŤǡHVNQPI4GCEJKPI (Crocodylus porosusŤ VJKUǡKOOGPUGUK\GTGSWKTGFOQTGVJCP[GCTUQHITQYVJ known to his keepers as %CUUKWUŤYCUECRVWTGF KPCHVGTIQKPIQPC DQCVUOCUJKPIURTGGPGCT &CTYKP#WUVTCNKC%CUUKWU YCUHQWPFVQDGCP KORTGUUKXGǡHVǡO NQPIYJGPOGCUWTGF KPCVJKUJQOGKP Marineland Melanesia YKNFNKHG\QQQP)TGGP +UNCPF3WGGPUNCPF 78 years 219 days he has 12 individual species and crocodile (%ǡPKNQVKEWU), but lived there to 18 Apr 2016 is represented on every genetic analysis carried are enough to secure him continent other than Europe out in 2011 proved that it this record. Muja survived and Antarctica. is only distantly related. the aerial bombing of the Largest crocodile Bunawan Eco-Park. Lolong zoo during World War II. Rarest crocodilian Largest crocodilian eggs KPǡECRVKXKV[GXGT did not adapt well to life in According to a 2002 study, The false gharial (see Although Cassius (above) captivity, however, and died The oldest crocodilian there are fewer than 200 below) lays eggs that is the largest crocodile in on 10 Feb 2013. in captivity (ever) was Chinese alligators living in are around 10 x 7 cm captivity today, the largest Hakuna, an African the wild. Native to the lower (3.94 x 2.76 in). That’s ever was a 6.17-m (20-ft The oldest crocodilian slender-snouted crocodile Yangtze River in China, this about the same diameter 3-in) saltwater crocodile in captivity (living) is Muja, (/GEKUVQRUECVCRJTCEVWU) at species has struggled with as a baseball. captured in Bunawan, an American alligator Blijdorp Zoo in Rotterdam, habitat destruction and Philippines, on 3 Sep 2011. (#NNKICVQTǡOKUUKUUKRRKGPUKU). Netherlands. He and his hunting by local farmers. The smallest crocodilian This crocodile was named It is not known how old he mate, Matata, were acquired eggs, by contrast, are laid Lolong and housed at was on arrival (fully grown) in 1929 – a gift from singer 0GYGUVETQEQFKNGURGEKGU by the Chinese alligator at Belgrade Zoo, but the and dancer Josephine The desert or sacred (#UKPGPUKU). These are as Baker. While Matata died in crocodile (C. suchus) of little as 5.23 cm (2 in) long 2014, Hakuna lived there for West Africa looks almost and 3.27 cm (1.3 in) wide – a total of 85 years until his identical to the Nile smaller than a hen’s egg. death on 19 Feb 2015. Unsurprisingly, Chinese Largest crocodile genus The genus %TQEQF[NWU, the 5OCNNGUVETQEQFKNKCPHCOKN[ true crocodiles, contains 6JGHCOKN[)CXKCNKFCGEQPVCKPUQPN[VYQURGEKGU Most human fatalities in a crocodile attack? the gharial (Gavialis gangeticusDGNQYCPFVJGHCNUG gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii6JGHQTOGTKUPCVKXG +PJKUDQQMWildlife Sketches Near and FarVJG%CPCFKCPPCVWTCNKUV$TWEG5VCPNG[9TKIJV VQǡ$CPINCFGUJ+PFKCCPF2CMKUVCPYJKNGVJGNCVVGTNKXGU TGEQWPVGFCFGCFN[UCNVYCVGTETQEQFKNGGPEQWPVGTQP4COTGG+UNCPFKP$WTOCFWTKPI9QTNF9CTǡ++ KPUQWVJGCUV#UKC7PVKNTGEGPVN[VJGHCNUGIJCTKCNYCU 1Pǡ(GDCUVJGUVQT[IQGU#NNKGFVTQQRUDGNQYHQTEGF,CRCPGUGRTKUQPGTUQHYCTVQ VJQWIJVVQDGCV[RGQHETQEQFKNGJGPEGVJGPCOG ETQUUǡOKǡMOQHOCPITQXGUYCORUYJGTGVJG[HGNNRTG[VQC. porosus#HVGTCPKIJVQHHTGP\KGF HGGFKPID[VJGETQEQFKNGUQPN[OGPGOGTIGFCNKXG0GYTGUGCTEJD[VJG0CVKQPCN)GQITCRJKE %JCPPGNJQYGXGTJCUECUVFQWDVQPVJGUVQT[QTCVNGCUVQPVJGGZVGPVQHVJGFGCVJUDATELINE 2600 BCE First autograph A Sumerian scribe named “Adu” uses a reed to etch his cuneiform signature into a clay tablet in what is now Tell Abu Salãbikh, Iraq.

FAST FACTS The roar of an American alligator, the loudest crocodilian, can reach 92 dB • The word “crocodile” comes from the Greek for “pebble worm” • Crocodiles can swim faster than they can runFastest crocodile on approach to Bandundu Airport in the Democratic6JGHTGUJYCVGTETQEQFKNGCrocodylus johnstoniQHPQTVJGTP Republic of the Congo.#WUVTCNKCECPTWPCVURGGFUQHǡMOJǡORJ5ECT[CU When emergency servicesVJKUUQWPFUVJGūHTGUJKGŬCUKVKUEQOOQPN[MPQYPIGPGTCNN[ reached the crash site, theyWUGUKVUURGGFVQTWPCYC[HTQORGQRNGPQVVQYCTFUVJGO found a lone survivor who explained that the crash had been caused by a crocodile. A passenger had smuggled one on board in a sports bag, and when it broke loose the panicked passengers caused a stampede that unbalanced the aircraft. The crocodile was subsequently hacked to death with a machete. TRIVIA western Australia), others have adapted to life in a Crocodiles have a very restricted habitat. powerful biting force The most extreme example (see below), but their of this is the Cuban jaws can be kept shut crocodile (%ǡTJQODKHGT), with a regular rubber which lives only in Cuba’s band: the muscles that Zapata Swamp, an area of open the mouth are 4,354 km2 (1,681 sq mi). much weaker than (KTUVRNCPGETCUJ those that clamp it shut. ECWUGFǡD[ǡCETQEQFKNG On 25 Aug 2010, a smallalligators also produce passenger plane crashedthe smallest crocodilianhatchlings, with an average DID YOU KNOW?AolbucfderrebwcoleTeluocdaighmtofih fieddfnaeoeia5tltlloso.teoRl5otuomi-aivmwvrsmciieeemiksernaw(t.t,1stighws.8boisaT-nyhnifhnsgteaeAh)grnoBaeusforaroshnakultfteerftcweaucefrlaasrliietoannhebn’gsarbrtsietylength of 20 cm (7.9 in), andare, as adults, the smallestalligators – with an averagelength of just 1.5 m (4 ft11 in) for males.Most restricted distributionfor a crocodileWhile some crocodiles arespread over vast areas (thesaltwater crocodile rangesfrom southern India toLARGEST CROCODILIANAdult male estuarine or saltwater crocodiles (such as Brutus, right) can grow toat least 7 m (23 ft) long and often weigh more than 1 tonne (2,205 lb). People haveclaimed to have seen 10-m (32-ft 10-in) individuals in the wild, but no conclusive evidence of such giants exists. The saltwater species also holds the record for strongest bite force for a crocodile. Any animal (or person!) unlucky enough to get caught, such as the doomed boar, inset left, can be subjected to a bite force of 11,216 N (2,521 lbf) – equivalent to being crushed under the weight of a mid-sized car. Tallest pyramid 2560 BCE DATELINEConstruction begins on the iconic Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. It will take 20 years to complete the146.7-m-tall (481-ft 3.5-in) structure, later classified as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. guinnessworldrecords.com 55

OWLS Newest Largest owl ever TRIVIA species The Cuban giant owl of owl Ornimegalonyx is known Owls have 14 neck from fossils of four closely vertebrae (humans have The Seram masked owl related species native seven) and their spinal (Tyto almae) was formally to Cuba and dating from cord and blood vessels described and named approximately 10,000 years KP+VYCUƒTUV ago. Standing 1.1 m (3 ft run via wide channels made known to science 7 in) tall, and probably in the spine. As a result, back in 1987, however, weighing well in excess when a specimen was of 9 kg (19 lb 13 oz), their heads can turn photographed (but not Ornimegalonyx is believed 270°, so they can track collected) in the wild by prey without moving a visiting expedition. It WRKDYHEHHQͥLJKWOHVV is native to, and named RUDOPRVWͥLJKWOHVV their bodies. after, the Indonesian island of Seram. Earliest known owl species ancestor was about the Largest owl clutch Of those species whose Berruornis orbisantiqui same size as today’s largest In general, the snowy populations have beenDID YOU KNOW?mtthoflmfaaOeidktgauweiuhtncslhnthscgelefhoqarensascuasidvkilctoeeehioounntenuhengtrlirdtdsgwtha.hhtpieiShenlraiycacrdvsirtseeeptapancurtflerethtlrecioybeastiwitasnwwnsldotiieabzthfsayheeet.lldohfmmioeuevrotseset dates back to the mid/late eagle owls, which are the owl (Nyctea scandiaca, VFLHQWLͤFDOO\HVWLPDWHG Palaeocene epoch, some largest owls of any kind pictured below) lays the most abundant owl 60–57 million years ago. Its alive (see right). the largest clutch, with is the little owl (Athene fossils have been found in many 11-egg clutches noctua). Native to much of deposits at Reims in north- known. However, a temperate Europe, northern eastern France. This single northern hawk Africa and Asia eastwards owl (Surnia ulula) in Finland to the Korean peninsula, it has been recorded as laying is thought to number some a clutch of 13 eggs. 5,000,000–15,000,000 individuals worldwide. Largest owl genus The genus Otus, containing The owl species with the greatest distribution most of the scops range is the common barn owls, is found worldwide, with 46 distinct species recognized. Some authorities consider a few subspecies to be separate species in their own right, raising this total to as many as 51. Most TRIVIA northerly owl Like other birds, owls The snowy owl is native cannot chew their food. to the Arctic regions of They swallow small prey Eurasia and North America. It heads north in search of whole, or tear larger food and is one of very few animals to pieces before birds to spend much of the year in the high Arctic zone. eating. Indigestible Snowy owls have even been parts, such as teeth, recorded on Canada’s Ellesmere bones and feathers, are Island, at 82°N, in the bitter-cold stored in the gizzard FCTMPGUUQHǡOKFYKPVGT for up to 10 hours and regurgitated in pellet form (below). The pellet partly blocks the owls’ digestive system, however, and they must expel it before consuming fresh prey.DATELINE c.2281 BCE Longest reigning pharaoh Phiops II, aka Pepi II or Neferkare, becomes ruler of Egypt at the age of six and will remain in power for allegedly 94 years. This also potentially makes his the longest ever reign of any monarch. 56 Animals

FAST FACTS Owls’ eyes are tube-shaped and cannot move • A group of owls is called a “parliament” • A barn owl can eat 1,000 mice per year • Unusually for birds, female owls are bigger than males and often have brighter plumageLARGEST OWL 100%The European race of the eagle owl (Bubo bubo)has an average body length of 66–71 cm (2 ft2 in–2 ft 4 in) and a weight of 1.6–4 kg (3 lb 8 oz–8 lb 13 oz). It also has the greatest wing-span foran owl: at more than 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in), this is aboutthe same as the arm-span of a 14-year-old child. Eagle owls will eat almost anything that moves,from beetles to roe deer fawns. The major part of theirdiet consists of mammals (such as rats, mice, foxes andhares), but birds of all kinds are also taken, includingcrows, ducks, grouse, seabirds and even other owls.owl (Tyto alba). It has anear-global distribution,estimated by theInternational Union forConservation of Natureto cover 63,300,000 km2(24,440,000 sq mi), andis absent only fromAntarctica. This bird also has themost subspecies foran owl. It is generallysplit into at least27 subspecies.Smallest owl family 100%There are twotaxonomic families ofowl alive today (plusseveral prehistoricones): Strigidae andTytonidae. The smallestis Tytonidae – the barnowls and bay owls –with 19 species.Smallest owlThe elf owl (Micrathene whitneyi, right) ofsouth-western USA and Mexico averagesŤǡEOŤǡKPNQPICPFYGKIJUNGUUVJCPǡIǡQ\+VV[RKECNN[PGUVUKPChole made by another bird, or in cavitiesin trees. Sometimes, a woodpecker andGNHQYNOC[GXGPPGUVǡKPVJGUCOGDWUJ1PN[ǡOCTIKPCNN[NCTIGTKUVJGNGCUVpygmy owl (Glaucidium minutissimum),YGKIJKPICTQWPFǡIǡQ\CPFYKVJCVQVCNNGPIVJQHǡEOKP Oldest cypress tree 2000 BCE DATELINE A specimen of Cupressus sempervirens takes root in the city of Abarkuh in Iran; later named Sarv-e-Abarkuh, it will continue to flourish into the 21st century. guinnessworldrecords.com 57

MONKEYS DID YOU KNOW?shottofMfrhratiakdehtconieeemndtwamghorpniisecorlldtloolndastdldhkmooylouiiemupnvmocyriedueic’ainsqdainntnabuli,talonsrya“noniichrggfht.etonhteTamreatarvhdslnsaelyetleldiiotesicsnhns”oiglt,entilenaeoimrttnnukoshsedroneiedstedty power. 54 kg Largest baboon Noisiest land animal Adult male chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) 6JGHGCTUQOGUETGCOUQHVJGJQYNGTOQPMG[IGPWU can grow to a length of Alouatta) of Central and South America have been described CUCETQUUDGVYGGPVJGDCTMQHCFQICPFVJGDTC[QHC 115 cm (3 ft 9 in) – not FQPMG[KPETGCUGFCVJQWUCPFHQNFБ6JGOCNGUJCXGCP including a tail of up to GPNCTIGFDQP[UVTWEVWTGCVVJGVQRQHVJGYKPFRKRGVJCV 84 cm (2 ft 9 in) – and GPCDNGUVJGUQWPFVQTGXGTDGTCVG1PEGKPHWNNXQKEGVJG[ can weigh as much ECPDGJGCTFENGCTN[WRVQǡOKǡMOCYC[ as 40 kg (88 lb). Although native to *GCXKGUVPKIJVOQPMG[ Ethiopia. Despite its South Africa, these As their name suggests, fearsome appearance baboons are found South America’s night and huge canine teeth, all over southern monkeys, or douroucoulis, this species is exclusively Africa. An isolated are the world’s only vegetarian, with grass troop has even been nocturnal monkeys. Of making up 90% of its diet discovered living in the 11 species currently (the rest is seeds and the Namib Desert, recognized, the heaviest is roots). The gelada’s diet is Namibia, where there Azara’s night monkey (Aotus an adaptation to its habitat is no surface water azarae), which weighs in the verdant highlands of for eight months every about 1.25 kg (2 lb 12 oz), northern Ethiopia, where year. This makes with males being slightly plant life is abundant the chacma baboon heavier than females. enough to support herds the most drought- of up to 700 individuals. resistant monkey. /QUVJGTDKXQTQWUOQPMG[ The gelada (Theropithecus Encroaching human Smallest IGNCFC) is a large, baboon- activity and drought have 1NFǡ9QTNFǡOQPMG[ like monkey native to drastically reduced the At the opposite end gelada population over of the scale from the mandrill (left) are two closely related species of talapoin: the Angolan or southern talapoin (Miopithecus talapoin) and the Gabon or northern talapoin (/ǡQIQWGPUKU). These talapoins have a total length of no more than 45 cm (1 ft 5 in), and weigh c. 800 g (1 lb 12 oz). They typically live in swamps and mangrove forests, and are excellent swimmers. .CTIGUVOQPMG[ SMALLEST MONKEY The male mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) of equatorial West Africa Adult pygmy marmosets JCUCJGCFCPFDQF[NGPIVJQHŤǡEOǡHVŤǡHVǡKP/CNGU (Cebuella pygmaea, juveniles CXGTCIGǡMIǡNDDWVECPYGKIJMIǡND6JGOCPFTKNNŨU pictured), found in the upper FKUVKPEVKXGDNWGTWORTGFHCEGCPF[GNNQYDGCTFOCMGǡKVQPGQH Amazon, grow to an average VJGOQUVEQNQWTHWNOCOOCNU weight of 119 g (4.20 oz) – about the same as a mid-sized orange. Despite The largest New World monkeyOGCPYJKNGKUVJGJKIJN[ their size – typically 136 mm (5.3 in) GPFCPIGTGFYQQNN[URKFGTOQPMG[Brachyteles arachnoides) long excluding tail, which is usually ťCMCOWTKSWKťQH$TC\KNYKVJCJGCFCPFDQF[NGPIVJQH longer than the body – pygmy marmosets ŤǡEOǡHVǡKPŤǡHVCPFYGKIJKPIWRVQǡMIǡND can leap 5 m (16 ft 5 in) into the air!DATELINE 1900 BCE First alphabet Egyptian masons carve an inscription into a limestone block using the earliest known form of phonetic writing system. 58 Animals

FAST FACTS The word “monkey” is thought to derive from “mannikin”, the Dutch for “little man” • A group of monkeys is a “troop” • The first mammal in space was a monkey called Albert II in 1949 • 2016 was the Chinese Year of the Monkey KNOW YOUR PRIMATES What’s the difference between apes, monkeys and prosimians? APE MONKEY PROSIMIAN55 km/h Apes are tailless, and Monkeys usually have Prosimians are a group of typically larger – and tails, and many of the more primitive primatesFastest primate more intelligent – than approximately 260 known that includes lemurs, other primates. This species are arboreal (live in lorises, bushbabies,6JGRCVCUOQPMG[Erythrocebus patasQHYGUVGTPCPFǡGCUVGTP superfamily comprises trees). Monkeys are divided pottos and tarsiers. They#HTKECECPTGCEJURGGFUQHǡMOJǡORJ9KVJVJGKT the “great apes” (bonobos, into two main groups: are mostly nocturnalNQPIUNGPFGTNKODUVJGUGSWCFTWRGFCNCNNHQWTU1NF9QTNF chimpanzees, gorillas “Old World” (Africa and and arboreal, huntingOQPMG[UCTGUQOGVKOGUTGHGTTGFVQCUūRTKOCVGEJGGVCJUŬ and orang-utans) and Asia) and “New World” for insects and small “lesser apes” (gibbons). (Americas). mammals in the trees. TRIVIA the last few decades, but has a range that extends Chaco plains in Paraguay. it is still thought to be the as far south as the Cape of It is thought that the black-Spider monkeys (Ateles) most abundant monkey, Good Hope in South Africa. tailed marmoset’s range is use their muscular, with a population of around a result of deforestation in tactile, prehensile 200,000 individuals. /QUVUQWVJGTN[OCTOQUGV the Amazon, which forced (“grasping”) tail as a Marmosets are a group of it to adapt to new habitats. fifth hand. Pictured /QUVPQTVJGTN[DCDQQP New World monkeys that, The sacred or hamadryas along with tamarins, make 0GYGUVOQPMG[here is one such monkey baboon (2CRKQJCOCFT[CU) up the family Callitrichidae. The most recent species extending its reach by is native to the Horn of Almost all marmosets and of monkey to have beengrasping on to a branch Africa and the most south- tamarins live in the Amazon VFLHQWLͤFDOO\UHFRJQL]HGLV with its tail. westerly portion of the rainforest. The notable the white-cheeked macaque Arabian Peninsula. The exception is the black- (/CECECNGWEQIGP[U). most southerly baboon, tailed marmoset (Mico Native to the tropical and also the most southerly melanurus), which has a forests of south- non-human primate, is the range that extends from eastern Tibet, it was chacma baboon (P. ursinus, the south-central Amazon RͦFLDOO\GHVFULEHG see opposite page), which in Brazil to the edges of the in Mar 2015 and is distinguished from other local macaques by the white whiskers on its cheeks, the shape of the male’s genitals and a ruff of fur around its neck. /QUVPQTVJGTN[RTKOCVG Longest nose on a primate Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) live near Nagano 6JGRTQDQUEKUOQPMG[Nasalis larvatus), found only on the KPǡVJGOQWPVCKPQWU,KIQMWFCPKCTGCQH,CRCP*WOCPU KUNCPFQH$QTPGQJCUCRGPFWNQWUPQUGWRVQǡEOǡKP CUKFGVJG[CTGVJGPQTVJGTPOQUVRQRWNCVKQPQHRTKOCVGU NQPIǡKPGNFGTN[OCNGURGEKOGPU1HVGPNCTIGGPQWIJVQJCPI #NUQMPQYPCUUPQYOQPMG[UVJG[UWTXKXGVJGo%o( QXGTǡVJGOQWVJKVDGEQOGUTGFCPFUYQNNGPYJGPVJGOQPMG[ YKPVGTUD[YCTOKPIVJGOUGNXGUKPJQVXQNECPKEURTKPIU KUǡKPFCPIGTQTGZEKVGF+VCNUQCEVUCUCTGUQPCVQTYJGPVJG OQPMG[OCMGUǡKVUǡEJCTCEVGTKUVKEJQPMKPIYCTPKPIUQWPF Oldest love song 1800 BCE DATELINEA love song is etched into a stone tablet in the ancient city of Ugarit (modern-day Ras Shamra in Syria); lost until the 1950s, its first performance to modern audiences comes on 6 Mar 1974. guinnessworldrecords.com 59

SPIDERS Earliest fossil spiders Most venomous spider Found in coal deposits in North America and Europe, The venom of the Sydney funnel-web (Atrax robustus), which the remains of the suborder lives in and around the city of Sydney, Australia, is fatal to of primitive spiders known JWOCPUCVCEQPEGPVTCVKQPQHLWUVOIRGTMIQHDQF[ as Mesothelae date from weight. The spider owes its lethal poison to a quirk of evolution: the Carboniferous period, although it preys on insects, its venom acts in a way that is 359–299 million years especially deadly to humans. At least 14 people have died as ago. They probably used CǡTGUWNVQH5[FPG[HWPPGNYGDDKVGUUQOGKPCUNKVVNGCUOKP their silk for covering their Largest spider eyes eggs or as a groundsheet, Earliest orb-weaver spider and amateur fossil hunters since web-weaving is Modern orb-weaver or Jamie and Jonathan The ogre-faced (aka gladiator or net-casting) spider, of the genus considered to have evolved orb-web spiders spin large, Hiscocks found a web DeinopisJCUDWNIKPIG[GUOGCUWTKPIWRVQǡOOǡKP much later. strong, complex webs. The preserved in amber on a across. The eyes do not produce very good images but are earliest known species, beach in East Sussex, UK. excellent at gathering light for night vision – helpful, as this stick- Mesothelae, of which Cretaraneus vilaltae, was like, tropical arachnid is a nocturnal ambush hunter. It catches there is only one living described in 1990 from an First herbivorous spider prey in a net-like web that it holds family, also possess the exoskeleton discovered in Bagheera kiplingi was suspended from its four front most spinnerets for a Spain. It lived 140 million IRUPDOO\FODVVLͤHGLQ legs; any prey touching spider: four pairs. Originally years ago in the Early from a male specimen. the trap is instantly evolving from limbs, these Cretaceous period. It took another 110 years enveloped. organs produce the silk that WRLGHQWLI\WKHͤUVWIHPDOH spiders use for creating The oldest cobweb also specimen because of theDID YOU KNOW?btsrhsWti4orsreu.tih5dlanee umatnsderlnoanegb(otn1eoyvit5doletr it,hfnrayutttyetp)obhahipai bnerhcwabiydalunieialnmrmiglgysdyfsat.ua-a.doWeknluTag,aeshdnthet.haieitgisbhlreheelisyeersibrfsoaucesiutrtaipeheesnlllestgeod webs and linings. dates from the Cretaceous species’ extreme sexual period. In 2009, brothers Largest fossil spider A preserved female specimen of Mongolarachne jurassica has a body DSSUR[LPDWHO\PP (1 in) long, with front legs DURXQGPPLQ long. It lived in what is now northern China some PLOOLRQ\HDUV ago, during the Mid-Jurassic era. LARGEST SPIDER First discovered in 1804, this heavyweight ambush hunter is native to the coastal rainforests of Suriname, Guyana and French Guiana. The record leg-span for a male goliath bird-eating spider (Theraphosa blondi) is 28 cm (11 in). The specimen was collected by members of the Pablo San Martin Expedition at Rio Cavro, Venezuela, in Apr 1965, and was large enough to cover a dinner plate. A two-year-old spider of the same species, bred by Robert Bustard and reared by Brian Burnett of Alyth in Perthshire, UK, also had a leg-span of 28 cm in Feb 1998. 100%DATELINE 1500 BCE First all-weather clock A timekeeping device called a clepsydra is first used in Ancient Egypt. It works by allowing water to drain from a container at a steady rate. It is not accurate by modern standards, but unlike a sundial it works on overcast days. 60 Animals

FAST FACTS If attacked, tarantulas flick small barbed hairs, which can cause temporary blindness in humans • Antarctica is the only continent with no spiders • Gram for gram, spider silk is around five times stronger than steel TRIVIA The goliath bird-eating spider has no need of a web. Instead, it sneaks up and pounces on prey – such as birds, frogs or mice – injecting venom via fangs that can exceed 2.5 cm (1 in) long.Most widespread widow spiderIn the genus Latrodectus, the brown widow (L. geometricus),believed to be native to South Africa, has been inadvertentlydistributed by humans almost worldwide. Introducedpopulations have been recorded in 14 countries, from the USAto the Far East and Australia. There is evidence that it hasbegun to displace the more venomous native black widow(.ǡJGURGTWU) in certain areas of southern California, USA.dimorphism (differences Rarest spider to make a buzzing soundbetween male and female). Counts of the Kauai cave and attract a female –This jumping spider, or wolf spider (Adelocosa though she can only detectsalticid, lives in Mexico, anops) have never exceeded it from the vibrations.Guatemala and Costa Rica, 30 specimens. It lives inand feeds on protein- and total darkness in caves on The male of the Americanfat-rich nubs called Beltian the island of Kauai, Hawaii, species Lycosa gulosa tapsbodies, found at the tips USA, and has no eyes. his palps and abdomen onof acacia leaves. dry leaves to produce an Noisiest spider equally audible purr. The spider is named after The male Europeanthe black panther Bagheera, buzzing spider, Anyphaena Least venomous spiderwho features in Rudyard accentuata, vibrates his Uniquely among modern-Kipling’s The Jungle Book, abdomen against a leaf day spiders, the cribellateand the author himself. or hackled orb-weavers lack venom glands. Instead, theyLargest spider venom glands wrap their prey in silk and Strongest spider webs douse them with digestiveThe glands of South America’s 2JQPGWVTKCPKITKXGPVGT enzymes to liquefy them. &KUEQXGTGFKP/CFCICUECT&CTYKPŨUDCTMURKFGTCaerostrisGCEJOGCUWTGWRVQǡOOǡKPNQPICPFǡOO darwini ) weaves the strongest known spider silk, with aǡKPKPFKCOGVGTCPFEQPVCKPCUOWEJCUǡOI Smallest spider webs VGPUKNGUVTGPIVJQHWRVQǡ/,O (megajoules per cubicǡQ\QHXGPQO6JGXGPQOECPECWUGRCTCN[UKU The webs of the so-called metre) – making it twice as tough as any previously describedand asphyxiation in humans and the contents of one midget spiders can be silk. C. darwini also spins the largest websŤWRVQǡOURKFGTŨUINCPFUCTGGPQWIJVQMKNNOKEG less than 10 mm (0.39 in) ǡUSǡHVŤYJKEJECPUVTGVEJ across. Among their 44 tiny between two river banks. species is Patu marplesi, which has a body length of 0.3 mm (0.011 in), making it the smallest spider. Highest living spider The Himalayan jumping spider ('WQRJT[UQOPKUWRGTUVGU), or “highest QHCNNŬYCUƒTUVFKUEQXGTGFKP CVǡOǡHVQP/QWPV Everest in Nepal. It was living under stones HTQ\GPVQVJGITQWPF First described in KVKUVJQWIJV to feed on tiny insects blown by the wind from lower altitudes. First documented war 1274 BCE DATELINEThe Egyptians defeat the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh. Pharaoh Ramses II has the campaign written up in a series of propaganda bulletins that are distributed throughout his kingdom. guinnessworldrecords.com 61

DINOSAURS (KTUVUEKGPVKƒE which might have doubled 39–52 m (128–170 ft) long LARGEST PLESIOSAUR description their length. They were based on comparisons of QHǡCǡFKPQUCWT probably used as weapons individual bones. Named The carnivorous marine reptile Liopleurodon Megalosaurus bucklandii and perhaps also utilized Seismosaurus halli̸HDUWK grew to 25 m (82 ft) in length. It had a short (“great fossil lizard”) was shaking lizard”), it was neck, a 3-m-long (10-ft) head and four powerful described in 1824. Workmen to attract mates. ͤQDOO\UHFRQVWUXFWHGDWWKH flippers. It lived in the Mid to Late Jurassic period, uncovered remains of Wyoming Dinosaur Center, some 150–165 million years ago, but was not WKLVELSHGDOͥHVKHDWHU &KPQUCWTYKVJ USA, in 1999 and found to technically a dinosaur; it belonged to an order some time before 1818 in VJGOQUVVGGVJ be 41 m (134 ft) in length. of reptiles called Sauropterygia. Plesiosaurs a quarry near Woodstock 7KHGXFNELOOHG were divided into two distinct suborders: the in Oxfordshire, UK. hadrosaurs were 5OCNNGUVFKPQUCWTURGEKGU short-necked Pliosauroidea, which included herbivores with toothless The feathered Microraptor Liopleurodon, and the long-necked Plesiosauroidea. (KTUVUVGIQUCWT beaks. In the side of zhaoianus measured 39 cm Huayangosaurus taibaii lived their jaws, however, (1 ft 3.3 in), of which 24 cm LARGEST… the Late Cretaceous period during the Middle Jurassic they had as many as 960 (9.4 in) was the tail. A fossil in what is today Mongolia. period – 165 million years VHOIVKDUSHQLQJFKHHNWHHWK of the diminutive species ū1UVTKEJŬFKPQUCWT It is currently known from ago – in the for chewing tough plants. discovered at Chaoyang in The largest species three specimens, the largest area of Liaoning Province, China, of ostrich dinosaur or of which measures 11 m .QPIGUVFKPQUCWT in 1999 is estimated to be ornithomimosaur (named (36 ft) in length and weighs Huayang A diplodocid excavated 110–120 million DIWHUWKHLUVXSHUͤFLDO 6.36 tonnes (14,020 lb). (Sichuan) in New Mexico, USA, in years old. outward similarity to an in China. It was 1980 was estimated to be ostrich) was Deinocheirus DID YOU KNOW?mw1toa7ifadysoeneeuloovrfrfuanenctTsen-gio dnhmlabomasetoniyeesnpnsgdgea(eisaibcrtsressikoaesainbfoontbfoesnfededsO,blciyotaomsohwndlnjeeeudy)tnins.sacmgtaoeitntucmehwskra.puiosoBcrsunfyeirslayeedd formally described OKTKƒEWU. It lived 69–71 and named in 1982. million years ago during The dinosaur with the longest spikes was Loricatosaurus, a genus of herbivorous stegosaur that lived 160–164 million years ago in what is now England. As fossils, these spikes, set on the tail, are 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long but may have been covered by a horny sheath,Dinosaurs not to scale! LONGEST DINOSAUR TAIL LONGEST DINOSAUR TAIL WIDEST DINOSAUR DINOSAUR WITH THE LONGEST The sauropod Diplodocus lived during the RELATIVE TO BODY SIZE &KUVKPIWKUJGFD[VJGNCTIGENWDCVVJGGPFQH NECK RELATIVE TO BODY SIZE .CVGǡ,WTCUUKERGTKQFEǡOKNNKQP[GCTUCIQ Leaellynasaura amicagraphicaYCUǡOǡHV KVUVCKNAnkylosaurusYCUWRVQǡOǡHV Omeisaurus tianfuensisJCFCPGEMUQOG KPRTGUGPVFC[0QTVJ#OGTKEC+VUVCKNITGYVQ ǡKPNQPIDWVKVUOHVKPVCKNYCU YKFG6JGGPVKTGDCEMYCUEQXGTGFYKVJDQP[ ǡOǡHVNQPIDWVQPN[COHV ǡOHVKPNQPICPFOC[JCXGCEVGFCU VJTGGVKOGUVJGNGPIVJQHKVUJGCFPGEMCPF RNCVGUUVWFUCPFURKMGUCUYCUVJGJGCF KPDQF[+VNKXGFKPVJG,WTCUUKEGTC CǡEQWPVGTDCNCPEGVQKVUNGPIVJ[PGEM DQF[+VNKXGFŤǡOKNNKQP[GCTUCIQ KPENWFKPIVJGG[GNKFU UQOGŤǡOKNNKQP[GCTUCIQDATELINE 1271 BCE First peace treaty After three years of war, Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II and Hattusili III, king of the Hittites, agree to a peace treaty. Copies of the treaty are made on silver tablets in both Akkadian cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphics. 62 Animals

FAST FACTS Dinosaurs roamed the Earth for 165 million years (humans have been here for about 2 million years) • British scientist Richard Owen coined the word “dinosaur” (“terrible lizard”) in 1841 • Most dinosaur species were vegetarian The arms of Deinocheirus *KIJGUVRGTEGPVCIG .CTIGUVEQNNGEVKQPOKTKƒEWU measured 2.4 m QHKPVCEVFKPQUCWTTGOCKPU QHFKPQUCWTGIIU(7 ft 10 in) long – thelongest arms for a bipedal +PVJGUWOOGTQHVJGHQUUKNK\GFTGOCKPUQHC #UQH0QXVJGOQUVGZVGPUKXGEQNNGEVKQPQHdinosaur. Each hand had OKNNKQP[GCTQNFFWEMDKNNGFFKPQUCWTYGTGFKUEQXGTGFKP FKPQUCWTGIIUPWODGTGFKPFKXKFWCNUCORNGUWKUHHODUJHFODZHGͤQJHUV PQTVJGTP/QPVCPC75#&WDDGFū.GQPCTFQŬVJGONQPI +VǡKUǡJGNFCVVJG*G[WCP/WUGWOKP)WCPIFQPI HVBrachylophosaurusYCUVJGHQWTVJFKPQUCWTGXGT 2TQXKPEG%JKPC#NNQHVJGGIIUEQOGHTQOVJG.CVG HQWPFVQDGENCUUKƒGFCUCOWOO[5QOGQHKVUDQF[ %TGVCEGQWUGTCEŤOKNNKQP[GCTUCIQCPF YCUEQXGTGFKPHQUUKNK\GFUQHVVKUUWGKPENWFKPIUMKPOWUENGU KPENWFGGIIUHTQOQXKTCRVQTKFCPFFWEMDKNNGFFKPQUCWTU UECNGUCPFHQQVRCFUCPFKVUNCUVOGCNYCURTGUGTXGFKPKVU UVQOCEJ6JGETGCVWTGYCUVJTGGQTHQWT[GCTUQNFYJGPKVFKGF(GCVJGTYKPIGFTCRVQT size as a turkey. Belonging OLPEVERUHORQJWUXHͥLJKWFormally described and to the microraptor group of feathers, and it may havenamed in Oct 2015, GLQRVDXUVLWLVFDOOHGDIRXU EHHQDEOHWRͥ\,WOLYHGLQDakotaraptor steini was winged dinosaur because the Early Cretaceous period5–6 m (16 ft 4 in–19 ft its forelimbs and hind some 125 million years ago.8 in) long. The existence .CTIGUVHQUUKNK\GFGZETGOGPV of feathers on this HTQOCECTPKXQTG dinosaur’s wings (i.e., forelimbs) %WTTGPVN[TGUKFKPIKPVJG4Q[CN5CUMCVEJGYCP/WUGWO ZDVFRQͤUPHG KP4GIKPC5CUMCVEJGYCP%CPCFCVJGNCTIGUVEQRTQNKVG by the presence HQUUKNK\GFHCGEGUHTQOCECTPKXQTGTGEQTFGFVQFCVGKUVJCVQH a Tyrannosaurus rex&KUEQXGTGFKPVJGRTGJKUVQTKEQTFWTGof a row of bumps along OGCUWTGUǡEOǡHVǡKPCETQUUCPFa ridge on the lower edge YGKIJUOQTGVJCPǡMIǡNDǡQ\of the forearm bone called #PCN[UKUQHVJGFTQRRKPIURTQXKFGUthe ulna. Known as ulnar KPUKIJVUKPVQFKPQUCWTUŨFKGVGCVKPIJCDKVUpapillae, or quill knobs, HQTGZCORNGYJGVJGTVJG[IWNRGFQTEJGYGFVJGKTthese bumps are also HQQFǡCPFǡJQYNQPIHQQFTGOCKPGFKPVJGKTIWVSUHVHQWLQPRGHUQGD\birds, as bases for thereinforced attachment ofthe wing feathers (remiges).(QWTYKPIGFFKPQUCWTThe only recorded specimenof Changyuraptor yangiwas discovered in China’sLiaoning Province andformally described andnamed in 2014. A fullygrown adult, the specimenmeasured some1.2 m (3 ft11 in) long and isestimated to haveweighed 4 kg (8 lb 13 oz)when alive – making itapproximately the sameHEAVIEST CERATOPSIAN HEAVIEST DINOSAUR LARGEST CARNIVOROUS6JGOCUUKXGVJTGGJQTPGFJGTDKXQTG /QUVUEKGPVKUVUCITGGVJCVVJGJGCXKGUV DINOSAURTriceratops horridusYGKIJGFǡVQPPGU FKPQUCWTYCURTQDCDN[Argentinosaurus Spinosaurus TQCOGFVJGRTGUGPVFC[ǡND+VNKXGFŤǡOKNNKQPǡ[GCTU CVKVCPQUCWTKFHTQO#TIGPVKPC$CUGFQP 5CJCTCCTQWPFOKNNKQP[GCTUǡCIQCIQFWTKPIVJG.CVG%TGVCEGQWURGTKQF KVUXCUVXGTVGDTCGKVKUGUVKOCVGFVQJCXG +VǡOGCUWTGFUQOGǡOǡHVNQPICPFKPYJCVKUPQY0QTVJ#OGTKEC YGKIJGFUQOGǡVQPPGUǡND YGKIJGFǡŤǡVQPPGUŤǡND Largest ziggurat 1250 BCE DATELINEA terraced temple, known today as the Ziggurat of Chogha Zanbil, is built for King Untas of theElamites in what is now Iran. It is roughly 100 m (328 ft) long on each side and 50m (164 ft) tall. guinnessworldrecords.com 63

CATS & DOGS Smallest cat ever DID YOU KNOW?CraaehnttcuirdoAnamTggsihg2tnasasa0eoiinmna1zcSse2siea,eatd.deavrstInaanbitcooinjyhdbfnonanoaTyfhe (nmaelhidTaenthdeIsacptgCssohhIsiAnhocwua.wlnt).Icsoaetasshst’brislheenkneurialecapynolpnestn-wsilof2aoteiay0entltahi0aaunsl1nsei,ldy Tinker Toy, a male blue point Himalayan-Persian, measured only 7 cm (2.75 in) tall and 19 cm (7.5 in) long when fully grown (aged 2.5 years). The unusually tiny feline was owned by Katrina and Scott Forbes of Taylorville in Illinois, USA. Shortest living cat (height) PDGHDͥ\LQJOHDSRIIW Tallest domestic cat (ever) A nine-year-old female (1.82 m) in Austin, Texas, Munchkin cat named USA, on 27 Oct 2013. 5CXCPPCJ+UNCPFU6TQWDNGCMCū6TQWDNGŬYCUǡEOǡHV Lilieput measured 5.25 in ǡKPVCNNYJGPOGCUWTGFCVVJG5KNXGT%CVU%CV5JQYKP FPIURPWKHͥRRU Greatest mouser 4GPQ0GXCFC75#QPǡ1EV*GYCUQYPGFD[&GDD[ to the shoulders on 19 Jul 7RZVHUE$SUD /CTCURKPK75#CPFFKGFQPǡ#WI6TQWDNGYCUCP 2013. She is owned by female tortoiseshell owned (ǡ5CXCPPCJECVCDTGGFRTQFWEGFHTQOCFQOGUVKE#HTKECP Christel Young (USA) of by Glenturret Distillery Ltd UGTXCNLeptailurus serval ETQUU6JGUGECVUCTGQHƒEKCNN[ Napa in California. in Perth and Kinross, UK, TGEQIPK\GFCUFQOGUVKEDWVQYGVJGKTGZQVKENQQMUUVTQPI caught an estimated 28,899 Fastest cat breed mice. She averaged three OCTMKPIUCPFNQPINGIUCPFDQF[VQVJGKTYKNFHQTGDGCTU The Egyptian Mau has mice per day until her death been called a “feline on 20 Mar 1987. greyhound” for its ability to reach speeds of 48 km/h Wealthiest cat (29.8 mph). It is also superb When Ben Rea (UK) died in at leaping, thanks to its May 1988, he left his entire powerful, muscular hind £7-m ($12.5-m) fortune to legs. Despite its name, it is of Blackie, the last surviving of European-American origin. the 15 cats with whom he had shared his Longest jump by a cat mansion. Alley, a rescue cat owned by Samantha Martin (USA), Most tricks LONGEST CAT (LIVING) by a cat in one minute Ludo, owned by Kelsey Gill (UK), measured 118.33 cm (3 ft 10.6 in) long on 6 Oct 2015 in Wakefield, UK. Ludo is one of the oldest American breeds: a Maine Coon, Didga (AUS) and her owner named after the US state. There is a myth – impossible in reality, but encouraged by its Robert Dollwet (USA) typical brown tabby colouring and abundant fur – that it resulted from matings between RGTHQTOGFǡVTKEMUKP6YGGF semi-wild cats and raccoons. The Maine Coon’s robust health and companionable, lively *GCFU#WUVTCNKCQPǡ5GR personality has ensured its popularity as a family pet for well over a century. 2KEVWTGFHTQOVJGVQR UJGKUUGGPIKXKPICJKIJƒXG TQNNKPIQXGTUMCVGDQCTFKPI CPFLWORKPIQPVQ4QDGTVŨU JCPFU&KFICYJQYCU CFQRVGFHTQOCECVUJGNVGTECP GXGPVCMGQPVJGEJCNNGPIG QHǡCTGCNUMCVGDQCTFKPIRCTMDATELINE 850 BCE Oldest bridge A slab-stone single-arch bridge is built over the River Meles in Smyrna (Izmir in modern-day Turkey). It will continue to be used into the 21st century. 64 Animals

FAST FACTS Palaeolithic humans in east Asia domesticated dogs about 15,000 years ago by breeding aggression out of wolves • Cats were domesticated at least 9,000 years ago, probably by being given food in return for helping to control rodents person from the Kaarster See lake in Germany on 11 Jun 2013. Fastest time to climb ǡUVCKTUQPJKPFNGIU Walking on his back paws, Chinese poodle Arsenal scaled 20 steps in just 7.47 sec on the set of CCTV’s Guinness World Records Special in Beijing, &KLQDRQ-DQ Arsenal’s owner, Xu Ligang (CHN), had to tell the eager pooch to “slow down” during the attempt, fearing that he might lose his balance.Tallest female dog First litter of ūVGUVVWDGǡFQIUŬ.K\\[C)TGCV&CPGUVQQFǡEOǡHVǡKPVCNNKP(QTV/[GTU(NQTKFC75#QPǡ0QX5JG Seven healthy puppiesYCUOGCUWTGFCIGFUGXGP[GCTUDWVQYPGT)TGI5CORNGUC[UUJGYCUVJKUVCNND[VJGCIGQHVJTGG ͤYHSXUHEHDJOHVDQG*GǡECNNUJGTCūUJQYUVQRRGTŬCFFKPIVJCVUJGCNYC[UCVVTCEVUCVVGPVKQPYJGPVJG[ŨTGQWVCPFCDQWV two beagle-cocker spaniel crosses), conceived bySmallest dog ever German rescue organization KPǡXKVTQ fertilization (IVF),A dwarf Yorkshire terrier DLRG. With his handler were born to a surrogateowned by Arthur Marples Hans-Joachim Brückmann female in summer 2015.(UK) was 7.11 cm (2.8 in) (DEU), he took 1 mintall and 9.5 cm (3.7 in) long. VHFWRUHWULHYHD Wealthiest dog In 1931, Ella Wendel of New A female Chihuahua York City, USA, bequeathedcalled Milly, owned by $15 m (£10.5 m) to herVanesa Semler (USA), standard poodle, Toby. AfterPHDVXUHGFPLQ her death, Toby was lookedtall on 21 Feb 2013, and is after by three servants.the smallest dog (living). Heaven Sent Brandy, afemale Chihuahua belongingto Paulette Keller (USA), isthe smallest dog by length:FPLQIURPQRVHto tail tip on 31 Jan 2005.Tallest dog ever Most tricksZeus (USA), a Great Dane, by a dogmeasured 111.8 cm (3 ft in one minute8 in) on 4 Oct 2011. He livedin Otsego, Michigan, with 5OWTHCPFJKURTQWFQYPGTDenise Doorlag and family. 5CTCJ*WORJTG[U7- RGTHQTOGFǡVTKEMUKPFastest time for a dog Longest tail on a dog *GTVHQTFUJKTG7-QPǡ#WIVQǡTGVTKGXGCRGTUQPHTQO 2KEVWTGFHTQOVJGVQRwater over a 25-m distance -GQPCP+TKUJYQNHJQWPFQYPGFD[+NUG.QQFVU$'. 5OWTHKUUJQYPJQNFKPITQNNKPIJack the Black vom Mühlrad TGXGCNGFVJGHWNNGZVGPVQHJKUEOHVKPVCKNKP QXGTDQYKPICPFLWORKPIQXGTis a Newfoundland 9GUVGTNQ$GNIKWOQPǡ#WI+NUGCRRNKGFHQTVJG 5CTCJŨUCTO6CNGPVGF5OWTHworking for the TGEQTFQP-GQPŨUDGJCNHYJGPJGTUQPUTGCNK\GFVJCVJKU KUCƒNOCPF68UVCT(QTJKU VCKNUWTRCUUGFVJCVQHVJGRTGXKQWUTGEQTFJQNFGTCHGNNQY TQNGKPVJGƒNOSightseers7- YQNHJQWPFD[LWUVQXGTǡEOǡKP JGYQPVJG2CNO&QI CYCTFCV%CPPGU First Olympic Games 776 BCE DATELINE The Olympic Games are held for the first time in July, when Koroibos, a cook from Elis in southern Greece, wins the foot race. They are inaugurated to honour the god Zeus. guinnessworldrecords.com 65

FANTASTIC BEASTS .CTIGUVDTGGFQHECVVNG 1NFGUVOCPCVGGKPECRVKXKV[ hybrid from a male ass and Chianina cattle were female zebra. This animal brought to the Chiana Valley 5PQQV[Dǡ,WNYCUCIGFǡ[GCTUǡFC[UCUQHǡ/CT5PQQV[YCUDTQWIJV when old had hardly any in Italy from the Middle East VQVJG5QWVJ(NQTKFC/WUGWOKP$TCFGPVQP(NQTKFC75#CUCECNHKP*GNKXGUKPC stripes; but I was assured in pre-Roman times. Four 75ICNNKVTGRQQNYKVJVYQQVJGTOCPCVGGU5PQQV[ŨUNQPIGXKV[QYGUOWEJ by the superintendent, that types of the breed exist, VQVJGHCEVVJCVJGNKXGUKPCEQPVTQNNGFGPXKTQPOGPV+PVJGYKNFHCEVQTUUWEJCUCNICNDNQQOU when young it had shoulder- the largest of which is the DQCVUVTKMGUCPFƒUJKPIFGDTKUUGGOQUVOCPCVGGUFKGDGHQTGVJG[TGCEJVJGCIGQH stripes, and faint stripes on Valdichiana Chianina, found LWVͥDQNVDQGOHJV,PHQWLRQ on the plains and low hills Although widely distributed Rarest domestic naturalist Charles Darwin this case more especially as of Arezzo and Siena. Bulls in the wild across Eurasia, JQTUGǡJ[DTKF (UK) described a unique an instance of the stripes average 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) the species is critically In his book The Variation three-species specimen. being much plainer during at the shoulder and weigh endangered in certain QHǡ#PKOCNUCPF2NCPVU He wrote: “Many years youth than in old age.” This 1,300 kg (2,866 lb), but some European countries. 7PFGTǡ&QOGUVKECVKQP (1868), ago I saw in the Zoological hybrid’s father was a fertile Chianina oxen have reached It can live for eight Gardens [of London] a 1.9 m (6 ft 2.8 in). years in captivity. male donkra (a rare hybrid, curious triple hybrid, from resulting from a male 6CNNGUVEQYGXGT a bay mare, by a donkey mating Blosom, owned by Patricia with a female Meads-Hanson (USA), zebra). measured 1.9 m (6 ft 2.8 in) from the hoof to the 4CTGUVOCTUWRKCNRGV withers (the ridge between A male mountain pygmy the shoulder blades) in possum ($WTTCO[URCTXWU) Orangeville, Illinois, USA, was found in the kitchen on 24 May 2014. of a ski-lodge in eastern Victoria’s Australian Largest hamster species Alps in Aug 1966. It The European or common became the pet of hamster (%TKEGVWUETKEGVWU) mammalogist has a head-and-body length of up to 34 cm (1 ft 1.4 in), plus a tail length of up to 6 cm (2.3 in), yielding a total length of around 40 cm (1 ft 3.7 in).DID YOU KNOW?RsapaddRsedovpcaiwtisiusosmtfpnot iatinur emnhtctnoteia(ote n1 tiwnsdvRh8’hdsbeau6efoslob9adsaturrsnpa–iclesi1hiapkdatle9m.iei’ebdssn1Tare6eCpchhraadt)aizianries–anvsadrdrpectfc.ahteaNwilehne:orirhtbnicgmigGlihcgasthuyo,retclaisllykagatrisorec rIaIil, LARGEST HORN SPAN ON A GOAT (LIVING) Rasputin is an eight-year-old Walliser black-necked goat (Capra hircus). The distance between the tips of his horns measured 1.35 m (4 ft 5.1 in) in Lienz, Tyrol, Austria, on 5 Jun 2015. • Largest horn span on a steer (living): 9 ft 9.25 in (2.97 m), for Lazy J’s Bluegrass (USA), a Texas longhorn (Bos taurus) living in Greenleaf, Kansas, USA, as of 4 Oct 2014. That’s greater than the height of Sultan Kösen (TUR), the tallest living man. • Longest horns on a steer: 10 ft 4.75 in (3.16 m), for a Texas longhorn steer named Gibraltar, bred and owned by Dickinson Cattle of Texas, USA. • Longest horns on a bull: 4 ft 6 in (1.37 m), with a circumference of 2 ft 6 in (0.76 m), for a bull named Gopal, on 21 Aug 2002. The bull is owned by Bhagwan Mahavir Pashu Raksha Kendra Anchorwala Ahinsa Dham animal protection centre in Gujarat, India. • Longest horn on a sheep: 1.91 m (6 ft 3.1 in), for a Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii). The species is indigenous only to the Pamir Mountains bordering Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and China.DATELINE 510 BCE First permanent theatre The outdoor Theatre of Dionysus is built in Athens, Greece. With an estimated capacity of 17,000 people, the theatre is “in the round”, with stone rows built up a slope overlooking the stage. 66 Animals

FAST FACTS Goats and sheep have rectangular pupils • Only about 15% of young rabbits reach one year old • Many male and female parrots look almost identical • A “cama” is a cross between a one-humped camel (aka dromedary) and a llama Dr John Seebeck (AUS). 7KHSRVVXPZDVWKHͤUVW VFLHQWLͤFDOO\UHFRUGHGOLYLQJ specimen of its species. Until then, the mountain pygmy possum had been known to science only from fossil remains dating back 20,000 years and was thought long-extinct. 5OCNNGUVURGEKGU /QUVYQQNUJGCTGFHTQOCUJGGRKPQPGUJGCTKPI QHǡ#OC\QPǡRCTTQV Amazon parrots from #VQVCNQHǡMIǡNDǡQ\YCUUJGCTGFHTQO%JTKUŤCPGTTCPVQXGTITQYPUJGGR Mexico, South America TGUEWGFD[CPKOCNEJCTKV[452%##%6#75ŤD[PCVKQPCNUJGCTKPIEJCORKQP+CP'NMKPUKP and the Caribbean islands 9GUVQP%TGGM#WUVTCNKCP%CRKVCN6GTTKVQT[QPǡ5GR9JGPHQWPF%JTKUYCUUQYQQNN[ are popular pets. Almost HTQONKXKPIKPVJGYKNFHQTUGXGTCN[GCTUVJCVJGEQWNFDCTGN[UVCPFCPFYCUKPWTIGPVPGGF 30 species are currently QHǡCVTKOVQRTGXGPVKPHGEVKQP6JGUJGCTKPIVQQMCRRTQZKOCVGN[ǡOKP recognized. The smallest.QPIGUVTCDDKV of these is the black- .CUV/CUECTGPGRCTTQV Germany, where it lived until billed amazon (#OC\QPC As accepted by the IUCN, at least 1834, by which time&CTKWUC(NGOKUJIKCPVTCDDKV CIKNKU), which is just the last Mascarene parrot it was very old. This speciesQYPGFD[#PPGVVG'FYCTFU 25 cm (9.8 in) long and (/CUECTKPWUOCUECTKP) was native to Réunion, one7-YCUHQWPFVQDGǡHV native to mountainous was a pet owned by King of the Mascarene IslandsǡKPǡEONQPIYJGP rainforests in the centre Maximilian I Joseph of in the Indian Ocean, butOGCUWTGFHQTCPCTVKENGKPVJG of the island of Jamaica. Bavaria. He kept it in the last account of wild7-ŨUDaily MailPGYURCRGT Once a common species, his royal gardens and specimens there datesQPǡ#RT*GKUUJQYP its numbers have fallen menagerie at Munich in from the 1770s.CDQXGYKVJ)GQTIKC*CFNG[ owing to deforestation,YJQYCUVJGPUKZ[GCTUQNF specimen collection for the pet trade and poaching for food. It is categorized as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).3.9 km/h(CUVGUVǡOQPJKPFNGIUD[CJQTUG *KIJGUVLWORD[CNNCOC&GUGTV-KUOGV7#'C[GCTQNFITG[IGNFKPIEQXGTGFC %CURCQYPGFD[5WG9KNNKCOU7-ENGCTGFCDCTUGVCVǡOFKUVCPEGQHǡOǡHVǡKPQPJKUJKPFNGIUKPǡUGECV&WDCK ǡHVǡKPFWTKPI&QI(GUVCV#TNG[*CNNKP%JGUJKTG7-QPǡ,WP2QNQ'SWGUVTKCP%NWDKP&WDCK7#'QPǡ(GD&GUGTV 6JGDCTYCURCTVQHCUVCPFCTFJQTUGLWORQPYJKEJJGKIJVU-KUOGVKUQYPGFD[ǡ**5JGKMJC/CT[CODKPV/QJCOOGFDKP YGTGOCTMGFCVTGIWNCTKPVGTXCNU4CUJGF#N/CMVQWOCPFVTCKPGFD[4WK&G5QWUCCDQXG Largest empire (by percentage) 490 BCE DATELINE The Achaemenid (aka Persian) Empire accounts for around 49.4 million of the world’s 112.4 million people – or 44%. It includes parts of Central Asia, the Mediterranean, North Africa, Thrace and Macedonia. guinnessworldrecords.com 67

HUMANSDATELINE 480 BCE Largest naval battle In September, the Battle of Salamis takes place off the coast of Greece, near the port of Piraeus. An estimated 200,000 men are divided between 800 vessels in the defeated Persian fleet and 370 in the victorious fleet of the Athenians and their allies. 68 Humans

CONTENTS 70HUMANS 72FACTOGRAPHIC 74 76BODY MODIFIERS 78MEDICAL MIRACLES 80OLDEST...FAMILY VALUESBODY EXTREMES 100%Largest gapeNo one likes to be called a big mouth… but in the case of BerndSchmidt (DEU), it’s actually a record-breaking compliment! TheICRDGVYGGPJKUKPEKUQTUOGCUWTGFǡEOǡKPCUQHƒEKCNN[TCVKƒGFCVCFGPVCNRTCEVKEGKP9GPFNKPIGP)GTOCP[QPǡ,CP6JGOGCUWTGOGPVYCUEQPƒTOGFD[FGPVKUV5KNXKC.QEMNCKT$GTPFŨUUQPǡJCFCUMGFJKOVQUWDOKVCPCVVGORVCHVGTUGGKPIVJKUTGEQTFNKUVGFKPVJGGFKVKQPQHGuinness World Records. First history book 400 BCE DATELINEThe History of the Peloponnesian War, by Greek politician Thucydides, is the earliest work to try to recount and understandpast events. Its eight books detail the political and military developments of the 431–404 war between Sparta and Athens. guinnessworldrecords.com 69

FACTOGRAPHICBODY PARTSThe complex, multi-functional, yet extraordinarily neat machine that is the AORT A 100%JWOCPDQF[WUWCNN[TWPUUQGHƒEKGPVN[VJCVYGFQPŨVVJKPMCDQWVYJCVKVŨUFQKPICVCP[IKXGPOQOGPVŤNKMGTKIJVPQY'XGPYJKNG[QWŨTGUECPPKPI Besides the aorta, thethis page, your brain is receiving oxygen to help you concentrate, your pulmonary artery is theUMKPKUMGGRKPIOKETQDGUCVDC[CPF[QWTG[GUCTGOCMKPIVJGUWRGTSWKEM other main artery, carryingOQXGOGPVUTGSWKTGFHQTTGCFKPI0QYQPFGTUGXGTCNQHVJGDQF[ŨUJKFFGP de-oxygenated blood onlyEQORQPGPVUCTGTGEQTFDTGCMGTUŤUJQYPJGTGCVCEVWCNUK\G to the lungs. LARGEST ORGAN The vena cava, which returns The aorta wall is very elastic, 100% blood to the heart from the allowing it to pulsate in Skin, which protects all other organs and rest of the body, is the rhythm with the heartbeat LONGEST BONE body systems, and regulates temperature and largest vein, with a diameter and helping to propel blood moisture, is itself an organ. An average adult of 1.2–2 cm (0.47–0.78 in). around the body. Excluding a variable number of sesamoids (small rounded bones), the KUEQXGTGFKPŤǡO2ŤǡUSHVQH CFWNVJWOCPJCUDQPGUEQORCTGF UMKP$WVǡKHVJGNWPIUYGTGHWNN[UVTGVEJGF YKVJCDQWVKPEJKNFTGPCUVJG[ITQY QWVVJG[YQWNFEQXGTŤǡO2 some bones fuse together). The thigh ŤǡUSǡHVŤCDQWVJCNH DQPGQTHGOWTKUVJGNQPIGUV+VWUWCNN[ CǡVGPPKUǡEQWTVБ OCMGUWRQHCRGTUQPŨUUVCVWTG CPFOC[DGǡEOǡHVǡKPNQPIKPC Lungs EOVCNNHVKPOCPThe skin has three layers: = The longest recorded bone wasthe outer, waterproof CHGOWTOGCUWTKPIEOHVKPepidermis; the dermis with 1,603 sheets of A4 that belonged to a German giant namedhair follicles, blood vessels %QPUVCPVKPGCMC,WNKWU-QEJ+VYCUand sweat glands; and the OGCUWTGFD[FQEVQTUCHVGTJKUFGCVJKPsubcutis or fat layer. The femur is also the strongest bone, and =Skin QWPEGHQTQWPEGKUUVTQPIGTVJCPUVGGN#ǡTQF of steel of comparable size would weigh four 32 sheets of A4 paper QTƒXGVKOGUCUOWEJ100% SMALLEST BONE The heart, about the size of The The femur supports the body’s whole930% \RXUFOHQFKHĢVWSXPSV heart is made weight in all activities, from standing to Named after its shape, the stapes or stirrup blood around a 150,000-km of involuntary muscle, extreme sport. The American College of bone is one of three auditory ossicles (“tiny (93,200-mi) system of blood so it works all by itself Sports Medicine states that, in a healthy bones”) in the middle ear. The others are the vessels – long enough to – all the time. Beating adult female, it can support more than malleus (hammer) and incus (anvil). These wrap round the world more 100,000 times a day, it 30 times the body weight! transmit sound vibrations, and their absence than three times. clocks up 3 billion beats over an average YQWNFOGCPUKIPKƒECPVJGCTKPINQUU LARGEST ARTERY The stapes measures some lifetime. ŤǡOOŤǡKPNQPI The aorta distributes oxygenated blood around CPFYGKIJUǡŤǡOI VJGDQF[+VV[RKECNN[OGCUWTGUǡEOǡKPKP 100% ŤǡITCKPU+V diameter where it leaves the heart, at the left forms the smallest joint, ventricle – as wide as the orange circle on the right. with the incus bone, +VRCUUGUDNQQFVQVJGJGCTVŨUEQTQPCT[CTVGTKGU and is controlled by the before feeding vital organs, via the arterial network, body’s smallest muscle, HTQOVJGJGCFVQVJGRGNXKECTGC*GTGǡKVPCTTQYU the stapedius, less than VQCDQWVǡEOǡKPYKFGCPFFKXKFGUKPVQ ǡOOǡKPNQPI VJGǡKNKCECTVGTKGUYJKEJECTT[DNQQFVQVJGNGIU

100% 100% MOST ACTIVE MUSCLE As well as being the largest internal The eye muscles have been estimated to move more organ (see below right), the liver VJCPVKOGUCFC[CPFCTGVJGDQF[ŨUfastest- is also the body’s largest gland. reacting muscleCDNGVQEQPVTCEVKPǡUGE Glands secrete substances such Their seven coordinated movements allow the as hormones and release them into G[GUVQVTCEMOCP[MKPFUQHOQXKPIQDLGEVǡ6JG[ the bloodstream; in the case of the also ensure that the eye’s receptors are not liver, it secretes bile, which helps overloaded, so good vision is maintained. us digest fats. The liver is divided into four parts, or “lobes”, of Three pairs of extraocular differing size and shape. The liver’s functions muscles in the orbit (eye LQFOXGḨJKWLQJRIILQIHFWLRQUHPRYLQJWR[LQV socket) anchor each eye, from the blood, and storing nutrients, vitamins moving it up and down and and blood sugar. At any one time, it contains side to side, and rotating it. about 13% of your blood (0.57 litres or 1 pint in a fully grown adult). 100% LARGEST SESAMOID BONE LARGEST DID YOU KNOW?ymafBeenoalmmdlnroarfuewmoorsrwruo.mcoCnsomwathdnlrr,yitairelaankdrodiseerwna,odsehflani;notasi’cnestnleofiwgbssaryssobedbeeunoulloneolneflot.otemibwRsdaloei.liactnlkdryeieerslfoltahshw;tae,lifs INTERNAL ORGAN Sesamoid bones are bones that act like pulleys in the complex arrangements of +PCPCFWNVVJGNKXGTECPYGKIJŤǡMI tendons around some joints. Most are only a ǡNDǡǡQ\ŤǡNDǡQ\ŤVJGGSWKXCNGPVQHHQWT(+(# approved soccer balls. Located behind the lower ribs, few millimetres wide and shaped like eggs KVǡRGTHQTOUOQTGVJCPUGRCTCVGXKVCNHWPEVKQPU+VKU or sesame seeds (the name “sesamoid” the only organ that can regenerate itself, so one person comes from “sesamum”, the Latin for can donate a portion of their liver, which will then grow sesame seed). The body’s largest back to normal size. What’s more, the donated part will is the patella or kneecap, which ITQYVQVJGTKIJVUK\GKPVJGTGEKRKGPVБ protects the ends of the femur and tibia (shin bone) where = they meet at the knee joint. The average human kneecap is ǡOOǡKPYKFGCPFǡOO ǡKPǡHTQOVQRVQDQVVQO The inside of our larger bones Blood vessels and nerves run have a spongy appearance. It’s through our bones. Red and between the microscopically white blood cells are formed thin walls of this honeycomb-like inside bone, then carried around material that marrow is found. the body via the bloodstream.

BODY MODIFIERS /QUVHNGUJVWPPGNUHCEG Most body As of 27 Nov 2014, Joel OQFKƒECVKQPU Miggler (DEU) had acquired HGOCNG IDFLDOͥHVKWXQQHOV ū6JG/GZKECP8CORKTG.CF[Ŭ .CTIGUVHNGUJVWPPGNGCT CMC/CTKC,QUG%TKUVGTPC Kalawelo Kaiwi (USA) /':JCUǡDQF[ had a 10.5-cm (4.13-in) OQFKƒECVKQPUKPENWFKPI ͥHVKWXQQHOLQKLVHDUOREH UKIPKƒECPVVCVVQQEQXGTCIG YHULͤHGDWDQDWXUDOKHDOWK CTCPIGQHVTCPUFGTOCN KORNCPVUQPJGTHQTGJGCF clinic in Hawaii, USA, EJGUVCPFCTOUCPFOWNVKRNG on 14 Apr 2014. RKGTEKPIUKPJGTG[GDTQYU NKRUPQUGVQPIWGGCTNQDGU Largest lip plate DGNN[DWVVQPCPFEJGUV9KVJ Ataye Eligidagne’s VCVVQQEQXGTCIGQPJGT (ETH) lip plate DQF[CUQHǡ(GDUJG spanned 19.5 cm KUCNUQVJGmost tattooed female (living) (7.7 in) in width and 59.5 cm (23.4 in) in circumference, as YHULͤHGLQ2FW The previous maximum width of these clay plates was 15 cm (6 in). Most facial piercings Most surgical-needle consisting of dark spots artists: 836 tattoos by Axel Rosales (ARG) piercings in one session on a yellow background. 12 artists, on 26 Oct 2013. had 280 piercings On 14 Dec 2014, Russ Foxx on his face, as of applied 4,550 needles to Longest tattoo session And on 10 Oct 2015, Alle 17 Feb 2012. Matthew Menczyk (both OWNVKRNGRGQRNG Tattoo arranged the most On the same day, CAN) in 8 hr 12 min at “Alle Tattoo”, aka people to form a tattooed Francesco Vacca Wicked Tattoo & Piercing Alessandro Bonacorsi (ITA), sentence: 77. They spelt out (USA) revealed the in Maple Ridge, British completed a session of “Step by step together for most piercings in Columbia, Canada. 50 hr 8 min in Palermo, Italy, a world of peace happiness the tongue: 16. on 10–12 Oct 2014. family passion art love Most pierced senior citizen tattoo and music.” DID YOU KNOW?naiDbettsmeeeaidpotnwiwletnhgeoonuanobrpdrteideieidnrenst.e,gwrAgbgrcmeereottecoodananowtrywmtte5iohinia0noitengdhvaaigofmontgahlvpedvdaeersege3rotaedt,gta0hli,orctm0ewtehno0sseoigos tkt.shiiwiievsmnnteai’tln,sehysy “Prince Albert”, aka John With Riccardo Rivieccio Lynch (UK, b. 9 Nov 1930), (ITA), Alle Tattoo also Most tattoos of… had a grand total of achieved the most tattoos • Squares: Matt Gone (USA) 241 piercings – including in 12 hours by a team of had 848 squares tattooed 151 in his head and neck – as counted in London, UK, on 17 Oct 2008. Most tattooed UGPKQTǡEKVK\GPǡOCNG Tom Leppard (UK) has 99.9% of his body covered in a leopard-skin design, MOST TATTOOED /QUVRKGTEGFYQOCP SENIOR CITIZEN (FEMALE) 1Pǡ/C[ǡ'NCKPG&CXKFUQP$4#7-YCUXGTKƒGFCU Charlotte Guttenberg’s (USA) tattoos cover JCXKPIRKGTEKPIUQPJGTHCEKCNCTGCCPFQPCPF 91.5% of her body, as revealed in Melbourne, KPUKFGJGTDQF[#UQHǡ,WP'NCKPGJCFCEEWOWNCVGF Florida, USA, on 3 Jun 2015. She told GWR that VJGmost piercings in a lifetime (female)'NCKPGKU her “gallery” began with a tattoo of a butterfly, EQPUVCPVN[CFFKPICPFTGRNCEKPILGYGNNGT[OQUVN[KPJGTHCEG a birthday present to herself in 2006. Since then, and about 1,000 tattooing hours later, Charlotte’s body art has burgeoned into floral and animal imagery, symbols from Shintoism and an emperor dragon winding around her leg. While her inspiration is Japanese culture, she has added a few details of her own, such as delicate Victorian mittens. She plans to continue with a full head tattoo, a “secret garden” below her hair.DATELINE 341 BCE First use of a crossbow The use of a crossbow is documented for the first time at the Battle of Ma-Ling in Linyi, China. It is probably a single-shot weapon held with a pistol-style grip. 72 Humans

FAST FACTS Stone Age people probably inked themselves with natural dyes • From the 1770s, circuses became centres of tattooing in Europe and the USA • Early tattooed attractions, such as Englishman John Rutherford, started touring in the 1820s /QUVVCVVQQGFOCP 6JGWNVKOCVGKPOWNVKNC[GTGFVCVVQQKPI KUTGRTGUGPVGFD[.WEM[&KCOQPF 4KEJ#75D0<YJQJCUURGPV OQTGVJCPǡJTJCXKPIJKU DQF[KPMGFD[JWPFTGFUQH VCVVQQCTVKUVU(KTUVJGJCFCHWNN EQNNGEVKQPQHEQNQWTHWNFGUKIPU HTQOCTQWPFVJGYQTNFVCVVQQGF QXGTJKUGPVKTGDQF[$WVVJCVYCU LWUVHQTUVCTVGTU*GPGZVQRVGF HQTCEQXGTKPIQHDNCEMKPM KPENWFKPIG[GNKFUVJGUMKPDGVYGGP VJGVQGUKPUKFGVJGGCTUCPFGXGPJKU IWOU*GKUPQYDGKPIVCVVQQGFYKVJ YJKVGFGUKIPUQPVQRQHVJGDNCEMCPF EQNQWTGFFGUKIPUQXGTVJGYJKVGБ/QUVDQF[OQFKƒECVKQPUEQWRNG over his body, including 201 DID YOU KNOW?mthjoeubvnoagoedhgccudLyoiliniusrsaln clsdcbleguaekaocyysyrcute.ielwtbeHurd.siehbHenmgoeigefiafnnonrnctkrtsaooreehttnawdtihtvcsoaoaeepottndplatuilonittashn.toghoissgsewomaswhiisnatitiphhghltlh,ee on his head, as counted on8KEVQT*WIQ2GTCNVC74;CPFJKUYKHG)CDTKGNC2GTCNVC#4) Lo Show dei Record in ItalyJCXGOQFKƒECVKQPUXGTKƒGFQPVJGUGVQHLo Show dei Record on 7 Jul 2014.KP/KNCP+VCN[QPǡ,WN6JGUGEQPUKUVQHǡRKGTEKPIU • A cartoon character:ǡDQF[KORNCPVUGKIJVǡOKETQFGTOCNUƒXGǡFGPVCNKORNCPVU Lee Weir (NZ) had beenHQWTǡGCTGZRCPFGTUVYQǡGCTDQNVUCPFQPGǡHQTMGFVQPIWG tattooed with 41 portraits of Homer Simpson, as of 5 Jun 2014. • Bones: “Rico”, aka Rick Genest (CAN), has 139 human bones tattooed on his body, reproducing part RIKLVVNHOHWRQDVYHULͤHGLQ Milan, Italy, on 27 Apr 2011. • Insects: As of the same date, “Rico” also had 176 insect tattoos on his upper body and head.Most piercedOCP#UQHǡ#WI4QNH$WEJJQN\&'7JCFǡRKGTEKPIUKPENWFKPIǡCTQWPFJKUNKRUKPJKUGCTUǡKPJKUG[GDTQYUGKIJVǡKPJKUPQUGVYQǡKPJKUVQPIWGVJTGGǡKPJKUEJGUVCPFHQWTǡKPJKUPCXGN1Pǡ&GE4QNHŨURKGTEKPIVQVCNQHCFFGFVQVYQǡUWDFGTOCNūJQTPŬKORNCPVUCPFQVJGTDQF[VTCPUHQTOCVKQPUOCFGCVCNN[QHŤVJGmostDQF[OQFKƒECVKQPUOCNG Largest group of life-size statues 221 BCE DATELINEA group of 6,000–8,000 life-size clay soldiers and other figures – later known as the “Terracotta Army” – are created for Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi’s tomb near Xi’an in China. They will be discovered in 1974. guinnessworldrecords.com 73

MEDICAL MIRACLES First skull and scalp transplant Most extensive skull implant using 3D printing Following treatment for leiomyosarcoma (a rare form of cancer), +P0QXPGWTQUWTIGQP$QP8GTYGKLCPFOCZKNNQHCEKCNUWTIGQP/CTXKEM/WTCFKPDQVJ James Boysen (USA) was left without the top of his skull. A 15-hr 0.&TGRNCEGFCDQWVQHCUMWNNWUKPI&RTKPVKPIVGEJPQNQI[6JGRCVKGPVC[GCTQNF QRGTCVKQPQPǡ/C[UCYJKOTGEGKXGRCTVKCNUMWNNCPFUECNR YQOCPUWHHGTGFHTQOCOGFKECNEQPFKVKQPVJCVOCFGJGTETCPKCNDQPGVJKEMGP6JGITQYKPI ITCHVUKPXQNXKPIRCKPUVCMKPIOKETQUWTIGT[*GCNUQTGEGKXGFC DQPGYCURWVVKPIRTGUUWTGQPJGTDTCKPCHHGEVKPIXKVCNDQF[HWPEVKQPU6JGQRGTCVKQPVQQM PGYMKFPG[CPFRCPETGCU6JGRTQEGFWTGVQQMRNCEGCV*QWUVQP RNCEGCVVJG7PKXGTUKV[/GFKECN%GPVGT7VTGEJVKPVJG0GVJGTNCPFUCPFNCUVGFJT /GVJQFKUV*QURKVCNKP6GZCU75#CPFKPXQNXGFUWTIKECNVGCOU HTQODQVJVJCVJQURKVCNCPFVJG#PFGTUQP%CPEGT%GPVGT More than 95 organs the most organ donations FIRST… were transplanted per from deceased people, with million citizens. 35.3 organs donated per Bionic bone implant million of the population. In Jul 2006, scientists As of the same year, at University College Spain was the country with London, UK, announced that early clinical trials at Youngest organ donor were performed that year, Most sensitive bionic skinARK-CmOosCQbfeDTaRTiVneToGtNGCQselnCeCPoHricicMVrCVatyJVPcrlJ+GoPoeFtTanmlQJe%kiWWcmpeCIOosOseJneCntDenKPhtPTTnsseGKDFtoVU–QfJIriGosFsGGCtr[semtTƒhE/omYGJamoNKCpFGVtfUeJeTctQUUtrhCahaCHHPinitETnUnuQJ[G,mgrOWPrNeGuteUV,hEJbKaGPaVsGbVTUtVQuVeVUKrPrKrEeVeyKWp7EDtsVl5KhaKQhQQ#crTePPeeGeKUesECNtGKsPoUPEPrMwV5QTKePiQGWtnOhQPh6WEGaaJNGEnlGFJ5acCetQtPsWicKVaEJeCN Mount Vernon Hospital in On 1 Dec 2015, Hope Lee out of a total of 118,127 RTGUUWTGCPFOQKUVWTG Middlesex, UK, had been (UK) donated her kidneys transplants – about 67% completed for a method and liver cells just 74 min of all such operations. of attaching a titanium rod after her birth. directly to human bone. According to the same While rods and pins have Most transplanted organ source, in 2013 Norway long been used in broken- In 2013 – the most recent was the country bone repair, this was the year for which statistics with the most ͤUVWWLPHWKDWWKHPHWDOURG are available – the kidney transplanted protruded through the skin. was the most widely organs per The aim is to enable direct transplanted organ. million attachment of prosthetic According to the Global population. limbs to residual bone, Observatory on Donation and Transplantation, 79,325 rather than strapping kidney transfer operations them to the limb as a whole.DID YOU KNOW?twhsfauoeeTdrcaoshahfivefpiensnaetbsslwegbeeodeitci orhurltislnsenrsb,giiewcctetediheannsrhrtleki eoimtscigdrhtnusah.esetrWtmnei orebmrsefhoasintsutdymeheytlyn,aenaao.wvntaslfeelichitsnatnniieimvcebvnahiraetosrvytcoeuee:aarnsdnst,s Bionic brain prosthesis The hippocampus is the part of the brain that forms and stores long-term memories. Professor Theodore Berger (USA) has developed a working hippocampal prosthesis. In 2011 – in collaboration with Sam Deadwyler and Robert Hampson at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in North Carolina, USA – it was successfully tested withDATELINE 200 BCE First battery An unknown inventor in what is now Baghdad, Iraq, discovers that by placing a copper cylinder and an iron rod in a ceramic pot filled with acid, it is possible to generate around 1.5 volts of electricity. 74 Humans

FAST FACTS In 2013, Austrian scientists began growing pea-sized brains from cells to help with research into brain disease • Surgeons transplanted a robotic heart into a sheep in 2015 • Artificial toes dating from 900–600 BCE have been found in Luxor, Egypt DID YOU KNOW?SDwSpCimatt,hchiFUiMse rtrchhScoaeMouuAusnypumoreg.kyrnsTrh aeteo’ihshnnaaufe  eontmPlrmlwa aeryNsou,rinheanthfsri otfeeBfiW-iauuosecccscnmraioeeaatsan.don-lhlgvlhnAiateonuetriegrdmstrtheasoasennnd, was successfully tested on primates. The breakthrough opens up the possibility of repairing brains damaged by diseases such as Alzheimer’s.Most bionic body parts Bionic eye to overcomeKPǡCPǡCTVKƒEKCNǡJWOCP macular degeneration In Jul 2015, Ray Flynnū(TCPMŬUJQTVHQTū(TCPMGPUVGKPŬKUCPGZRGTKOGPVVQUJQYVJCVC (UK) became theHWPEVKQPKPICTVKƒEKCNJWOCPDQF[ECPDGOCFGHTQODKQPKERCTVU ͤUVWSHUVRQWRKDYHD7PXGKNGFQPǡ1EV(TCPMŤYJQJCUKPFKXKFWCNDKQPKE bionic eye implantedDQF[RCTVUŤYCUKPURKTGFD[2TQH$GTVQNV/G[GTCDQXGPQY to recover the sightQH%JGOPKV\7PKXGTUKV[QH6GEJPQNQI[KP)GTOCP[CPFETGCVGF he had partiallyD[ǡ&CTNQY5OKVJUQP2TQFWEVKQPUCPF5JCFQY4QDQVDQVJ7- lost from macular degeneration.live rats. The prosthesis and appropriate responses The operationuses electrodes to record were then generated took place at theboth from the input and to stimulate an output Manchester Royaloutput nerve bundles of pattern. This mimicked Eye Hospital, UK.a damaged hippocampus. the way in which a healthy Macular degenerationThe input was analysed by hippocampus functions. is the most commonan external processor array In 2013, the prosthesis cause of sight loss in the developed world. Child to survive paralysis. ūKPVGTPCNǡFGECRKVCVKQPŬ Fortunately, In Oct 2015, 16-month- Jaxon’s spinal cord old Jaxon Taylor (AUS) did not snap. Surgeon suffered the fracture of his Dr Geoffrey Askin and his ͤUVWWZRYHUWHEUDHDQGWKHLU team at the Lady Cilento ligaments as a result of a car Children’s Hospital in accident. This meant that his Brisbane, Australia, were head was separated from able to repair Jaxon’s injury his neck, a trauma known as with complete success. “internal decapitation”. This is fatal in 68% of cases, with survivors usually sufferingMost organs transplanted FIRST PROSTHETIC HAND 100%in a single operation CONTROLLED BY THE BRAIN5KZOQPVJQNF+VCNKCP#NGUUKCFK/CVVGQŤWPFGTYGPV In Sep 2015, the USA’s Defense Advanced ResearchVJGVTCPURNCPVQHGKIJVQTICPUKPCJTQRGTCVKQPCV*QNV\ Projects Agency (DARPA) developed the first prosthetic%JKNFTGPŨU*QURKVCNCV7PKXGTUKV[QH/KCOK,CEMUQP/GOQTKCN hand that could be controlled directly by the brain.*QURKVCN75#QPǡ,CP6JGQTICPUYGTGVJGNKXGT It could also transmit tactile sensations (i.e., a senseUVQOCEJRCPETGCUUOCNNCPFNCTIGKPVGUVKPGURNGGPCPFDQVJ of touch) allowing users to pick up delicate objectsMKFPG[U6TCIKECNN[#NGUUKCFKGFQHEQORNKECVKQPUYKVJKPC[GCT without damaging them. The hand was implanted in a 28-year-old man who had been paralysed for 10 years as a result of a spinal-cord injury. The prosthetic limb was developed by DARPA in collaboration with scientists from the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland, USA. Oldest analogue computer 100 BCE DATELINE A Greek inventor builds a complex mechanical computer, known today as the Antikythera Mechanism. The computer is lost in a shipwreck and not rediscovered until 1901. guinnessworldrecords.com 75

OLDEST… 3WCNKƒGFRKNQV $CPF )GQTIG0GCN%#0ǡ0QXŤǡ#RTYCUUVKNNTGIWNCTN[ 6JG)QNFGP5GPKQT6TKQCNN,20KUCLC\\GPUGODNGYJQUG HN[KPINKIJVCKTETCHVCVVJGCIGQHǡ[GCTUǡFC[UCUXGTKƒGFQP OGODGTUJCFCPCXGTCIGCIGQHǡ[GCTUǡFC[UCUQHǡ,WN ǡ,WP)GQTIGYJQJCFJKUƒTUVHN[KPINGUUQPCVVJGCIGQH 5GGPCDQXGYKVJ)94CFLWFKECVQT-CQTW+UJKMCYC JCFCTGOCTMCDNG[GCTECTGGTCUCVGUVRKNQVYKVJFGǡ*CXKNNCPF VJG[CTG0CQVGTW0CDGUJKOCXKDTCRJQPGǡ[GCTUǡFC[U CPFYGPVQPVQHN[JKUQYPCKTETCHVC&*%%JKROWPM QNFCDQXGNGHV<GPUJQ1VUWMCRKCPQǡ[GCTUǡFC[UQNF EGPVTGCPF0CQUWMG/K[COQVQDCUUǡ[GCTUǡFC[UQNF TKIJV#NNJCXGOCKPVCKPGFCRCUUKQPHQTOWUKEHTQOVJGKTGCTN[ FC[UCPFHQTOGFVJGDCPFQPǡ5GR6JGKTTGRGTVQKTG ETQUUGUIGPTGUCPFKPENWFGUCLC\\XGTUKQPQH$GGVJQXGPŨU 2KCPQ5QPCVC0QKP%OKPQT1Rū2CVJȌVKSWGŬ Person (ever) In 1990, she survived hip the oldest person to climb Woman to row across in Dover, UK, to Wissant Jeanne Louise Calment surgery aged 114 years a mountain over 8,000 m. any ocean solo Bay near Calais in France in (FRA) lived for 122 years 11 months, making her the Diana Hoff (UK, b. 1 May 12 hr 52 min, aged 73 years 164 days. Born on 21 Feb oldest surgery patient. Tamae Watanabe (JPN, 1944) was 55 years 177 days, on 6 Sep 2014. 1875, Jeanne died at a b. 21 Nov 1938) became 135 days old at the start of nursing home in Arles, The oldest man ever the oldest woman to climb her crossing of the Atlantic The oldest English France, on 4 Aug 1997. was Jiroemon Kimura (JPN, Everest when she summitted east to west solo, in Star Channel swimmer (female) b. 19 Apr 1897), who died on – for the second time – on #VNCPVKEǡ++, between 13 Sep is Sue Oldham (AUS,DID YOU KNOW?hiFGsrtcWhigHehewarRiaotstoiitHlfrkfildiaadenace,rsaaowsgIdwsttweaermloer afotcfdraehnaoemRelengn,dses sifiialcluImieytrosfrcme.rrhprrMa.doie”liesesnutrl:hMfngKK“oodIrharrm iedirissmdcoettoanabialln’y’tss 12 Jun 2013 aged 116 years 19 May 2012, at the age of 1999 and 5 Jan 2000. b. 24 Nov 1945), who made 73 years 180 days. the crossing in 17 hr 11 min, 54 days. English Channel swimmer aged 64 years 257 days, on Abseiler Otto Thaning (ZAF, b. 8 Aug 2010. Person to climb Everest Aged 101 years 55 days, 13 Mar 1941) crossed Yuichiro Miura (JPN, Doris Cicely Long MBE (UK, from Shakespeare Beach Person to fly in zero gravity b. 12 Oct 1932) reached b. 18 May 1914) abseiled At 86 years 90 days old, down the Spinnaker Tower Ugo Sansonetti (ITA, the peak of Everest in Portsmouth, UK, on b. 10 Jan 1919) took on 23 May 2013 at 12 Jul 2015. D]HURJUDYLW\ͥLJKW 80 years 223 days. This also made him OLDEST LIVING PEOPLE As of 11 Mar 2016, the oldest living man was Israel Kristal (ISR, left), who was aged 112 years 178 days, as verified by the Gerontology Research Group and Jewish Records Indexing. Mr Kristal was born on 15 Sep 1903 in the village of Maleniec, near Żarnów in Russia (now Poland). Since 1950 he has lived in Haifa, Israel. Susannah Mushatt Jones (USA, b. 6 Jul 1899, right) was 116 years 303 days old as of 4 May 2016. Ms Jones lives in Brooklyn, New York City, where she received her certificate just before her 116th birthday, which she celebrated with two parties. She is the oldest living person.DATELINE 75 BCE Oldest synagogue The Wadi Qelt Synagogue is erected as part of the Hasmonean Winter Palace complex on the road between Jericho and Jerusalem in the Middle East. It will be toppled by an earthquake in 31 BCE. 76 Humans

FAST FACTS The study of ageing and the elderly is known as “gerontology”, from the Greek geron (“old man”) and logos (“explanation”) • Of the 50 people aged 110 or more, 23 were born in Japan • The odds of you reaching 120 years old are 1 in 10 billion2GTUQPVQTGEGKXGVJGKTƒTUVVCVVQQ Silver URQTVUǡUVCTU1Pǡ#RTŤVQEGNGDTCVGJKUVJDKTVJFC[Ť,CEM4G[PQNFU7-Dǡǡ#RTJCFCVCVVQQQHJKUQYPFGUKIP 6JGoldest bodybuilderTGCFKPIū,CEMQŬKPMGFQPJKUWRRGTCTOCV2GVG9JQŨU KU,KO#TTKPIVQP75#6CVVQQUKP%JGUVGTƒGNF7-#TGNCZGF,CEMEQOOGPVGFū+ŨF Dǡǡ5GRNGHVCIGFTCVJGTDGFQKPIVJKUVJCPJCXKPICJCKTEWVŬGood Morning Britain ǡ[GCTUǡFC[UYJGP+687-VQQMWRJKUUVQT[CPFƒNOGFJKOTGEGKXKPIJKU)94 EQORGVKPICVCRTQHGUUKQPCNEGTVKƒECVGCVǡJQOGVJGPGZVFC[ DQF[DWKNFKPIEQORGVKVKQPKP 8GPKEG%CNKHQTPKCQPǡ5GR ,KOYJQJCUDGGP DQF[DWKNFKPIHQTOQTGVJCP ǡ[GCTUECOGHQWTVJQWVQH OQTGVJCPǡEQPVGUVCPVU %QORGVKVKXGURTKPVGT *KFGMKEJK/K[C\CMK,20 Dǡ5GRTKIJVYCU ǡ[GCTUCPFQPGǡFC[QNF YJGPJGTCPKPVJG-[QVQ /CUVGTU#VJNGVKEU#WVWOP %QORGVKVKQPKP-[QVQ ,CRCPQPǡ5GRVJG VJKTFEQPUGEWVKXG[GCTVJCV JGJCUDGEQOGVJGoldest sprinter/T/K[C\CMKTCP VJGǡOTCEGKPǡUGERQDPRGLͤHG%RHLQJ 1917) launched compilation is an acronym for the feat in 1961 (Best Director of a DID YOU KNOW?OAmenJoai g2ehfth0rgRrneilet ec Fro G4tmsaebuhe lnhbeereoarnnt1ntrb ohc95enteh6dhr6octe 2sroammseb,pmaohitiinatnrsieecmdbst.ehitcionhetieprnsi3eicnE6oiSfilnaee nTyrrddeSsetaehta-t9yhr.rs5se,in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, album National Treasure of winning an Emmy, a Drama: Big Fish, Little Fish);USA, on 10 Apr 2005. – The Ultimate Collection Grammy, an Oscar and a a Grammy in 1979 (Best (Decca) on 2 Jun 2014. Tony. Only 12 individuals Spoken Word, Documentary2GTUQPVQNCPFQPVJG/QQP have earned an EGOT, the or Drama Recording: AgesOn 4 Feb 1971, Alan Australian artist Herbert oldest being British actor/ of Man); an Oscar in 1982Shepard (USA, b. 18 Nov Henry “Smoky” Dawson director John Gielgud (Best Actor in a Supporting1923) was 47 years 78 days MBE (19 Mar 1913–13 Feb (14 Apr 1904–21 May Role: ArthurDQGͤQDOO\DQold when he walked on the 2008) is the oldest person 2000), who achieved his in Emmy in 1991 (OutstandingMoon during the Apollo 14 to release an album of 1991 at the age of 87 years Lead Actor in a Miniserieslunar mission. new material. He was 133 days. He won: a Tony or Special: Summer’s Lease). 92 years 156 days old whenPerson to release Homestead of My Dreams AstronautsCǡPGYǡCNDWO came out on 22 Aug 2005.Aged 97 years 74 days, 1Pǡ1EV,QJPDame Vera Lynn (UK, Winner of an EGOT )NGPP75#Dǡǡ,WNb. Vera Welch, 20 Mar Known as the “Grand Slam TKIJVDGECOGVJG of Show Business”, EGOT oldest astronautCVVJG CIGQHǡ[GCTUǡFC[UOLDEST SUPERCENTENARIANS YJGPJGYCUNCWPEJGF CURC[NQCFURGEKCNKUVQPA “supercentenarian” is anyone who is aged 110 years VJG5655RCEG5JWVVNGor more. As of 4 May 2016, there were 49 women in the OKUUKQP+PPKPGFC[UVJG50 oldest living supercentenarians and only one man. ETGYEQPFWEVGFPGCTN[ ǡGZRGTKOGPVU Name Born Age1 5WUCPPCJ/WUJCVV,QPGU75# ǡ,WN ǡ[TǡFC[U 6JGoldest astronaut2 'OOC/QTCPQ/CTVKPW\\K+6# ǡ0QX ǡ[TǡFC[U (female) KU$CTDCTC/QTICP 8KQNGV$TQYP,#/ ǡ/CT ǡ[TǡFC[U 75#Dǡǡ0QX 0CDK6CLKOC,20 ǡ#WI ǡ[TǡFC[U KPUGVYJQYCUǡ[GCTU %JK[Q/K[CMQ,20 ǡ/C[ ǡ[TǡFC[U ǡFC[UQNFYJGPUJG 'WFQZKG$CDQWN(4# ǡ1EV ǡ[TǡFC[U NKHVGFQHHQPVJG565 #PC8GNC4WDKQ'52 ǡ1EV ǡ[TǡFC[U OKUUKQPVQVJGInternational /KVUWG6Q[QFC,20 ǡ(GD ǡ[TǡFC[U Space Station (ISSQP /CTKG,QUGRJKPG)CWFGVVG+6# ǡ/CT ǡ[TǡFC[U ǡ#WI/QTICPŨUTQNGU ;WMKG*KPQ,20 ǡ#RT ǡ[TǡFC[U KPENWFGFGFWECVQTCPF TQDQVKECTOQRGTCVQTSource: Gerontology Research Group Longest-lasting empire 27 BCE DATELINEAfter thwarting Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, Octavian dissembles the Roman Republic and appoints himself Emperor Augustus. The new Roman Empire will endure for 503 years. guinnessworldrecords.com 77

FAMILY VALUES Consolata, into the world on 22 Aug 1907. Over the next 27 years, she would be joined by eight brothers and sisters. By 20 Jun 2014, with Consolata aged 106, the nine siblings’ total age was 837 years 6 days. Highest age of 12 living siblings Three generations Oldest couple to marry to run a marathon CIITGICVGǡCIG 6JGEJKNFTGPQH/CIPWUCPF'NUGDGVJ1NUGP&'0ŤCNNQH At the Tokyo Marathon on YJQOYGTGDQTPKPVJG(CTQG+UNCPFUDGVYGGPCPF 22 Feb 2015, a Japanese 6JGEQODKPGFCIGQHVJGQNFGUVEQWRNGVQOCTT[KUǡ[GCTU ŤJCFCEQODKPGFCIGITGCVGTVJCPCOKNNGPPKWO[GCTU grandfather, daughter and ǡFC[U6JGNCPFOCTMYCUCEJKGXGFD[NQXGUVTWEMEQWRNG ǡFC[U6JGƒXGUKUVGTUCPFUGXGPDTQVJGTUJCFVJGKTEQODKPGF grandson, with a combined )GQTIG-KTD[7-Dǡ,WPCPF&QTGGP-KTD[7-née CIGEQPƒTOGFQPǡ#WI age of 173 years 163 days, .WEMKGDǡ5GRYJGPVJG[YGTGOCTTKGFKP'CUVDQWTPG raced their way into the 'CUV5WUUGZ7-QPǡ,WP HIGHEST AGE OF… The highest combined record books. Shigetsugu age for a living parent Anan and Yasuko Nakatake lived in Shuya, Russia, in the Centenarian siblings A parent and child and child, meanwhile, is both crossed the line in 6 hr 18th century, gave birth to The Clarke family (IRL) lays Sarah Knauss (USA, 1880– 210 years 48 days, set by 42 min 28 sec, while the four sets of quads. She also FODLPWRͤYHFHQWHQDULDQV 1999) was once the oldest Jamaican mother and son youngest member of their bore seven sets of triplets Joseph, Charles, Patrick, living woman. On 30 Dec Violet Brown (b. 10 Mar group, Suguru Nakatake, and 16 pairs of twins. Her James and Margaret. The 1999, the 119-year-old and 1900) and Harland ͤQLVKHGVHFHDUOLHU overall total of 69 children UHFRUGZDVFRQͤUPHGRQ her 96-year-old daughter Fairweather (b. 15 Apr easily makes her the most Margaret’s 100th birthday Kathryn Knauss Sullivan 1920) on 21 Apr 2015. MOST… SUROL̨FPRWKHU. on 30 May 2014. (USA, 1903–2005) had Violet is also believed to a total mother- be the last living subject Living generations daughter age of Queen Victoria. On the birth of her of 215! great-great-great-great Nine living siblings grandson in 1989, Augusta Francesco Melis and his Bunge (USA) became MOST SIBLINGS WITH wife Eleonora Mameli the matriarch of a seven- THE SAME BIRTH WEIGHT (both ITA) welcomed generation family. WKHLUͤUVWFKLOG Oliver, Keanu and Phoenix, three of the four sons of Quadruplets born to the same mother Megan and Luke Bell from Queensland, Australia, all Valentina Vassilyev, who weighed precisely 7 lb 8 oz (3.4 kg) when they were born between 2007 and 2013. Incredibly, the Bells’ first son, Hayden, was born only one ounce heavier, weighing in at 7 lb 9 oz (3.43 kg) in 2006.DATELINE 40 CE Longest Roman aqueduct Roman engineers complete a 275-m-long (902-ft) aqueduct – known today as the Pont du Gard – to supply the settlement of Nemausus (present-day Nîmes in France) with clean drinking water. 78 Humans

FAST FACTS The British royal family celebrates each new baby with a 41-gun salute • Among OECD countries, Turkey has the largest average household: 4.11 people vs the average 2.63 • In the USA, the average marrying age is 28Most family members Most siblings to play in anto complete a marathon international rugby union match6JGOCLQTKV[QHWUEJGGTQPNQXGFQPGUHTQOVJGUKFGNKPGU $TQVJGTU#TEJKG,CEM(TCPM)GQTIGCPF/CZ5MQƒECNN580CVCOCTCVJQPDWVPQVVJG*WIJGUHCOKN[+4.1Pǡ1EV RNC[GFHQTVJGKTEQWPVT[KPC'WTQRGCP0CVKQPU%WRICOGCICKPUVCVVJG&WDNKP/CTCVJQPTGNCVKXGURKEVWTGF $WNICTKCCV2CTM5KUMCKP.LWDNLCPC5NQXGPKCQPǡ#RTHTQOOWNVKRNGIGPGTCVKQPUVQQMVQVJGVTCEM6JGHCUVGUVYCUǡ*KNNCT[*WIJGUYJQTCPCVKOGQHǡJTǡOKPǡUGESiblings to marry siblings star. She joined her great Costello, great-grandfather Most siblings to competefrom another family uncle Lionel Barrymore, who Maurice Costello and her KPǡCǡOQVQTURQTVEQORGVKVKQPBetween 1977 and 1996, boasts two stars, along with father John D Barrymore,ͤYHGDXJKWHUVRI1DUDQGUD great aunt Ethel, grandfather who each have one. That’s $TQVJGTU#TVQ/CVVK#TK,[TMK/CTMWUCPF2CUK*KPVUCNCNath and Taramoni Roy John, grandmother Dolores eight gold stars for the CNNǡ(+0YGPVJGCFVQJGCFCVVJGCPPWCN8GJMCOCCPPDUULHGͤYHVRQVRI family altogether. OQVQTǡTCEGKP.KOKPMC(KPNCPFQPǡ#WITrarpoda Karmaker andKhana Rani Roy (all BGD).Family members on theHollywood Walk of FameIn 2004, continuing a longlineage of acting talent, E.T.child star Drew Barrymore(USA) became theseventh memberof her family tobe honouredwith a goldOldest adoptee2TQXKPIVJCVKVŨUPGXGTVQQNCVGVQDGCFQRVGF/CT[$CPMU DID YOU KNOW?hsierbMMerctlloimaoaanarutrlsgoiiynyhsvvstidweeeah.nsAneMfwas,erdfsbbuiltwtttuMyerhahritabkueMasahlelrop’gieuinsnopeerrmdlsiidifnetae;aoi1sMrlttb,t4teuh.hywatseaervihhrcoyraeetdn’wrusrimiaeaeeofladlriuolzetyvsaehenfided,drrst Most leap-year generations in one family5OKVJǡ75#NGHVYCUCIGFǡ[GCTUǡFC[UYJGPCEQWTVKPǡ&CNNCU6GZCUFGENCTGFJGTVJGFCWIJVGTQH/WTKGN$CPMU 'XGT[HQWT[GCTU2GVGT#PVJQP[-GQIJ+4'DEGPVTG JKUUQP2GVGT'TKE7-DTKIJVCPFJKUITCPFFCWIJVGT%NC[VQP75#TKIJVQPǡ,WP+PFQKPIUQ/WTKGNCNUQ $GVJCP[7-DǡNGHVJCXGVJGKTDKTVJFC[UQPǡ(GDDGECOGVJGǡoldest adoptive parentCIGF[GCTUFC[U$QVJYQOGPYGTGFGNKIJVGFD[VJGNQPIEQOKPICHƒTOCVKQPYKVJǡ/CT[EQOOGPVKPIū+HGGNXGT[JCRR[5JGJCUDGGP/QOHQTǡCǡNQPIǡVKOGCPFPQYKVŨUQHƒEKCNŬ First documented volcanic eruption 79 CE DATELINEMount Vesuvius erupts, destroying of the town of Pompeii, Italy. The Roman politician and writer Pliny the Younger writes two letters to his friend, the historian Tacitus, detailing the events and their aftermath in great detail. guinnessworldrecords.com 79

BODY EXTREMES Tallest man ever When last measured, on 27 Jun 1940, Robert Pershing Wadlow (USA) was 272 cm (8 ft 11.1 in) tall. His shoe size was 37AA, or UK size 36 – equivalent to 47 cm (18.5 in) long – and his hands measured 32.3 cm (12.7 in) from the wrist to the tip of his middle ͤQJHU7KHVHDUHWKH largest feet ever and the largest hands ever, respectively. Largest afro 6[NGT9TKIJV75#KUVJGRTQWFQYPGTQHCJGCFQHJCKTVJCVOGCUWTGUǡEOǡKPJKIJ ǡEOǡǡKPYKFGCPFǡEOǡHVǡKPKPEKTEWOHGTGPEG6[NGTŨUCHTQYCUOGCUWTGFKP 5Vǡ.QWKUǡ/KUUQWTK75#QPǡ,WPYJGPJGYCUǡ[GCTUǡQNF The largest afro (female)DGNQPIUVQ#GXKP&WICU75#+VǡOGCUWTGFǡEOǡKPJKIJ ǡEOǡǡKPYKFGCPFJCFCEKTEWOHGTGPEGQHǡEOǡHVǡKPYJGPXGTKƒGFQPVJGUGV QHǡ.Qǡ5JQYFGK4GEQTFKP4QOG+VCN[QPǡ/CT TALLEST… LONGEST… • Beard on a living person: length of 9.85 m (32 ft Sarwan Singh (CAN) had 3.8 in) when measured • Man and person: Currently, the tallest living human • Beard ever: a beard measuring 2.495 m RQ0D\ is Sultan Kösen (TUR), who measured 251 cm (8 ft 2.8 in) When he died in 1927, (8 ft 2.5 in) long as of • Fingernails on a pair on 8 Feb 2011. For the tallest man ever, see above. Hans N Langseth’s (NOR) 8 Sep 2011. Sarwan leads of hands ever (female): Lee • Woman: Siddiqa Parveen (IND) measured at least beard measured 5.33 m the congregation of the Redmond (USA) started to 222.2 cm (7 ft 3.4 in) tall in Dec 2012. Owing to Siddiqa’s ill IWLQORQJ7KH Guru Nanak Sikh temple, JURZKHUͤQJHUQDLOVLQ health and her inability to stand upright, it’s impossible record-breaking facial located in Surrey, British She carefully manicured to ascertain her exact stature; however, Dr Debashish hair was presented to the Columbia, Canada. them to reach an overall Saha, who performed the measurements, estimated • Fingernails on a pair length of 8.65 m (28 ft 4.5 in), her standing height to be at least 233.6 cm (7 ft 8 in). Smithsonian Institution of hands ever (male): DVFRQͤUPHGRQWKHVHWRI in Washington, DC, USA, 7KHQDLOVRI0HOYLQ%RRWKH .Qǡ5JQYFGK4GEQTFLQ0DGULG in 1967. (USA) had a combined Spain, on 23 Feb 2008. …AND SHORTEST • Woman: Jyoti Amge (IND, far left) measured 62.8 cm (24.7 in) tall on 16 Dec 2011. • Man: Since GWR 2016, we have said a farewell to Chandra Bahadur Dangi (NPL, 1939–2015). At 54.6 cm (21.5 in) tall, he remains the shortest man ever. Chandra, who was mobile, was shorter than the shortest non-mobile living man, though the opposite is usually true. After his death, GWR re-opened separate categories for the record. The shortest living man (mobile) is once more Khagendra Thapa Magar (NPL, centre left), who stood 67.08 cm (26.4 in) tall on 14 Oct 2010. The shortest living man (non-mobile) is Junrey Balawing (PHL, near left), who was 59.93 cm (23.6 in) tall on 12 Jun 2011.DATELINE 112 CE First shopping mall Located in Rome, Italy, Trajan’s Forum includes a covered market area with 150 shops and offices set over six gallery levels. It is designed by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus. 80 Humans

FAST FACTS Hair retains a short-term record of the substances in the bloodstream – which is why it is so useful as forensic evidence • Of all the mammals, only primates have fingernails • The human tongue “print” is unique – just like a fingerprint Youngest female DID YOU KNOW?a5ad23ru o3blui tojnionhnniaduenTctsfmhtha2osil5ee,nloa%re2fitneda.6n’oT as ppbfgarsahoeaekkianrlere1lslenl0aoteashnf7ttnae oogfldneignebgeedst.oato.tTn1mhreh9eeesees prman,birrntteuoeshsnsa,eecnenlsets with a full beard )TGCVGUVHQQVǡTQVCVKQP *CTPCCO-CWT7-Dǡ0QXYCU CIGFǡ[GCTUǡFC[UYJGPUJGYCU /CZYGNN&C[7-KUCDNGVQTQVCVGJKUTKIJVHQQVVJTQWIJ EQPƒTOGFVQJCXGCHWNNDGCTFKP5NQWIJ oCUXGTKƒGFKP.QPFQP7-QPǡ5GR/CZYGNNYCU 7-QPǡ5GR*CTPCCODGICPVQITQY FKUEQXGTGFCVVJG/KPGETCHVEQPHGTGPEG/KPGEQPŤJG HCEKCNJCKTCVVJGCIGQH5JGKUCPǡCXKF UCYCRKEVWTGQHVJGRTGXKQWUTGEQTFJQNFGTCPFVQNFC DQF[EQPƒFGPEGCPF )WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFUVGCOOGODGTVJCVJGEQWNFDTGCM CPVKDWNN[KPICEVKXKUV VJGTGEQTF+PHCEV/CZYGNNECPTQVCVGDQVJJKUHGGVCNVJQWIJ JGECPūQPN[ŬTQVCVGJKUNGHVHQQVo The longest beard on a woman is that QHǡ8KXKCP9JGGNGT 75#TKIJV*GT HCEKCNJCKTOGCUWTGF ǡEOǡKP HTQOHQNNKENGVQVKRQP the set of .Qǡ5JQY FGK4GEQTFKP/KNCP+VCN[QPǡ#RT ū+VTGCNN[JGNRGFVQJCXGCǡ)WKPPGUU9QTNF 4GEQTFŬ8KXKCPVQNFǡ)94ū+VǡUJQYGFOG +ǡEQWNFDGRTQWFQHǡDGKPIOGǡ+VOCFGOG HGGNNKMG+ǡJCFCǡEJCPEGKPǡUQEKGV[Ŭ• Hair (male): In 1949, the hair so matted that it • Moustache: WhenIndian monk Swami cannot be untangled. measured for Italy’s .Q5JQYPandarasannadhi was • Hair (female)7KHKDLU FGK4GEQTFLQ5RPHRQ0DUreported to have hair 26 ft of Xie Qiuping (CHN) 2010, the moustache ofPLQOHQJWK7KLV measured 5.627 m (18 ft Ram Singh Chauhan (IND)may have been caused by a LQRQ0D\ was 14 ft (4.29 m) long.scalp condition called plica She began growing her • Nose on a living person:neuropathica, which makes lengthy locks in 1973. 7KHQRVHRI0HKPHW ˜]\¾UHN785PHDVXUHGLongest eyebrow hair 8.8 cm (3.46 in) long from the bridge to the tip when<JGPI5JWUGP%*0JCUQPGG[GDTQYJCKTVJCVGZVGPFGFVQ UHFRUGHGRQ0DUǡEOǡKPYJGPOGCUWTGFCV/CP\JQWNK+PPGT/QPIQNKC • Tongue: Nick Stoeberl%JKPCQPǡ,CP (USA) had a tongue 10.1 cm (3.97 in) long, from its tip to The longest ear hairKUQPN[OCTIKPCNN[UJQTVGT#PVJQP[8KEVQT the middle of the closed top+0&JCUJCKTURTQWVKPIHTQOVJGEGPVTGQHJKUQWVGTGCTUOKFFNG lip, as of 27 Nov 2012.QHVJGRKPPCVJCVOGCUWTGUǡEOKPCVKVUNQPIGUVRQKPV • Tongue (female): Chanel 7DSSHU̵V86$WRQJXH measured 9.75 cm (3.8 in) long on 29 Sep 2010. HEAVIEST… • Man ever: Jon Brower 0LQQRFK86$̰ weighed over 1,400 lb (635 kg; 100 st) when DVVHVVHGLQ0DU • Woman ever: Rosalie Bradford (USA, 1943–2006) was reported to have a peak weight of 1,200 lb (544 kg; 85 st) in Jan 1987. • Living woman: As of 0D\3DXOLQH Potter (USA) weighed 643 lb (291.6 kg; 46 st). First use of gas warfare 254 CE DATELINE Persian forces attacking the Roman garrison of Dura-Europos in eastern Syria dig tunnels to try to gain access. They ignite bitumen and sulphur crystals to fill the tunnels with noxious fumes. guinnessworldrecords.com 81

RECORDOLOGY DID YOU KNOW?iWNblnloouaabrslWmbtltyhrlNaeeaiAol-sstth:ormetHhwarhreteuUMaeitr’ngyesbicacdo,arGkraH eltinbe,dniaooonCrotlmySwihgHiowegnananarorenInaleoidtiynsdasefe,lWfnEbDiWyonyn!eraaigFndmnllldlr.mydiaaoTsinnhahinnrcyeke,,DATELINE 330 CE Oldest travel guide An anonymous traveller writes the Itinerarium Burdigalense, a guide for pilgrims going from France to Jerusalem. It gives recommendations for hostels, inns and stables along the route.

CONTENTS 84 86RECORDOLOGY 88FACTOGRAPHIC 90FOOD 92GARDEN GIANTS 94CHOCOLATE 96COLLECTIONS 98MASS PARTICIPATION 100COSPLAY 102BIG STUFFSMALLTOWN BIG STUFFBALL SKILLSLargest gathering ofRGQRNGǡFTGUUGFǡCU9CNN[Where’s Wally? If you were at the Street Performance WorldChampionship at Merrion Square West in Dublin, Ireland, onǡ,WP[QWYQWNFJCXGUGGPJKOGXGT[YJGTGБ+PVQVCNǡRCTVKEKRCPVUFQPPGF9CNN[ŨUVTCFGOCTMURGEUDQDDNGJCVCPFǡTGFUVTKRGU#PFKVYCUCNNKPCIQQFECWUGRTQEGGFUTCKUGFHTQOVJGUCNGQH9CNN[QWVƒVUQPVJGFC[YGTGUWDUGSWGPVN[FQPCVGFVQ#HTKECǡ#YCTGCP+TKUJEJCTKV[YQTMKPIKP/CNCYK Longest pole-sitting overall 459 CE DATELINESt Simeon the Stylite, a Christian mystic and hermit, dies atop the 15-m (50-ft) pillar on which he had sat for the previous 39 years. He came down just once, so that the pole could be slightly increased in height.guinnessworldrecords.com 83

FACTOGRAPHIC FARTHEST EYEBALL PROTRUSIONPICTURE THIS! -KO)QQFOCP75#KUCVTWN[eye-conicEvery year, the Guinness World Records Picture Editors criss-cross the TGEQTFJQNFGTБ5JGKUCDNGVQRQRJGTplanet in search of the most striking record-holder images. To celebratethe work of our global team of photographers, we present here 10 of our RGGRGTUQWVQHVJGKTUQEMGVUD[CPfavourite images snapped for the last few editions of the book. These G[GYCVGTKPIǡOOǡKPCUiconic record holders are not only inspiring, fascinating ambassadors for EQPƒTOGFKP+UVCPDWN6WTMG[KPGWR, they also symbolize the diversity and scope of record-breaking… FASTEST COMPLETION OF THE DID YOU KNOW?IptutolmlAot(kimh3nhKe5ioes.epna8stvlie vgtamiroinntme’nshueFsoneolta8tstemsha.hts8t no;ecu 1mu7era sm9osrcr(,eusel12iecn4spp8-ol5buu 1yfr o6tllld(bllu 11sees)n05eddaa) dcirn.netdo). BOG SNORKELLING TRIATHLON (FEMALE) HEAVIEST AIRCRAFT PULLED The fastest time to complete the World Bog Snorkelling 1Pǡ5GR4GXGTGPF-GXKP(CUVQH1PVCTKQ%CPCFC 6TKCVJNQPKUǡJTǡOKPǡUGECPFYCUCEJKGXGFD[0CVCNKG RWNNGFC%%)NQDGOCUVGT+++YGKIJKPICPKPETGFKDNG $GPV7-CVVJG9QTNF$QI5PQTMGNNKPI6TKCVJNQPKP ǡVQPPGUǡND*GJCWNGFVJGCKTETCHVCVVJG .NCPYTV[F9GNNU9CNGU7-QPǡ,WN %CPCFKCP(QTEGU$CUGKP6TGPVQP1PVCTKQ%QKPEKFGPVCNN[ VJG)NQDGOCUVGT+++YGKIJGFCNOQUVGZCEVN[VJGUCOGCUVJG 4WPPKPI Bog snorkelling %[ENKPI largest blue whaleGXGTOGCUWTGFǡVQPPGUǡND ǡMOǡOK ǡOǡHV ǡMOǡOK QPǡ/CT TALLEST AND SHORTEST DOGS +PYGDTQWIJVVQIGVJGTVJG mightiest and meekest dogs for CRJQVQUJQQVKP5CETCOGPVQ %CNKHQTPKC75##VǡEO ǡKPVQVJGUJQWNFGT)TGCV &CPG)KDUQPYCUVKOGUVCNNGT VJCP%JKJWCJWC$QQ$QQCVLWUV ǡEOǡKPБ = MOST BIG MACS EATEN +P&QPCNF#)QTUMG75#EGNGDTCVGFJKUVJCPPKXGTUCT[CUCEWUVQOGT QHVJGHCUVHQQFEJCKP/E&QPCNFŨUD[EQPUWOKPIJKUVJ$KI/CEБ&QPCNF KUUWEJCHCPQHVJGDWTIGTEJCKPVJCVJGŨUGCVGPCVQPGQHVJGKTQWVNGVUGXGT[ UKPINGFC[UKPEG/C[+H[QWVQQMVJG DGGHHTQOCNNVJG$KI/CEUVJCV&QPCNFŨU GCVGPKPJKUNKHGVKOG[QWŨFDGHCEGFYKVJ CUKPINGVQPPGNDDWTIGT RCVV[OGCUWTKPICOCOOQVJǡOǡHV ǡKPYKFGCPFǡEOǡKPVJKEMБ

LARGEST COLLECTION LARGEST WALKING ROBOT OF STAR WARS MEMORABILIA (CPP[KUCTCFKQEQPVTQNNGFTQDQVFTCIQPOGCUWTKPI ǡOǡHVǡKPNQPID[ǡOǡHVǡKPVCNN5JGYCU 5VGXG5CPUYGGV75#JCUEQNNGEVGFUQ OCFGD[<QNNPGT'NGMVTQPKM#)&'7KP<CPFV)GTOCP[ OCP[RKGEGUQHOGOQTCDKNKCTGNCVKPI HQTCPCPPWCNHQNMNQTGHGUVKXCN6JGVGTTKH[KPIETGCVWTG VQJKUHCXQWTKVGOQXKGHTCPEJKUGVJCV KURQYGTGFD[CNKVTGVWTDQFKGUGNGPIKPGCPFYGKIJU JGECPŨVNQIVJGOHCUVGPQWIJ#UVJKU ǡVQPPGUǡNDŤCDQWVVJGUCOGCU-QOQFQ RCEMGFRKEVWTGUJQYUJGJCUCNQV FTCIQPUCVEǡMIǡNDVJGTGCNYQTNFŨUlargest lizard of 5VCTǡ9CTUKVGOUCVVJGNCUV = QHƒEKCNEQWPV*QYGXGTJGQYPUCP GUVKOCVGFKVGOUKPVQVCN OCMKPIJKUQHƒEKCNEQWPVCOGTG QHJKUCEVWCNEQNNGEVKQP += 7PEQWPVGF %QWPVGFFASTEST 30 M ON ASCOOTER BY A DOG0QTOCPVJG5EQQVGT&QIQYPGFD[-CTGP%QDD75#UGVVJKUWPWUWCNURGGFTGEQTFKP/CTKGVVC)GQTIKC75#QPǡ,WN6JGpawesomeRQQEJEQXGTGFǡOǡHVQPCUEQQVGTKPǡUGEŤCXGTCIKPICURGGFQHǡǡMOJǡORJ+VJCUDGGPGUVKOCVGFVJCVVJGCXGTCIGFQIKUCUKPVGNNKIGPVCUCVYQ[GCTQNFEJKNFŤCPFGXGPECRCDNGQHDCUKECTKVJOGVKEБ LARGEST MONSTER TRUCK MOST PIERCED WOMAN AND MOST PIERCED SENIOR CITIZEN $KIHQQVKUǡOǡHVǡKPVCNNYKVJOVCNNHVV[TGU$WKNVKP CUQPGKPCUGTKGUQHD[$QD%JCPFNGTQH5V.QWKU/KUUQWTK 6JKUKPETGFKDNGRQTVTCKVQH'NCKPG&CXKFUQP7-D$4#NGHVCPF,QJP.[PEJ 75#$KIHQQVKUPQYRGTOCPGPVN[RCTMGFKP5V.QWKUCPFOCMGU 7-TKIJVUJQYUVJGGZVGPVQHVJGKTRKGTEKPIU#VVJGNCUVEQWPVVJGRKGTEGF QEECUKQPCNCRRGCTCPEGUCVNQECNUJQYU6KRRKPIVJGUECNGUCVC RCKTRQUUGUUGFCEQODKPGFVQVCNQHǡTKPIUUVWFUCPFTQFU#UUWOKPI YJQRRKPIǡNDǡMIKVŨUGSWKXCNGPVKP ǡIǡQ\RGTRKGTEKPIVJKUGSWCVGUVQGPQWIJOGVCNVQ YGKIJVVQVJTGGDWNN#HTKECPGNGRJCPVUБ RTQFWEGUQFCECPUБ = =

FOOD .CTIGUVXGIGVCDNGUVGY Carolina Reaper chillies in 60 sec in New York, USA, 1P/CT-PQTT(KPG(QQFU');UGTXGFWRCUVGY on 26 Apr 2015. That’s YGKIJKPIMINDQ\YJKEJVQQMJTVQRTGRCTG some feat: the Carolina KP%CKTQ'I[RV1PGQH'I[RVŨUPCVKQPCNFKUJGUfoul (aka ful Reaper is the hottest chilli. QTǡfouleKPENWFGUEQQMGFHCXCDGCPUQRVKQPCNN[UGCUQPGF Grown by the PuckerButt YKVJNGOQPLWKEGCPFCOKZQHJGTDUCPFURKEGU Pepper Company (USA), it averages 1,569,300 units Fastest time to eat )TGCVGUVYGKIJVQH on the Scoville heat scale. Largest cupcake mosaic Cǡ KPEJRK\\C %CTQNKPCǡ4GCRGTEJKNNKGU Kelvin Medina (PHL) ate a GCVGPKPQPGǡOKPWVG /QUVGZRGPUKXGUCPFYKEJ The Spar Group Ltd (ZAF) put together a 138.56-m² pizza in 23.62 sec in Taguig, Russel Todd (USA) The “Quintessential Grilled (1,491.44-sq-ft) cupcake mosaic in Durban, South Africa, on Philippines, on 12 Apr 2015. scoffed 70 g (2.5 oz) of Cheese” was selling ǡ5GR%QORTKUKPIEWRECMGUKVYCUETGCVGFCUC for $214 (£132.64) at VTKDWVGVQVJG5RTKPIDQMUHQTVJG4WID[9QTNF%WRCUYGNN Serendipity 3 in New York, CUCHWPFTCKUGTHQT%JKNFJQQF%CPEGT#YCTGPGUU/QPVJ USA, as of 29 Oct 2014. /QUVUCWUCIGURTQFWEGF KPQPGOKPWVG Liam O’Hagan of O’Hagan’s Sausages (both UK) made 44 sausages in 60 sec at a charity event in Chichester, UK, on 2 Nov 2015. MOST ICE-CREAM SCOOPS BALANCED ON A CONE Dimitri Panciera (ITA) carefully balanced 121 scoops of ice-cream on a single cone in Forno di Zoldo, Italy, on 20 Sep 2015. In doing so, he topped his own record of 109 scoops, set in the same location on 20 Jul 2014 at the Gelatiamo festival, an annual celebration of the ice-cream that the Val di Zoldo area produces. When it comes to cones, though, one towers above all the rest. The tallest ice-cream cone measured 3.08 m (10 ft 1.26 in) and was made by Hennig- Olsen Is AS and Trond L Wøien (both NOR) at Kristiansand, Norway, on 26 Jul 2015.DATELINE 650 CE Largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon treasure A veteran soldier buries 5 kg (11 lb) of gold in Staffordshire, UK. The hoard creates a sensation when it is uncovered in 2009. 86 Recordology

FAST FACTS Americans eat 100 acres (40.4 ha) of pizza every day • Hot dogs were among the first foods eaten during the Apollo 11 Moon mission • Heinz sells 11 billion single-serve packets of ketchup each year .QPIGUVUCWUCIG 5%%CTTGHQWT4QOCPKC5#CPF#NFKU54.%CNCTCUKDQVJ41/ETGCVGFCMONQPI OKUCWUCIGKP2NQKGɲVK4QOCPKCQPǡ&GE6JCVŨUPGCTN[VYQCPFCJCNH VKOGUǡVJGNGPIVJQHCNNVJGEQTTKFQTUKPVJG752GPVCIQPБ /QUVNKOGUUNKEGF Glass of beer: Angus Wood Sticky rice cake: On 13 Apr Pulled pork: The Pork KPǡJCNHǡKPǡQPGǡOKPWVG and Ed Dupuy of Stod Fold 2015, Salakhet Siem Reap Association (AUS) produced Brewing Company (all UK) (KHM) made a sticky rice a 707-kg (1,558-lb 10-oz) 1Pǡ/CT,WNKQ%ȌUCT6ȄXCTC2'4JCNXGFǡNKOGUǡKP served up a 2,082-litre cake weighing 4,040 kg portion of pulled pork – the ǡUGECVReporte Semanal .CVKPC68KP.KOC2GTW,WNKQǡ%ȌUCT (550-US-gal) glass of ale (8,906 lb 10 oz) – the weight of two grand pianos YQTMUKPCUGCHQQFTGUVCWTCPVPGCT2KWTCKP2GTWCPFJKU – equivalent in volume to weight of six dairy cows – – in the Australian city of PKEMPCOGKUū6JG.KOGU0KPLCŬ 26 bathtubs of beer – in in Siem Reap, Cambodia. Sydney on 14 Apr 2015. Halifax, West Yorkshire,Largest… .CTIGUVRK\\CCheese sculpture: On UK, on 6 Jul 2014.18 Sep 2015, the Melt fast- Rice cracker: 9KVJCUWTHCEGCTGCQHǡOqǡUSHVVJKUfood eatery in Hollywood, On 26 Oct 2014, IKICPVKERK\\CCNUQVJGlargest gluten-free pizzaYCUPGCTN[California, USA, carved JCI Noda (JPN) ƒXGVKOGUVJGUK\GQHCVGPPKUEQWTVБ+VYCURTGRCTGFD[&QXKNKQa 1,524-lb (691.27-kg) unveiled a 2.35-m² 0CTFK#PFTGC/CPPQEEJK/CTEQ0CTFK/CVVGQ0CTFKCPFcheeseburger out (25.3-sq-ft) rice /CVVGQ)KCPPQVVGCNN+6#HTQO0+2HQQFCVVJG(KGTCFK4QOCof a block of cracker in Noda, VTCFGHCKTKPǡVJG+VCNKCPECRKVCNEKV[QH4QOGQPǡ&GEWisconsincheddar. Chiba, Japan.DID YOU KNOW?hfroTffiemrherseaisuaepstcvgildgRhzaeeaizovrheatraimeotegeslwhatsaeOaiy,mlananntcpsoshtetpreufabrnoarmvgaheaomninyeepmvad n,aoilen en1elitrctnv0iAdgohnrec0ruec“glrb.%sdOhgeAed.iuoatntg itglsseglaeeituldenvfisuutstiwgttseteaes,inri”,vntto-heih-lne Oldest Viking boats 700 CE DATELINE A defeated Viking raiding party buries its dead in a longship on the island of Saaremaa, Estonia. The remains of this ship represent the oldest evidence of Viking seafarers. guinnessworldrecords.com 87

GARDEN GIANTS HEAVIEST FRUIT & VEG FRUIT/VEG WEIGHT GROWER DATE Apple ǡMIǡNDǡQ\ %JKUCVQ+YCUCMK,20 1EV ,CP Avocado ǡMIǡNDǡQ\ )CDTKGN4COKTG\0CJKO8'0 5GR Beetroot MIǡNDǡQ\ +CP0GCNG7-  #WI Broccoli MIǡNDǡQ\ ,QJPCPF/CT['XCPUDQVJ75# #WI Cabbage MIǡNDǡQ\ 5EQVV#4QDD75# 5GR ,WP Cantaloupe MINDQ\ 5EQVVCPF/CTFKG4QDDDQVJ75# melon  #WI *GCXKGUVRWORMKP Celery MINDQ\ +CP0GCNG7-  $GPK/GKGTQH5YKV\GTNCPFYQPVJG'WTQRGCP%JCORKQPUJKR Cherry IQ\ )GTCTFQ/CIIKRKPVQ+6# #WI 2WORMKP9GKIJQHHYKVJCJQOGITQYPURGEKOGPYGKIJKPI 0QX ǡMIǡNDǡQ\ŤCUJGCX[CUHWNN[ITQYPOGP Courgette MIǡNDǡQ\ $GTPCTF.CXGT[7- 6JGICTICPVWCPIQWTFYCUCWVJGPVKECVGFD[VJG)TGCV2WORMKP ,CP %QOOQPYGCNVJKPǡ.WFYKIUDWTI)GTOCP[QPǡ1EV Fig IQ\ /GJVCR1OGT7- #WI 5GR Garlic head MINDQ\ 4QDGTV-KTMRCVTKEM75# #WI 0QX Largest rose bush Most blooms on an orchid Gooseberry IQ\ -GNXKP#TEJGT7- ,WN A specimen of the rose In all, 91 blooms were bush Lady Banks (Rosa counted on an orchid grown Grapefruit MINDQ\ %NQ[&KCU&WVTC$4# 5GR banksiae) located in by Shi Yuanfeng (CHN), as 1EV Tombstone, Arizona, USA, YHULͤHGLQ%HQ[L/LDRQLQJ Lemon MINDQ\ #JCTQP5JGOQGN+54 (GD has a trunk circumference China, on 20 May 2014. /CT of 13 ft 5 in (4.09 m), stands Mango MIǡNDǡQ\ 5GTIKQCPF/CTKC5QEQTTQ$QFKQPICPDQVJ2*. 5GR some 9 ft (2.75 m) tall and Most tomatoes covers 8,000 sq ft (743 m²). HTQOǡCǡUKPINGRNCPV Parsnip MINDQ\ &CXKF6JQOCU7- Surjit Singh Kainth (UK) harvested 1,355 tomatoes Peach INDQ\ 2CWN(TKFC[75# from just one of his plants in Coventry, West Midlands, Pear MINDQ\ ,##KEJK6Q[QVC0CUJK$WMCK,20 UK, on 11 Sep 2013. Plum IQ\ /KPCOK#NRU%KV[,#-QOCPQ5GEVKQP-K[Q,20 Potato MIǡNDǡQ\ 2GVGT)NC\GDTQQM7- Pumpkin MINDǡQ\ $GPK/GKGT%*' Largest cashew tree Radish MINDQ\ /CPCDW1QPQ,20 A cashew tree in Natal, Brazil, reputedly planted by Sweet potato MINDQ\ /CPWGN2ȌTG\2ȌTG\'52 DORFDOͤVKHUPDQLQ 1888, covers an area Turnip MINDQ\ 5EQVVCPF/CTFKG4QDDDQVJ75# as large as 28 tennis courts – c. 7,500 m2 (80,700 sq ft) – and yields up to 80,000 fruit (and “nuts”) per year. HEAVIEST... ONION CARROT CUCUMBER 1Pǡ5GR6QP[)NQXGT7-RTGUGPVGF 2GVGT)NC\GDTQQM7-ITGYCECTTQVVQC 1P5GRCVVJG/CNXGTP#WVWOP WATERMELON CPQPKQPVJCVYGKIJGFǡMIǡNDǡQ\ YQTNFDGCVKPIYGKIJVQHǡMIǡNDǡQ\ 5JQYCVVJG6JTGG%QWPVKGU5JQYITQWPF %JTKU-GPVQH5GXKGTXKNNG6GPPGUUGG75# 6JGG[GYCVGTKPIN[NCTIGXGIGVCDNGYCU #UYKVJ6QP[)NQXGTŨUIKICPVKEQPKQPUGG KP/CNXGTP7-&CXKF6JQOCU7- ITGYCYCVGTOGNQPVJCVYGKIJGFǡNDǡQ\ RTGUGPVGFCVVJG*CTTQICVG#WVWOP(NQYGT NGHVVJGTGEQTFYCUXGTKƒGFCVVJG*CTTQICVG RTGUGPVGFCEWEWODGTYGKIJKPICP ǡMI+VYCUXGTKƒGFCVVJG1RGTCVKQP 5JQYKP*CTTQICVG0QTVJ;QTMUJKTG7- #WVWOP(NQYGT5JQY7-QP5GR CUVQPKUJKPIǡMIǡNDǡQ\ 2WORMKPHGUVKXCNJGNFKP*COKNVQP1JKQ 75#QPǡ1EVDATELINE 717 CE Oldest family business Buddhist monk Garyo Houshi sets up a ryokan, a traditional inn, in the village of Awazu, Japan, near a spring reputed to have healing powers. The current owner is Houshi’s 46th-generation descendant. 88 Recordology

FAST FACTS Strawberries are not true berries… but bananas, watermelons and avocados are • Botanically, there is no such thing as a vegetable • Peanuts, coconuts, cashews and pine nuts are not nuts... but pecans, acorns and hazelnuts are TALLEST PLANTS PLANT HEIGHT GROWER DATE Amaranthus OHVKP ,GUUG'NFTKF75# 1EV #PCUVCUKC)TKIQTCMK)4% Basil OHVKP 5VCVQP4QTKG75# ,WN Bean (speckled OHVKP 0QX butterbean) 5TK&JCTOCUVJCNC/CPLWPCVJGUJYCTC100% %QNNGIGQH&GPVCN5EKGPEGU+0& &GE 0CPE[.GG5RKNQXG75# Cactus (homegrown) OHVKP 9QQFTQY9KNUQP)TCPIGT75# 1EV %QUOQU'ZGEWVKXG%QOOKVVGG,20 /C[ Coleus OHVKP &/9KNNKCOU75# 1EV /.QYG7- ,WNHeaviest Collard OHVKP ,Q4KFKPICPF,QG[(WUEQDQVJ%#0strawberry 4GKPJCTF$KGJNGT&'7 1979 Cosmos ǡOHVKP )QUUG*CKUOC#75 5GR-QLK0CMCQ,20EWNVKXCVGFCIQ\UVTCYDGTT[VJCV #*(GPPGNN+4. ,WPOGCUWTGFZǡEOZǡKPCPFJCFCǡEKTEWOHGTGPEG Cotton OHV 2TCUCPVC/CN+0&QHǡŤǡEOŤǡKP+VYCUYGKIJGFKP(WMWQMC &CXKF$TGPPGT75# 1987(WMWQMC2TGHGEVWTG,CRCPQPǡ,CP Daffodil OHVKP .CWTC.KCPI75#  $GTPCTF.CXGT[7- 5GR Dandelion OHVKP #PPGCPF%JCTNGU)TCPVDQVJ75# ,WP 4QDGTV$GPFGN75# 1999 Fuchsia (climbing) OHVKP *QQXC[[C)QYFC+0& 1994 *CPU2GVGT5EJKHHGT&'7 #WILONGEST… Bottle gourd Kale OHVKP ,CUQP-CTN75# 1EV Alan Eaton (CAN) presented %JTKUVKPG5CFNGT%#0 ,WPBeetroot a 3.797-m-long (12-ft 5.5-in) Lupin OHVKP #WIOn 26 Sep 2015, at the bottle gourd (Lagenaria &GEThree Counties Showground siceraria) at Bracebridge Papaya tree OHV #WIin Malvern, Worcestershire, Fall Fair in Ontario, Canada,UK, Joe Atherton (UK) on 19 Sep 2015. Parsley OHVKPpresented a 7.212-m-long(23-ft 7.9-in) beetroot. Cucumber Pepper OHVBy way of contrast, the Ian Neale (UK) grew areticulated python – the 1.07-m-long (3-ft 8-in) Petunia OHVKPlongest snake – grows to cucumber for presentationaround 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in). at the Royal Bath & West Rose (climbing) OHV Show in Shepton Mallet, The year before, at the UK, on 26 Sep 2011. Rose bush (supported) OHVKPsame competition, Joesubmitted the longest Radish Sugar cane OHVparsnip, which measured Jamie Courtney-Fortey,6.28 m (20 ft 7.2 in). Gareth Fortey and Kevin Sunflower OHVKP Fortey (all UK) grew a radish measuring 2.235 m (7 ft Sweetcorn (maize) OHVKP 4 in) in Cwmbran, Gwent, Wales, UK, Thistle OHV DVYHULͤHG on 25 Oct 2015.SWEDE LEEK CAULIFLOWER+P5GR+CP0GCNG7-WPXGKNGF 2CWN4QEJGUVGT7-RTGUGPVGFCMI $KIXGIURGEKCNKUV2GVGT)NC\GDTQQMCRTK\GYKPPKPIMINDUYGFG NDQ\NGGMCVVJG/CNXGTP#WVWOP 7-ITGYCECWNKHNQYGTVJCVCVVJG7-0CVKQPCN)KCPV8GIGVCDNG 5JQYQP5GR2CWNUC[UVJCVVJG YGKIJGFǡMIǡNDǡQ\%JCORKQPUJKRJGNFFWTKPIVJG UGETGVVQJKUUWEEGUUKURNC[KPIOWUKEVQJKU QPǡ#RT*GKUUGGPJGTG/CNXGTPǡ#WVWOP5JQY XGIGVCDNGUCVKRJKUHCVJGT9KNHTGFICXGJKO YKVJJKUYKHG/CT[ Oldest university 859 CE DATELINE The University of Karueein is founded in Fez, Morocco, and remains a seat of learning to this day. Its specialist subjects are Islamic studies and Arabic linguistics. guinnessworldrecords.com 89

CHOCOLATE Most expensive “Galak”. The bar was Tallest chocolate Santa Claus chocolate bar gradually introduced UQNFǡCVCWEVKQP in other countries /KTCDGNNQUJQRRKPIEGPVTGKP%CPVș+VCN[EQOOKUUKQPGFC under various names, OVCNNHVKPEQEQCDCUGFGHƒI[QH(CVJGT%JTKUVOCUKP 9JGP$TKVKUJGZRNQTGT including Milky Bar $WKNVQXGTVJTGGYGGMUD[UKZEJQEQNCVKGTUHTQO6QUECC 4QDGTV(CNEQP5EQVV and Alpine White. HCOKN[TWPEQPHGEVKQPGTKP%TGOQPC+VCN[VJGUWRGTUK\GFUWICT GODCTMGFQPVJG INC\GF5CPVCYCUJQNNQY[GVUVKNNYGKIJGFCOCUUKXGǡVQPPGU Discovery GZRGFKVKQP First Valentine’s ǡNDŤCDQWVVJGUCOGCUTGCNNKHG5CPVC%NCWUGUБ to Antarctica DQZQHEJQEQNCVGU KPOCP[ 5LFKDUG&DGEXU\8. supplies were the eldest son of John FQPCVGFD[CTCPIG Cadbury, who founded QHGXGT[FC[DTCPFU the now iconic brand, was MGGPVQDGCUUQEKCVGFYKVJVJG WKHͤUVWFKRFRODWHPDNHU CFXGPVWTG2TQFWEVUKPENWFGF%QNOCPŨU to commercialize the 'PINKUJOWUVCTF$KTFŨUEWUVCTFCPFUQOG association between the ǡNDǡMIQH%CFDWT[ŨUEJQEQNCVGCPFEQEQC1PGQH confectionery and romance, VJGǡEONQPIKPEJQEQNCVGDCTUUVKNNWPYTCRRGFCPFUVQTGF producing a heart-shaped KPCEKICTGVVGVKPUQNFHQTcVQCPCPQP[OQWUDW[GT box of chocolates for CVǡ%JTKUVKGŨUCWEVKQPJQWUGKP.QPFQP7-QPǡ5GR Valentine’s Day in 1868. Oldest chocolate 3XEOLVKHGLQChocolate: or, TRIVIA Highest chocolate Chocolate bar with In 2007, anthropologist an Indian Drinke, penned by consumption per capita VJGǡOQUVǡHNCXQWTXCTKCPVU John Henderson (USA) Spanish physician Antonio Chocolate is derived Based on annual To date, the standard four- found traces of cacao in Colmenero, the book from the fruit (“pods”) confectionery sales, no ͤQJHU.LW.DWFKRFRODWHEDU pottery fragments dating expounded the food's health of the cocoa, or cacao, nation eats a greater has been made available WRΎ΍΋QHDU3XHUWR EHQHͤWVFODLPLQJLWFRXOG tree Theobroma cacao, LQPRUHWKDQͥDYRXUV Escondido in Honduras. cure coughs and sickness, amount of chocolate than The variations include It’s thought the cacao was and even aid conception. native to the tropics Switzerland. In 2015, the cucumber, wasabi, fermented and drank as a of Central and South average Swiss person watermelon and salt, and, mildly alcoholic beverage. First white chocolate America. Cocoa beans consumed an estimated of course, milk chocolate. White chocolate was are actually seeds from 9.3 kg (20 lb 8 oz). Although cacao- introduced by Nestlé in the trees’ pods (below); based drinks may 1930, and marketed in after harvesting, the have emerged Switzerland under the name beans are fermented centuries before, the earliest recipe and dried. for chocolate drink dates from 1631. Longest chocolate sculpture Master chocolatier Andrew Farrugia of Malta used up OQTGǡVJCPǡJTCPFCTQWPFǡMIǡNDQH$GNIKCP EJQEQNCVGUEWNRVKPIYJCVOWUVDGVJGOQUVFGNKEKQWUVTCKP ever made. The intricately detailed Belcolade Express PCOGFKPJQPQWTQHVJG$GNIKCPEJQEQNCVKGTURQPUQTYCU UEWNRVGFVQEGNGDTCVG$TWUUGNU%JQEQNCVG9GGMCPF UVTGVEJGFCPKPETGFKDNGǡO ǡHVǡKPŤNQPIGTVJCPC HWNN[ITQYPDNWGYJCNG 5VCPFKPIǡEOǡHVǡKP JKIJVJGVTCKPHGCVWTGFC modern electric locomotive at one end and a classic steam loco at the other. Pictured is (CTTWIKCQPVJGTKIJVCVVJG unveiling ceremony for the OKNNKQPECNQTKGETGCVKQP CV$TWUUGNU5QWVJUVCVKQPKP $GNIKWOQPǡ0QXǡDATELINE 870 CE Largest ancient castle Construction begins on Prague Castle (in the present-day Czech Republic). When completed, the castle covers an area of 18 acres (7.3 ha). 90 Recordology

FAST FACTS The oldest person ever, Jeanne Louise Calment (FRA), who lived to 122, partly put down her long life to eating chocolate • White chocolate is not technically chocolate as it has no cocoa solids TOP OF THE CHOCS Chocolate is seriously big business. Here we take a look at the biggest-selling chocolate confectionery brands… Brand Maker Revenue (2014) 4 1 %CFDWT[ /QPFGNȰ\+PVGTPCVKQPCN+PE75#  2 -KPFGT (GTTGTQ)TQWR.7:+6# 3 *GTUJG[ŨU 6JG*GTUJG[%QORCP[75#  4 //ŨU /CTU+PE75#  5 5PKEMGTU /CTU+PE75#  6 /KNMC /QPFGNȰ\+PVGTPCVKQPCN+PE75#  7 -KV-CV 0GUVNȌ5#%*'  8 )CNCZ[&QXG /CTU+PE75#  9 Ferrero Rocher (GTTGTQ)TQWR.7:+6#  10 4GGUGŨU 6JG*GTUJG[%QORCP[75#   5QWTEG'WTQOQPKVQT+PVGTPCVKQPCNGUVKOCVGFƒIWTGU 7 1.CTIGUVDQZQHEJQEQNCVGU behemoth bunny at the Sculpture 27 Nov 2014. At annual Chocofest event, $ͤFLRQ&KRFRODWH&+1 13.5 m (44 ft 4.2 in) high, it1P#RTEQPHGEVKQPGT[TGVCKNGT6JQTPVQPUCPFRTQR held in Gramado, Brazil. crafted a building 4.08 m was 61 times smaller thanOCMGT4WUUGNN$GEM5VWFKQDQVJ7-ETGCVGFCDWORGTDQZ Training agency Senac-RS (13 ft 4.6 in) long on 30 Sep the real tallest building.QHEJQEQNCVGUVJCVVQYGTGFǡOǡHVǡKPVCNN6KRRKPIVJG %5$XQYHLOHGWKHͤQDO 2015. Weighing 10,187 kgUECNGUCVǡMIǡNDŤVJGYGKIJVQHCUOCNNECTŤKV 3,850-kg (8,488-lb) sculpture (22,458 lb 7 oz), this edible Meanwhile, the NambaYCUVKOGUJGCXKGTVJCPCUVCPFCTFIQ\DQZ on 12 Apr 2014. The rabbit HGLͤFHRXWGLGWKHprevious Walk mall in Osaka, Japan,QHǡ6JQTPVQPU/QOGPVU was posed with a chocolate record by 1,900 kg (4,188 lb). made the largest chocolate- football in honour of the candy sculpture in 2012:LARGEST 6TWHHNG 2014 FIFA World Cup, which Crafted by Andrew a 267.4-kg (589-lb 8-oz)CHOCOLATE… $WLWDQLFWUXͧHZHLJKLQJ was hosted by Brazil. Farrugia (see choc train sugar-coated heart. 802 kg (1,768 lb 2 oz) opposite), the tallestEaster egg – the equivalent of 11 Bell chocolate sculptureIn 2011, Le Acciaierie adult men – was made Bonbons Verdier of Serres- UHFUHDWHGWKH%XUM.KDOLIDShopping Village in by Mirco Della Vecchia, Castet in France crafted a at Dubai Airport, UAE, onCortenuova, Italy, unveiled Andrea Andrighetti, Rimini gold-coated chocolate bella chocolate egg weighing Fiera, Fabbri 1905, Icam weighing 293 kg (645 lb7,200 kg (15,873 lb) and and Martellato (all ITA) 15 oz) on 16 Jun 2011. Thestanding 10.39 m (34 ft 1 in) in Rimini, Italy, on 21 Jan 1.51-m (4-ft 11.4-in) belltall. At more than twice the 2012. The 1-m-wide (3-ft had to be moved into theheight of a typical London LQWUXͧHZDVFRQFRFWHG shade to prevent it meltingdouble-decker bus, this from dark chocolate, cream in the intense summereggs-treme creation is also and Amarena cherries. heat; electric fans werethe tallest Easter egg. also deployed to keep the Rabbit record-breaking choc cool. Some 6,000 chocolate bars were axed and chiselled into shape to produce a LARGEST CHOCOLATE COIN Tipping the scales at 658 kg (1,450 lb 10 oz), this colossal chocolate 1-Euro coin was presented at the Cioccoshow fair in an event organized by the BF Servizi SRL (ITA) in Bologna, Italy, on 15 Nov 2012 to mark Guinness World Records Day. The coin had a diameter of 1.96 m (6 ft 5.17 in) – more than the height of the average male adult – and was 17 cm (6.69 in) thick. The outsized confectionery took 22 hr to prepare, after which sculptors Stefano and Tommaso Comelli (both ITA) spent a further 12 hr carving it into shape. Oldest parliament 930 CE DATELINE A great assembly (the Althing) is held in Iceland, gathering men from all the island’s clans to decide on matters of law. The Althing, Iceland’s parliament, still meets today. guinnessworldrecords.com 91

COLLECTIONS Largest collection of sunglasses Autographed golf balls Doctor Who memorabilia As of 1 Mar 2015, Joe Beginning in 1974 with In 1999, “Auntie” Betty Webster (USA) began wearing and collecting novelty sunglasses while Galiardi (USA) had 204 golf a yellow “Bump and Go” YQTMKPICUCTGUVCWTCPVJQUVGUUKP-COWGNC*CYCKK75#*GTTWPPKPIVQVCNQHǡKPFKXKFWCN balls, all signed by different Marx Dalek received for FGUKIPUYCUXGTKƒGFVJGTGQPǡ1EV-PQYPVJTQWIJQWVVJGKUNCPFUCUVJGū*QUVGUU professional golf players. Christmas, Ian O’Brien (UK) YKVJǡVJG/QUVGUUŬ$GVV[EQNQWTEQQTFKPCVGUJGTUWPINCUUGUYKVJJGTQWVƒVUCPFKUCNYC[U has 2,021 Doctor Who items, on the lookout for new designs, while fans and followers Comic books DVYHULͤHGRQ-XO regularly contribute to her collection. On 6 Aug 2015, Bob Bretall (USA) updated his record Dragon-related items for the third time, with Born in the year of the 101,822 publications. He dragon, Huang Xiaojing began buying comics as a (CHN) had spent 40 years child and adds (and reads) gathering 3,201 different around 100 titles a month. dragon-related objects, as of 18 Apr 2015. Corkscrews Ion Chirescu (ROM) had Jade acquired 23,965 pieces over Lam Chung Foon (HKG) had 10 years, up to 18 Jun 2015. collected 7,176 exquisite In Aug 2015, he opened pieces of jade art and a museum in Bucharest, jewellery by 20 Jun 2015. Romania, to house them. He also has the largest collection of candles: 6,360, The Dark Eye YHULͤHGRQ'HF memorabilia Alexander Grimme Lupin the Third memorabilia (DEU), a devotee of the %RRNVPDJD]LQHVͤJXULQHV role-playing game, had collectable cards, keychains, assembled 2,848 print guitar tabs and toys comprise the 2,281 items items, artworks, related to the Japanese videogames, animation character, miniatures gathered by Dario Calabria and more by (ITA) up to 12 Apr 2015. 11 Apr 2015.DID YOU KNOW?ancCitpnohdoandapptlitathrlcaeacoaraioonelnttinevettd:exetmmetosaihpsllaaeaetoomttecrgspeteodiieurltsshariwecytanisdahsiglttnstfhtsaheohdslbmaruyteopnhwcsvduodeh.ahultlcalaaeneurnstnxgeeittb.a,dmhiToatnbeuhnancyyrleedtsese LARGEST COLLECTION OF COPROLITES George Frandsen (USA) owns 1,277 coprolites, or fossilized faeces, as documented at the South Florida Museum in Bradenton, Florida, USA, on 1 Aug 2015. His prehistoric poo comes from 15 states in the USA and eight countries worldwide. George began finding the fossils on camping trips to Utah as a youngster. A prize piece is “Precious” (below right), his largest true-to-form coprolite, weighing in at 1.92 kg (4 lb 3.5 oz). It was found in South Carolina and dates from the Miocene epoch, 23.8–5.3 million years ago. It is naturally glossy, feels and smells like rock, and was produced by a huge crocodilian species around 6 m (20 ft) long. “Coprolite” comes from the Greek for “dung stone”.DATELINE 960 CE First paper money Chinese merchants of the Song Dynasty (960–1279) begin to use banknotes as currency. Secret cyphers are included within the design to try to prevent counterfeits. 92 Recordology

FAST FACTS Collectors have “proper” names based on their speciality, such as archtophilists (teddy bears), deltiologists (postcards), pannapictagraphists (comic books), planganologists (dolls) and sucrologists (sugar packets).DID YOU KNOW?R$g2Meca0yoaUtnI0sIhrnttoSi(ceulAl£2hyrdm08in.s(nS01U’eMfsg1h)soS–cfeoirAw1coon h4$o,rlalr4a1,nes“oa9d.tci6aecch5tsu ti5imapponrc)tieen.t”eT Tsin(coodh£shtenfre2Dedsee3.,S8eedsd,ae5bc5srnv0ia bewmnedd0sineoset) pfi.hrssYanloeemiladbdry Swamp Thing memorabilia ANIMAL COLLECTIONS 1 The DC Comics character 2 has loomed large in the life It may begin with a gift, an ornament or a plush toy, or simply with a fondness for a certain kind of animal. But soon 3 of John Boylan (USA), as a collector will be the custodian of an entire menagerie… WHVWLͤHGE\KLVFROOHFWLRQ of 797 items – among Theme Number Collector &CVGXGTKƒGF them 501 comics – 1 /QWUGCPFTCV  Christa Behmenburg (DEU) ǡ1EV on 21 Mar 2015. John’s  Steve Lubanski and ǡ/CT favourites include a Rabbit %CPFCEG(TC\GG75# ǡ/CT Swamp Thing TV crew- Cat ǡ&GE 1YN  %CTOGPFG#NFCPC)6/ ǡ,WN member jacket and Pig 18,055 Dianne Turner (USA) 2 Cow 16,779 Anne Langton (UK) ǡ,WP original comic-book art. Penguin  Ruth Klossner (USA) ǡ/CT (TQI  Birgit Berends (DEU) ǡ/C[Rackets Crocodile  Sheila Crown (UK) Chicken 6,739 Andrew Gray (UK) ǡ5GROn 1 Jul 2015, Igor Kucej Tea glass holders 'NGRJCPV 6,505 %GEKNCPF,QCPP&KZQP75# ǡ,WP /QPMG[ 5,779 ,CPGV/CNNGTPGG$TKNG[75#(SVK) unveiled his display The containers for tea Horse 5,680 9CPI.KPIZKCP%*0 ǡ#RT Giraffe  'FICT4WIGNGU%1. ǡ/CTof 1,260 historic wooden glasses are often collected 3 5JGGR  5WUC(QTUVGT&'7 ǡ#WI 1,365 Tyesha Elam (USA) ǡ#WItennis rackets, all made as works of art in their own ǡ0QXbetween 1890 and 1985. right. As of 11 Apr 2015, Sergey Kruglov (RUS) hadSkylanders memorabilia amassed 1,921 holders,The 4,100 Skylanders items each distinctively craftedcollected by Christopher in metal or enamel.Desaliza (USA), as of27 Jan 2015, include all VideogamesYHUVLRQVRIDOOWKHͤJXUHV Joel Hopkins (AUS) hadplus cards, covers, lanyards 17,466 games to his nameand posters. as of 12 Jan 2016.Largest collection ofhamburger-related items#UQHǡ5GRū*CODWTIGT*CTT[ŬCMC*CTT[5RGTN&'7JCFCOCUUGFǡKVGOUQPCDWTIGTVJGOGXGTKƒGFKP&C[VQPC$GCEJ(NQTKFC75#*CTT[QYPUVJGburger mobile from the movie Good Burger (USA, 1997).along with two burger beds and one burger waterbed.*KURTK\GRQUUGUUKQPKUCJCODWTIGT*CTNG[Davidson motorcycle, aka Hamburger Harley,C*&5RQTVUVGTDWKNVKP*GCNUQhas hamburger toys, books, CDs, statues,RQUVGTUǡDCIUICOGUCPFENQVJKPI Brightest supernova 1006 DATELINE Exploding star SN 1006 exceeds the luminosity of Sirius – today’s brightest star seen from Earth – by up to 1,500 times. It remains visible for two years. guinnessworldrecords.com 93

MASS PARTICIPATION of 11.85 km (7.3 mi) was covered in the attempt, put on by Hong Kong-based company GP22 (CHN). Largest pantomime animal race Wearing hair in a beehive Most bodies painted With brushes, hairspray #PGENGEVKEOKZQHVYQRGTUQPRCPVQOKOGCPKOCNUKPENWFKPI and almost 50 stylists 6JG2QNKUJVGNGEQOUEQORCP[2.#;ICVJGTGFǡRCTV[ JQTUGUECOGNUCPF4WFQNRJVJG4GKPFGGTUUVGRRGFWRVQVJG at hand, Discovery Italia IQGTUCVVJG9QQFUVQEM(GUVKXCNKP-QUVT\[PPCF1FTȤ UVCTVKPINKPGCV0GYECUVNG4CEGEQWTUG7-QPǡ#WI6JG gave 261 women beehive Poland – one of Europe’s largest music events – and YCEM[TCEGTUYGTGTCKUKPIHWPFUHQTNQECNEJCTKV[5Vǡ1UYCNFŨU hairdos in Milan, Italy, on UOQVJGTGFVJGOKPRCKPVQPǡ,WN6JKUDGVVGTGF *QURKEGCURCTVQHCPGXGPVVJCVYCUQTICPK\GFD[ǡ6JG)TGCV 19 Mar 2015. The distinctive 2.#;ŨUQYPGPOCUUGDQF[RCKPVKPITGEQTFCEJKGXGF 0QTVJ)CNNQR7- bouffant hairstyle is believed CVǡYYVJGUCOGGXGPVKPD[ǡǡRGQRNG to have originated in 1960, MOST PEOPLE… Festival and Highland when Chicago-based salon on “snow angels” – on was just one of 406 people Games, an annual event owner Margaret Vinci Heldt 6 Jun 2015. Keep Wales to twerk their way into the Caber tossing in Ontario, Canada. (USA) was challenged to Tidy arranged the event record books on 15 Nov On 8 Aug 2015, a group of conceive an original coiffure to promote the nation’s 2014. The event took part 69 people simultaneously In a zorbing relay to see in the new decade. pristine coast, plus its at the eighth Annual Central launched a volley of Each running inside a big 41 Blue Flag beaches. City Festival held in New near-6-m (20-ft) wooden plastic zorb ball, 237 people A more dramatic change Orleans, Louisiana, USA. poles known as “cabers” completed a 50-m (164-ft) of hairstyle was chosen Twerking simultaneously into the air. The mass feat leg of a course within the by Pedal for Hope (CAN), American hip-hop star Eating breakfast in bed of strength took place at required 10 sec on 25 Apr to raise money for the Talk about dedication the 70th Fergus Scottish 2015. That means a total Canadian Cancer Society. Big Freedia, aka to customer service… On 16 May 2015, a total Frederick Ross, The Sheraton Langfang of 267 people gathered Chaobai River Hotel served at Peterborough Airport, up its “Color Your Plate” Ontario, to say goodbye to breakfast – which includes their locks and set a new pastries, fruit, orange juice record for the most heads and yoghurt – to 418 guests shaved simultaneously. on 16 Aug 2015. It was an al-fresco affair, with Making “sand angels” 225 beds laid out on the Freshwater West beach in hotel’s lawn in Beijing, China. Pembrokeshire, UK, was imprinted with 352 “sand angels” – the seaside take Dressed as Catrinas and Catrines $WDͤHVWDVWDJHGLQ Cuauhtémoc, Mexico, on 1 Nov 2014, La Catrina Fest MX (MEX) assembled Most people riding a surfboard DID YOU KNOW?bUySbpwbAbyaoa,ioM ratmwahgttiasr-hnroCkbdowiu iAuCl-unelemidDapgrlalCdaeiessteAfkoshftorefheMfesrotrmenwrbWinNtnibiaa.geemlrIR,yvstbeUhtawwoHebnoSarayaydAurlsmsyeAdf.hdaMIuarcaseenslatsntaqu.irrdnguTiranlnhedielriedee,deaddn 5WTHŨUWRБ+H[QWŨXGGXGTVTKGFUWTƒPI[QWŨNNMPQYJQYFKHƒEWNVKVKUŲ5QKOCIKPGVT[KPIVQIGVRGQRNG TKFKPICUWTHDQCTFCVVJGUCOGVKOG6JCVŨUGZCEVN[YJCV8KUKV*WPVKPIVQP$GCEJCPFVJG'RKE$KI$QCTF 4KFGDQVJ75#CEJKGXGFCV*WPVKPIVQP$GCEJCUWTƒPIJQVURQVKP%CNKHQTPKC75#QPǡ,WP #VǡOǡHVǡKPNQPICPFǡOǡHVǡKPYKFGVJG$KI$QCTFWRQPYJKEJVJG[TQFGYCUCNUQ EQPƒTOGFCUVJGYQTNFŨUlargest surfboard0QVCDCFYC[VQEGNGDTCVG+PVGTPCVKQPCN5WTƒPI&C[DATELINE 1040 Oldest working brewery The monks of Weihenstephan Abbey in Bavaria (now part of Germany) are given permission to open a brewery near Freising. It will still be operating 976 years later, although no longer staffed by monks. 94 Recordology

FAST FACTS The largest yoga lesson included: 5,000 schoolchildren, 15,000 yoga specialists, 500 diplomats and foreign nationals, 5,000 National Cadet Corps, 1,200 police officers and 5,000 army troops509 people decked out race event was celebrating evening, which attracted a Popping bubble wrap Modelling on a catwalkin traditional skeleton the region’s newly acquired combined 7,960 visitors – In all, 2,681 boy scouts On 4 Jul 2015, eRetailercostumes. The event was Special Municipality status. the most people stargazing assembled at Denver Area Very.co.uk and Cultureheld to celebrate Mexico’s in multiple locations. The Council’s Camporee on Liverpool (both UK) joinedannual Day of the Dead Stargazing event was threatened by 19 Sep 2015 to pop bubble forces to organize a uniquefestival, at which deceased As part of a nationwide cold weather and cloudy wrap together. They easily fashion show. Comprisingloved ones are remembered. science week in Australia, skies, but the passion for wrapped up the record, more both professional models 1,869 astronomy lovers, stars, and records, paid off. than doubling the previous and runway wannabes,Riding unicycles wielding telescopes and best of 1,011 people, set a total of 3,651 peopleBalance and co-ordination binoculars, were brought Twirling batons in Jan 2015. The feat took strutted their stuff down– not to mention a total together by Mt Stromlo On 21 Sep 2015, a gathering place at the Peaceful Valley Liverpool’s Pier Headof 1,682 unicycles – were Observatory, the Australian of 2,002 members of the Scout Ranch in Elbert, riverside promenadeall required to secure this National University and Osaka Baton Twirling Colorado, USA. to set this record in style.record on 1 Nov 2014. the Canberra Astronomical Association (JPN) performedStaged by Taoyuan County Society on 21 Aug 2015 to at the Japanese city’s central LARGEST LESSONSGovernment (Chinese study the night sky. This gymnasium. The dizzyingTaipei), the 500-m (1,640-ft) gathering in Australia’s display was the centrepiece Extraordinary examples of en-masse education… capital city was just one of of the 25th Osaka Baton 37 around the country that Twirling Competition. Subject Organizer People Date Art .KQPU%NWD+PVŨN&KUVTKEV)+0&  ǡ0QX <WODC %KV[QH/CPFCNW[QPI2*.  ǡ,WN %QQMGT[ 1PG2NWU1PG0CVWTCN(NQWT%*0  ǡ&GE /CVJU /CVVGEGPVTWOCPF'P$TC5VCTV  ǡ0QX DQVJ59' /CIKE +UTCGN%CINKQUVTQ1ZOCP+54  ǡ,WP %JGOKUVT[ 6GEJPQRQNKU$'.  ǡ/C[ Soccer -PQEMN[QP7VF(QQVDCNN%NWD+4.  ǡ/C[ Hockey %WPFCNN/CPQT5EJQQN7-  ǡ/CT Welding 6JTGG(KTGU%QWPEKNCPF$Q[5EQWVU  ǡ#RT QH#OGTKECDQVJ75# Segway 5QP[2KEVWTGU'PVGTVCKPOGPV75#  ǡ#RT LARGEST YOGA LESSON A staggering 35,985 people adopted a cross-legged “lotus” position in honour of the inaugural International Day of Yoga on 21 Jun 2015. Organized by the Government of India’s Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy), dedicated to natural wellbeing pursuits, the event took place on a 1.4-km (0.8-mi) stretch of the Rajpath in the heart of New Delhi. As well as soldiers, civil servants and students (see Fast Facts), even India’s Prime Minister, Narendra Modi (left), demonstrated his flexibility. First use of rockets 1042 DATELINE Chinese scholar and military engineer Zeng Gongliang describes the use of “fire arrows” – simple gunpowder rockets launched from crossbows – by the armies of Song Dynasty China. guinnessworldrecords.com 95

COSPLAY LARGEST GATHERING OF PEOPLE DRESSED AS… Comic-book characters Harry Potter Conventions for comics fans are where cosplayers 1Pǡ/CTVGCEJGTUCV6CPDTKFIG*QWUG5EJQQN7-OKZGFWRGPQWIJRQN[LWKEGRQVKQPHQT go to see and be seen, with QHVJGKTUVWFGPVUVQVTCPUHQTOKPVQ6JG$Q[9JQ.KXGF6JGRCTVKEKRCPVURWVQPYK\CTFUŨ large events attracting JCVU*QIYCTVUWPKHQTOUCPFINCUUGUVQEQORNGVGVJGGHHGEV huge numbers of costumed attendees. An impressive Dragon Ball characters popular with cosplayers. 1,784 dressed-up comic- Although cosplay has its On 1 Nov 2012, the Saló del book heroes and villains RULJLQVLQ$PHULFDQVFLͤ Manga comic festival in gathered at the Salt Lake fandom, it grew into the Barcelona, Spain, hosted Comic Con in Salt Lake City, cultural phenomenon it 307 Dragon Ball characters Utah, USA, on 25 Sep 2015. is today as part of the as part of an event staged Japanese anime and manga by Editorial Planeta (ESP). Daleks scene. The manga Dragon Many cosplayers put Ball and its anime offshoot Robin Hood hundreds of hours of Dragon Ball Z are The UK’s Camping and work into their creations, particularly Caravanning Club hit the and when they’re copying target on 27 Aug 2011, something from a movie when 1,215 people dressed Rosie the Riveter or TV show, the end result up as the legendary archer. can be hard to distinguish The attempt took place at We can do it! Inspired by the rallying cry of America’s iconic from the original. This made the Newark Showground in female war worker, 1,084 boiler-suited women and girls it all the more terrifying Nottinghamshire, UK, during ICVJGTGFCVVJG9QTNF9CTǡ++*QOG(TQPV0CVKQPCN*KUVQTKECN when a force of 95 Daleks, the annual National Feast Doctor Who’s seemingly of Lanterns camping rally. 2CTMKP%CNKHQTPKC75#QPǡ#WIǡ indestructible enemy, rolled on to the grounds of the National Space Centre in Leicester, UK, on 29 Nov 2008, waving their eyestalks and barking “Exterminate!” at anything that moved. Spider-Man DID YOU KNOW?“cctoahAINsstlCellpoiwtonclb1hnaoac9Cuoyesvs8ayu”p ect4lugnlihioaftkhWteiosyiinewro1Tohelnn9farhdail3kiaaisdsb0nat,b ySrshUwLee, cafioSetleisahselAnmhw tneA.iaivco- ntr(meeeuJogPlrlFuyeamdNilnknce)edtseair,wotn. Star Trek characters As part of Destination 1Pǡ,WNCEJCTKV[GXGPVQTICPK\GFD[TGETWKVOGPVƒTO Star Trek in London, UK, Charterhouse drew 438 spider folk to the streets of Sydney, convention organizers #WUVTCNKC&QPCVKQPUraised by the masked web-slingers went to Media 10 Limited (UK) UWRRQTVJGCNVJEJCTKV[.KHG'FWECVKQP6JGQTICPK\GTUUGVVNGFQP gathered 1,063 Star Trek the classic red, blue and black costume of The Amazing Spider- cosplayers for an event ManVJGHCXQWTKVGQH5RKFGT/CPRWTKUVUUJWPPKPIVJGO[TKCF on 20 Oct 2012. Most QVJGTEQUVWOGUVJCV5RKFG[JCUYQTPKPJKUXCTKQWUTGDQQVU SDUWLFLSDQWVZRUHVWDUͥHHW CPFǡECOGQCRRGCTCPEGU uniforms, but the crowd also included Klingons, Borg and a variety of alien monsters from the original series. Superheroes On 2 Oct 2010, exactly 1,580 caped crusaders, web-slingers andDATELINE 1187 Largest monolithic church Work begins on the church of Medhane Alem in Lalibela, Ethiopia. Rather than building up, the builders dig down, carving the church out of a uniform piece of bedrock. It measures some 10 m (32 ft) high from the bottom of the pit in which it sits. 96 Recordology

FAST FACTS Cosplay is a portmanteau of “costume” and “play” •  The World Cosplay Summit attracted teams from 26 different countries in 2015 • Competitive cosplayers have to create their own costumesSanta Claus The Hulk#PCUVQPKUJKPI5CPVCUECOGVQIGVJGTCVVJG0CICT5CMVJCP6JCORWTCP)TQWPF-GTCNC+PFKC 1Pǡ,WNCPKPETGFKDNGQPǡ&GE6JG[YGTGVCMKPIRCTVKPCPGXGPVQTICPK\GFD[6JTKUUWT%KVK\GPT[CPF6JTKUUWT ǡXKUKVQTUCPFNQECNKPJCDKVCPVU#TEJFKQEGUGDQVJ+0&VQTCKUGOQPG[HQTNQECNEJCTKVKGU VWTPGFWRFTGUUGFCUVJG*WNM on the streets of Castleblayneyother costumed heroes have had characters Zombies KP+TGNCPFCVVJGCPPWCN/WEMPQassembled at Paramount to dress up as. The A 15,458-strong horde of /CPKC(GUVKXCNStudios in Los Angeles, Särkänniemi theme park in the shambling undeadUSA, in an event to promote Tampere, Finland, mustered groaned and lurched itsWKHͤOPMegamind. 491 gaming cosplayers on way through the streets of 7 Sep 2013. The park is no Minneapolis in Minnesota,Videogame characters USA, on 11 Oct 2014,People have been stranger to gaming, as part of theenjoying game cosplay for having opened up annual Zombiealmost as long as games an Angry Birds Land attraction in 2012. Pub Crawl. PETER PAN As part of a charity event organized on 29 Aug 2014 by recruitment firm Goodman Masson, 280 people donned the green tunic and tights of The Boy Who Wouldn’t Grow Up in London, UK. The event was staged to raise money and publicity for Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, a much-loved institution and the favourite philanthropic cause of J M Barrie, the author of Peter Pan. The Pan-tastic gathering took place on the steps of St Paul’s Cathedral. Largest New World civilization 1200 DATELINEThe Inca Empire reaches its greatest extent, stretching along the Pacific coast of South America from what is now southern Colombia to central Chile. Its population is estimated to be around 10 million. guinnessworldrecords.com 97

BIG STUFF Horseshoe Kentucky Derby Museum (USA) has made a horseshoe 2.06 m (6 ft 9.1 in) wide and 2.13 m (6 ft 11.8 in) tall. It was measured at Eagle Sign & Design in Louisville, Kentucky, USA, on 9 Sep 2015. Largest wheelbarrow Lunch box Largest A 2.6-m-wide folding chair #VǡOǡHVNQPICPFYKVJCYJGGNFKCOGVGTQHǡOǡHVǡKPVJKUUWRGTUK\GFYJGGNDCTTQY (8-ft 6-in) lunch box with VQQMCVGCOQHRGQRNGOQTGVJCPǡJTVQRNCPCPFDWKNF+VYCUEQPUVTWEVGFD[*GKOCVXGTGKP a capacity of 8.47 m³ 4GVCKNGT+PVGTOCTEJȌCPF $QMGG8&'7CPFKVYCURTGUGPVGFCPFOGCUWTGFKP$QMG)GTOCP[QPǡ/C[ (299.11 cu ft) was produced OCPWHCEVWTGT0G[TCV by Altus Viljoen and 2G[TQPKGDQVJ(4#DID YOU KNOW?Tbhtihcuirenoecnbarsphirtodnrrepdosguacldeyyrtmpamuewofe cernfoigoeentotfsoothtnr.pdnsmiTioi,spsenhtaa,arceeenaelcos,-dsucinsasnoikiestszsgrhutpeadrtreladrhu-eerbenlecquaerteauktceehcleaiealdkrads.kfeseooaibdnfutnoyhtgrdnoae LARGEST… (25-ft 6.6-in) slicer at Wilgenhof Men’s Residence collaborated to produce the ski resort in Kvitfjell, (both ZAF). It was measured CEQNNCRUKDNGEJCKTǡO Bean bag Norway, on 7 Mar 2015. in Stellenbosch, South ǡHVǡKPVCNN6JGJKIJ Yogibo (USA) presented Africa, on 12 Apr 2015. seat was presented and a 211-ft-wide (64.3-m) Colouring book OGCUWTGFKP$QPFQWHNG bean bag with a volume of You’d need a lot of felt tips Magazine (single edition) (TCPEGQPǡ/C[ 1,406.23 cu ft (39.82 m³) at for the 10-m² (107.63-sq-ft) The River Group and Nashua, New Hampshire, colouring book produced by Polestar (both UK) produced USA, on 15 Sep 2015. the Zielona Sowa Publishing a version of the Aug 2015 House (POL). Its size was issue of Healthy magazine Cheese slicer FRQͤUPHGDWWKH1DWLRQDO that measured 2.35 m (7 ft Kristen Gunstad (NOR) Stadium in Warsaw, Poland, 8.52 in) wide by 3.05 m unveiled a 7.79-m-long on 24 May 2014. (10 ft 0.28 in) tall. Its size ZDVUDWLͤHGLQ6KHͦHOG8. on 30 Jun 2015. Largest ukulele Lawrence Stump (USA, below) has created a tunable and RNC[CDNGWMWNGNGǡOǡHVǡKPNQPICUXGTKƒGFKP .CPUKPIǡ/KEJKICP75#QPǡ&GE6JGKPUVTWOGPV YCUǡDWKNVWUKPIǡVJGUCOGOGVJQFUCPFOCVGTKCNUCU CUVCPFCTFUK\GUQRTCPQWMWNGNGŤCNVJQWIJ KVǡKUǡVKOGUNCTIGTDATELINE 1250 First gun Anecdotal evidence suggests that firearms are in use in China and northern Africa, although the first documentary evidence for gun construction will not emerge until the following century. 98 Recordology

FAST FACTS You could accommodate more than 25,500 conventionally sized sandwiches in the largest lunch box (see p.98) • The largest TV remote control (below) is around 24 times larger than its real-life counterpart and took 68 days to build Largest TV remote control $TQVJGTU5WTCLCPF4CLGUJ-WOCT/GJGTDQVJ+0&ETGCVGF VJKUONQPIHVKPVGNGXKUKQPTGOQVGEQPVTQNYJKEJ YCUOGCUWTGFKP5CODCNRWT+PFKCQPǡ5GR+VKUHWNN[ QRGTCVKQPCNCPFYCUUJQYPVQYQTMQPCPQTOCNUK\GF68Largest ice-cream scoop Poster 8 in) long and 71.95 m Fareed Lafta (IRQ) has (236 ft) wide. It was put on&KOKVTK2CPEKGTC+6#UGTXGFWRCIKICPVKEKEGETGCOUEQQRKP(QTPQFK<QNFQ+VCN[QPǡ5GR created a 7,164.78-m² display at Karbala Stadium.+VOGCUWTGFǡOǡHVǡKPNQPICPFEOǡHVKPYKFGYKVJCFGRVJQHǡEOǡKP (77,121.05-sq-ft) poster,6JGǡUWRGTUK\GFUEQQRJCUCYQTMKPIOGEJCPKUOVQGLGEVVJGKEGETGCO DVYHULͤHGLQ.DUEDOD,UDT Umbrella on 26 Feb 2016. The poster, Jiangxi Kuntak IndustrialMortar and pestle Piggy bank Ludwigsburg (DEU). It was which depicted a map Co Ltd (CHN) have madeMeasured in Macael, Even the keenest savers measured in Ludwigsburg, of Iraq, was an umbrella 22.9 m (75 ftSpain, on 28 Mar 2015, the ZRXOGVWUXJJOHWRͤOOWKH 99.58 m (326 ft 1.5 in) in diameter. It waslargest mortar is 3.29 m 8.03-m-long Germany, on(10 ft 9.5 in) high and (26-ft 4.1-in), 18 May 2015. unveiled at Xingzihas a diameter of 3.07 m 5.58-m-tall (18-ft 3.7-in) in Jiangxi(10 ft 0.8 in) at its mouth. piggy bank created by Province,Its pestle is 4.73 m (15 ft Kreissparkasse China, on6.2 in) long and 0.85 m 3 Aug(2 ft 9.4 in) at its broadest 2015.point. The über-utensil wascreated by Ayuntamientode Macael (ESP). LONGEST MONSTER TRUCK Brad and Jen Campbell (both USA) of Big Toyz Racing have created the Sin City Hustler, a 32-ft-long (9.7-m) monster truck. Measured in an aircraft hangar at Last Stop in White Hills, Arizona, USA, on 10 Jul 2014, it stands 12 ft (3.6 m) tall, weighs a hefty 15,000 lb (6,800 kg) – about the same as a bull elephant – and can accommodate 12 passengers. It packs a powerful 750-hp engine, but owing to its considerable weight the Sin City Hustler only has a maximum speed of around 45 mph (72.4 km/h). The titanic truck is currently operated by Russ Mann (USA). First forensic autopsy 1302 DATELINEAs part of an investigation into the suspected murder of a nobleman, Italian physician Bartolomeo da Varignana performs the first medico-legal autopsy. He will later be involved in other legally required autopsies. guinnessworldrecords.com 99

SMALLTOWN BIG STUFF GALLERY !! 6JGDKIEQWPVT[VJCVKUVJG75#UJQYECUGUOCP[DKIKFGCUŤCPFUQOGVKOGUKPUOCNNRNCEGU+PRCTVKEWNCT 3 VJGǡVQYPQH%CUG[KP+NNKPQKUKUFQVVGFYKVJUQOGQHVJGYQTNFŨUNCTIGUVKVGOUCNNHTQOVJGYQTMUJQR$KI6JKPIU KPC5OCNN6QYPUGVWRD[,KO$QNKP$GUKFGUVJQUGRKEVWTGF,KOJCUURGCTJGCFGFVJGlargest knitting needlesǡHVNQPI QTǡǡOVJGlargest crochet hookǡHVǡKPNQPIQTǡOCPFVJGlargest wind chimeǡHVNQPIQTǡO/GCPYJKNG 1JKQǡKUJQOGVQVJGlargest yo-yoCPF/KEJKICPVQVJGlargest chainsawCPFtallest tyre sculptureCNNRKEVWTGF 1 4 2 LARGEST PITCHFORK 1 LARGEST CLOGS 2 LARGEST GOLF TEE 3 LARGEST ROCKING CHAIR 4 1Pǡ1EV,KO$QNKPGUVCDNKUJGFC 6TCFKVKQPCNYQQFGPǡUJQGUQTKIKPCVGFKP 1Pǡ,CP,KOWPXGKNGFJKU #YQQFCPFUVGGNTQEMKPIEJCKTǡHV PGYTGEQTFKP%CUG[HQTJKURKVEJHQTMYJKEJ VJGǡ0GVJGTNCPFUDWVVJGNCTIGUVRCKTTGUKFGU ICTICPVWCPIQNHVGGDCUGFQPVJGPQTOCN ǡKPǡOVCNNCPFǡHVǡKPǡOYKFG OGCUWTGFǡHVǡKPǡOYKFGCPFǡHVǡKP KP,KOŨUJQOGVQYP1Pǡ1EVJG UK\GFXGTUKQPWUGFCV%CUG[%QWPVT[%NWD DTQWIJV,KO$QNKPJKUVGCOCPFJKUVQYP ǡONQPI6JCVŨUOQTGVJCPǡVKOGU RTGUGPVGFENQIUOGCUWTKPIǡHVǡKPǡO +VUVCPFUǡHVǡKPǡOVCNNYKVJCJGCF CPQVJGTTGEQTFQPǡ1EV'CEJRKGEGYCU NQPIGTVJCPCEQPXGPVKQPCNRKVEJHQTMQTCDQWV NQPIǡHVǡKPǡOYKFGCPFǡHVǡKP FKCOGVGTQHǡHVǡKPǡOCPFCUJCHVYKFVJ YGKIJGFCUVJGEJCKTYCUEQPUVTWEVGFIKXKPIC VJGUCOGCUVJGNGPIVJQHCDQYNKPICNNG[ ǡOVCNNQWVUVTKRRKPIVJGRTGXKQWU QHǡHVǡKPǡEO,KOCPFJKUUVCHHCV$QNKP VQVCNYGKIJVQHǡNDǡMI#ūFQXGQH +VKUPQYQPFKURNC[QWVUKFG4KEJCTFU(CTO &WVEJTGEQTFD[OQTGVJCPCfootCNNTQWPF 'PVGTRTKUGU+PEOCFGVJGVGGHTQO[GNNQYRKPG JQRGŬKUECTXGFQPVJGYQQFGPJGCFTGUV6JG 4GUVCWTCPV$QNKPFGUKIPGFVJGGPQTOQWU 6JGUJQGUOCFGQHNC[GTUQHRKPGYGKIJ DQCTFUINWGFVQIGVJGTKPVQCNCTIGDNQEMCPF DKITQEMGTKUQPGOQTGGRKUQFGKPVJG75#ŨU HCTOKPIVQQNVQƒVYKVJVJGTGUVCWTCPVŨUTWUVKE CDQWVǡNDǡMIGCEJ,KOCPFVYQ UJCRGFKVYKVJEJCKPUCYU5QOGQHJKUVGCO JKUVQT[QHIKCPVEJCKTUYJKEJDGICPOQFGUVN[ FGEQTCPFU[ODQNK\G%CUG[ŨUCITKEWNVWTCN VGCOOCVGUECTXGFVJGOD[EJCKPUCYVJGP VQQMEJCKPUCYNGUUQPUDGHQTGJCPFБ6JGVGG YKVJCHVO/KUUKQPEJCKTDWKNVD[VJG EQOOWPKV[+VYGKIJUǡNDǡMI UCPFGFCPFNCESWGTGFVJGOVQCINQUU[ƒPKUJ KUǡRGTOCPGPVN[UGVWRCVVJG%QWPVT[%NWD EKVK\GPUQH)CTFPGT/CUUCEJWUGVVUKPDATELINE 1311 Tallest building At 160 m (524 ft 11 in), the UK’s Lincoln Cathedral overtakes the Great Pyramid of Giza to become the world’s tallest building. Construction on the cathedral began in 1088. It will retain the record until 1549, when its spire collapses. 100 Recordology

DID YOU KNOW?ObrhdceiaatoapatolOklen–aeaivnsdtndtaehcb2gsoaonae0enymcbtl ofeNkoafrp-conwotoyaaorvdmoanteaa.i1syoTln48dotnih64conreei60yeopeC),ft inyBotciwtCnhottyhEae-Gec’.isysdsirenodgeroaneere(nrtasacclhinaotiegeeir,t,nnsedtd- 657 85LARGEST MAILBOX (VOLUME) LARGEST YO-YO 6 TALLEST SCULPTURE 7 LARGEST CHAINSAW 81Pǡ1EV,KOCPFJKUVGCO 1Pǡ5GRKP%KPEKPPCVK1JKQ IN THE SHAPE OF A TYRE +PCYQTMKPIEJCKPUCYOGCUWTKPIFGDWVGFǡ[GVCPQVJGT%CUG[NCPFOCTMŤCIKCPVXGTUKQPQHCUVCPFCTF75OCKNDQZ+VǡJCUCP $GVJ,QJPUQP75#FGOQPUVTCVGFCYQQFGP 1PGQH/KEJKICPŨUOQUVEGNGDTCVGFNCPFOCTMU ǡHVǡǡKPONQPICPFǡHVǡOKPVGTPCNXQNWOGQHǡEWǡHVǡOrCPFJCUCUVCKTYC[KPUKFGVJGRQUVUVCPF [Q[QPCOGFWhoa-yoVJCVUJGJCFURGPV KUCPHVOUEWNRVWTGQHC7PKTQ[CN JKIJYCUDWKNVD[,KOū*QQNKGŬ&G%NCKTGQHUQVJCVXKUKVQTUECPENKODWRVQVJGDQZ+VŨUFGUKIPGFVQCEEGRVOCKNYJKEJYJGP VJTGG[GCTUEQPUVTWEVKPI/GCUWTKPIǡHV )KCPVV[TGKP#NNGP2CTMQHH+PVGTUVCVG6JG /QTCP+TQP9QTMU+PEKP1PCYC[/KEJKICPFGRQUKVGFTCKUGUCTGFHNCICPF,KOKPVGPFUVQWUGVJGKPVGTKQTURCEGVQUGVWRCOWUGWO ǡKPǡOKPFKCOGVGTCPFYGKIJKPI GKIJVUVQTG[TQCFUKFGKEQPYCUDWKNVCUC(GTTKU #HHGEVKQPCVGN[PCOGFBig GusVJGUWRGTUK\GQHOCKNJKUVQT[6JGDQZKUNQECVGFKP%CUG[ŨUFQYPVQYPDWUKPGUUFKUVTKEV ǡ75ǡVQPUǡVQPPGUVJGIKCPVFKUE YJGGNHQTŨU0GY;QTM9QTNFŨU(CKTYJGP UCYJCUUKPEGDGGPQPFKURNC[CV&C;QQRGTU RNWPIGFǡHVǡOQPCTQRGCVVCEJGF ǡOKNNKQPXKUKVQTUTQFGVJGǡIQPFQNCU6JG 6QWTKUV6TCRCV+UJRGOKPIKP/KEJKICP+V VQC75VQPVQPPGETCPGDGHQTG 75VQPVQPPGV[TGJCUCƒDTGINCUU YGKIJUCNOQUVǡ75VQPUǡVQPPGUCPFKU TGDQWPFKPI6JGOKIJV[Whoa-yoJCFETCUJGF UWTHCEGYKVJKPFGGREOVTGCFUCPF RQYGTGFD[C8GPIKPGCNVJQWIJHQTUCHGV[ QPVJTGGVTKCNTWPUDWV$GVJŨURGTUGXGTCPEG GSWCVGUVQCEVWCN7PKTQ[CNV[TGUŤKFGCN TGCUQPUŤKVŨUNQECVGFD[CJKIJYC[ŤBig Gus CPFUMKNHWNTGRCKTYQTMƒPCNN[RCKFQHH KHǡ[QWJCFCHVVCNNOXGJKENGБ KUTCTGN[ƒTGFWRVQHWNNECRCEKV[ Worst pandemic 1351 DATELINE A devastating outbreak of the pneumonic form of plague (bacterial infection), known as the Black Death, draws to a close having claimed some 75 million lives worldwide. guinnessworldrecords.com 101

BALL SKILLS Longest tennis volley rally Most consecutive soccer ball headers while treading water Angelo A Rossetti and Ettore Rossetti (both USA) exchanged 30,576 volleys of a tennis ball (without the ball hitting the ground) at the Weston Racquet Club in Weston, Connecticut, ,JQGP.GHQPV4QFTKIWG\%7$GZGEWVGFEQPUGEWVKXG 75#QPǡ#WI6JGVYQDTQVJGTUQPEGCEJKGXGFVJGlongest tennis rally, although the UQEEGTDCNNVQWEJGUYKVJVJGJGCFŤYJKNGCHNQCV*GCEJKGXGF EWTTGPVTGEQTFUVTQMGUUGVQPǡ,WNKP$C[TGWVJ)GTOCP[KUJGNFD[(TCPM VJGTGEQTFKPVJGUYKOOKPIRQQNQHVJG*QVGN0CEKQPCNFG%WDC CPF&GPPKU(WJTOCPPDQVJ&'7 KPǡ*CXCPC%WDCQPǡ#WI Longest duration to spin Bernie can surf, too. On 1HƒEKCNN[#OC\KPIat Ponce RQH̨QJHUPDLQWDLQLQJ Most hits of a golf ball CǡDCUMGVDCNNQPVJGVQG 31 Aug 2013, this sporty Inlet in Daytona Beach, spin) is 4 min 31 sec. Chen QPǡCǡENWDKPUGEQPFU On 12 Mar 2015, in Wilbur- multi-tasker achieved the Florida, USA. Weiwei (CHN) achieved this Soccer player Aaron Ramsey by-the-Sea, Florida, USA, longest duration to spin a revolutionary performance, (UK) racked up 61 hits of a Bernie Boehm (USA) spun EDVNHWEDOOZKLOHVXŲQJ – One ball too easy for spinning both balls, one on golf ball on a golf club in 30 a basketball for 25.52 sec. 33.25 sec – on the set of you? The longest duration top of the other, on the set sec on the set of #.GCIWG to spin two basketballs on of .Q5JQYFGK4GEQTF in QH6JGKT1YP (UK) in London, Milan, Italy, on 7 Jul 2014. UK, on 9 Jul 2015. Longest duration spinning a basketball on the nose On the same TV show, ū5EQQVGTŬ%JTKUVGPUGPQHVJG*CTNGO)NQDGVTQVVGTUMGRVCDCUMGVDCNNURKPPKPIQPJKUPQUGHQT former Premier League ǡUGEKP2JQGPKZ#TK\QPC75#QPǡ0QX6JKUYCUQPGQHUGXGPTGEQTFUUGVD[VJG star Jamie Redknapp (UK) )NQDGVTQVVGTUKPEGNGDTCVKQPQH)94&C[6JGQVJGTUKPENWFGVJGlongest basketball shot recorded the greatest blindfolded ǡHVǡKPQTǡOD[ū6JWPFGTŬ.CYVJG most slam dunks in one minute by height to control a soccer ball. He brought under an individualD[ū<GWUŬ/E%NWTMKPVJGfarthest kneeling basketball control a ball that shot made backwardsǡHVǡKPQTǡOD[ū*CPFNGUŬ he had kicked (TCPMNKPCPFVJG most basketball to a height three-pointers made by a pair in of 18.6 m one minuteD[ū#PVŬ#VMKPUQP (61 ft). CPFǡū%JGGUGŬǡ%JKUJQNOCNN75#DATELINE 1373 Oldest treaty still in force On 16 Jun, diplomats from England and Portugal sign the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Alliance, a peace deal that will endure through countless global conflicts and many changes of government. It is still in effect today. 102 Recordology

FAST FACTS A Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) soccer ball is nearly 170 times heavier than a regulation ping-pong ball • Basketball was first played with soccer balls • A golf ball has no official minimum weight Most soccer Heaviest balls rotated ball rolls QPǡVJGDCEMQHVJGJCPF around Xie Jiajun (CHN) rotated the face in two balls weighing 4.5 kg QPGǡOKPWVG (9 lb 14.7 oz) – which roughly equates to the 8KEVQT4WDKNCT#4) combined weight of seven rolled a soccer ball NBA basketballs – on 9 Jan around his face 2016. This bettered his ǡVKOGUKPVJG6WTMKUJ previous record, set in 2015, EKV[QH+UVCPDWNQPǡ0QX by 0.31 kg (10.9 oz). 6JGJGCFVWTPKPI TGEQTFYCUOCFGKP 2015. He held four balls on Most “around the world” Most “around collaboration with KLVͤQJHUVFUDGOHGVHYHQLQ WULFNVLQRQHPLQXWH the worlds” /CNVGRG2CTMUJQRRKPI his arms and clamped two In this trick, a performer has in one minute EGPVTG6748KEVQT between his lower legs. to tap a soccer ball in the (female) also shares the record air then circle the same foot for most soccer balls around it. Football freestyler .CWTC$KQPFQ+6#8'0 juggledƒXG*KU John Farnworth (UK, below) EQORNGVGFūCTQWPF VQVCNUGVKPYCU holds the absolute record, the world” tricks (see GSWCNNGFD[/CTMQ with 85 tricks achieved in left) in Edinburgh, UK, 8GTOGGT0.&KP London, UK, on 3 Oct 2008. QPǡ,WN1PVJG UCOGFC[UJGCNUQUGVMost ping-pong balls The PRVW˼DURXQGWKH VJGQPGOKPWVGTGEQTFjuggled with the mouth PRRQ˽WULFNVLQRQHPLQXWH for most soccer ballIn his performances, Tony is 61, by Adrian Fogel (DEU) touches with the headFercos (USA, b. CZE) is on 14 Feb 2010 in Nordhorn, (female)able to blow and catch Germany. For this, the ballseven ping-pong balls in is placed on the back of the LONGEST DURATION TO CONTROLsuccession with his mouth QHFNDQGͥLFNHGXSGXULQJ A SOCCER BALL ON A SLACKLINEin a single cycle. Each ball which time the person’sis fed into his mouth, “spat” head must complete one Most of us find it hard enough to perform “keepie-high into the air and caught full revolution. uppies” at the best of times. But to do it in mid-air?back in his mouth. On 14 Dec 2015, in Brentford, London, UK, John Farnworth kept a soccer ball airborne for 29.82 secFarthest distance travelled while maintaining his balance on a slackline (left).with a soccer ball balancedQPǡVJGJGCF The footie freestyler also achieved the most full-On 22 Oct 2011, Abdul volley rebounds in 30 seconds – 28 – at the NationalHalim (BGD) walked 15.2 km Football Museum in Manchester, UK, on 25 Aug 2015;(9.44 mi) with a soccer Farnworth demonstrates the trick below.ball atop his head. Hemade 38 laps of the 400-mtrack at the BangabandhuNational Stadium in Dhaka,Bangladesh. The ORQJHVWWLPHWRbalance a soccer ball onthe shin is 1 min 55 sec,achieved by Sinan Öztürk(DEU) in Mittweida, Saxony,Germany, on 13 Nov 2014.Most bowling ballsJGNFǡUKOWNVCPGQWUN[Chad McLean (USA) clungon to 13 regular bowlingballs (as approved by theWorld Tenpin BowlingAssociation) in BrighamCity, Utah, USA, on 2 Nov Worst outbreak of “dancing mania” 1374 DATELINE In July, a large number of men and women in Aachen, Germany, break into frenzied dancing. Many dance until they collapse from exhaustion. This medieval illness has never been fully explained. guinnessworldrecords.com 103

JOURNEYS DID YOU KNOW?twtsh“eeCe(‘ehdTeerumhmtnfiMisbrerttia,erbochsIyferetfrem ’oo2doestrrg0ousesc“er p1agIoettaS5onrhtfnvi.iSef.njt’iUet.osspth.h eysoyisrSeenoire itcfnnDbsawrumtgsiehrrtptioashana!Ta,”hgctards)3oe hth#octDnkoionweD-n-fcneptwr,feahbaobreareuiigdregnnsilodIonataSnsie”gnbScp.d.’ir.lga”in.eancgfet,DATELINE 1407 Largest palace Ming Emperor Zhu Di orders the construction of a new palace in Beijing, China. This vast complex of some 980 buildings, today known as the Imperial Palace, requires more than a million workers and a decade to complete. 104 Journeys

CONTENTSJOURNEYS FACTOGRAPHIC 106EXPLORATION 1500–1970 108EXPLORATION 1971–1995 110EXPLORATION 1996–2005 112EXPLORATION 2006–2009 114EXPLORATION 2010–2015 116Longest continuousURCEGHNKIJVD[CǡYQOCP1P0QXǡ'WTQRGCP5RCEG#IGPE['5#CUVTQPCWV5COCPVJC%TKUVQHQTGVVK+6#UGVQHHHTQO$CKMQPWT%QUOQFTQOGKP-C\CMJUVCPHQTVJGInternational Space StationISS*GTLQDYCUVQECTT[QWVTGUGCTEJKPVQYGKIJVNGUUPGUUDWVCHVGTJGT#RTǡTGVWTPHNKIJVYCUFGNC[GFUJGCNUQGPFGFWRDTGCMKPIVJGYQOGPŨUTGEQTFHQTVJGNQPIGUVEQPVKPWQWUVKOGKPURCEG+VYCUPŨVWPVKNǡ,WPǡVJCVUJGVQWEJGFFQYPCICKPǡFC[UǡJTǡOKPCHVGTUJGNGHV'CTVJ5JGŨUUGGPJGTGURQTVKPICStar TrekWPKHQTOUWTTQWPFGFD[VJGUGXGPYKPFQYUQHVJGURCEGUVCVKQPŨUEWRQNC Oldest reading glasses 1450 DATELINEA resident of medieval London throws the broken horn frames of his glasses in the trash heap. When found more than 500 years later, they are regarded as the oldest known pair of reading glasses.guinnessworldrecords.com 105

FACTOGRAPHIC HIGHEST MOUNTAINEVEREST 6JGRGCMQH'XGTGUVUVCPFUCVǡO ǡHV6JCVŨULWUVDGNQYVJGCXGTCIGFor many adventurers, the ultimate journey on Earth is to the summit ETWKUKPICNVKVWFGQHRCUUGPIGTLGVUOQTGQH'XGTGUVŤCVǡOǡHVVJGYQTNFŨUhighest mountain. VJCPVKOGUVJGJGKIJVQHVJGtallest$WVǡDGHQTGJCPFEQOGUOQPVJUQHRNCPPKPIPQVVQOGPVKQPHWPFTCKUKPI buildingŤVJG$WTL-JCNKHCKP&WDCK9JGPǡ[QWIGVVJGTG[QWJCXGVQURGPFYGGMUCEENKOCVK\KPIVQVJG 7#'ŤCPFUQOGǡVKOGUVCNNGTVJCPVJKPPGTCKTǡCPFHNWEVWCVKPIVGORGTCVWTGU#PFKVFGOCPFUGZVTCQTFKPCT[ 0GY;QTM%KV[ŨU'ORKTG5VCVG$WKNFKPIRU[EJQNQIKECNVQWIJPGUUVQQŤUGXGTCNENKODGTUJCXGEQOOGPVGFVJCV .QECVGFKPVJGGCUVGTP*KOCNC[CUQPVJGIGVVKPIVQVJGVQRKUǡūǡOGPVCNŬ$WVYJGP[QWŨTGVJGTG[QWŨTGQP 6KDGV0GRCNDQTFGTKVYCUTGXGCNGFCUVJGǡTQQHǡQHǡVJGYQTNF*GTGǡYGNQQMCVUQOGQHVJGEJCNNGPIGU VJGJKIJGUVOQWPVCKPKPD[VJGHCEKPIVJQUGYJQYKUJVQVCMGQP 5WTXG[&GRCTVOGPVQHVJG)QXGTPOGPVVJKUǡGRKEǡCFXGPVWTGŲ QHǡ+PFKC+PVJGVJGP$TKVKUJ 5WTXG[QT)GPGTCNQH+PFKCUWIIGUVGF DID YOU KNOW?(1c1u.Ea2I6stvm  uh’kesaprmraletptl)osyopftcrttr.oahooNmkmexoeistpmstuflhceamaeltrtie,memhttlihyhibgteeahaonrtemfsfis–Mtainblbroeauoaultusnpienttudsh. VJCVKVDGTGPCOGFCHVGTJKURTGFGEGUUQT %QNQPGNǡ5KT)GQTIG'XGTGUV THE ENERGY YOU’LL NEED LARGEST EVEREST CLEAR-UP 6QIGVVQVJGVQRQH'XGTGUVENKODGTUJCXGVQDWKNFWRJWIG TGUGTXGUQHGPGTI[+PVJGƒPCNRWUJVQVJGUWOOKVVJG[ECP 5KPEGVJG0GRCNK'EQ'XGTGUV'ZRGFKVKQPUJCXGUGGPCPPWCN WUGWRECNQTKGU6JCVŨUVJGGSWKXCNGPVECNQTKƒEEQPVGPV VTKRUVQVJGǡOQWPVCKPVQENGCTCYC[ICTDCIGHTQORTGXKQWU QHDCPCPCU1TPKPG/CTIJGTKVCRK\\CU1TǡNCTIGUVGCMU ENKODU5QOGMIǡNDQHTQRGUVGPVU 1TGXGPǡEJGGUGDWTIGTUTKIJVБ HQQFRCEMCIKPIQZ[IGPDQVVNGUICUECPKUVGTUCPF QVJGTFKUECTFGFKVGOUJCXGDGGPTGOQXGF #ǡTGEQTFMIǡNDYCUENGCTGF KPKPENWFKPIMIǡNDQH FGDTKUHTQOCJGNKEQRVGTVJCVJCFETCUJGF KP6JKUVQVCNCNUQKPENWFGF ǡMIǡNDQHHTQ\GPJWOCP YCUVGŤXKUWCNK\GFJGTGKP VJGGSWKXCNGPVYGKIJVQH JQWUGǡDTKEMU

GEARING UP CONQUERING MOUNT EVEREST DID YOU KNOW?mth2poe0uhaT1osnonhju2natdte,omamewcgmidmnlrhniaoambeeiypstnaetb.htcrAea2oaftr4ossrmhsck5oyeecmeopcansullvuuiattemcsmhscraeeoabymdntfoecdnarEsiotseavnt.1eyrre9g,aeir etnMafeshficsttaehcethyediinsd2KEVWTGFJGTGKU&CXKF.KCȓQ)QP\ȄNG\/':VJGƒTUVRGTUQP Increasing numbers of climbers attempt to scale Everest HOW MUCH IT ALL COSTSto climb Everest from both sides in one season*GTGCEJGF each year, but it still represents one of the ultimateVJGRGCMHTQO0GRCNQPVJGUQWVJUKFGQP/C[CPF challenges. Here are some of its pioneering conquerors. +VECPGCUKN[EQUVcVQENKODTGVWTPGFVQVJGRGCMQP/C[ENKODKPIHTQO6KDGVQPVJG 'XGTGUVCNVJQWIJHQTVTKRUD[9GUVGTPQRGTCVQTUPQTVJUKFG#U&CXKFCVVGUVUEJQQUKPIVJGTKIJVGSWKROGPVKU DATE RECORD VJGRTKEGECPGZEGGFc6JGXKVCNHQTKPETGCUKPI[QWTEJCPEGUQHCUWEEGUUHWNENKOD(QTQWT UWOXCTKGUCEEQTFKPIVQJQYDCUKEVJGVTGMKU 29 May 1953 First ascent'FOWPF2GTEKXCN*KNNCT[0< YJGVJGTQTPQV[QWCTGUWRRQTVGFCPFYJGVJGT RJQVQUJQQV&CXKFFTGUUGFCUJGFKFQPJKUENKODUCPFVCNMGF CPFǡ6GP\KPI0QTIC[+0&6KDGV [QWENKODVJGPQTVJUKFGHTQO6KDGVQTVJGUQWVJ WUVJTQWIJVJGXCTKQWUDKVUQHMKVVJCVJGNRGFJKOOCMGJKU UKFGǡHTQOǡ0GRCN'ZRGPUGUKPENWFG TGEQTFDTGCMKPIUWOOKVU 16 May 1975 First ascent (female),WPMQ6CDGK,20 TravelŤcŤcVQHN[KPVQ -CVJOCPFWCPFQPVQDCUGECOR Climbers take clothing that can be worn 8 May 1978 First ascent without supplemental oxygen YakscGCEJRGTFC[CVNGCUVc as layers, so they can adapt to weather 4GKPJQNFǡ/GUUPGT+6#CPF2GVGT*CDGNGT#76 PorterscGCEJRGTFC[CVNGCUVc changes and new stages of a climb. For $QVJǡCTGPGGFGFVQECTT[MKVVQCPFHTQODCUGECOR the 8,000-ers (mountains of 8,000 m or 20 Aug 1980 First solo summit4GKPJQNF/GUUPGT+6# SherpascGCEJRNWUVJGKTDQVVNGF more), a warm, all-in-one down suit is UWRRNGOGPVCNQZ[IGPCVcRGTDQVVNG vital, with a hood to shield the face. 21 May 2004 Fastest ascent2GODC&QTLG5JGTRC02. Climbing permit (per climber)cHTQOVJGPQTVJ KPǡǡJTǡOKPUQWVJUKFG This lightweight, expandable UKFGǡcHTQOVJGUQWVJUKFG backpack can accommodate clothes, 11 May 2006 Most ascents (female)UKZD[.CMRC5JGTRC02. Supplies and gearcKPENWFKPI a sleeping bag, provisions, water, ENQVJKPIHQQFC0GRCNKEQQMCVDCUGECOR camera and other accessories. 11 May 2011 Most ascentsD[#RC5JGTRCGSWCNNGFD[ UWRRNGOGPVCNQZI[GPCPFCǡOGFKECNMKV 2JWTDC6CUJK5JGTRCDQVJ02.QP/C[ Most climbers take supplemental QTc oxygen bottles and a mask for 19 May 2012 Most ascents in one dayENKODGTU Campsite maintenancec their climb. At the summit, oxygen Sources: thebmc.co.uk; levels are only around one-third of those at sea level. Without extra alanarnette.com; oxygen, the brain cannot focus ITKPFVXEQOǡ and the body quickly tires. For summit day, thin inner gloves are enclosed in two separate mittens; the outer one is waterproof. Mittens are EHWWHUWKDQ̧QJHUJORYHVDVWKHODWWHU PDNHWKḨQJHUVPRUHYXOQHUDEOHWRWKH cold. Inside the inner glove are chemical hand-warming packs. Climbing rope should be both strong and light. Some types of rope are treated to prevent them from becoming heavy in wet conditions. This lightweight ice axe is attached to a wrist leash – a useful way of keeping the axe secure when attempting steeper sections of the climb. Clip-on glacier crampons are essential for a sure grip on rock and ice. At the higher reaches of the mountain, climbers wear both an inner and outer boot. The high outer boot helps prevent snow and ice from getting inside.

EXPLORATION 1500–1970 JOURNEYS 1500 1600 1700 1800 1XGTVJGEQWTUGQHVJKUEJCRVGTYGRNQVVJGJKUVQT[QHTGEQTFDTGCMKPILQWTPG[U#Uǡ[QW PCXKICVGVJTQWIJVJKUEJTQPQNQI[QHGZRNQTCVKQP[QWŨNNPQVKEGVJCVVJGPWODGTQHLQWTPG[U RGTEGPVWT[KPETGCUGUITGCVN[CUYGPGCTVJGRTGUGPVFC[6JCVJCUOWEJVQFQYKVJQWT MPQYNGFIGQHVJGINQDGCPFVGEJPKECNKORTQXGOGPVUKPGSWKROGPVXGJKENGUCPFXGUUGNU ŤCUYGNNCUVJGKPETGCUGFGPVJWUKCUOHQTTGEQTFDTGCMKPI$WVQXGTVJGEGPVWTKGUOWEJ JCUTGOCKPGFVJGUCOGGPFWTCPEGUGNHDGNKGHCPFǡUJGGTDTCXGT[CTGUVKNNGUUGPVKCN RTQXKUKQPUHQTCP[QPGGODCTMKPIQPCǡLQWTPG[QHVJQWUCPFUQHOKNGU 1642:&WVEJGZRNQTGT V1871$TKVKUJDTQVJGTU,QJPCDQXGCPF #DGNǡ6CUOCPFKUEQXGTU 4QDGTV0C[NQTEQORNGVGVJGƒTUVTGEQTFGF CEQWPVT[JGPCOGU YCNMHTQO,QJP1Ũ)TQCVUVQ.CPFŨU'PF6JG[ 8CPǡ&KGOGPŨU.CPFNCVGT EQXGTCPCXGTCIGQHǡOKǡMORGTFC[ ECNNGF6CUOCPKCCHVGT DWVOCMGOCP[FKXGTUKQPUHQTUKIJVUGGKPI JKO&WTKPIJKUXQ[CIGU GPTQWVG1YKPIVQVJGUGVJG[EQXGTǡOK JGCNUQFKUEQXGTU0GY ǡMOŤOQTGVJCPFQWDNGVJGFKUVCPEGQH <GCNCPFYJKEJ'PINKUJOCP VJGLQWTPG[CUVJGETQYHNKGU6JGDQQMCDQWV %CRVCKP,COGU%QQMYKNN VJGKTYCNMTKIJVKURWDNKUJGFQPN[KP TGCEJKPCPFOCR KPFGVCKN6CUOCPUCKNU VQ(KLKCPF6QPICCPF OCRUVJGPQTVJGTPEQCUV QH#WUVTCNKCDWVCUJG FQGUPQVGUVCDNKUJWUGHWN VTCFGQTUJKRRKPITQWVGU JKUXQ[CIGUCTGFGGOGF CǡHCKNWTGCVJQOG V 1522: The ƒTUVEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPQHVJGYQTNFKUCEEQORNKUJGFQPǡ5GR 1889: 6JGOVCNNHV YJGPVJG5RCPKUJUJKRVittoriaWPFGTVJGEQOOCPFQH,WCPǡ5GDCUVKȄP 'KHHGNǡ6QYGTKUEQORNGVGFKP2CTKU 'NECPQ'52TGCEJGU5GXKNNGKP5RCKP6JGUJKRJCFUGVQWVHTQO5CPNȚECT (TCPEG+PKVKCNN[EQPUVTWEVGFCUVJG FG$CTTCOGFCKP#PFCNWEȐC5RCKPQPǡ5GRCNQPIYKVJHQWTQVJGTU GPVTCPEGVQVJG9QTNFŨU(CKTYJKEJKU CURCTVQHCPGZRGFKVKQPNGFD[VJG2QTVWIWGUGGZRNQTGT(GTFKPCPF/CIGNNCP UVCIGFKPVJCV[GCTVJGYTQWIJVKTQP 6JG[TQWPF%CRG*QTPETQUUVJG2CEKƒE1EGCPXKCVJG2JKNKRRKPGUCPF GFKƒEGTGOCKPUVJGYQTNFŨUtallest TGVWTPVQ'WTQRGCHVGTUCKNKPICTQWPFVJG%CRGQH)QQF*QRGVittoria is the structure WPVKNVJGGTGEVKQPQHVJG QPN[UJKRVQUWTXKXGCPFQHVJGǡ'WTQRGCPUYJQUGVQWVQPN[TGVWTP OHV%JT[UNGT$WKNFKPI KP0GY;QTM%KV[75#ǡ[GCTU 1577–80: 5KT(TCPEKU&TCMG 1607–11:'PINKUJ NCVGT#UǡQHKVKUUVKNNVJG EKTENGUVJGINQDGDGEQOKPI GZRNQTGT*GPT[*WFUQP VCNNGUVǡUVTWEVWTGKP2CTKU the ƒTUVRGTUQPVQECRVCKPC OCMGUHQWTXQ[CIGU EQORNGVGEKTEWOPCXKICVKQP CVVGORVKPIVQƒPFCVTCFG 1903:#VǡCOQP&GE CPFVJGƒTUV'PINKUJOCP TQWVGVQ#UKCXKCVJG#TEVKE 1TXKNNG9TKIJV75#HNKGUVJGM9 VQFQUQ6JGLQWTPG[NCUVU *GHCKNUVQFQUQDWVJKU JREJCKPFTKXGP(N[GTǡ+ – which OQTGVJCPFC[UCPF OCRUQH0QTVJ#OGTKEC JGJCUDWKNVYKVJJKUDTQVJGT9KNDWT CNNQYU&TCMGVQEQXGTVN[TCKF EQPVTKDWVGUKIPKƒECPVN[ ŤHQTǡHVǡOKP-KVV[*CYM 5RCPKUJVTGCUWTGUJKRUGP VQǡGZKUVKPIPCXKICVKQPCN 0QTVJ%CTQNKPC75#*GHNKGUCVCP TQWVG1HVJGƒXGUJKRUVJCV MPQYNGFIG CNVKVWFGQHŤǡHVŤǡOKP UGVUCKNQPN[JKUHNCIUJKRŤ the ƒTUV RQYGTFTKXGPHNKIJV QTKIKPCNN[MPQYPCUPelican 1620: +Pǡ5GRVJG2KNITKO DWVTGPCOGFVJGGolden Hind (CVJGTUUGVUCKNHQTVJG0GY KPŤOCMGUKVDCEM 9QTNFHTQOVJG'PINKUJRQTV QH2N[OQWVJQPVJGUJKR /C[HNQYGT6JG[IQQPVQ V 1766–69:&KUIWKUGFCUCOCP,GCPPG$CTGVYQTMUCUCP HQWPF2N[OQWVJ%QNQP[VJG CUUKUVCPVDQVCPKUVQPVJGƒTUV(TGPEJTQWPFVJGYQTNFXQ[CIG ƒTUVRGTOCPGPVEQNQPKCN WPFGT#FOKTCN.QWKU#PVQKPGFG$QWICKPXKNNG5JGDGEQOGUVJG UGVVNGOGPVKPǡ0GYǡ'PINCPF ƒTUVHGOCNGVQEKTEWOPCXKICVGVJGINQDGCPFJGNRUFKUEQXGTC YGCNVJQHPGYRNCPVUFWTKPIJGTGZVGPUKXGDQVCPKECNƒGNFYQTMDATELINE 1455 Oldest mechanically printed full-length book The Gutenberg Bible is printed in Mainz, Germany, c. 1455 by Henne zum Gensfleisch zur Laden, commonly known as Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1398–1468). 108 Journeys

FAST FACTS Magellan is famed as the first circumnavigator, but he didn’t make it all the way home: he was hacked to death in the Philippines • The first power-driven flight lasted 12 sec • John O’Groats is named after Jan de Groot, a Dutch ferryman1900 1950 1970X 1911: The ƒTUV 1961: %QUOQPCWV(NKIJV/CLQT;WTK#NGMUG[GXKEJUWEEGUUHWNGZRGFKVKQP )CICTKP7554HNKGUKPVQURCEGKP8QUVQMǡ onVQVJG5QWVJ2QNG ǡ#RTQPVJGƒTUVOCPPGFURCEGHNKIJV6JGTGCEJGUKVUIQCNCV VCMGQHHKUHTQOVJG$CKMQPWT%QUOQFTQOGKPǡCOQPǡ&GE -C\CMJUVCPCVǡCO)/6CPFVJGNCPFKPI6JG0QTYGIKCPRCTV[ CVǡ5OGNQXMCPGCT'PIGNUKPVJG5CTCVQXTGIKQPQHƒXGOGPKUNGF QHǡ4WUUKCǡOKPNCVGTD[%CRVCKP4QCNF#OWPFUGPTKIJV 1963: ,WPKQT.V8CNGPVKPC8NCFKOKTQXPC6JG[TGCEJVJG2QNG 6GTGUJMQXC7554DGEQOGUVJGƒTUVCHVGTCFC[ǡOCTEJ YQOCPKPURCEG5JGVCMGUQHHKPYKVJFQIUNGFIGUHTQO 8QUVQMǡHTQOVJG$CKMQPWT%QUOQFTQOGVJG$C[QH9JCNGU CVǡǡCO)/6QP,WP X 1924The ƒTUVCGTKCN V 1953: #VǡCOQP/C[ EKTEWOPCXKICVKQPis 'FOWPF2GTEKXCN*KNNCT[0<CDQXG OCFGD[VYQ75#TO[ NGHVCPF+PFQ6KDGVCP6GP\KPI0QTIC[ &QWINCU9QTNF%TWKUGT Dǡ0COI[CN9CPIFKCDQXGTKIJV &9%UGCRNCPGUHTQO complete the ƒTUVCUEGPVQH'XGTGUV ǡ#RTVQǡ5GRUVCTVKPI 6JG[ǡCTGUJQYPJGTGQPVJGFC[ CPFGPFKPICV5GCVVNG DGHQTGǡVJGKTJKUVQTKECEJKGXGOGPV 9CUJKPIVQP75#6JG %JKECIQKURKNQVGFD[ V1969: “The 'CINGJCUNCPFGFŬ0GKN .VUǡ.QYGNN*5OKVJCPF #TOUVTQPICPF$W\\ǡ#NFTKPDQVJ75#DGEQOG .GUNKG2#TPQNFYJKNG the ƒTUV OGPQPVJG/QQPQPǡ,WN#TOUVTQPI .VUǡ'TKM*0GNUQPCPF UVGRUQPVQVJGNWPCTUWTHCEGCV)/6 ,QJP*CTFKPICNN75# HQNNQYGFD[ǡ#NFTKPCV)/6 HN[ǡVJG0GY1TNGCPUV 1933: $GVYGGPCPFǡ,WN9KNG[2QUV V 1950: #VOHV#PPCRWTPCǡ+ V 1969: The ƒTUVRGTUQPVQTQYCP[QEGCPUQNQ75#ECTTKGUQWVVJGƒTUVUQNQHNKIJVCTQWPF KUVJGVJVCNNGUVOQWPVCKPKPVJGYQTNFCPFKU KUǡ,QJP(CKTHCZ7-CDQXGYJQETQUUGUVJGVJGYQTNF in 9KPPKGǡ/CGC.QEMJGGF8GIC UKVWCVGFKPVJG0GRCNGUG*KOCNC[CU+VKUƒTUV #VNCPVKE1EGCPGCUVVQYGUVKP$TKVCPPKCDGVYGGP*GEQXGTUǡOKǡMOUVCTVKPI UWOOKVVGFQPǡ,WPD[/CWTKEG*GT\QICPF ǡ,CPCPFǡ,WN+PVJGUCOG[GCT4QDKPCPFǡGPFKPIKP0GYǡ;QTM%KV[75# .QWKUǡ.CEJGPCNDQVJ(4# -PQZ,QJPUVQP7-DGEQOGUVJGƒTUVRGTUQPVQ UCKNCTQWPFVJGYQTNFUQNQCPFPQPUVQRKPJKU [CEJV5WJCKNK*GNGCXGU(CNOQWVJ7-QPǡ,WP KPVJG5WPFC[6KOGU)QNFGP)NQDG4CEG CPFǡTGVWTPUQPǡ#RT Oldest android design 1495 DATELINELeonardo da Vinci (ITA) sketches a humanoid robot. His ideas for the finished model are lost, but some of his other drawings show a human knight with anatomically correct joints operated by cables and pulleys. guinnessworldrecords.com 109

EXPLORATION 1971–1995 JOURNEYS 1971 1980 V1974: David Kunst (USA, above) V1980:+VCN[ŨU V1983: )GQTIG/GGICP7-EQORNGVGUVJGHCUVGUV completes the ƒTUVEQPƒTOGF 4GKPJQNF/GUUPGT YCNMCNQPIVJG2CP#OGTKECP*KIJYC[QPǡ5GR EKTEWOPCXKICVKQPQPHQQVQPǡ1EV becomes the ƒTUV *GEQXGTUMOOKKPFC[U *GJCFDGIWPQPǡ,WPCPF RGTUQPVQENKOD CHVGTUGVVKPIQWVQP,CP*KULQWTPG[VCMGU EQXGTUǡMOǡOKCETQUU 'XGTGUVUQNQ, reaching him from the southernmost point of South America HQWTEQPVKPGPVU)GQTIG/CVVJGY VJGUWOOKVQPǡ#WI VQǡVJGǡPQTVJGTPOQUVRQKPVQH0QTVJ#OGTKEC Schilling (USA) is reputed to have +VVCMGUJKOVJTGG YCNMGFCTQWPFVJGYQTNFHTQO FC[UVQTGCEJVJG VQCNVJQWIJVJKUKUWPRTQXGF top from his base ECORCVǡO ǡHV6JGENKOD is made all the more FKHƒEWNVD[VJGHCEV that he does not use DQVVNGFǡQZ[IGP V1978:,CRCPGUGGZRNQTGT CPFOQWPVCKPGGT0CQOK Uemura becomes the ƒTUV RGTUQPVQTGCEJVJG0QTVJ 2QNGKPCUQNQGZRGFKVKQP across the Arctic sea ice, CVCO)/6QPǡ/C[ *GVTCXGNUǡMOǡOK UGVVKPIQWVQPǡ/CTHTQO %CRG'FYCTF'NNGUOGTG +UNCPFKPPQTVJGTP%CPCFC 6JGGZRGFKVKQPKUFQI assisted and is supported YKVJTGUWRRNKGU V1975:1Pǡ/C[,WPMQ6CDGK,20DGEQOGUVJG V1982: 1Pǡ#WI5KT4CPWNRJ(KGPPGUCDQXGNGHVCPF%JCTNGU$WTVQP ƒTUVYQOCPVQENKOD/QWPVǡ'XGTGUV5JGYKNNIQQPVQ CDQXGTKIJVDQVJ7-TGVWTPVQ)TGGPYKEJ.QPFQP7-JCXKPIEQORNGVGF become the ƒTUVYQOCPVQENKODVJG5GXGP5WOOKVU VJGǡƒTUVUWTHCEGEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPXKCDQVJ2QNGU6JG[JCFUGVQWVHTQO VJGJKIJGUVRGCMQPGCEJEQPVKPGPVYJGPUJGVQRU )TGGPYKEJQPǡ5GRETQUUKPIVJG5QWVJ2QNGQPǡ&GECPFVJG 2WPECM,C[CCMC%CTUVGPU\2[TCOKFQP,WP 0QTVJǡ2QNGQPǡ#RT+PCNNVJGKTGRKEVTGMEQXGTUǡOKǡMODATELINE 1535 Tallest suit of armour A 2.057-m (6-ft 8-in) suit of armour made at around this time was once thought to have been worn by John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, in the 14th century. In fact, it is German in origin. It is on display in the White Tower at HM Tower of London, UK. 110 Journeys

FAST FACTS In 2011, a whale graveyard was found near the Pan-American Highway in Chile • The North and South Poles have switched some 400 times in 330 million years • The Atlantic Ocean is growing, but the Pacific Ocean is shrinking1985 1990 1995V1985: $GVYGGPǡ,WPCPFǡ#WI*CPURGVGT$GEM#75WPKE[ENGU V1988: 9GCTKPIDWQ[CPVONQPIHVKPUMKU V 1992: 6JGHCUVGUVETQUUKPIQHVJG#VNCPVKEǡMOǡOKHTQO2QTV*GFNCPFKP9GUVGTP#WUVTCNKCVQ/GNDQWTPG 4ȌO[$TKEMC(4#ECTTKGUQWVVJGHCUVGUVūYCNMŬCETQUUVJG 1EGCPKUǡFC[UǡJTǡOKPǡUGED[VJGOKPǡ8KEVQTKC*KUFC[JTOKPLQWTPG[TGRTGUGPVUVJGHCUVGUV #VNCPVKE1EGCPKPFC[UHTQOǡ#RTVQ/C[*GEQXGTU HVNWZWT[[CEJVDestrieroHTQOǡVQ#WIWPKE[ENGǡTKFGCETQUU#WUVTCNKC ǡMOǡOKVQYKPICRNCVHQTOQHUWRRNKGUCPF 6JGICUVWTDKPGRTQRGNNGFXGUUGNOCKPVCKPUCP GUUGPVKCNUUWEJCUǡCYCVGTUVKNN CXGTCIGURGGFQHǡMPQVUǡMOJǡORJ 6JGǡUMKRRGTKU%GUCTG(KQTKQ+6# 1989 and 1991: 6JGTGEQTFHQTVJGƒTUVCPFHCUVGUVOCP 1993: 1P,CP'TNKPI-CIIG014EQORNGVGU CPFYQOCPVQJCXGEKTEWOPCXKICVGFVJG'CTVJD[ECT theƒTUVUQNQGZRGFKVKQPVQVJG5QWVJ2QNG*KU EQXGTKPIUKZEQPVKPGPVUWPFGTVJGTWNGUCRRNKECDNGKP MOOKWPUWRRQTVGFUWTHCEGVTGM CPFGODTCEKPIOQTGVJCPCPGSWCVQTŨUNGPIVJQH HTQOǡ$GTMPGT+UNCPFVCMGUJKOǡFC[U FTKXKPIǡTQCFOKNGUǡMOKUJGNFD[5CNQQ %JQWFJWT[CPFJKUYKHG0GGPC%JQWFJWT[DQVJ+PFKC6JG LQWTPG[VQQMǡFC[UǡJQWTUǡOKPWVGUHTQOǡ5GRVGODGT VQǡ0QXGODGT6JGEQWRNGFTQXGC*KPFWUVCP ū%QPVGUUC%NCUUKEŬUVCTVKPICPFƒPKUJKPIKP&GNJK+PFKCV1986: 4KEJCTF)ū&KEMŬ4WVCPCPF V1989: 4QDGTV5YCP7-DGEQOGUVJGƒTUV V1994: $‡TIG1WUNCPF014RGTHQTOUVJG,GCPC;GCIGTDQVJ75#EQORNGVGVJG RGTUQPVQYCNMVQDQVJ2QNGUYJGPVJGGKIJV HCUVGUVUQNQWPUWRRQTVGFVTGMVQVJG0QTVJ2QNGƒTUVEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPD[CKTETCHVYKVJQWV OCPū+EGYCNMŬGZRGFKVKQPCTTKXGUCVVJG0QTVJ KPFC[UHTQOǡ/CTVQǡ#RT*GUGVUQWVHTQOTGHWGNNKPIKPFC[UHTQOVQǡ&GE 2QNGWPFGTJKUNGCFGTUJKRQPǡ/C[6JTGG %CRG#TMVKEJGUMK[QPVJG4WUUKCPCTEJKRGNCIQ6JGKTǡWPKSWGCKTETCHVVoyager is designed [GCTUGCTNKGTQPǡ,CPJGJCFNGFVJG QH5GXGTPC[C<GON[C6JGHGCVCNUQOCMGUJKOCPFǡDWKNVD[&KEMŨUDTQVJGT$WTV VJTGGOCPū+PVJG(QQVUVGRUQH5EQVVŬGZRGFKVKQP the ƒTUVǡRGTUQPVQOCMGC UQNQCPFWPUWRRQTVGF VQVJG5QWVJ2QNG LQWTPG[ǡVQVJG0QTVJǡ2QNGHTQONCPFX1986: 1Pǡ#WI2CVTKEM/QTTQY%#0DGEQOGUVJGƒTUVRGTUQP X 1995: %QXGTKPIVQENKODVJG5GXGP5WOOKVU – OQTGVJCPǡMOthe highest mountains on all ǡOKCPFseven continents – according ǡEQWPVTKGUCPFVQVJG%CTUVGPU\NKUVYJKEJ VGTTKVQTKGU'OKNKQTGEQIPK\GUVJGJKIJGUVRQKPV 5EQVVQ#4)OCMGUKP1EGCPKCCU2WPECM,C[C the NQPIGUVGXGTCMC%CTUVGPU\2[TCOKF LQWTPG[D[ǡOQVQTE[ENG,KPǡ+PFQPGUKC HTQOǡ,CP VQǡǡ#RTǡ Oldest botanical garden (same location) 1545 DATELINE The Orto Botanico in Padua, Italy, is created. As of 2016, the original design remains – a circular central plot (symbolizing the world) surrounded by a ring of water – and the site is still dedicated to scientific research. guinnessworldrecords.com 111

EXPLORATION 1996–2005 JOURNEYS 1996 1999 2000 V1996: Peter Bird (UK) spends the longest collective time at sea in V1999: 'OOCPWGN%QKPFTG(4#GODCTMUWRQPVJGƒTUVQH V2000: $GVYGGPǡ/C[CPFǡ5GR an ocean rowboatǡFC[U(TQOVQJGEQXGTUǡMO UGXGPGRKECFXGPVWTGUCVUGCŤVJG most solo ocean crossingsŤD[ %QNKP$QFKNN7-TGEQTFUVJGfastest ǡOKTQYKPICETQUUVJG#VNCPVKE1EGCPHTQOGCUVVQYGUVVJG2CEKƒE VTCXGTUKPIVJG#VNCPVKE1EGCPGCUVVQYGUVKPCRGFCNDQCV*GIQGU circumnavigation by microlight*GTQWPFU 1EGCPHTQOGCUVVQYGUVCPFVJG2CEKƒE1EGCPHTQOYGUVVQGCUV QPVQTQYVJG#VNCPVKEGCUVVQYGUVKPYGUVVQGCUVKPCPF VJGINQDGKPJKU/CKPCKT$NCFG(NGZYKPI GCUVVQYGUVKPDGHQTGTGEQTFKPIVJGfastest solo row across the OKETQNKIJVKPFC[UUVCTVKPICPFNCPFKPI V1998:%QPUVTWEVKQP Atlantic (west to east)CNUQKPKPǡFC[UǡJTǡOKPRKEVWTGF CV$TQQMNCPFUCKTƒGNFKP9G[DTKFIG5WTTG[ DGIKPUQPVJGInternational CDQXG*GTQYUVJG2CEKƒE1EGCPYGUVVQGCUVHTQO%JɢUJKKP,CRCP 7-'PTQWVG$QFKNNHNKGUCNQPIUKFGCPQVJGT Space Station (ISS9KVJ VQ%QQU$C[KP1TGIQP75#KPVCMKPIǡFC[UǡJTǡOKP TGEQTFDTGCMGT,GPPKHGT/WTTC[7-YJQ CƒPCNEQUVKPGZEGUUQH .CUVN[JGEQORNGVGUVJGfastest solo row across the Indian Ocean TGIKUVGTUVJG fastest circumnavigation by ǡDPcǡDPKVYKNN KPǡǡFC[UǡJTǡOKPǡUGEHTQO0QXVQǡ,CP helicopter (female)KPǡVJGUCOGVKOGCPF DGEQOGVJGOQUVexpensive DGVYGGPVJGUCOGFCVGU man-made object T1999: 1P ǡ,CP#PVQKPG&G%JQWFGPU(4# DGEQOGUVJGƒTUVRGTUQPVQEQORNGVGVJG6JTGG2QNGU T2001: 'TKM9GKJGPOC[GT Challenge without supplementary oxygen on Everest 75#YCUDQTPYKVJTGVKPQUEJKUKU JCXKPIGODCTMGFQPJKUHGCVQPǡ#RT CPG[GEQPFKVKQPVJCVNGHVJKO EQORNGVGN[DNKPFD[VJGCIG QHǡ&GURKVGVJKUQPǡ/C[ JGDGEQOGUVJGƒTUVDNKPFOCP to climb Mount Everest#UQH #RTǡJGKUUVKNNVJGQPN[DNKPF RGTUQPVQJCXGFQPGUQ'TKM KUCNUQCPCEEQORNKUJGFTQEM ENKODGTUMKGTCPFRCTCINKFGT X1998:&CXKF*GORNGOCP#FCOU7- 1999: 4QDGTV*CPUGP DGEQOGUVJGƒTUVRGTUQPVQEQORNGVG QH-KVVGT[/CKPG75# the Adventurers Grand SlamCITWGNNKPI EQORNGVGUVJGlongest solo EJCNNGPIGVJCVKPXQNXGUENKODKPIVJG and unsupported journey on 5GXGP5WOOKVUVJGJKIJGUVRGCMQPGXGT[ a snowmobileHTQOǡ,CP EQPVKPGPVCPFVTGMMKPIVQDQVJVJG0QTVJ VQǡ(GD*GEQXGTUǡMO CPF5QWVJ2QNGHTQOVJGEQCUV*GDGIKPU ǡOKHTQO/GFYC[ JKUSWGUVKPǡCPFEQORNGVGUKV /CKPGVQ+PVGTPCVKQPCN(CNNU ǡ[GCTUNCVGTYJGPǡJGCPFHGNNQY /KPPGUQVC75#CPFDCEM CFXGPVWTGT4WPGǡ)LGNFPGU 014YCNMVQVJG0QTVJ2QNG HTQO/CTVQǡ/C[ǡDATELINE 1556 Highest death toll from an earthquake An estimated 830,000 people perish in the quake (or dizhen) that strikes the Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan provinces in China on 2 Feb. 112 Journeys

FAST FACTS Oceans can hold approximately 50% more carbon than Earth’s atmosphere • No country owns Antarctica • The ISS has 15 pressurized modules (seven US, five Russian, two Japanese and one European)2001 2004 2005 V2004: 5CTCJCPF5CNN[-GVVNGDQVJ7-ECTT[QWVVJG ƒTUVǡTQYCETQUUCP[QEGCPD[COQVJGTCPFFCWIJVGTVGCO 6JG[ETQUUVJG#VNCPVKE1EGCPGCUVVQYGUVKPCalderdale – The Yorkshire ChallengerDGVYGGPǡ,CPCPFǡ/C[V2001: The ƒTUVOCTTKGFEQWRNGVQTGCEJDQVJ2QNGUŤ/KMGCPF(KQPC V2005: 2CTM;QWPI5GQM-14TGCEJGUVJG6JQTPGYKNNDQVJ7-ŤCTTKXGCVVJG0QTVJ2QNGQP/C[JCXKPITGCEJGF 0QTVJ2QNGQPHQQVQP#RTDGEQOKPIVJGƒTUVVJG5QWVJ2QNGD[UMKQPǡ,CP$QVJVTKRUCTGCKTUWRRQTVGFCPF person to achieve the Explorers Grand SlamVJGǡEQWRNGCTGCEEQORCPKGFD[VGCOOCVG%CVJCTKPG*CTVNG[7- 6JKUKPXQNXGUENKODKPIVJGJKIJGUVOQWPVCKPU6JGǡNCVVGTNGICNUQGCTPU(KQPC6JQTPGYKNNCPF*CTVNG[CPQVJGTTGEQTF QPCNNUGXGPEQPVKPGPVUVJGOQWPVCKPUQXGTHQTHCUVGUVUMKǡLQWTPG[VQVJG0QTVJ2QNGHGOCNGFC[U ǡOǡHVCPFTGCEJKPIVJG0QTVJCPF 5QWVJ2QNGUQPHQQV*KUSWGUVJCFDGIWPYJGP 2002: #XKCVQT5VGXG(QUUGVV75#ŤTKIJV JGUWOOKVVGF'XGTGUVQPǡ/C[ǡ EQORNGVGUVJGƒTUVUQNQEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPD[DCNNQQP DGVYGGPǡ,WPCPFǡ,WNKPVJGBud Light Spirit of V2005: $GVYGGPCPFǡ/CT5VGXG(QUUGVV Freedom*GVCMGUQHHCPFNCPFUKP#WUVTCNKC EQORNGVGUVJGƒTUVUQNQEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPD[ aircraft without refuelling+VVCMGUJKOǡJT 2002: 'ODCTMKPIQPVJGlongest unicycle ǡOKPKPVJGVirgin Atlantic GlobalFlyerUVCTVKPI journey.CTU%NCWUGP75#UGVUQWVHTQO CPFƒPKUJKPICV5CNKPC-CPUCU75#6JGCKTETCHV 6KNNCOQQM1TGIQP75#QPǡ#RT*KU YJKEJKUDWKNVD[5ECNGF%QORQUKVGUECTTKGU FQWDNGETQUUKPIQHVJGEQWPVT[ƒPKUJGUKP.QU PGCTN[ǡVQPPGUǡNDQHHWGN #PIGNGU%CNKHQTPKCQPǡ0QXJCXKPIEQXGTGF ǡMOǡOKCETQUUUVCVGU X 2002: 6KPC5LȘITGP 59'DGEQOGUVJGƒTUV woman to complete an unsupported journey to VJG5QWVJǡ2QNGQPǡ(GD #NQPIYKVJJGTJWUDCPF 6JQOCUUJGCEJKGXGUVJG LQWTPG[HTQOVJG*GTEWNGU +PNGVKPǡǡFC[UUVCTVKPI QPǡǡ0QX V2005: 1Pǡ,WN(NȄXKQ,CTFKOCPF &KQIQ)WGTTGKTQDQVJ$4#EQORNGVGVJGKTVTKR HTQO%JWȐVQ1KCRQSWGQPVJG$TC\KNKCPEQCUV CURCTVQHVJG$NWG&GUVKPCVKQP'ZRGFKVKQP #VǡMOǡOKVJKUKUVJGlongest YKPFUWTƒPILQWTPG[6JG[DGICPQPǡ/C[ First assassination by firearm 1570 DATELINE On 23 Jan, James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, Scotland – a follower and supporter of Mary, Queen of Scots – uses a carbine to kill James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray and Regent of Scotland. guinnessworldrecords.com 113

EXPLORATION 2006–2009 JOURNEYS 2006 2007 S2007: 5VCTVKPIKP#VCNC[C2GTW CPFƒPKUJKPIKP$GNȌO$TC\KN/CTVKP 5VTGN580UYKOUVJGGPVKTGNGPIVJQH VJG#OC\QP4KXGTKPǡFC[UDGVYGGP ǡ(GDCPFǡ#RT6JGMOOK CEJKGXGOGPVOCTMUVJGHCTVJGUVQRGP YCVGTUYKO6JGFKUVCPEGUJGEQXGTU GCEJFC[XCT[HTQOǡMOǡOKVQ ǡMOǡOK S2006: Dee Caffari (UK) becomes the ƒTUVHGOCNG S2007: 1Pǡ/C[,GPPKHGT/WTTC[ VQEKTEWOPCXKICVGVJGYQTNFUQNQUCKNKPIYGUVDQWPF CPF%QNKP$QFKNNDQVJ7-CEEQORNKUJ CPFPQPUVQR,QPǡ/C[5GVVKPIQWVHTQO2QTVUOQWVJ the ƒTUVEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPXKCDQVJ 7-QPǡ0QXUJGVCMGUǡFC[UǡJTǡOKP 2QNGUD[JGNKEQRVGT6JG[UGVQHHHTQO ǡUGEVQEQORNGVGVJGXQ[CIGWPUWRRQTVGFKPVJG (QTV9QTVJKP6GZCU75#KPC$GNN OHVOQPQJWNNAviva#NOQUVVJTGG[GCTUNCVGT JGNKEQRVGTQPǡ&GE6JGKTHNKIJV Caffari becomes the ƒTUVHGOCNGVQUCKNPQPUVQR KUCNUQVJGHCUVGUVEKTEWOPCXKICVKQP CTQWPFVJGYQTNFKPDQVJFKTGEVKQPUQPǡ(GD XKCVJGǡ2QNGUD[JGNKEQRVGTVCMKPI ǡFC[UǡǡJTǡǡOKPǡǡUGE S2006:$GVYGGPǡ0QXCPFǡ&GE*CPPCJ S2007: 1Pǡ1EV,CUQP.GYKU7-EQORNGVGUVJG /E-GCPF7-VCMGUǡFC[UǡJTǡOKPVQUMK ƒTUVEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPWUKPIJWOCPRQYGTC[GCT HTQO*GTEWNGU+PNGVCVVJGGFIGQHVJG#PVCTEVKE LQWTPG[YKVJQWVYKPFQTOQVQTCUUKUVCPEG,CUQPKU EQPVKPGPVVQVJG5QWVJ2QNGŤVJGHCUVGUVUQNQ LQKPGFD[XCTKQWUUWRRQTVGTUCPFHTKGPFUHQTUQOG WPUWRRQTVGFCPFWPCUUKUVGFLQWTPG[VQVJG5QWVJ UVCIGUQHJKUOCOOQVJVTGM 2QNGHGOCNG6JGRQNGKUUKVWCVGFCVCPCNVKVWFG QHǡOǡHV6JGGPVKTGLQWTPG[KUWRJKNN CPF/E-GCPFǡECTTKGUCNNJGTQYPUWRRNKGUVQGPUWTG CPǡGUUGPVKCNFCKN[KPVCMGQHECNQTKGU 2006: 6JGVJTGGGZVTGOGRQKPVUQP'CTVJCTG S2007: #IGF[GCTUFC[U /QWPVǡ'XGTGUVVJG0QTVJ2QNGCPFVJG5QWVJ2QNG 5COCPVJCǡ.CTUQP75#DGEQOGUVJG CMCVJG6JTGG2QNGU1Pǡ#RT%GEKNKG5MQI014 [QWPIGUVHGOCNGVQENKODVJG5GXGP5WOOKVU TGIKUVGTUVJGHCUVGUVVKOGVQEQORNGVGVJG6JTGG2QNGU KPENWFKPI%CTUVGPU\QP#WI EJCNNGPIGHGOCNGYJGPUJGENCKOUVJG0QTVJ2QNG +VVCMGUJGTǡ[GCTǡǡFC[UVQCEJKGXGJGTHGCVDATELINE 1580 Longest castle siege The cathedral fort of Ishiyama Hongan-ji in modern Osaka, Japan, is attacked by the warlord Oda Nobunaga in Aug 1570. It is defended by Ikkō-ikki warrior monks until Aug 1580, when the complex is finally burned down. 114 Journeys

Note: Guinness World Records no longer accepts FAST FACTS applications from adventurers under the age of 16 Antarctica’s Gamburtsev Mountains are buried under ice up to 4,800 m (15,750 ft) thick • The top 3 m (10 ft) of the ocean holds as much heat as Earth's atmosphere • The last year that no one climbed Everest's summit was 19742008 2009 S2009: 5CTCJ1WVGP7-Dǡ/C[KUCIGFǡ[GCTUǡFC[UYJGP UJGUGVUQWVVQTQYCETQUUVJG+PFKCP1EGCPHTQOǡ#RTVQǡ#WI*GTMO OKETQUUKPIDGVYGGP#WUVTCNKCCPF/CWTKVKWUKPSerendipityOCMGUJGT the [QWPIGUVRGTUQPCPFƒTUVYQOCPVQTQYVJG+PFKCP1EGCPUQNQS2008: 1Pǡ5GR4QD6JQOUQP0< S2009: $GVYGGPǡ/C[CPFǡ0QX/KEM&CYUQPCPF%JTKU/CTVKPDQVJ7- S2009: 1Pǡǡ#WIEQORNGVGUVJGNQPIGUVLQWTPG[D[UMCVGDQCTF, TQYHTQO%JɢUJKKP,CRCPVQVJG)QNFGP)CVG$TKFIGKP5CP(TCPEKUEQ%CNKHQTPKC /KEJCGN2GTJCO7-KP5JCPIJCK%JKPC*GDGIKPUVJGMO 75#CDQCTFBojangles6JGKTGRKEXGPVWTGNCUVUǡFC[UǡJTǡOKPCPF Dǡǡ/CTDGEQOGUOKVTKRKP.G[UKP5YKV\GTNCPFQPǡ,WP OCMGUVJGOVJGƒTUVVGCOVQTQYVJG2CEKƒE1EGCPYGUVVQGCUV the [QWPIGUVRGTUQPCPFETQUUGURCTVQH'WTQRGVJGGPVKTG75# VQEKTEWOPCXKICVGD[CPF%JKPCYGUVVQGCUVYGCTKPIQWVVJTGGUGVU UCKNKPIUQNQPQPUVQRCPFQHǡYJGGNUCPFVJTGGUMCVGDQCTFFGEMU WPUWRRQTVGF*GKUCIGF ǡ[GCTUǡFC[UYJGPJGX 2008: (TCPEKU,Q[QP(4# UGVUQWVHTQO2QTVUOQWVJCTTKXGUKP$TGUV(TCPEGQP UK, in TotallyMoney.comǡ,CPCVVJGGPFQHVJG QPǡǡ0QXǡHCUVGUVEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPUCKNKPIUQNQǡFC[UǡJT W 2009: 4C[<CJCD-GXKPǡOKPǡUGE*GOCMGU 8CNNGN[CPF4KEJCTF9GDGTVJGMOOK CNNǡ%#0TGCEJVJG5QWVJXQ[CIGKPVJGO 2QNGHTQO*GTEWNGU+PNGVKPHVVTKOCTCPIDEC II #PVCTEVKECQPǡ,CPCHVGT1Pǡǡ,WP,Q[QPCNUQ ǡFC[UǡJTǡOKPŤVJGCEEQORNKUJGUVJGHCUVGUV HCUVGUVWPUWRRQTVGFCPFUKPINGJCPFGFVTCPUCVNCPVKE WPCUUKUVGFLQWTPG[VQVJGUCKNKPIJGEQXGTUǡMO 5QWVJ2QNGD[CVGCO6JGKTOKKPǡFC[UǡJTǡOKP RGTUQPCNDGUVKUVTGMMKPI ǡMOǡOKKPCFC[ Oldest stock exchange 1602 DATELINE A stock exchange in Amsterdam, Netherlands, is set up for trading in printed shares of the United East India Company of the Netherlands. guinnessworldrecords.com 115

EXPLORATION 2010–2015 JOURNEYS 2010 2011 S2010: Alan Bate (UK) completes the fastest circumnavigation by bicycle (maleDGVYGGPǡ/CTCPFǡ#WI*KUVQVCNLQWTPG[VKOGKUǡFC[UǡJT ǡOKPFWTKPIYJKEJJGE[ENGUǡMOǡOKCPFVTCXGNU OQTGVJCPMOOKKPENWFKPIVTCPUHGTU*KUGRKETKFG DGIKPUCPFGPFUCVVJG)TCPF2CNCEGKP$CPIMQM6JCKNCPF X 2010: 'F5VCHHQTF7- becomes the ƒTUVRGTUQPVQ YCNMVJGNGPIVJQHVJG#OC\QP River.*GCEEQORNKUJGUVJGVTKR KPǡ[GCTUǡOQPVJUǡFC[U FC[UƒPKUJKPIQPǡ#WI*GYCNMU ǡOKǡMOHTQOVJG2CEKƒE 1EGCPVQVJGUQWTEGQHVJG#OC\QP VJGPHQNNQYUVJGTKXGTHQTǡOK ǡMOVQVCNNKPIǡOK ǡMOEQCUVVQEQCUV S2010: 1Pǡ,CP-CVKG5RQV\75#Dǡǡ#RT KUCIGFǡ[GCTUǡFC[UYJGPUJGUGVUQHH HTQO&CMCT5GPGICNVQRCFFNGCETQUUVJG#VNCPVKE GCUVVQYGUV#HVGTCFC[XQ[CIGUJGCTTKXGUKP )GQTIGVQYP)W[CPCQPǡ/CTŤVJGyoungest female to row across any ocean solo X 2010: 8GTPQP6GLCU75#ENKODUVJG S2011: 1Pǡ,CP%JTKUVKCP'KFG014TGCEJGUVJG EQODKPGF-QUEKWU\MQCPF%CTUVGPU\NKUVU 5QWVJǡ2QNGCHVGTCǡVTGMQHǡFC[UǡJTǡOKPŤEQORNGVKPI QHUWOOKVUKPFC[U6GLCUDGIKPUD[ the HCUVGUVUQNQWPUWRRQTVGFCPFǡWPCUUKUVGFLQWTPG[VQVJG ENKODKPI8KPUQP/CUUKHQPǡ,CPCPFCHVGT 5QWVJ2QNG*GUGVUQHHQPVJGMOOKCFXGPVWTG CUEGPVUQP#EQPECIWC%CTUVGPU\2[TCOKF QPǡ&GEUVCTVKPICVVJG*GTEWNGU+PNGVQPVJGUQWVJ -QUEKWU\MQ-KNKOCPLCTQ'NDTWUCPF'XGTGUV YGUVGTPGFIGQHVJG4QPPG+EG5JGNH'KFGEQXGTUCPCXGTCIG TGCEJGUVJGVQRQHVJGNCUVUWOOKVŤ&GPCNK QHǡǡMOǡOKRGTFC[ŤCNVJQWIJQPJKUNCUVFC[JG CMC/QWPV/E-KPNG[ŤQPǡ/C[6JKUKUVJG OCPCIGUVQUMKǡMOǡOK*GKUUJQYPCDQXGTGHNGEVGF HCUVGUVǡVKOGVQENKODVJG5GXGP5WOOKVU KPǡVJGOKTTQTGFDCNNVJCVUVCPFUCVVJG5QWVJ2QNG including Carstensz*GKUUJQYPJGTGCV VJGǡVQRQH'XGTGUVYKVJJKU.CRUVKEMIWKVCTDATELINE 1610 Most prolific female murderer Countess Elizabeth Báthory is walled up in her castle, in what is now Slovakia. She is alleged to have killed as many as 600 people in the previous century, while practising vampirism on girls and young women. 116 Journeys

FAST FACTS The Himalayas formed 60 million years ago; rock at its summit contains 450-million-year-old fossils from the ocean bed • Kibo, the highest peak of Kilimanjaro, is a dormant volcano; its two other peaks are extinct volcanoes2012 2013 2014 2015S2012: )ȄDQT4CMQPE\C[*70ETQUUGUVJG#VNCPVKE1EGCPGCUVVQYGUV V2013: $TKVKUJ#OGTKECP8CPGUUC#WFK4J[U S2014: /CVVJGY)WVJOKNNGT75#KPJKUONQPIHVKPECPQGKPǡFC[U&GRCTVKPIHTQO.CIQUKP 1Ũ$TKGPEQORNGVGUVJGEQODKPGF-QUEKWU\MQCPF Dǡǡ0QXDGEQOGUVJGyoungest2QTVWICNCPFCTTKXKPICVVJG%CTKDDGCPKUNCPFQH#PVKIWCQPǡ/CTJGKU %CTUVGPU\NKUVUKPFC[UUVCTVKPIYKVJ'XGTGUV RGTUQPVQEKTEWOPCXKICVGD[CKTETCHVUQNQVJGǡƒTUVECPQGKUVVQRCFFNGCPQEGCP QPǡ/C[CPFGPFKPIYKVJ-KNKOCPLCTQQP *GǡGPFUJKUVTKRQPǡ,WNKP'N%CLQP ǡ/CT6JKUOCTMUVJGfastest time to climb %CNKHQTPKC75#CIGFǡ[GCTUǡFC[UX 2012: 1Pǡ,WN VJG5GXGP5WOOKVUKPENWFKPI%CTUVGPU\HGOCNG'TFGPǡ'TWȊ674 5GGRHQTVJGOCNGTGEQTF S2015: 5KOQP%JCNM7-EQORNGVGUCLQWTPG[QH CEEQORNKUJGUJKUPKPVJQEGCPTQYǡ[GCTUǡFC[UǡJT T 2013: 6JG6TKRNG5GXGP5WOOKVUCTGVJG QPǡ,CPŤVJGmost ocean rowsǡOKPŤVJGƒTUVUQNQ VJTGGJKIJGUVOQWPVCKPUQPGCEJEQPVKPGPV D[QPGRGTUQP*KUETQUUKPIUJCXGEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPQHVJG %JTKUVKCP5VCPIN#76TGCEJGUJKUNCUV DGGPUQNQCPFKPVGCOUCPFQXGTINQDGWUKPIJWOCPRQYGT UWOOKV5JMJCTCǡOǡHVVCNN VJGǡ#VNCPVKECPF+PFKCPQEGCPU*GTQYUMC[CMUJKMGU QPVJG)GQTIKCŤ4WUUKCDQTFGTQPǡ#WICPFE[ENGUCETQUUVJTGG VQǡDGEQOGVJGƒTUVRGTUQPVQENKODVJG S2015: %CNNWO)CVJGTEQNG7-EQPVKPGPVUCPFVJTGG 6TKRNG5GXGP5WOOKVU Dǡǡ/C[KUCIGFǡ[GCTUQEGCPUVQTGVWTPVQJKU ǡFC[UCVVJGUVCTVQHJKU#VNCPVKEUVCTVKPIRQKPV$QFGIC$C[ ETQUUKPIQPǡ&GEŤVJGyoungestKP%CNKHQTPKC75# RGTUQPVQTQYCETQUUCP[QEGCPUQNQ X 2013: 1Pǡ/C[ 2JWTDC6CUJK5JGTRC 02.TKIJVCUEGPFUVJG YQTNFŨUJKIJGUVRGCMHQT VJGUVVKOG*GGSWCNU VJGTGEQTFHQTVJGmost conquests of Everest UGVD[#RC5JGTRC02. QPǡ/C[ 2013: &CXKF.KCȓQ )QP\ȄNG\/':KU the ƒTUVRGTUQPVQ climb Everest from DQVJUKFGUKPQPG season*GENKODU HTQO0GRCNQPVJG UQWVJUKFGQPǡ/C[ CPFHTQO6KDGVǡQPVJG PQTVJUKFGǡQPǡ/C[ OCMKPIWUGQHDQVVNGF QZ[IGPDQVJVKOGU Oldest continuously used national flag 1625 DATELINE The design of the flag of Denmark – a white Scandinavian cross on a red background – is adopted. It acquires its square shape in 1748. In Denmark, it is called the “Dannebrog” or “Danish cloth”. guinnessworldrecords.com 117

DO TRY THIS AT HOME… DID YOU KNOW?wl“aofATanosCmosrpghrpoehe!r”asrrwiisttris–scht“trtaigfoeohanaoGcfnsenoaastoGrrsloow”rdehceoathiocroandceomuothirttotocheaetcoochmnedoouoemosftplnidthoarttymra.eesvlHaes“heowtgaionwoosotluft!oerafatLdlelfitsta”ao.hntt–riedsnDATELINE 1657 First operational pendulum clock Although Italian inventor Galileo had conceived of a pendulum-driven clock before he died, the first working model isn’t patented until some 20 years later, by astronomer and horologist Christiaan Huygens (NLD). 118 Do Try This At Home…

CONTENTS 120 122IN YOUR KITCHEN 124IN YOUR BACKYARD 126IN YOUR BEDROOMIN YOUR GYMLongest shoutThis chapter is all about records that you can try yourself athome – proving that you don’t need to be an Olympic athlete orHollywood megastar to be a record-breaker. One have-a-go herois Germany’s Christian Kinner, holder of the record for the world’slongest-lasting shout – the kind of feat that anyone can try.With the help of radio station Sportradio Sport1.fm, soccer fanChristian – a dedicated follower of Borussia Dortmund – let ripwith a shout that lasted for an impressive 43.56 sec in Munich,)GTOCP[QPǡ#RT$CEMQHVJGPGVБ If you want something to shout about, why not try breakingsome of the records that follow on the next eight pages? Oldest continuing periodical 1665 DATELINEThe first issue of Philosophical Transactions is published by Britain’s science academy, the Royal Society, on 6 Mar. It will go on to number Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin among its acclaimed contributors.guinnessworldrecords.com 119

DO TRY THIS AT HOME... IN YOUR KITCHEN If you thought that the kitchen was only good for making your dinner and washing the dishes, think EGGS 142 Scott Damerow (USA) again: it’s also the perfect place to cook up some records! From common utensils to everyday foods 32 4QUU/E%WTF[75# such as eggs, sugar and rice, there are record-breaking opportunities in every cupboard and drawer – Most crushed with the head 72 MichaȎN.GXKNNCKP(4# and even the fruit bowl. Whether you’re a pro chef with lightning-quick prep skills or a gourmand with KPǡQPGOKPWVG 78 Antonio Almijez (ESP) an acclaimed appetite, there really is something on the menu for everyone. ǡUGE Mauro Vagnini (ITA) Most cracked with one hand ǡUGE Ashlee Carlisle (USA) BANANAS 8 Patrick Bertoletti (USA) in one minute 99 Ashrita Furman (USA) ǡOKP Brian Spotts (USA) Most peeled and eaten Most crushed by sitting ǡUGE in one minute in one minute Most snapped in one minute Most crushed with the wrist in two minutes Fastest time to crush 10 with elbows pointing forwards Fastest time to move six from a box to egg cups using the feet Fastest time to balance a dozen SUGAR CUBES 17 Silvio Sabba (ITA) SPOONS 52 Etibar Elchiev (GEO) ǡEOǡHVǡKP %COKNNG%QWTIGQP(4# Most balanced on the body 14 Ashrita Furman (USA) Most balanced on the chin Most twisted in one minute 31 Dalibor JablanoviȦ54$ (single stack) Most balanced on the face Tallest tower CREAM CRACKERS Fastest time to eat three ǡUGE Ambrose Mendy (UK) JELLY CANDIES  Andrew Kamil Mourad (LBN) Most jelly beans moved using a straw in one minute ǡUGE Silvio Sabba (ITA) Fastest time to sort 30 jelly ǡUGE Stephen Kish (UK) beans using chopsticks Fastest time to sort 30 jelly babies using chopsticks M&M’S/SMARTIES Most eaten in  -CVJT[P4CVENKHHG7- one minute with chopsticks Largest mosaic ǡO2 Jackson McKenzie (USA) ǡUSǡHV Fastest time to ǡOKP Stephen Kish (UK) UQTVǡIǡQ\ ǡUGE of Peanut M&M’s Fastest time to sort ǡUGE Yinger Guan (CHN) 30 using chopsticksDATELINE 1670 Oldest elected Pope Clement X (ITA, b. Emilio Altieri) becomes leader of the Catholic Church aged 79 years 290 days. He will hold the position until his death just six years later.

ONIONS ǡUGE Yusuke Yamaguchi (JPN) FERRERO ROCHER 9 Peter Czerwinski (CAN) Most eaten in one minute Patrick Bertoletti (USA)Fastest time to eat a ǡOKPǡUGE Bob Blumer (CAN)raw onion ǡI Masanori Fujimura (JPN) Fastest time to eat 15 ǡOKPǡUGE Peter Czerwinski (CAN)(CUVGUVVKOGVQRGGNǡND Most stacked 12 Silvio Sabba (ITA) ǡQ\ Fastest time to eat oneMost peeled and sliced with no hands 8.04 sec 6JQOCU)CPIUVCF014in one minute CONDIMENTS ǡUGE Benedikt Weber (DEU) Fastest time to drink a bottle ǡI André Ortolf (DEU) QHMGVEJWRǡIǡQ\ ǡQ\ ǡUGE Ashrita Furman (USA) Most mustard drunk in 30 seconds (CUVGUVVKOGVQFTKPMǡON ǡHNǡQ\QHOWUVCTFLEMONS RICE & PASTAFastest time to drink one litre ǡUGE Stephen Dechert II Most uncooked rice grains moved 38 Silvio Sabba (ITA)of lemon juice through a straw (USA) with chopsticks in one minuteFastest time to peel ǡUGE Ashrita Furman (USA) Most rice grains eaten with 23 4QD$GCVQP75#and eat one EJQRUVKEMUǡKPQPGOKPWVG ǡUGE Jim Lyngvild (DEN)Fastest time to peel Most rice grains eaten with 134 Bob Blumer (CAN)and eat three 15 Ashrita Furman and chopsticks in three minutes Bipin Larkin (both USA)Most caught blindfolded Most tortellini made 25 Francesco Boggianin 30 seconds (team of two) 33 Ashrita Furman and in three minutes (ITA) Bipin Larkin (both USA)Most caught blindfolded Fastest time to eat a bowl of pasta ǡUGE Peter Czerwinskiin one minute (team of two) ǡIǡQ\YKVJUCWEG (CAN) COCKTAIL STICKS 40 Ashrita Furman (USA)  Paolo Verri (ITA) Most peas eaten in 30 seconds  +CP4KEJCTF2WTXKU7- Most peas eaten in one minute 271 Ashrita Furman (USA) Most sweetcorn eaten in three minutes Most baked beans eaten KPǡƒXGǡOKPWVGU Most prolific hanging judge 1685 DATELINE Lord Chief Justice George Jeffreys (UK) sentences some 320 rebels to death on the grounds of treason for participating in the Revolt of the West. These trials will come to be known as the Bloody Assizes. guinnessworldrecords.com 121

DO TRY THIS AT HOME... IN YOUR BACKYARD If it’s a nice day outside, there’s no reason to stay cooped up indoors because there are hundreds QHǡTGEQTFYQTVJ[HGCVUCYCKVKPI[QWKP[QWTXGT[QYPDCEM[CTF#UYGNNCUCITGCVGZEWUGVQIGV UQOGHTGUJCKTCPFDQQUV[QWTXKVCOKP&NGXGNUVJKUKUVJGRGTHGEVUGVVKPIVQCVVGORVUQOGURQTV[ CEVKXKVKGUVJCVTGSWKTGCDKVOQTGURCEG5QFKIQWVVJQUGNQPIHQTIQVVGPVQ[U[QWPGXGTVJQWIJV [QWŨFǡWUGCICKPCPFIGVVTCKPKPI9JCVKH[QWFQPŨVJCXGCICTFGP!0QRTQDNGOŤYJ[PQVRCEM CǡRKEPKEJGCFVQVJGNQECNRCTMCPFVWTP[QWTTGEQTFCVVGORVKPVQCHCOKN[FC[QWV! FRISBEE/FLYING DISC ǡUGE &QP%CKP75# HULA HOOPS 200 /CTCYC+DTCJKO#75 Longest duration aloft (male) ǡUGE #O[$GMMGP75# Most spun simultaneously Longest duration aloft (female) 236 .KW4QPITQPI%*0 Longest distance thrown ǡO %JTKUVKCP5CPFUVTQO Most caught and spun (male) ǡHVǡKP 59' in one minute 50 2CWN$NCKT75#2CP$QCPF Longest distance thrown Most rotations by a team &KPI*GOGKDQVJ%*0 (female) ǡO ,GPPKHGT)TKHƒP75# of three in one minute Longest throw at a target ǡHVǡKP Most rotations while on a 130 -GP-QXCEJ75# trampoline in one minute Most throws at a target ǡO $TQFKG5OKVJ75# in one minute ǡHV Most catches behind the back in one minute 27 .QKE&WOQPV(4# Most cones hit in one minute  6KOCPF&CPKGN *CDGPKEJVDQVJ75# 12 $TQFKG5OKVJ75# SPACE HOPPER (CUVGUVǡO ǡUGE #UJTKVC(WTOCP75# POGO STICK ǡO $KHH*WVEJKUQP75# SOCCER BALL ǡUGE &CPKGN%WVVKPI7- Highest jump ǡHVǡKP (CUVGUVǡOYKVJCDCNN balanced on the head 61 #FTKCP(QIGN&'7 Most peg taps in 30 seconds 69 5KNXKQ5CDDC+6# Most “around the Moon” Fewest jumps in one minute 39 $KHH*WVEJKUQP75# tricks in one minute 85 ,QJP(CTPYQTVJ7- Most jumps in one minute 266 6QPG5VCWDU75# Most balloons popped 57 /CTM#NFTKFIG7- Most “around the world” 5 8KEVQT4WDKNCT#4) in one minute tricks in one minute /CTMQ8GTOGGT0.& Most skips in one minute 178 #UJTKVC(WTOCP75# Most juggled simultaneously ǡOKP 4CRJCGN*CTTKU+54 Longest time spun on ǡUGE QPGƒPIGT ǡUGE ,QPCVJCP)QOG\661 Fastest time to complete ǡRCUUGUVGCOQHVYQ CPF-GKVJ%QPUKFKPG7- WATER BALLOONS ǡO #UJTKVC(WTOCPCPF ǡHVǡKP $KRKP.CTMKPDQVJ75# Farthest throw and catch (without bursting) 22 #UJTKVC(WTOCPCPF Most caught and held $KRKP.CTMKPDQVJ75# in one minute 32 #UJTKVC(WTOCPCPF Most thrown at a person $KRKP.CTMKPDQVJ75# in one minuteDATELINE 1705 First confirmed periodic comet British astronomer Edmond Halley realizes that a comet first documented back in 240 BCE actually passes Earth in a 75-year cycle. He successfully predicts that the next flyby of Halley’s Comet will be in 1758. 122 Do Try This At Home...

TRAMPOLINE Most consecutive somersaults  $TKCP*WFUQP7- Most backwards somersaults in 30 seconds  5JCPG%QPPQT5OKVJ75# Most forward somersaults in one minute 40 ,GF'XCPU7- Most high front drops in one minute 26 -GP-QXCEJ75# Most seat drops in one minute 49 1NGMUCPFT0CMQPGEJP[7-4 Most backwards tucks in one minute  *W<KEJCQ%*0SKIPPING ROPE  *KLKMK+MW[COC,20Most backwards  *G%JWP[CP%*0skips in 30 secondsMost triple unders  5JQ\Q*COCFC,20in one minuteMost consecutive  #MKVQUJK/QTKIWEJKtriple unders ,20Most consecutive ǡUGE #NCKP6TQVVKGT75#quadruple unders(CUVGUVǡOUMKRRKPI BASKETBALL 68 %QTG[4KEJ75# Most circles around the 444 6JCPGUYCT)WTCICK02. waist in 30 seconds ǡUGE 6JQOCU%QPPQTU7- Most bounces in one minute ǡOKP 4WDGP#NECTC\'52 ǡUGE Longest time spinning three ǡUGE /GJOGV-GMGȊ&'7 Longest time spinning on QPGƒPIGTWUKPIQPGJCPF Longest time spinning on the head MICRO SCOOTER Highest bunny hop ǡEO /CTE8KPEQ(4# ǡHVǡKP Most tailwhips in one minute  &CPKGN$CTTGVV75# Most backflips in one minute 12 &CMQVC5EJWGV\75#TENNIS BALLSMost caught blindfolded 11 #PVJQP[-GNN[ DIABOLOin one minute #75 Most catches in one minuteMost bounces on a racket 185 (NQTKCP<QNNGT 16 9CPI;WGSKW%*0handle in one minute #76 Most juggling catches on the back  %JGP;WP%*0 in one minute  #FTKCP*KFCNIQ'52Longest time to control ǡJTǡOKP 2CNOGT%CORDGNN 126 *CTXG[9QQFU7-one with a racket ǡUGE 75# Most spins around the leg ǡOKPǡUGE 2GPI<JCP62' in one minute ǡOKPǡUGE *CTT[(GCEJGP7-Most held in one hand  /CJCFGQ$JWLDCN +0& Most consecutive bounces around the neckLongest time to bounce ǡJTǡOKP 6QOCU.WPFOCPone on the head ǡUGE 59' Longest duration to juggle four around the legLongest time to control ǡJTǡOKP ,CEGM)W\QYUMK Longest grindone using the feet ǡUGE 21. Oldest restaurant 1725 DATELINE Restaurante Botín opens its doors in the centre of Madrid, Spain. Customers have to bring their own food and wine, which is then cooked on the premises. The eatery is still open today. guinnessworldrecords.com 123

DO TRY THIS AT HOME... IN YOUR BEDROOM No matter how old we get, some toys and games will never lose their appeal. From juggling GOLF BALLS 9 Don Athey (USA) and yo-yoing to solving Rubik’s Cubes and launching paper aircraft, what makes these playtime ENCUUKEUUQGPFWTKPIKUVJGVKOGNGUUEJCNNGPIGVJG[RTGUGPVKPVJGXGT[OQOGPVQHǡRNC[KPIYKVJ Most stacked them. Whether you’re a newbie or an old hand, there’s always the chance to beat your personal in a tower DGUVQTKPFGGFVJGYQTNFŨUDGUV#PFVJGEQQNGUVVJKPICDQWVVJGUGTGEQTFU!;QWǡECPǡFQVJGO CNNǡKPǡ[QWTXGT[QYPDGFTQQOŤGXGPKP[QWTR[LCOCUKH[QWUQYKUJБ JUGGLING BALLS Most catches in one minute (three) 422 ZdenȸM$TCFȄȬ%<' Most juggled 11 Alex Barron (UK) Longest duration (three, blindfolded) ǡOKPǡUGE David Rush (USA) Longest duration (four) ǡJTǡOKPǡUGE ZdenȸM$TCFȄȬ%<' PAPER AIRCRAFT Most made and caught 25 Airbus Group (FRA) in one minute (team of 10) Most consecutive times 13 Fumihiro Uno (JPN) to hit a target Most caught by mouth 17 Ashrita Furman and in one minute Bipin Larkin (both USA) Farthest flight ǡO Joe Ayoob and John ǡHVǡKP Collins (both USA) MR POTATO HEAD ǡUGE Samet Durmaz (TUR) ǡUGE Zoe Jayne Whalley (UK) Fastest time to assemble Fastest time to assemble while blindfolded RUBIK’S CUBE (3x3x3) ǡUGE Lucas Etter (USA) ǡUGE Feliks Zemdegs (AUS) Fastest time to solve ǡUGE Kaijun Lin (CHN) Fastest time to solve with one hand ǡUGE Jakub Kipa (POL) Fastest time to solve while blindfolded 19 Tim Wong (USA) and Fastest time to solve Marcel Peters (DEU) with the feet Fewest moves to complete YO-YO ǡO Arron Sparks (UK) TIDDLYWINKS ǡO Ben Soares (UK) ǡHVǡKP Longest wink shot ǡHVǡKP Farthest distance to “walk the dog” 144 Arron Sparks (UK) Highest wink shot ǡO Adrian Jones (UK) Most “hop the fence” tricks ǡHVǡKP David Smith (UK) in one minute 27 Arron Sparks (UK) Most “reach for the Moon” Ed Wynn (UK) tricks in 30 seconds 71 Hiroyuki Suzuki (JPN) Most “eli hops” in 30 seconds 51 Hans Van Dan Elzen (USA) Most tricks in one minuteDATELINE 1749 First lightning rod American polymath Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning rod. It works on the principle that a metal rod fixed to the top of a building, and continuing underground, will draw a lightning strike that would otherwise harm the building. 124 Do Try This At Home…

PING-PONG BALLS 6 Stephen Kish (UK) Most bounced into a pint Coby Cotton (USA) glass in one minute ǡJTǡOKP Deepak Sharma Longest time controlling ǡUGE Bajagain (NPL) with a table tennis bat 76 Francisco Tebar Most spits and catches of Honrubia (ESP) three with the mouthSPORT STACKING ǡUGE William Orrell (USA) JENGA ǡOKP Tyler and RyanFastest 3-3-3 stack ǡUGE William Orrell (USA) ǡUGE Measel (both USA)Fastest 3-6-3 stack ǡUGE William Orrell (USA) Fastest 30-level towerFastest cycle stack ǡUGE Chandler Miller, William Orrell, William (team of two)Fastest 3-6-3 relay Polly and Zhewei Wu (all USA) LEGO® PLAYING CARDS ǡUGE ZdenȸM$TCFȄȬ Fastest time to (CZE) Tallest tower built with 48 Chris Challis (UK) arrange a deck one hand in one minute Most held in a fan 326 Ralf Laue (DEU) Tallest house of cards ǡO Bryan Berg (USA) Fastest time to learn ǡHVǡKP and recall a deck ǡUGE Simon Reinhard (DEU) Tallest tower built in one minute 131 Andy Parsons (UK) Most bricks picked up with a 37 Megane Scott (UK) brick in 30 seconds (one hand) Nardy Nafzger (NLD) COINS ǡUGE Stephen Kish (UK) Fastest time to stack 25 Most stacked in one minute 69 Silvio Sabba (ITA) Most balanced in a pyramid  Aleksandr Bendikov Most stacked (BLR) 253 Dipak Syal (IND) Most prolific composer 1767 DATELINE Georg Philipp Telemann (DEU) dies, leaving behind a body of work that includes 12 sets of church services for a year, 40 operas, 44 passions and more than 600 orchestral suites, plus concertos and other chamber music. guinnessworldrecords.com 125

DO TRY THIS AT HOME... IN YOUR GYM How better to overcome the boredom of endless reps at the gym than by aiming for 419+0)/#%*+0'%10%'26++ CYQTNFǡTGEQTF!9JGVJGT[QWŨTGTWPPKPIQPCVTGCFOKNNRWORKPIKTQPQTRWOOGNNKPIC RWPEJǡDCIVJGTGCTG)WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFUVKVNGUVQUWKVGXGT[CDKNKV[(GCVWTGFJGTG (CUVGUVǡOOCNG ǡOKPǡUGE 4QD9CFFGNN0< CTGǡLWUVCUOCNNUGNGEVKQPQHVJGJWPFTGFUQHECVGIQTKGUVJCVYGOQPKVQTUQKH[QWFQPŨV UGGǡUQOGVJKPIVJCV[QWYCPVVQCVVGORVFQPŨVYQTT[ŤLWUVCRRN[VQQWT4GEQTFU/CPCIGTU (CUVGUVǡOHGOCNG ǡOKPǡUGE 5QRJKG$CNOCT[(4# CVYYYIWKPPGUUYQTNFTGEQTFUEQOCPFVJG[ŨNNFQVJGKTDGUVVQJGNRŲ (CUVGUVOCTCVJQPOCNG ǡJTǡOKPǡUGE )NGP)QQFOCP7- (CUVGUVOCTCVJQPHGOCNG ǡJTǡOKPǡUGE #PPC$CKNG[7- (CUVGUVǡO ǡJTǡOKPǡUGE 0KIGN)QYGT7- (CUVGUVVKOGVQūTQYVJG [GCTUOQPVJU &CXKF*QND[7- 'SWCVQTŬǡMO FC[U TREADMILL ǡJTǡOKPǡUGE )GOOC%CTVGT7- (CUVGUVVKOGVQTWPǡMO ǡJTǡOKPǡUGE 2JKN#PVJQP[7- (CUVGUVVKOGVQTWPǡMOOCNG ǡJTǡOKPǡUGE 'FKV$ȌTEGU*70 (CUVGUVVKOGVQTWPǡMOHGOCNG ǡMOǡOK &CXKF5VCNG[75# )TGCVGUVFKUVCPEGKPǡJQWTUOCNG ǡMOǡOK &GG$QNCPF+4. )TGCVGUVFKUVCPEGKPǡJQWTUHGOCNG ǡMOǡOK 5WTGUJ,QCEJKO%#0.-# )TGCVGUVFKUVCPEGKPǡJQWTUOCNG ǡMOǡOK 'FKV$ȌTEGU*70 )TGCVGUVFKUVCPEGKPǡJQWTUHGOCNG ǡMOǡOK /CTEKQ8KNNCT$4# )TGCVGUVFKUVCPEGKPQPGYGGMOCNG ǡMOǡOK 5JCTQP)C[VGT7- )TGCVGUVFKUVCPEGKPQPGYGGMHGOCNG DUMBBELLS ǡMIǡND 'COQPP-GCPG+4. /QUVYGKIJVNKHVGFYKVJHTQPVTCKUGUKPQPGOKPWVG ǡMIǡND 'COQPP-GCPG+4. /QUVYGKIJVNKHVGFYKVJHTQPVTCKUGUKPQPGJQWT ǡMIǡND 4QDGTV0CVQNK75# /QUVYGKIJVNKHVGFD[TQYUKPQPGOKPWVGQPGCTO ǡMIǡND 'COQPP-GCPG+4. /QUVYGKIJVNKHVGFD[TQYUKPQPGJQWT /QUVYGKIJVNKHVGFD[UVCPFKPIRTGUU ǡMIǡND -TKUVKP4JQFGU75# in one minute /QUVYGKIJVNKHVGFD[KPENKPGHN[GUKPQPGOKPWVG ǡMIǡND 'COQPP-GCPG+4. /QUVYGKIJVNKHVGFD[KPENKPGHN[GUKPQPGJQWT ǡMIǡND 'COQPP-GCPG+4.DATELINE 1770 First modern circus Trick rider Philip Astley (UK) adds acrobats, rope dancers and clowns to his horse show in London, UK. In 1782, a former member of his company, Charles Hughes (UK), will found the first such show to call itself a circus. 126 Do Try This At Home…

EXERCISE BIKEGreatest distance in one minute ǡMOǡOK /KIWGNǩPIGN%CUVTQ4QFTȐIWG\'52)TGCVGUVFKUVCPEGKPVJTGGOKPWVGU ǡMOǡOK /KIWGNǩPIGN%CUVTQ4QFTȐIWG\'52 270%*$#) .QPIGUVOCTCVJQPRWPEJKPI ǡJT -CXGJ(CVGOKCP7-)TGCVGUVFKUVCPEGKPQPGJQWTOCNG ǡMOǡOK /KIWGNǩPIGN%CUVTQ4QFTȐIWG\'52)TGCVGUVFKUVCPEGKPQPGJQWTHGOCNG ǡMOǡOK 6KPC6GTPLCM580)TGCVGUVFKUVCPEGKPGKIJVJQWTU ǡMOOK 2JKNKRRG8C\(4#)TGCVGUVFKUVCPEGKPJQWTUOCNG ǡMOǡOK /KIWGNǩPIGN%CUVTQ4QFTȐIWG\'52)TGCVGUVFKUVCPEGKPJQWTUHGOCNG ǡMOǡOK 6KPC6GTPLCM580)TGCVGUVFKUVCPEGKPJQWTU ǡMOǡOK 2JKNKRRG8C\(4#.QPIGUVOCTCVJQPFWTCVKQP ǡJTǡOKPǡUGE ,COKG/E&QPCNF7- 56'2$1#4& /QUVUVGRWRUKPQPGOKPWVG  6CMCJKTQ/QTKUJKVC,20 /QUVUVGRWRUKPQPGJQWT  /CPLKV5KPIJ7- /QUVUVGRWRUKPGKIJVJQWTU  #TTCP/E.GNNCP%#0 /QUVUVGRWRUKPJQWTU  5WDJCUJ5CUPG+0&MEDICINE BALL /QUVUVGRWRUYKVJCNDRCEM  4QDGTV0CVQNK75# in one minute/QUVRWUJWRUQP  /QJCOOCF*CUUCCPCOGFKEKPGDCNN $WVV2#- /QUVUVGRWRUYKVJCNDRCEM  4QDGTV0CVQNK75#in one minute in one minute.QPIGUVEQPVTQN ǡOKPǡUGE %QPP[5VTȘODGTI59' /QUVUVGRWRUYKVJCPNDRCEM  4QDGTV0CVQNK75#QHCOGFKEKPGDCNN in one minute /QUVUVGRWRUYKVJCNDRCEM  2CFF[&Q[NG7- in one minuteKETTLEBELLS)TGCVGUVYGKIJVNKHVGFD[MGVVNGDGNNNQPIE[ENG ǡMI #PCVQN['\JQX$.4KPQPGJQWT ǡND)TGCVGUVYGKIJVNKHVGFD[MGVVNGDGNNUPCVEJ ǡMI 'XIGP[0C\CTGXKEJ$.4KPQPGJQWTOCNG ǡND)TGCVGUVYGKIJVNKHVGFD[MGVVNGDGNNUPCVEJ ǡMI .[WDQX%JGTGRCJC7-4KPQPGJQWTHGOCNG ǡND)TGCVGUVYGKIJVNKHVGFD[MGVVNGDGNNLGTM ǡMI #PCVQN['\JQX$.4KPQPGJQWT ǡND)TGCVGUVYGKIJVNKHVGFD[MGVVNGDGNNUYKPI ǡMI ,COGU5CYCTF#PFGTUQPKPQPGJQWT ǡND 7-/QUVYGKIJVNKHVGFYKVJMGVVNGDGNNUKPQPGOKPWVG ǡMI #PCVQN['\JQX$.4CNVGTPCVKPIHNQQTRTGUU ǡND SWISS BALLS ǡUGE 0GKN9J[VG#75 (CUVGUVVKOGVQLWORCETQUU ǡMI 5VGRJGP$WVVNGT7- ǡ5YKUUDCNNU ǡND )TGCVGUVYGKIJVUSWCVNKHVGF  5VGRJGP$WVVNGT7- QPC5YKUUDCNNKPQPGOKPWVG ǡJTǡOKP )CTTGVV.CO75# /QUVMPGGDGPFUQPC ǡUGE 5YKUUDCNNKPQPGJQWT  Health & Diet %GPVTGU.VF7- Longest time standing QPC5YKUUDCNN ǡOǡHVǡKP 0GKN9J[VG#75 /QUVRCUUGUQHC5YKUUDCNN KPƒXGOKPWVGUVGCO .QPIGUVLWORDGVYGGP VYQ5YKUUDCNNU Oldest working steam engine 1779 DATELINE The Smethwick Engine, designed by James Watt and built by the Birmingham Canal Company (both UK), enters service on 27 May at Smethwick, West Midlands, UK. It is used to pump water back up a series of canal locks. guinnessworldrecords.com 127

DON’T TRY THIS AT HOME… DID YOU KNOW?wcpborhrcoenoJioodcstsviehsytseaecttmbrhtfnaiiuwewnntvJulroegtylshonostscriher,ntlelbeafeiuogs’e-st tsnmefhhs kwusstkrieotaegneeipnfplnleegleltioelttwla.fadsaoyoAssliyr.itrtislveihbhinsherbleiesghiestsfltoerobafaaafueunlmtnlrl-tylnsse-u,s,reDATELINE 1783 First manned flight On 15 Oct in France, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier rises 26 m (84 ft) in a hot-air balloon built by inventors Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier (all FRA). On 21 Nov, he and the Marquis d’Arlandes also make the first free manned balloon flight. 128 Don’t Try This At Home...

CONTENTS 130 132VEHICLES 134FIRE 136WATERPERFORMERSLongest duration full-body burn(without oxygen)The activities on the following pages are strictly for experts only,UQRNGCUGFQPŨVVT[CP[QHVJGUGUVWPVUCVJQOGŤVJCVŨUQHƒEKCNБAnd who better to introduce a chapter about risky records than#WUVTKCPRTQHGUUKQPCNUVWPVOCP,QUGH6ȘFVNKPI!*GURGPVǡOKPǡUGECHNCOGYKVJQWVQZ[IGPKPCHWNNDQF[DWTPCV5CN\DWTI(KTG&GRCTVOGPVKP#WUVTKCQPǡ0QX0GGFNGUUVQUC[VJKUTGEQTFTGSWKTGFXGT[ECTGHWNRTGRCTCVKQP#PFJGJCFVQMGGRa cool head to concentrate on controlling his movements: oneECTGNGUUIGUVWTGOKIJVJCXGHCPPGFHNCOGUKPVQJKUG[GUQTOQWVJ Josef put himself in the hot spot again for this Guinness World4GEQTFURJQVQUJQQVKP5V[TKC#WUVTKCQPǡ5GRUGVVKPIJKOUGNHQPƒTGƒXGVKOGULWUVUQYGEQWNFIGVVJGDGUVUJQVБ;QWŨNNƒPFCPQVJGTQH,QUGHŨUƒGT[PGYTGEQTFUQPR First modern vaccination 1796 DATELINETo demonstrate the power of inoculation, Dr Edward Jenner (UK) deliberately infects a child with cowpox; a few weeks later, he injects him with smallpox, but the child proves immune to this otherwise deadly disease.guinnessworldrecords.com 129

DON’T TRY THIS AT HOME... VEHICLES Fastest speed in CǡOQPUVGTǡVTWEM Driving the Ram Truck- sponsored 4COKPCVQTMark Hall (USA) achieved a speed of 159.49 km/h (99.1 mph) at the Circuit of the Americas in Austin, Texas, USA, on 15 Dec 2014. .QPIGUVYJGGNKGQPC768 Longest time (CUVGUVOQVQTE[ENGYJGGNKG VQǡTGUVTCKPǡCǡECT On 18 Apr 1999, Sweden’s %CPCFCŨU4QIGT.G$NCPEOCKPVCKPGFCYJGGNKGKPC7VKNKV[6GTTCKP8GJKENG768HQTCFKUVCPEG On 26 Jul 2015, Gerald Patrik Fürstenhoff reached QHHVǡKPǡMOCV)TGCVGT/QPEVQP+PVGTPCVKQPCN#KTRQTVKP0GY$TWPUYKEM%CPCFC Gschiel (AUT) held back a 191.30 mph (307.86 km/h) QP#WI4QIGTŨUTGEQTFDTGCMKPIYJGGNKGRCTVKCNN[WRJKNNYCUCEJKGXGFKPC*QPFC Chevrolet Corvette Z06 for on the back wheel of a 2KQPGGT768CPFJGVQQMCNQPIHQWTHGCTNGUURCUUGPIGTUHQTVJGTKFG,GHH)CNNCPV)KNNGU&WRWKU a duration of 22.33 sec on Honda Super Blackbird 2CWN#TUGPCWNVCPF/CTVKP2JKPPG[ the set of <&(ǡ(GTPUGJICTVGP 1100 cc Turbo. The in Mainz, Germany. record run took place at Longest ramp jump Heaviest road vehicle Bruntingthorpe Proving in a monster truck RWNNGFǡD[VGGVJ /QUVVKOGUVQTQNNCECTD[ Ground in Leicestershire, UK. Igor Zaripov (RUS) pulled JCPFKPǡǡOKPWVGU On 1 Sep 2013, Joe Sylvester (USA) propelled his 10,000-lb a 13,713.6-kg (30,233-lb) Jean Caron (CAN) rolled a *KIJGUVCKTQPCOQVQTE[ENG (4,536-kg) truck Bad HabitCETQUUǡHVǡKPǡOCVVJG bus with his teeth for 5 m car 13 times in 5 min on (quarterpipe) %QTPƒGNFKP%QNWODWU2GPPU[NXCPKC75#*GJCFVQVCMGQHH (16 ft 5 in) on the set of the set of CCTV’s Guinness Ronnie Renner (USA) pulled CVORJMOJVQEQXGTVJGFKUVCPEG5[NXGUVGTJCFJGNF CCTV’s Guinness World World Records Special in off a 35-ft 4-in (10.77-m) VJKUTGEQTFDGHQTGDWVKVYCUDTQMGPKPD[&CP4WPVG75# Records Special Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, air on a motorcycle from 5QYJCVFTQXGJKOVQTGENCKOJKUTGEQTF!ū6JGUCOGVJKPIVJCV in Jiangyin, China, on 11 Jan 2015. a quarterpipe ramp during OQVKXCVGUOGGXGT[FC[VQRWUJO[NKOKVU Jiangsu the Red Bull High Rise in 6JGTWUJQHCFTGPCNKPGŬ Province, Fastest time to drive a car Grant Park at Butler Field China, on ǡOKNGQPǡVYQYJGGNU in Chicago, Illinois, USA, 7 Jan 2015. Terry Grant (UK) drove 1 mi on 25 Jul 2009. (1.6 km) in 2 min 55 sec on side wheels at the DID YOU KNOW?prOroeannvcIbcnoeoaltrsr aci2.cedsnk0Taifdinh1uutonir0gangrnuB,wthfwgc waaowt,akendrhBor olcdhcdnaHiual o,idcelarslmndratbSHfiaewnhieysaartdhalh,smrbvivietlenietyeteerdssgmalbtbt.fe.iemerrpTdorogohprpnauwiei-netngjausehgst.mnot dp Goodwood Festival of Speed in West Sussex, UK, on 3 Jul 2011.DATELINE 1800 Longest human horn An 82-year-old French woman known as Madame Dimanche has an operation to remove a horn (technically a keratinous skin tumour) that has been growing out of her forehead for six years. It is 24.9 cm (9.8 in) long. 130 Don’t Try This At Home…

FAST FACTS Monster truck tyres are some 5 ft 3 in–5 ft 6 in (1.6–1.67 m) tall – about the height of the average woman • Evel Knievel (USA) pioneered motorcycle distance jumping – and suffered the most bones broken in a lifetime: 433(CUVGUVOQVQTE[ENG LONGEST… .QPIGUVTCORLWORKPCVTWEMECDYJGGNKGQPKEG Reverse ramp jump in a car 1Pǡ,WN)TGII)QFHTG[75#OCFGCHVO5YGFGPŨU4QDGTV)WNNGZGEWVGFCYJGGNKGCVǡMOJ On 13 Feb 2014, Rob Dyrdek TCORLWORKPCVTWEMECDCVVJG'XGN-PKGXGN&C[UGXGPVKP$WVVGǡORJKPǭTUWPFC5YGFGPQPǡ(GD*GRGTHQTOGF (USA) performed an 89-ftVJGUVWPVQPC$/9544OQVQTE[ENGŤCǡUVCPFCTF 3.25-in (27.2-m) reverse /QPVCPC75#+PFQKPIUQ)QFHTG[YGPVVJTGGVKOGUHCTVJGTOQFGNCRCTVHTQOVJGCFFKVKQPQHUVWFFGFV[TGU ramp jump for Rob Dyrdek’s VJCPVJGRTGXKQWUTGEQTFQHHVKPOYJKEJJG (CPVCU[(CEVQT[ (MTV) at JCFUGVCV)QFHTG[6TWEMKPI4QEM[/QWPVCKP4CEGYC[ Six Flags Magic Mountain KP5CNV.CMG%KV[7VCJ75#QP0QX in Valencia, California, USA. Wheelie in a car On 12 Aug 2012, “Nitro” Mike Kunz (CAN) maintained a wheelie in a car for 763.4 m (2,504 ft 7 in) at the Temiskaming Drag’N’Fly Summer Classic in Earlton, Ontario, Canada. &KUVCPEGTKFKPIDCEMYCTFU QPCǡOQVQTE[ENG India’s Dipayan Choudhury rode a motorcycle in reverse for 202 km (125.52 mi) in Jabalpur, India, on 7 Oct 2014.LARGEST LOOP- DID YOU KNOW?thTmheaep(caTfl8yaopteh5hrolcrteTp.lheoap3dhtlomal e-aiokicrtdcsncmuhgajhnunsaalet’at/sritin-tucnhht’tlsdioaeng)1ezordlg5tet.olfproArowtmopi, shopmtratoapupm.htsahft hseafmuieGent(cadl2raoa5atta4apa3nrttni.’ehot1pmnsthx irekvsmspeonemphciflsunooi/tusshcihtertnihe)ett.ye.THE-LOOP IN A CARStunt driver Terry Grant and Jaguar(both UK) achieved a loop-the-loopmeasuring 19.08 m (62 ft 7.1 in) indiameter at the Niederrad Racecoursein Frankfurt, Germany, on 14 Sep 2015.The measurement was calculated fromthe flat of the track to the apex of theloop. Grant was driving a JaguarF-PACE, and the record was achievedas part of the car’s debut appearancein front of the world’s motoring press. First passenger car 1801 DATELINE On 24 Dec, inventor and mining engineer Richard Trevithick (UK) takes passengers for aride through Camborne in Cornwall, UK, in the Puffing Devil, a steam-powered automobile. guinnessworldrecords.com 131

DON’T TRY THIS AT HOME... FIRE .QPIGUVOQVQTE[ENGTKFG Longest quad bike ride /QUVƒTGYKEMUCVVCEJGF VJTQWIJCVWPPGNQHƒTG VJTQWIJCVWPPGNQHƒTG VQVJGDQF[UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ On the set of Lo Show dei 1Pǡ5GR5QWVJ#HTKECPFCTGFGXKNU'PTKEQ5EJQGOCP Record in Rome, Italy, Dan 2[TQRJKNG5PCMG(GTXQTCMC*GKFK$TCFUJCY7-DGECOG CPF#PFTȌFG-QEMRKNNKQPTQFGCOQVQTE[ENGYKVJUKFGECT Serblin (ITA) rode through KPECPFGUEGPVD[CVVCEJKPIHNCOKPIYKEMUVQJGTDQF[QP WKHͥDPHVIRUPIW ǡ&GEKP.QPFQP7-#NNQHVJGYKEMUJCFVQDWTPCVVJG ǡHVǡOVJTQWIJCHNCOKPIVWPPGN RQ$SU UCOGVKOGŤCPFEQPVKPWQWUN[HQTǡUGEŤCPFPQPGEQWNF KP2CT[U5QWVJ#HTKEC+VYCUFKHƒEWNVHQT DGJGNF6JQUGQPJGTJCPFUYGTGMGRVKPRNCEGD[URGEKCN Farthest distance CVVCEJOGPVUƒVVGFVQJGTINQXGU 'PTKEQVQUGGRTQRGTN[DWVVJCPMUVQJKU CUǡCǡJWOCPCTTQY OQVQTE[ENKPIGZRGTKGPEGJGCPF#PFTȌ HWNNDQF[ǡDWTP GOGTIGFXKTVWCNN[WPUECVJGF Fired from a giant crossbow, Brian Miser (USA) made a dazzling trajectory of PIWLQIRU CCTV’s Guinness World Records Special and Lo Show dei Record in Peru, Indiana, 86$RQ-XQ /QUVRGQRNGRGTHQTOKPI full-body burns 2Q2FWDWRWDORI SHRSOHZHUHVHWDOLJKWDW the same time in Cleveland, 2KLR86$2UJDQL]HGE\ stuntman Ted Batchelor and +RWFDUGVFRPERWK86$ the event generated money for charities including the Cleveland )RRGEDQN LONGEST DISTANCE PULLED BY A HORSE (FULL-BODY BURN) On 27 Jun 2015, while performing a full-body burn, professional stuntman Josef Tödtling (AUT) was pulled 500 m (1,640 ft) by a horse. Josef protected himself with several layers of clothing and cooling gel, as well as metal shin and elbow pads. The latter were a vital piece of equipment, as the specially trained stunt horse kept up a brisk canter for the whole attempt, dragging Josef along on his front at about 35 km/h (21 mph). The fearless daredevil was accompanied on his bumpy journey – in Teichalm-Fladnitz, Styria, Austria – by a quad-bike rider, who replenished the flames with lamp oil as needed. Having made the full 500-m, pre-measured distance, Josef promptly outstripped it with another record: a 582-m (1,909-ft) haul, tied this time to the back of the quad bike – the longest distance pulled by a vehicle (full-body burn)!DATELINE 1814 Youngest doctorate On 10 Apr, child prodigy Karl Witte of Lochau, Germany, becomes a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) at the University of Giessen, Germany, at the age of just 13 years 283 days. 132 Don’t Try This At Home…

FAST FACTS Fire-eating was first recorded in Sicily in 133 BCE • Historic English performer Robert Powell ate burning coals and melted sealing wax • The “Fireproof Female”, Italian Josephine Giardelli, placed molten lead in her mouth DID YOU KNOW?ofeoafpamfTnnLrJthseodafi,euepRsemsbrcaivsiAeehldraieengeciegnyanagaagengHtmcerohhhlewasefeoeawursruilfprtrilsrguehedfietohncpurinmane.gnhgiigtnevteeaamaewanHstdmwpaaaaI.nenswaPylnsvaeuoatteduliamlaiwign,bnayUryghgjaeoSiamalrAegre, .First person to surf *KIJGUVUJCNNQYFKXGCYCXGYJKNGQPƒTG KPVQƒTG 2Q-XQ3URIHVVRU1Pǡ,WNRTQHGUUKQPCNUWTHGT,COKG1Ũ$TKGP75# 6SODVKDND'DUUHQ7D\ORUTQFGQPGQHVJGYQTNFŨUDKIIGUVYCXGUŤCV6GCJWRQŨQKP 86$GURSSHGIWLQ6CJKVK(TGPEJ2QN[PGUKCŤJCXKPIDGGPUGVCNKIJVБ*GYCU PLQWRLQFPGPIWNHGFKPƒTGKPUKFGVJGūDCTTGNŬJQNNQYQHVJGYCXG RIͥDPLQJZDWHURQ1%&̵VNCVGTECNNKPIKVūVJGDKIIGUVCFTGPCNKPGTWUJQHO[NKHGŬ Show Stopping Sunday Special in Los Angeles, &DOLIRUQLD86$7KHVXUIDFH RIWKHSRROZDVLJQLWHGMXVW EHIRUHKHMXPSHG *KIJGUVDWPIGGLWOR KPVQYCVGTYJKNGQPƒTG ;QPK4QEJ(4#JKUDQF[CDNC\GRNWPIGFǡOǡHV ǡKPHTQOVJG8KCFWEFGNC5QWNGWXTGKP0QTOCPF[(TCPEG QPǡǡ5GR6JGHNCOGUYGTGGZVKPIWKUJGFYJGP;QPK NCPFGFKPVJGTKXGTDGNQY6JGTCKNYC[DTKFIGDWKNVD[)WUVCXG 'KHHGNDGECOGCRNCVHQTOHQTDWPIGGLWORKPIKP /QUVƒTGENWDULWIINGF *RQ]DOH]86$VSHQW YJKNGUYQTFUYCNNQYKPI PLQVHF̸WHHWKLQJ̹̰ 2Q6HSDW holding the lit end of a torch Wonderground in London, LQKLVWHHWK̰LQ1HZDUN UK, The Great Gordo Gamsby 1HZ-HUVH\86$ $86MXJJOHGWKUHHͤUHFOXEV IRUVHFZKLOHVZDOORZLQJ /QUVƒTGVQTEJGUŲ DVZRUGDWWKHVDPHWLPH ́([WLQJXLVKHGLQRQH PLQXWH2Q6HSͤUH 2QWKHVDPHGD\3LSSD SHUIRUPHU%UHW3DVHN86$ ̸7KH5LSSHU̹&RUDP$86 SXWRXWͥDPLQJWRUFKHV matched this number for with his mouth as they were the PRVW̨UHKRRSVVSXQ ̸IHG̹WRKLPE\DVVLVWDQWVLQ ZKLOHLQWKHVSOLWVSRVLWLRQ 6KDNRSHH0LQQHVRWD86$ ́/LWDQGH[WLQJXLVKHGLQ /QUVHNCOGUDNQYPKP VHFRQGVandRQHPLQXWH QPGOKPWVGƒTGDTGCVJKPI 6QDNH)HUYRUVHHRSSRVLWH =KX-LDQJDR&+1EOHZ SDJHOLWDQGVQXIIHGRXW ͥDPHVRQWKHVHWRI WRUFKHVLQKHUPRXWK CCTV’s Guinness World LQVHFDW(OHFWURZHUN] Records SpecialLQ-LDQJ\LQ LQ/RQGRQ8.RQ-XO &KLQDRQ-DQ 7KHIROORZLQJ\HDU RQ6HSVKHXSSHGKHU Longest duration SDFHDQGVHWDVHFRQG ƒTGVQTEJVGGVJKPI record, extinguishing 2Q$XJ+HFWRU WRUFKHVLQVHF $OH[DQGHU̸6SLWͤUH̹ Deadliest volcanic eruption 1815 DATELINEOn 5 Apr, the Tambora volcano on Sumbawa island in the Dutch East Indies (later Indonesia) begins to erupt for several days. An estimated 71,000 people will die – some from the after-effects, which include severe climatic changes. guinnessworldrecords.com 133

DON’T TRY THIS AT HOME... WATER Largest human waterskiing pyramid formation 1Pǡ5GR$KI2WNN75#CUUGODNGFRGQRNGKPVQCOCUUYCVGTDQTPGJWOCP R[TCOKFQP.CMG9C\GGEJCKP)TCPF4CRKFU9KUEQPUKP75#(KXGFKHHGTGPVUJQYUMKVGCOU #SWC&WEMU$CEMYCVGT)CODNGTU$CFIGTNCPF$GCXGTNCPF/WUV5MKUCPF9CVGTǡ$WIU HTQO9KUEQPUKPCPF+NNKPQKUOCFGWRVJGOWNVKR[TCOKFHQTOCVKQP Most waterskiers towed Highest bungee jump Highest waterfall diving Largest vessel to tow a waterskier behind a single boat dive into water Di Huanran (CHN) dived A total of 145 waterskiers On 8 Jun 2015, Raymond 12.1 m (39 ft 11 in) off the )CNKNGQ68TGRQTVGT,CP5EJYKFGTGM&'7UWEEGUUHWNN[ from the Horsehead Water Woodcock (UK) performed Diaoshuilou Waterfall at YCVGTUMKGFDGJKPFVJGAIDAbellaHQTǡOKPǡUGECVCURGGF Ski Club (AUS) rode behind a bungee jump of 141.7 m Jingpo Lake in Mudanjiang QHǡMPQVUǡMOJǡORJQHH#NKECPVGKP5RCKPQP one boat for more than (464 ft 11 in) – taller than City, China, for Zheng ǡ1EV6JGXGUUGNJCUCǡITQUUVQPPCIGCPFYCU 1 nautical mi (1.1 mi; 1.8 km) the Great Pyramid of Giza Da Zong Yi – Guinness EQOOCPFGFD[%CRVCKP,QUGH*WUOCPP&'76JGAIDAbella in Strahan, Tasmania, – fully submerging himself World Records Special KUǡOǡHVNQPIQXGTCNNYKVJCDTGCFVJQHǡOǡHV Australia, on 27 Jan 2012. into water, in Chepstow, UK. on 5 Oct 2008. +VǡJCUHWNNFGEMUCPFǡRCUUGPIGTECDKPU DEEPEST UNDERWATER CYCLING FASTEST SPEED… When it comes to submarine cycling, no one is as deeply -KVGUWTƒPIOCNG committed as Vittorio Innocente (ITA, pictured). On 21 Jul Alexandre Caizergues 2008, he rode his bicycle at a depth of 66.5 m (218 ft 2 in) (FRA) reached a speed of in Santa Margherita Ligure in Liguria, Italy. 56.6 knots (104.8 km/h; PSKNLWHVXUͤQJLQ The farthest distance cycled underwater is 6.7 km Port St Louis, France, on (4.1 mi), by Jens Stötzner (DEU) at Bibert Bad Zirndorf 11 Nov 2013. in Zirndorf, Germany, on 8 Sep 2013. The fastest speed kite VXŲQJE\DZRPDQ is 50.4 knots (93.3 km/h; 58 mph). The feat was achieved by France’s Charlotte Consorti at the Lüderitz Speed Challenge held in Lüderitz, Namibia, on 28 Oct 2010. DID YOU KNOW?dodwdleorinrpevwedAaetacehercntorpshoter.utheadfdHhndbe,2.iedoVn8shTeugti htimatrsootetwrto9rtt(reoahr9imoictnde2ofeoei wtrfhrnIotntdisa.)oshnl-taoobseionkprsurcedebhbebamuinsiykkmentiseatentcroaiwguilftnbhfaaeaesDATELINE 1826 Oldest zoo Founded by British statesman Stamford Raffles, the Zoological Society of London is the earliest scientific zoo. Two years later, its first animal houses are erected at Regent’s Park, marking the birth of London Zoo. 134 Don’t Try This At Home…

FAST FACTS “Scuba” is an acronym, standing for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus • American Ralph Samuelson invented waterskiing in 1922; his initial efforts at fashioning skis included using wooden staves from barrels 5CKNKPIOCNG On 24 Nov 2012, Paul Larsen (AUS) attained a speed of 65.4 knots (121.2 km/h; 75.3 mph) by sail over a timed 500-m (1,640-ft) run in Walvis Bay, Namibia. He rode a Vestas Sailrocket 2. The IDVWHVWVSHHGXQGHU VDLORQZDWHUE\DQ\FUDIW IHPDOHover a 500-m timed run was set by windsurfer Karin Jaggi (CHE). She sped to 46.3 knots (85.7 km/h; 53.2 mph) on board her customized Patrik speed board in Lüderitz, Namibia, on 2 Nov 2015. LONGEST… Open saltwater scuba dive Deepest dive under ice EQNFYCVGT YKVJǡDTGCVJǡJGNFHGOCNG Daniel Sammut (MLT) remained submerged for 9GCTKPICFKXKPIUWKVCPFƒPUDWVYKVJQWVDTGCVJKPICRRCTCVWU 13 hr 42 min in St Paul’s #WTQTG#UUQ(4#FKXGFVQǡOǡHVǡKPCV+MGTCUCMKP Bay, Malta, on 19 Mar 2015. 7WOOCPPCS$C[)TGGPNCPFQPǡ/C[5JGFGUEGPFGFQP CTQRGVQCVCIVJCVUJGTGVTKGXGFVQRTQXGUJGJCFTGCEJGFVJG Swim under ice with breath KPVGPFGFFGRVJ*GTCVVGORVYCUHQTū1PG$TGCVJHQT#TEVKECŬYJKEJ JGNFPQƒPUPQFKXKPIUWKV TCKUGUCYCTGPGUUHQTVJGRTQVGEVKQPQHVJG#TEVKEGPXKTQPOGPV Stig Åvall Severinsen (DNK) swam 250 ft (76 m) beneath underwater on the set of Underwater walk 5VCPFWRUWTƒPITKFG the ice at Qordlortoq Lake RTL-Spendenmarathon at YKVJǡQPGǡDTGCVJ QPǡCǡTKXGTDQTG (Lake 40) on Ammassalik MMC studios in Hürth, On 19 Apr 2015, Turkey’s Steve King (UK) surfed Island, East Greenland, Germany. His walk raised 6HUWDQ$\GóQWRRNDP the Severn bore on the River on 17 Apr 2013. €115,000 (£99,498; (262-ft 3-in) submarine stroll Severn in Gloucestershire, $155,716) for a charity to at Anafartalar Olympic Pool UK, for 12.2 km (7.6 mi) Underwater walk by an support children in need. in Çanakkale, Turkey. on 30 Mar 2006. individual in 24 hours On 17–18 Nov 2011, Joey Kelly (DEU) walked 16.3 km (10.1 mi)Highest Deepest scuba diveshallow dive #JOGF)CDT');KPUGVCPFTKIJV2TQHGUUQT5RNCUJCMC&CTTGP FKXGFVQCFGRVJQHǡOǡHVǡKP6C[NQT75#LWORGFHTQO KPVJG4GF5GCQHHVJGEQCUVQH&CJCDKP'I[RVQPǡOǡHVǡKPKPVQC ǡ5GR6JCVŨUCDQWVVJGUCOGCUVJGJGKIJVǡQHVJGRCFFNKPIRQQNYKVJLWUVǡEO %JT[UNGT$WKNFKPIKP0GY;QTM%KV[75#ǡKPQHYCVGTQPǡ5GR 8GTPCXCP5EJCKM<#(FKXGFǡOHVKPVQVJG6JGFCTKPIFTQRVQQM $QGUOCPUICVECXGKP5QWVJRNCEGQPVJGUGVQHCCTV #HTKECŨU0QTVJGTP%CRG– Guinness World Records RTQXKPEGQPǡ1EVSpecialKP:KCOGP(WLKCP ŤVJGdeepest scuba dive%JKPC.KMGCNNVJGTGEQTFU (female)*GTFKXGNCUVGFǡJTQPVJGUGRCIGUVJKUQPGKU OKPDWVQPN[OKPQHUVTKEVN[HQTRTQHGUUKQPCNU VJCVYCUURGPVFGUEGPFKPI2TQHGUUQT5RNCUJKUCP 6QCXQKFFGEQORTGUUKQPGZRGTKGPEGFUVWPVOCP UKEMPGUUCMCūVJGDGPFUŬ UJGOCFGCUWRGTUNQY CUEGPVVJCVVQQMǡJT ǡOKPǡVQEQORNGVG First comic 1827 DATELINE Swiss cartoonist Rodolphe Töpffer creates the 30-page Histoire de M. Vieux Bois (“The Adventures of Mister Wooden Head”), although it is not published for another decade. guinnessworldrecords.com 135

DON’T TRY THIS AT HOME... PERFORMERS Farthest distance VQǡVJTQYCPFECVEJ CǡTWPPKPIǡEJCKPUCY The Space Cowboy, aka Chayne Hultgren, hurled a running chainsaw 4 m (13 ft 1 in) to catcher The Great Gordo Gamsby (both AUS) at London Wonderground, UK, on 14 Sep 2012. Fastest /QUVOQWUGVTCRUTGNGCUGF WPFGTYCVGT QPǡVJGVQPIWGKPQPGOKPWVG escape from CǡUVTCKVLCEMGV 5YGGV2GRRGT-NQRGM%#0UGVQHHOQWUGVTCRUQP Lucas Wilson JKUVQPIWGKPǡUGEKP5V,QJP0GY$TWPUYKEM%CPCFC (CAN) freed QP,WN6JCVŨUƒXGOQTGVJCPVJGRTGXKQWU TGEQTFUGVD[%CUG[5GXGTP75#KP himself from a straitjacket underwater in 22.86 sec on the set of.Qǡ5JQYFGK4GEQTF in Milan, Italy, on 7 Jul 2014. /QUVCRRNGUJGNFKPVJGOQWVJ *GCXKGUVYGKIJVNKHVGF The JKIJGUVVKIJVTQRG CPFEWVKPJCNHD[EJCKPUCY D[ǡDQVJG[GUQEMGVUǡ ETQUUKPIQPCOQVQTE[ENG Manjit Singh (UK) raised took place at a height of %JCKPUCYYKGNFKPI,QJPP[5VTCPIGEWVCRRNGUKPJCNHŤ a weight of 24 kg (52 lb 130 m (426 ft 6 in) on a GCEJǡJGNFKPVJGOQWVJQH&CPKGNNC&Ũ8KNNGCMC&CPKGNNG/CTVKP 14.5 oz) using his eye tightrope 666.1 m (2,185 ft DQVJ7-ŤKPǡOKPCVVJG6CVVQQ,COCV&QPECUVGT4CEGEQWTUG sockets at Cossington 4.3 in) long. The feat was KP5QWVJ;QTMUJKTG7-QP1EV#VVJGUCOGGXGPV Sports Hall in Leicester, UK, achieved by Mustafa Danger Johnny set a new record (since broken) for the most apples held on 15 Nov 2012. (MAR) in Benidorm, Spain, in one’s own mouth and cut by chainsaw in one minuteGKIJV on 16 Oct 2010. *KIJGUVDNKPFHQNFGF /QUVDGGTDQVVNGUQRGPGF VKIJVTQRGYCNM .QPIGUVFWTCVKQP YKVJVJGHGGVKPQPGOKPWVG Nik Wallenda (USA) crossed DCNCPEKPI a tightrope while blindfolded CǡEJCKPUCY Contortionist Zlata, aka Julia 170.04 m (557 ft 10 in) QPǡVJGǡEJKP Günthel (DEU), removed the caps above the ground in Chicago, from eight beer bottles with Illinois, USA, on 2 Nov 2014. Serial GWR record-breaker her feet in 1 min on the set of Ashrita Furman (USA) kept a 4GMQTNCT&ȜP[CUŠ in Istanbul, chainsaw balanced on his chin 6WTMG[QPǡ,WP6JCV HQTǡOKPǡUGEKP0GY;QTM beat her own record of seven, %KV[75#QPǡ5GR6JG UGVVYQ[GCTUDGHQTG<NCVC performed the feat in the chainsaw he used contortionist elbow-stand YGKIJGFǡMI RQUKVKQPUGGPTKIJV ǡNDǡQ\ DID YOU KNOW?fluesxaDrtheiidobvsaoAiahceirlncnoiafadotttvvlvdeyofeeeeen .rrsdasrTrupt yZobtheipevhlgaCmeapreaabhtfrllattayioeaegtiZ.rwnniaahmlmsnaemaetdeetseraheld,pas’nsobssurahstuolnpsseiotfigoeowMtfalrfhetlmRiamdenItesoios2nvcncs0aettasa1nno0f,DATELINE 1838 First photograph of a human Louis Daguerre (FRA) takes a test photo of a street scene showing a man having his shoes shined. The subject sits still for long enough to be visible in the long-exposure shot. 136 Don’t Try This At Home…

FAST FACTS The chainsaw originated as a surgical tool called an osteotome, still used in dentistry and orthopaedics • The straitjacket was invented in 1790 by a French upholsterer called Guilleret for an asylum near Paris/QUVURGCTUECWIJVWPFGTYCVGTKPǡQPGǡOKPWVGOn 13 Nov 2014, in aswimming pool in Armidale,Australia, Anthony Kelly$86FDXJKWEROWVͤUHGIURPDͤVKHUPDQ̵Vspear gun at a rangeof just 2 m (6 ft6 in). The eventtook place incelebrationof GuinnessWorld RecordsDay 2014./QUVUYQTFU MOST BACKFLIPS PERFORMEDUYCNNQYGF WHILE SWALLOWING A SWORDQPǡCǡWPKE[ENG IN ONE MINUTEThe Space Cowboy On 2 Jul 2014, in Milan, Italy, Aerial Manx, aka(see opposite page) James Loughron (AUS), swallowed a 41-cm-longswallowed three swords (1-ft 4-in) sword before carrying out an eye-wateringwhile atop a unicycle 20 backflips against the clock. The sword preventedat Wonderground in Aerial from breathing, so he had to hold his breath.QPFQP7-QPǡ5GR during the feat. He took two breaks during the'CEJUYQTF one-minute attempt, removing the sword and thenOGCUWTGFǡEO swallowing it again each time before continuing.ǡHVǡKPNQPIǡOOǡKPVJKEMCPFǡEO /QUVDQYNKPIDCNNUǡKPYKFG6JGGZVTC ECWIJVQPVJGHQTGJGCFtall unicycle he used wasǡOǡǡHVǡǡKPJKIJ 'PVGTVCKPGT/CVV$CMGT75#JCUCJGCFHQT YGKIJVU*GECWIJVUKZDQYNKPIDCNNUQPJKU*GCXKGUVYGKIJVRWNNGF HQTGJGCFKPǡUGEKP%QGWTFŨ#NGPG+FCJQby pierced ears 75#QP,CPǡ/CVVCVVGORVGFVJG TGEQTFDGHQTGCPCWFKGPEGQHRGQRNGCV$TKVCKPŨU,QJPP[5VTCPIGVWIIGFC%GUUPC2CKTETCHVYGKIJKPI VJGǡ-TQE%GPVGT6JGCVGTMIǡNDǡQ\QXGTCFKUVCPEGQHǡOǡHVǡKPQPǡ/C[,QJPP[RWNNGFQHHVJGNQDGUVTGVEJKPIEJCNNGPIGCVǡ0QTVJ9GCNF#KTƒGNFKP0QTVJ9GCNF'UUGZ7- First selfie 1839 DATELINERobert Cornelius (USA) becomes the first person to take a self-portrait. He uses the daguerreotype process – an early photographic technique employing mercury vapour and an iodine-sensitized silvered plate. guinnessworldrecords.com 137

TOYS & GAMES DID YOU KNOW?tcIenuewsrcn2crii0sihtitascy’h1ofsncu3uopuardl,lltueeMavuieasmnniMrv,itenenigeSwovo,eneit”nifncotttehrtitygcoacihxok.,nabfpe“wehtg oTlEnVowaohttkvliihosamenmkitisryptein,oaonpldlSgnanregu wstnma.Rteydreyfaooendoodcnunnerhabntntetbeeahgh,rorleegutDATELINE 1844 Oldest subway tunnel The 767-m (2,517-ft) Atlantic Avenue Tunnel is completed. The tunnel runs beneath Brooklyn, New York, USA, and carries the trains of the Long Island Rail Road until its closure in 1861. It will lie undisturbed and forgotten until 1981. 138 Toys & Games

CONTENTSTOYS & GAMES 140FACTOGRAPHIC 142TOYS & BOARD GAMES 144CHESSCHAIN REACTIONS 146ACTION FIGURES & DOLLS 148PUZZLES 150CONSTRUCTION TOYS 152VIDEOGAMES 154 Most views for a Minecraft video channel #UQHǡ/CTVJG;QW6WDGEJCPPGN ū6JG&KCOQPF/KPGECTVŬJQUVGFD[&CP6&/CMC&CPKGN/KFFNGVQP7-JCFCEEWOWNCVGFCVQVCNQHǡXKGYUHTQOXKFGQUUKPEGKVU NCWPEJQP,WN#UVQPKUJKPIN[&CPŨUXKFGQU TGIKUVGTCPGUVKOCVGFǡOKNNKQPJKVUGXGT[OQPVJ *GTGEGKXGUHCPOCKNHTQOCTQWPFVJGYQTNFVQQ ū+ǡNKMGVQVJKPMO[PKEJGKUCFFKPIKPUVQTKGU GFKVKPIVTKEMU=Ų?VQGPJCPEGVJGICOGŨU ETGCVKXKV[ŬJGUC[U +PQTFGTHQTCXKFGQEJCPPGNVQ DGEQPUKFGTGFūFGFKECVGFŬŤQH KVUEQPVGPVUJQWNFTGNCVGVQCURGEKƒE XKFGQICOGHTCPEJKUG Longest time to crack a code 1854 DATELINE British mathematician and computing pioneer Charles Babbage cracks the Vigenère cipher, apolyalphabetic encryption system that had been thought unbreakable since its invention in 1553. guinnessworldrecords.com 139

FACTOGRAPHICLEGO-OLOGYThe name LEGO® combines the Danish words “leg” and “godt”, meaning“play well”. The company began producing “Automatic Binding Bricks”back in 1949. And the design was built to last: you can open abrand-new LEGO box today and join any of the standard bricks withany LEGO brick made since 1958 (the picture to the right shows boxset 700/5 from that year). Today, LEGO is found in almost everycountry on Earth – and even in outer space…BUILDING A LEGEND, BRICK BY BRICK LARGEST TYRE MANUFACTURER A GLOBAL PHENOMENONAll LEGO bricks start out as granules of plastic (below) – acrylonitrile Think of all the brands of tyre you know. Who would make the most tyresbutadiene styrene (ABS), to be precise. On arrival at a manufacturing on an annual basis? Goodyear? Firestone? Pirelli? The answer is… the 1Pǡ,CPVJG.')1plant, they are dispersed into silos, then transported via tubes to injection .')1)TQWRБ+PCNQPGVJGEQORCP[RTQFWEGFKPGZEGUUQHǡOKNNKQP Group patented the now-famousmoulding machines. Here, they are subjected to temperatures up to tyres for its construction kits, easily beating all other manufacturers. studded bricks with tubes inside.310°C (590°F) and pressures of 25–150 tonnes (27–165 US tons), What’s more, the rubber compound used for these They have proved enduringly popular.which squeeze them into moulds. Seconds later, the bricks VQ[ǡV[TGUYQWNFPŨVDGQWVQHRNCEGQPCTGCNECT #TQWPFǡDKNNKQPDTKEMUCTGUQNFGCEJ[GCTRQRQPVQCǡEQPXG[QTDGNVVJGPKPVQCDKP0GZV on average. Laid end-to-end, they would stretchrobots take the bricks to an assembly room, FARTHEST DISTANCE around the world an astonishing 18 times.where machines stamp them and put together TRAVELLED BY Stacked on top of each other, the same numberOWNVKRCTVVQ[UUWEJCUǡ/KPKƒIWTGU A LEGO MINIFIGURE QHDTKEMUYQWNFHQTOCEQNWOPVJCVEQWNFGZVGPF HTQOVJGUWTHCEGQH'CTVJVQOQTGVJCPǡOKPLENTY OF LEGO BRICKS TO GO ROUND… 6JTGGURGEKCNN[OCFG.')1/KPKƒIWTGU ǡMODG[QPFVJGQTDKVQHVJG/QQP have made the arduous trek to the planetAccording to LEGO Education, if you divided the total number of LEGO ,WRKVGTǡQPDQCTF0#5#ŨUJuno space probe. It’s estimated that the children of the world spendbricks on Earth among the planet’s population, each person would have an 6JG[NCWPEJGFQPǡ#WIVTCXGNNKPICVQVCN ǡDKNNKQPǡJTC[GCTRNC[KPIYKVJ.')1DTKEMU+HǡCNNaverage of 86 bricks. That’s quite a claim, but understandable when you QHǡDKNNKQPǡMOǡDKNNKQPǡOKHTQO'CTVJ these hours were arranged consecutively acrossEQPUKFGTVJCVKPCVQVCNQHǡDKNNKQP.')1DTKEMUYGTGRTQFWEGFCVC 6JGƒIWTGUVCMGVJGHQTOQHVJG4QOCPIQF VKOGKVYQWNFǡYQTMQWVCVCTQWPF[GCTUKP ,WRKVGTJKUYKHG,WPQCPFVJGVJEGPVWT[ VQVCNŤPGCTN[ǡVJTGGVKOGUVJGFWTCVKQPVJCVOQFGTP rate of 5.2 million bricks per hour! And Italian scientist Galileo (pictured right), JWOCPǡDGKPIUJCXGNKXGFQP'CTVJ they sell quickly, too: for most YJQFKUEQXGTGF,WRKVGTŨUHQWTNCTIGUV of the year, around seven moons. (See also p.148.) THINK OF A NUMBER LEGO sets are sold every second. But at A big part of the attraction of this construction toy is Christmas time, that VJGǡYC[VJCVKVECPDGEQODKPGFKPCUOCP[YC[UCUQWT TCVGTQEMGVUVQǡUGVU imagination will allow. Bearing this in mind, how many per second! possible combinations do you think you can make YKVJLWUVUKZVYQD[HQWTGKIJVUVWF.')1DTKEMU! The answer is below. A: There are 915,103,765 possible combinations with six two-by-four LEGO bricks!

LARGEST LIFE-SIZE TOP 5 LARGEST LEGO SETS BENEATH THE SURFACEHOUSE MADE FROMLEGO BRICKS The days of simple LEGO buildings and vehicles are long gone. Today, #TVKUV,CUQP(TGGP[75#JCUDTQWIJVJKU VJGEQORCP[RTQFWEGUCPKORTGUUKXGTCPIGQHEQORNGZMKVU+PVGTOU own unique twist to conventional toys by5VCPFKPIǡOǡHVǡKPJKIJǡO of pieces, the largest LEGO setKUVJG6CL/CJCNYJKEJKPENWFGU suggesting what their interiors might lookǡHVǡKPNQPICPFǡOǡHVǡKPYKFG UGRCTCVGRCTVU0GZVWRKUVJGRKGEGMillennium Falcon, followed like. It was only a question of time beforeand consisting of two floors with four rooms by the 2016-released Ghostbusters Firehouse Headquarters, with 4,634 he applied his cutaway skills to the LEGOaltogether, this life-size LEGO brick dwelling was built DTKEMU.QPFQPŨU6QYGT$TKFIGKUHQWTVJYKVJRCTVU6JGƒHVJNCTIGUV WPKXGTUG,CUQPVQQMVJTGGURGEKCNKPKP&QTMKPI7-QPǡ5GR+VYCUEQORNGVGFD[ǡXQNWPVGGTU set is a second Star Wars entry: the Death Star (above) with 3,803 pieces. EO.')1ƒIWTGUVJGPETGCVGFVQIGVJGTYKVJ,COGU/C[7-HQTJames May’s Toy Stories (BBC, UK). anatomical interiors from them+PǡCNNǡOKNNKQP.')1DTKEMUYGTGWUGFKPVJGEQPUVTWEVKQPYJKEJJCF out of sculpted foam, which hean internal wooden support structure. By way of comparison, you would then painted. But these worksPGGFCRRTQZKOCVGN[UVCPFCTFUK\GDWKNFKPIDTKEMUVQEQPUVTWEV are purely for entertainment,CǡEQPXGPVKQPCNVJTGGDGFTQQOGFJQWUG CPF,CUQPPGXGTRTGVGPFU QVJGTYKUGū/[CPCVQOKGU are hypothetical,” he told streetanatomy.com. ū6JKUKUUVTKEVN[ǡCTVŬ DID YOU KNOW?coArcgfeimtuairentutbomeagbondwebstgrh,saebahJiyroamriksdfessiioouawtolnfdactthBkrhhmhyisaeaacoaerrthnaus bnynnarapi.otdoserroHueveodbmleedafoaal.ushivltlcllsycaasoaeeisoalmldnaamnbblddsolloeeodgaessls,LARGEST POPULATION GROUP 7KHGDZQRI/(*20LQL̨JXUHV “Mr Gold” Wheelchair user %XVLQHVVFDUG0LQL̨JXUHVON EARTH 7KHLQWURGXFWLRQRI/(*20LQLͤJXUHVLQ 5HOHDVHGLQVHULHVRI Although buildable wheelchairs have $IHZ/(*2*URXSHPSOR\HHV̰VXFK ̰VXFKDVWKHUHGFODVVLFVSDFHPDQ /(*20LQLͤJXUHVIHDWXUHGD DV&DVH\%ORVVRPULJKW̰XVH6JGTGCTGOQTGVJCPǡDKNNKQP.')1/KPKƒIWTGUQP EHORZ̰UHMXYHQDWHGWKH/(*2XQLYHUVH previously been released, the LEGO 0LQLͤJXUHVLQVWHDGRIEXVLQHVVVJGǡRNCPGVŤCPFVJGPWODGTKUITQYKPICNNVJGVKOG 7KHIXOOUDQJHRIFKDUDFWHUVQRZWDNHV JROGHQͤJXUHZLWKWRSKDW *URXSUHYHDOHGLWVͤUVWZKHHOFKDLU FDUGV,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHXVXDOǡOKNNKQPRNWUYGTGRTQFWEGFKPCNQPG+H monocle and jewel-topped PRXOGHGWR0LQLͤJXUHVFDOHLQ-DQ name, job title and contactthey were real humans, they would form the largest LQHYHU\RQHIURPQXUVHͤUHPDQDQG FDQH/LPLWHGWRDUXQRIMXVW 7KHEHDQLHZHDULQJͤJXUHSOHDVHG LQIRUPDWLRQWKHͤJXULQHVDUHPCVKQPQP'CTVJ6JGƒIWTKPGUCTGJWIGN[XCTKGFHTQO policeman to Santa Claus, Harry Potter disability campaigners, who have modelled to resemble thesolid-gold collectables to customisable characters such DQGHYHQͤOPGLUHFWRU6WHYHQ6SLHOEHUJ ̸0U*ROG̹TXLFNO\ argued that children with disabilities are SHUVRQWKH\UHSUHVHQWCU)94CFLWFKECVQTUUGGDGNQY+Hǡ[QWNKPGFWRCNN EHFDPHDFROOHFWRUV̵LWHP QRWIDLUO\UHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHWR\LQGXVWU\VJG.')1/KPKƒIWTGUGXGTRTQFWEGFUKFGǡD[UKFGVJG[ Initially, all characters had smiling or 6RRQWKHVHͤJXULQHVZHUHwould stretch more than 2.5 times around the Equator! QHXWUDOIDFHVEXWLQSLUDWH/(*2 EHLQJUHVROGIRUXSWR 0LQLͤJXUHVZHUHDPRQJWKHͤUVWWRVSRUW eHDFKPDNLQJWKHP worth almost three times their VFRZOVDQGJUXPS\H[SUHVVLRQV ZHLJKWLQUHDOJROG

TOYS & BOARD GAMES Largest Fastest time to solve Fastest battery- collection of a Rubik’s Cube powered, remote- model cars On 21 Nov 2015, Lucas Etter controlled model car (USA), aged 14 years old, 4CNN[FTKXKPIGPVJWUKCUV EHFDPHWKHͤUVWSHUVRQWR The aptly named Radio Controlled 0CDKNū$KNN[Ŭ-CTCO.$0 breach the 5-sec barrier, BulletDWKNVD[0KE%CUG75#TKIJV UVCTVGFEQNNGEVKPIOQFGN solving a 3x3 cube in an CEJKGXGFCURGGFQHǡMOJ ECTUKPYJGPJG extraordinary 4.9 sec at ǡORJKP5V)GQTIG7VCJ75# CESWKTGFCVQ[2QTUEJGǡ the River Hill Fall 2015 at QPǡ1EVCVVJG4CFKQ1RGTCVGF *KUEQNNGEVKQPJCUUKPEG River Hill High School in 5ECNG5RGGF#UUQEKCVKQP4155# ITQYPEQPUKFGTCDN[YJGP Clarksville, Maryland, USA. 9QTNFǡ%JCORKQPUJKRU EQWPVGFKPJKURWTRQUG This also beat the record of built museum in Zouk, 5.09 sec set that same day Largest loop-the-loop by Gadget Show in Birmingham, NPKPSK .GDCPQPQPǡǡ0QX by Keaton Ellis (USA). a remote-controlled (RC) West Midlands, UK, on DW:/3%DOOHQVWHGWDLUͤHOG HQT)WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFU model vehicle 15 Jun 2013. in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. &C[KVEQPVCKPGF Just over a month earlier, A Venom VMX-450 RC Dirt To ensure accurate results, WPKSWGUECNGFFQYPECTU on 15 Oct 2015, a robot built Bike controlled by Jason Fastest RC jet-powered 1LHOVKDGWRJXLGHWKHSODQH by Zackary Gromko (USA) %UDGEXU\8.ORRSHGDORRS model aircraft down a 200-m-long (656-ft), Billy also holds another achieved the fastest time 3.18 m (10 ft 5 in) high. The 2Q6HSDWXUELQH 20-m-wide (65-ft 7-in) OQFGNTGNCVGFYQTNFTGEQTF to solve a Rubik’s Cube by a record was set on GULYHQDHURSODQHEXLOWE\ “measurement corridor” via ŤƒPFQWVOQTGQPR robot – 2.39 sec – at Saint &KDQQHO̵VThe 1LHOV+HUEULFK'(8ͥHZDW his remote-control device. 6WHSKHQ̵V(SLVFRSDO6FKRRO in Bradenton, Florida, USA. Meanwhile, Feliks Zemdegs (AUS) created DQHZSHUVRQDOEHVWWLPH of 6.88 sec for the fastest time to solve a Rubik’s Cube one-handed, on 10 May 2015 in Canberra, Australia. And on 4 Oct 2015, at the &KLQD&KDPSLRQVKLSLQ Guangzhou, Kaijun Lin (CHN) achieved the fastest time to solve a Rubik’s Cube blindfolded: 21.05 sec.DID YOU KNOW?viinRmdteJeueaogosrnrugiaaenlar2c(agNtemt0rhinF-t1vaesh6Ceenisel.za)ige,Te2rfbbraeh-4gSiifirmgee0iakineysngm yimlsenlgodcaiesfioigdncn.ltntelo-tdgihsnoomteeethynerhlmssceslueai,tfinunsmttghonogiuteyiitsfcrshnteabiteanstyomigone Largest Skylander As of Jul 2013, the largest Skylander is a “life-sized” Tree Rex that tours the world and appears at exhibitions and VTCFGHCKTU5VCPFKPICVTGGOGPFQWUǡOǡHV ǡKPVCNNVJGUVCVWGYCUECTXGFHTQORQN[UV[TGPG CPFEQCVGFYKVJINCUUƒDTGD[7-DCUGFOQFGN EQORCP[5EWNRVWTG5VWFKQURKEVWTGFTKIJV is founder Aden Hynes with Tree Rex and another SkylandersEJCTCEVGT,GV8CE 6TGG4GZKUCPGZCEVUECNGFWRNKECVG of the Skylanders GiantsƒIWTGTKIJV FQYPVQG[GUVJCVǡNKIJVWRDATELINE 1859 First tightrope walk over Niagara Falls Jean-François Gravelet (FRA), aka Charles Blondin, crosses the famous waterfalls between the USA and Canada on a 335-m-long (1,100-ft) rope. 142 Toys & Games

FAST FACTS The Ancient Egyptian board game Senet was depicted on the tomb of Hesy in around 2686 BCE • Engineer Richard T James invented the Slinky by accident while testing springs for hanging up instruments at seaLargest Largestrocking horse collection QHǡ5NKPM[U#VJTGGUVQTG[VCNNTQEMKPIhorse was built by Gao Ming 1P1EV5WUCP%*0CPFWPXGKNGFQPǡ,WN 5WC\QQH.QU.WPCUKP.KP[K%JKPC%TGCVGF KP0GY/GZKEQ75#HQTVJG%JKNFTGPŨU(QNMNQTG YCUFGENCTGFVJGRTQWF(QNMICOG(GUVKXCNKVUVCPFU owner of 1,054 differentǡOǡHVǡKPVCNNCPF 5NKPM[UŤCEQNNGEVKQPǡOǡHVǡKPNQPI UQǡNCTIGVJCVKVJCUKVU QYPKPUWTCPEGRQNKE[Largest modelvehicle brand Largest Monopoly board board was the largest .CTIGUVVQ[RKUVQNƒIJV 2Q6HSWHPEHU Twister game, which was A volley of suction darts6JGJQVVGUVPCOGKPVQ[ECTU Hasbro created a 405.6-m2 SLHFHGWRJHWKHUIURP and foam bullets securedKUEWTTGPVN[*QV9JGGNU75# VTIW0RQRSRO\ regular boards by country a world record for 577YKVJCTGXGPWGKPQH board – almost twice the star Thomas Rhett and Drake University studentsc size of a tennis court – %LJ0DFKLQH/DEHO*URXS wielding Nerf blasters inThis helps to make Mattel to celebrate the 650th (USA) in Arlington, Texas, Des Moines, Iowa, USA.75#VJGQYPGTQH*QV anniversary of the founding 86$RQ6HS The “Dogtown After Hours”Wheels, the largest model of Warsaw, Poland. 7KLVSURGXFHGDQRYHUDOO FDPSXVHYHQWVDZWKH5HGvehicle company, with a 2014 SOD\DEOHVXUIDFHDUHDRI and Blue teams shoot it outTGXGPWGQH Six times larger than 2,521 m2 (27,135 sq ft). RQ0DU7KHͤQDOc WKHPDPPRWK0RQRSRO\ result? It was a draw.Longest marathon playing LONGEST FOOSBALL TABLEfoosball (doubles)Between 29 Aug and On 25 Sep 2015, Marco Berry Onlus (ITA) occupied the Via6HS$OH[DQGHU Roma, the main street in Turin, Italy, with a table footballKuen, Manuel Larcher, (or foosball) game played on a 121.4-m-long (398-ft 3.5-in)Bernd Neururer and table – in fact, a series of linked tables. The fast andDietmar Neururer (all AUT) furious action saw a total of 2,332 plastic players or foosSOD\HGWDEOHIRRWEDOOIRU men in red and blue jerseys pass, kick and shoot 101 balls61 hr 17 min in Innsbruck, – all operated by 424 pairs of hands. The event raisedAustria. The feat made money for building and maintaining the Mohamedthem record holders Aden Sheikh Children’s Teaching Hospital in Hargeisa,for the third time. Somaliland. Afterwards, the tables were divided up and given out to the participating teams to keep. First man-made plastic 1862 DATELINE Parkesine, a plastic developed by Alexander Parkes (UK) and derived from plant cellulose, is publicly unveiled at the Great International Exhibition in London. guinnessworldrecords.com 143

CHESS Youngest defeated World Chess chess Champion Garry Kasparov ITCPFOCUVGT in a formal match on HGOCNG 11 May 1997. Deep Blue was capable of assessing *QW;KHCP%*0ǡDǡǡ(GD 200 million board positions SWCNKƒGFCUC per sec. At the time, this ITCPFOCUVGTQPǡ#WI was the fastest evaluation CVVJGCIGQH of board positions by a ǡ[GCTUǡFC[U chess computer. 6QFCVGVJGyoungest .CTIGUVPGVYQTMGF chess grandmaster of all EJGUUEQORWVGT KU5GTIG[-CTLCMKP7-4 On 30 Jan 2004, Danish Dǡǡ,CPYJQ grandmaster Peter Heine CEJKGXGFVJGUVCVWUQP Nielsen played ChessBrain: ǡ#WICVVJGCIG 2,070 computers operating QHǡ[GCTUǡFC[U together across 56 countries. The game, professionally refereed in Copenhagen, Denmark, ended in a draw after 34 moves. Youngest World Champion (male). He was .QPIGUVEJGUUOCTCVJQP (CUVGUVVKOG %JGUUǡ%JCORKQP aged 22 years 210 days Magne Sagafos and VQCTTCPIGC Hou Yifan (CHN, above) was when he gained the title Joachim Berg-Jensen (both NCTIGEJGUUUGV 16 years 300 days old when in a match against his NOR) played for 40 hr 42 min she beat her compatriot compatriot Anatoly Karpov in Stavanger, Norway, 1Pǡ1EV#NV[PDGM Ruan Lufei to become world on 9 Nov 1985. on 22–24 Jun 2015. $GMOWTCVQX-)<CTTCPIGF champion on 24 Dec 2010. CNCTIGEJGUUUGVKPǡOKP First computer to beat .QPIGUVICOGQH ǡUGE*GCEJKGXGFVJKUCV The Russian (formerly a World Chess Champion EQTTGURQPFGPEGEJGUU VJG)94.KXGБGXGPVCVVJG Soviet) grandmaster Garry under regular time controls Dr Reinhart Straszacker QRGPKPIQHVJG-WPVUGXQ2NC\C Kasparov (b. Garik Kimovich IBM chess-playing and Dr Hendrik Roelof van UJQRRKPIEGPVTGKP/QUEQY Weinstein, 13 Apr 1963) is computer Deep Blue Huyssteen (both ZAF) 4WUUKCDTGCMKPIVJGRTGXKQWU the youngest World Chess SOD\HGWKHLUͤUVWJDPHRI FC[ŨUTGEQTFD[ǡUGE DID YOU KNOW?atoiThtntfhhtiaesteehmnrkysdeeeioepsniccrrcstytgmiailbcguolcleeanoninhcdnlws-ocsagstuhsnouiueopzfsbpdefeiltrrfteahkectonmahiaeujnsteketispcgtnsy.hrwtTafasopeorth.nplioearomdodmyrrmcaMetcutikchaohDteodeneoFriseisdtu,sr,t correspondence chess in 1946. After 112 games, LARGEST CHESS PIECE with both men having won half the games, their record On 4 Apr 2014, a chess king measuring marathon of more than 5.076 m (16 ft 7 in) tall and 2.04 m 53 years ended with the (6 ft 8 in) in diameter at its base was death of Straszacker on unveiled by the Gitok technical school 13 Oct 1999. (BEL) in Kalmthout, Belgium. The piece was made during lessons in which 5NQYGUVEJGUUOQXG students learned artisanal skills such RTGENQEM as woodworking. The attempt was also Until the chess clock was a team-building exercise, and helped adopted in the 1860s, to raise money and awareness for an players could take as long orphanage and cancer charity. as they wanted to decide a move. In Nov 1857, in the First American Chess &RQJUHVVͤQDO3DXO0RUSK\ (USA) and Louis Paulsen (DEU) took more than 15 hr to play 56 moves. Paulsen, who decisively lost the match overall, caused most of the delay, taking as long as 1 hr 15 min to decide on a single move.DATELINE 1863 First detective novel Opening with a murder, The Notting Hill Mystery by Charles Felix (UK) – first serialized in the magazine Once a Week between 1862 and 1863 – is published in its complete form, and establishes the classic detective genre. 144 Toys & Games

FAST FACTS Russia’s Anatoly Karpov won the 1975 World Chess Championship without playing a match, after reigning world champion Bobby Fischer (USA) resigned his title • The term “checkmate” comes from the Persian Shah mat – “The king is dead” DID YOU KNOW?ktcc5ihlenia9Nkengr eNoIvtsnsureAoalewrdenrrsiseeeoafseergsfentxocihsLadtamhreogonSaewuofviosk.gtviserThishonrdpwe(rtrigUiyinot1esr,oK2ac.owMte)rbfhysaaaet,-srghccpboanfeeoeuocnuascunhstsuhndueiVtebdriotslfywesfounolly /QUVUKOWNVCPGQWUEJGUU 5OCNNGUVOCEJKPGOCFGEJGUUUGV YKPUDNKPFHQNFGF A blindfolded player has #EJGUUDQCTFǡOKETQPUǡKPUSWCTGŤVJGFKCOGVGT to memorize all their opponent’s moves during a QHHQWTJWOCPJCKTUŤYCUETGCVGFD[UVWFGPVUCV6GZCU6GEJ game. On 27 Nov 2011, the 7PKXGTUKV[75#KP6JGRNC[CDNGEJGUUUGVJCUūOKETQ German master Marc Lang won 25 and drew 19 of RKGEGUŬGPITCXGFCUVTCFKVKQPCNEJGUUƒIWTGUGCEJCDQWV 46 games in 21 hr. ǡOKETQPUǡKPUSWCTG 100% /QUVUKOWNVCPGQWUICOGU 1Pǡ/CT/CNNC5KXC QHEJGUUD[CPKPFKXKFWCN.CTIGUVEQNNGEVKQPQHEJGUUUGVU On 8–9 Feb 2011, Ehsan +0&RTGUGPVGFVJGsmallest Ghaem Maghami (IRN), a#UQHǡ,CP#MŠP)ȘM[C[674QYPGFǡEJGUUUGVU grandmaster and nine-time hand-made chess set TKIJVJQWUGFKP#PMCTC6WTMG[#MŠPCNCY[GTCPFDWUKPGUUOCP Iranian national champion,UVCTVGFJKUEQNNGEVKQPKP6JGFGEQTCVKXGUGVUHTQOCTQWPF played 135 chess games +VǡKUǡOOǡKPUSWCTGVJGYQTNFCTGOCFGHTQOFKXGTUGOCVGTKCNUŤKPENWFKPIYQQF concurrently in Tehran, Iran.OGVCNOCTDNGCPFƒUJDQPGUŤCPFEQXGTRQRWNCTVJGOGUUWEJ YKVJRKGEGUTCPIKPIHTQOǡOOCU*CTT[2QVVGTCPFVJG(TGPEJECTVQQPEJCTCEVGT#UVGTKZ Anna-Maria Botsari (GRC) played the most ǡKPVQǡOOǡKP consecutive games of chess, in Kalavryta, Greece, JKIJCUXGTKƒGFKP$KNCURWT on 27–28 Feb 2001. Of her 1,102 games, seven were %JJCVVKUICTJ+PFKC draws and the rest wins. /QUVEJGUUOQXGU On 17 Feb 1989, Ivan 1LNROLÉDQG*RUDQ $UVRYLÉERWK65%PDGH 269 moves in a game lasting 20 hr 15 min. *KIJGUVEJGUUTCVKPI (+&'VJG9QTNF%JGUU(GFGTCVKQPWUGUVJG'NQTCVKPI U[UVGOHQTCYCTFKPIRQKPVUVQTCPMRNC[GTUCEEQTFKPI VQǡVJGKTRGTHQTOCPEGKPOCVEJGUCPFVQWTPCOGPVU +Pǡ/C[ITCPFOCUVGT/CIPWU%CTNUGP 014CVVCKPGFVJGJKIJGUV(+&'TCVKPIGXGT QH6JKUTGUWNVGFHTQOCPKORTGUUKXG RGTHQTOCPEGVJGRTGXKQWUOQPVJCVVJG 5JCOMKT%JGUUVQWTPCOGPVKP#\GTDCKLCP %CTNUGPYJQKU9QTNF%JGUU%JCORKQP UEQTGFƒXGXKEVQTKGUCICKPUVITCPFOCUVGT QRRQPGPVUǡCPFYQPVJGEQORGVKVKQP.QPIGUVVKOGEQPUGEWVKXGN[TCPMGFEJGUUYQTNFPWODGTQPGHGOCNG(TQOǡ(GDVQǡ/CTITCPFOCUVGT,WFKV2QNIȄT*70FQOKPCVGFVJGYQOGPŨUTCPMKPIUHQTǡ[GCTUǡFC[UWPVKNQXGTVCMGPD[*QW;KHCPUGGCDQXGNGHV+P2QNIȄTCEJKGXGFCRGCMTCVKPIQHVJG highest chess rating (female) First road-traffic death 1869 DATELINEOn 31 Aug, Mary Ward, an Irish scientist, becomes the first person to die in a road accident, after falling out of her cousin’s experimental steam car. guinnessworldrecords.com 145

CHAIN REACTIONS The “domino effect” made Largest toppling domino stone Largest KVUǡGuinness World Records stickbomb debut in 1977 after Bob Measuring 9.18 m (30 ft 1.5 in) tall, 4.57 m (15 ft) wide and 5RGECǡ,T75#VQRRNGF 1.25 m (4 ft 1.5 in) thick, this outsized domino stone was Weave a number of flat sticks FQOKPQGUCVVJG7PKXGTUKV[ produced by Prudential Financial Inc. (USA). It was the last into a spring-loaded grid and QH2GPPU[NXCPKC75#QP of a series of dominoes to be toppled by members of the you’ve got yourself a stick ǡ/C[ŤDGCVKPIJKU Prudential in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, on 6 Aug 2014. bomb. Remove one, and you QYPǡRGTUQPCNDGUVQH kickstart a shockwave that Longest time for launches the sticks, one Most dominoes toppled continuous domino toppling after the other, into the air. On 13 Nov 2009, a team A team of 60 people kept 1Pǡ,WPVJG0CVKEM of 89 builders toppled a domino circle toppling High School Bomb Squad 4,491,863 dominoes in continuously for 35 min – comprising 15 students the WTC Expo center in 22 sec at the Domino Day from Natick High School Leeuwarden, Netherlands, 2008 event in Leeuwarden, in Massachusetts, USA – for Domino Day 2009. Netherlands, on 7 Nov 2008. successfully triggered a stick bomb made from 31,370 The most dominoes Tallest domino structure wooden tongue depressors. toppled by an individual is Students Michael Hörmann 321,197, achieved by Liu and Philipp Zimmermann Longest human domino line Yang (CHN) at Citic Guoan (both DEU) erected and On 12 Aug 2010, a group Grand Epoch City in Beijing, toppled a 9.17-m-high (30-ft of 10,267 people formed China, on 31 Dec 2011. 1-in) structure composed of a record-breaking human 8,044 dominoes in Buchloe, domino line at the Ordos Largest Great Germany, on 21 Apr 2014. International Nadam Fair in Ball Contraption Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. A Great Ball Contraption (GBC) is a series of modules Most dominoes – designed from LEGO® UVCEMGFǡKPǡǡUGEQPFU Technic – arranged in a loop Serial record-breaker Silvio so that a small plastic ball Sabba (ITA) built a column can pass from module to of 48 dominoes in 30 sec module. The largest yet built in Pioltello, Milan, Italy, on comprised 100 modules, and 28 Apr 2013. was erected by Maico Arts CPF$GP,QPMOCPDQVJ0.& The most dominoes at the BRICK exhibition in stacked on one domino .QPFQP7-QPǡ&GE piece is 1,055, by Sinners Domino Entertainment at the Wilhelm-Lückert- Gymnasium in Büdingen, Germany, on 12 Aug 2014. Most books toppled in a domino fashion Most bricks toppled A total of 165,384 house As part of the launch of the German edition of Guinness World Records 20165KPPGTU&QOKPQ bricks were toppled in an 'PVGTVCKPOGPV&'7CUUGODNGFEQRKGUQHVJGYQTNFŨUbest-selling annual and set unbroken line in and around them sprawling sequentially. The event took place during the Frankfurt Book Fair in Germany the city of Bremerhaven in QPǡ1EV6JGVGCOYJQJCXGVQRRNGFUGXGTCNQVJGTTGEQTFUUGGTKIJVEQPUKUVGFQH Germany on 17 Jan 2004. ǡRGQRNG+VVQQMVJGOCVNGCUVJTVQUGVWRVJGDQQMUYJKEJHGNNKPLWUVQXGTCOKPWVG The event was arranged by Röben Tonbaustoffe (DEU) and involved 1,305 volunteers from the \RXWKͤUHGHSDUWPHQWV of Cuxhaven.DATELINE 1876 First telephone call In March, the first intelligible phone call takes place in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Alexander Graham Bell (UK), who had filed his patent for the telephone on 14 Feb 1876, phones his assistant in a nearby room to say, “Mr Watson – come here – I want to see you.” 146 Toys & Games

FAST FACTS Dominoes represent all of the possible throws of a pair of dice (plus blanks) • Domino spots are known as “pips” • The start of the domino-toppling craze can be traced back to a segment on The Tonight Show (USA) in 1976Most dominoes toppled Most mousetraps Longest domino wallKPC&R[TCOKF VTKIIGTGFǡKPCNKPG Synology Inc. (TPE) in 1Pǡ,WN5KPPGTU&QOKPQ'PVGTVCKPOGPVEQPUVTWEVGF1P,WN-GXKP2ȘJNU&'7MPQEMGFQXGT Hualien, Chinese Taipei, CPFVJGPMPQEMGFFQYPCYCNNQHFQOKPQGUǡOǡHVǡFQOKPQGUVJCVJCFDGGPCUUGODNGFKPC& set off a chain reaction ǡKPNQPIEQORTKUKPIFQOKPQGUCVVJG9KNJGNOpyramid at a Pizza Express in Waren (Müritz), Germany. involving 1,508 mousetraps Lückert-Gymnasium in Büdingen, Germany. on 13 Sep 2013. In fact, 1,509 traps were initially set but one failed to snap. Fastest time to topple ǡRQTVCDNGVQKNGVU Philipp Reiche (DEU) sent 10 portable loos toppling consecutively in 11.30 sec on the set of 9KT*QNGP&GP 4GMQTF0CEJ&GWVUEJNCPF at Europa-Park in Rust, Germany, on 22 Jun 2013. Largest Rube Goldberg A 382-step Rube Goldberg PDFKLQHVHHGHͤQLWLRQ below) was demonstrated in Székesfehérvár, Hungary, on 23 Apr 2015 by a team of 11 from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Its many processes included dissolving salt into water to change its conductivity and pushing balls down slopes by means of pneumatic pistons.Most dominoes toppled in a spiral DID YOU KNOW?AcmrroTeervheaeseefretufrneieecltcagdtreoatssirumntn.mtoIrecostpeaoe’a“asldcrnitRncni)httruaywhraiiebtasmidhevtsepedoe(etkGlasidiivionebonnenaeldvcdrdf.reaygtbaonrersetftrtaierocimdltgooryhu”nanpeazlseyte5KPPGTU&QOKPQ'PVGTVCKPOGPVVQRRNGFCFQOKPQspiral for the 1HƒEKCNN[#OC\KPI TV show in Büdingen,)GTOCP[QP,WN1PVJGUCOGFC[VJGUCOGVGCOǡUGVCPGYTGEQTFHQTVJGmost mini dominoestoppled: 2,000. These diminutive dominoesOGCUWTGǡZZǡEOZZKPLARGEST RUBE GOLDBERGIN COMPETITIONThe building of Rube Goldberg machineshas become a competitive pastime, andthe most complex yet seen in competitionis the 300-step device built by the PurdueSociety of Professional Engineers RubeGoldberg Team (USA). It was activatedat the National Rube Goldberg MachineContest at Purdue University in Lafayette,Indiana, USA, on 31 Mar 2012. Its objectivewas to blow up and pop a balloon! First incandescent light bulb 1878 DATELINEOn 18 Dec, Joseph Wilson Swan (UK) reveals his incandescent light bulb (also called an “electric lamp”) in a demonstration before a gathering at the Newcastle Chemical Society, UK. It burns out quickly. guinnessworldrecords.com 147

ACTION FIGURES & DOLLS Most expensive doll (1974–87) by US artist .CTIGUVCEVKQPƒIWTGDTCPF sold at auction Elaine Diehl and valued at A rare doll by Kämmer & $8.5 m (£6 m). Modelled $CUGFQPTGVCKNƒIWTGUHTQOǡ#WIVJGEWTTGPVNCTIGUVCEVKQPƒIWTGDTCPFKU2NC[OQDKN&'7 Reinhardt (DEU), made in after the castle in Alfred YKVJCRRTQZKOCVGN[ǡOcǡOŻǡOKPTGXGPWGKP2NC[OQDKNŨUENCUUKEVQ[ 1909–12, realized £242,500 Lord Tennyson’s poem The QTKIKPCNN[MPQYPCUCū-NKEM[ŬKUCEOVCNNKPJWOCPƒIWTGVJCVƒVUCJWIGCTTC[QHUEGPCTKQU ($395,750) at Bonhams Lady of Shalott, the 9-ft-tall ŤCUCPCUVTQPCWVMPKIJVRKTCVGRQNKEGOCPCPFUQQP6JGDTCPFYCUFGXGNQRGFD[)GTOCP in London, UK, on 24 Sep (2.7-m) dolls’ house KPXGPVQT*CPU$GEMCPFJCUDGGPUQNFYQTNFYKFGUKPEG6JGFGVCKNGFCPFKPXGPVKXGUGVVKPIU 2014. The life-like contains 10,000 miniature NKOKVGFGFKVKQPUPGYKPVTQFWEVKQPUCPFFKUEQPVKPWGFNKPGUCNQPIYKVJ2NC[OQDKN68UGTKGUƒNOU doll is a little girl CPFTGCNUK\G(WP2CTMUJCXGETGCVGFCYKFG2NC[OQDKNEQOOWPKV[VJCVKPENWFGUCFWNVEQNNGEVQTU dressed in white. items, including a She is thought to grand piano ($7,000; have been a design £4,900), an ornate experiment that desk ($5,000; was abandoned. (£3,500) and a tiny portrait painted Most valuable with a single-bristle FQNNUŨǡJQWUG brush ($1,840; The 29-room £1,290). The dolls’ Astolat house weighs 800 lb Dollhouse Castle was constructed (363 kg) and boasts a over a period WRWDOͥRRUDUHDRI of 13 years almost 30 sq ft (2.78 m²). Most expensive collection Most valuable $200,000 (£124,309). The QHǡƒIWTKPGUUKPINGǡCWEVKQP .')1ǡ/KPKƒIWTG auction was conducted by A sale of Action Man and Two 14-carat solid gold Heritage Comics Auctions Star WarsͤJXULQHVDQG reproductions of Star of Dallas, Texas, USA. accessories made £180,000 Wars bounty hunter Boba ($256,800) at Vectis Toy Fett were made by the .CTIGUVEQNNGEVKQP Auction House in Thornaby, LEGO® Group in 2010 as QHǡVQ[ǡUQNFKGTU North Yorkshire, UK, on competition prizes. They are Jonathan Perry Waters 27 May 2015. Until then, YDOXHGE\WKH0LQLͤJXUH3ULFH (USA) owns 1,020 different they had languished in the Guide website at $11,495.95 toy-soldier models, as garage of retired toy-sales (£8,115) apiece. Only the YHULͤHGLQ0DFRQ*HRUJLD rep Doug Carpenter. He had ̸SULFHOHVV̹0LQLͤJXUHV USA, on 28 Feb 2016. The been allowed to keep them sent to Jupiter (see p.140) ͤJXULQHVDUHDOOVFDOH after manufacturer Palitoy could be considered more and sourced from around ceased trading in the 1980s. valuable, on account of the world. their inaccessibility! The most expensive The world’s ODUJHVWSXEOLF collection of Star Wars /QUVGZRGPUKXGVQ[UQNFKGT FROOHFWLRQRIWR\VROGLHUV ̨JXULQHVVLQJOHDXFWLRQ 7KHͤUVWKDQGFUDIWHG can be found at the Museo was also sold at Vectis. On G.I. Joe prototype was sold de los Soldaditos de Plomo 28 Jan 2015, Craig Stevens on 7 Aug 2003 by its creator in Valencia, Spain. There are (UK) – a former chairman Don Levine to Baltimore in excess of a million pieces of the UK Star Wars Fan businessman Stephen in the collection, 85,000 of &OXḚVROGͤJXULQHV A Geppi (both USA) for which are on display. in their original packaging for £41,796 ($63,209).DID YOU KNOW?dhHMoBestlaarlahhsnrtdeabdtfaneooileuelrabb.rgswsaSaphe(dhbaUritueyrsveSdalercndAtotdroBairl)eol,olmaualwnclsrsetoea.baie--dAnlapsdftgnrolhbebaaudepoeyy,nrrnaswrRndopaaahu.efegtttortrhheehmoeerfr MOST EXPENSIVE BARBIE Most expensive DOLL SOLD AT AUCTION 6WDUb:DUVƒIWTG On 10 Oct 2010, a glamorous, one-off Barbie sold #OKPVGFKVKQPQHThe Empire at Christie’s in New York City, USA, for $302,500 Strikes Back$$QDC(GVV (£189,445). The 11.5-in (29.2-cm) doll wears a CEVKQPƒIWTGKPKVURCEMCIKPI strapless black evening dress and a diamond UQNFCVCWEVKQPHQTc choker showcasing a rare pink diamond. The QPǡ,CP doll, unveiled on 4 May 2010 during Australian 6JGmost valuable Star Wars Fashion Week, was designed by celebrated CEVKQPƒIWTGKUCRTQVQV[RG jeweller Stefano Canturi (AUS). He was enlisted $QDC(GVVVJCVYCUPGXGT by Barbie manufacturer Mattel to help RTQFWEGF+VYCUNKUVGF promote the launch of the Barbie Basics range QPG$C[HQT cDWVJCFPQV in Australia, which features dolls wearing UQNFǡCUǡQHǡǡ(GD commonly available clothing. All proceeds from the sale went to breast cancer research.DATELINE 1883 Loudest noise On 27 Aug, the island-volcano Krakatoa in Indonesia explodes in an eruption. The sound is heard 5,000 km (3,100 mi) away. It is estimated to be audible over 8% of Earth’s surface and have 26 times the power of the largest ever H-bomb test. 148 Toys & Games

FAST FACTS The first LEGO Minifigures had no movable arms or legs • Barbie’s full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts • Hans Beck based his Playmobil faces on children’s drawings, showing a very large head with a smiley mouth and no nose DID YOU KNOW?arceMclkpAieminlatcsIaetnntsicei-loeofiiudtartdhnpngaioeeubrdSuesyyUraxt.s,eTitpKUislsenhoou,KnwretrUcdhtsraehSseeeernmadgeuwedsaneatAeAleonriircxfalc.ettiopt,hieirgoalseoomrnntnrandAseSdoPrcoatunishtllnao-ideodltiln,eyr,.CTIGUVEQNNGEVKQPQH$CTDKGFQNNU (CUVGUVUGNNKPI 2NC[OQDKNƒIWTG#FGXQVGGQH$CTDKGUKPEGEJKNFJQQF$GVVKPC&QTHOCPP&'7YCUVJGQYPGTCPFEWTCVQTQHCVNGCUVFKHHGTGPVFQNNUKPQTKIKPCN #EEQTFKPIVQVJGVQ[OCPWHCEVWTGTQWVƒVUCUQH1EVǡ$GVVKPCJCUDGGPEQNNGEVKPIUKPEG CƒIWTGQHVJEGPVWT[2TQVGUVCPVCPFJGTVTGCUWTGUKPENWFGPWOGTQWUXKPVCIGGFKVKQPU/QUVRTK\GF TGHQTOGT/CTVKP.WVJGTUQNFQWVCPFTCTGQHCNNKUVJGXGT[ƒTUV$CTDKGCVVKTGFKPCUKORNGUVTKRGF CNNWPKVUYKVJKPǡJTQHKVUUYKOUWKVYJQFGDWVGFQPǡ/CTŤ$CTDKGŨUQHƒEKCNDKTVJFC[ TGNGCUGKP(GDǡ.WVJGTHQWPFGF VJG2TQVGUVCPV%JWTEJKP)GTOCP[ .CTIGUV YJGTGQHVJGUCNGUQEEWTTGF 6TCPUHQTOGTU 6JGVQ[YCUKUUWGFCJGCFQHVJG toy VJCPPKXGTUCT[QHVJG2TQVGUVCPV 4GHQTOCVKQPKP 4GNGCUGFKP#WIǡ VJG6KVCPENCUU The ODUJHVWSULYDWH /GVTQRNGZKUDKNNGF FROOHFWLRQRIGLRUDPDV D[ǡ*CUDTQ75#VJG numbers 333 different items and belongs to Nabil Karam QHƒEKCNOCMGTQHVJG (LBN). They were counted in NQPITWPPKPIVQ[ Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon, on NKPGCUVJGNCTIGUV 17 Nov 2011 in celebration 6TCPUHQTOGTU of GWR Day. A diorama is a model scene, typically of a #WVQDQVGXGTUQNF famous battle, containing #VǡKPǡEOVCNN toy soldiers and vehicles as /GVTQRNGZUWTRCUUGFVJG well as buildings, trees and RTGXKQWUTGEQTFJQNFGT other landscape features. (QTVTGUU/CZKOWUTGNGCUGFKP D[ǡKPǡEO9JGPPQV (KTUVCEVKQPƒIWTG KPTQDQVHQTO/GVTQRNGZECP DGVTCPUHQTOGFKPVQCDCVVNG 6CMGPHTQOCUEQOKEUVTKR UVCVKQPXGJKENGQTGXGPCP )+ǡ,QGYCUNCWPEJGFD[*CUDTQKP GPVKTGEKV[+VUTKXCNCPF 6YQ[GCTUNCVGTKVYCUNKEGPUGF GSWKXCNGPVKU6T[RVKEQPQH VQ$TKVKUJVQ[OCMGT2CNKVQ[CU#EVKQP VJGǡXKNNCKPQWU&GEGRVKEQPU /CP/QTGVJCP[GCTUQP)+,QG ƒIWTGUCTGUVKNNDGKPIRTQFWEGF6JG QTKIKPCNƒIWTGYKVJCTVKEWNCVGF LQKPVUYCUKPXGPVGFD[&QP.GXKPG *CUDTQŨU8KEG2TGUKFGPVCUC DQ[UŨCNVGTPCVKXGVQ$CTDKG FQNNU)+,QGJCUUKPEG DGEQOGCUVCTQH68 ƒNOCPFXKFGQICOGU First skyscraper 1885 DATELINE The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, USA, is completed. The so-called “Father of the Skyscraper” towers10 storeys high, with its peak at 42 m (138 ft). It will go on to be dwarfed by later builds, but is gargantuan for its day. guinnessworldrecords.com 149

PUZZLES 100% 5OCNNGUVEQOOGTEKCNN[ Scrabble Players’ CXCKNCDNGLKIUCYRW\\NG Association (WESPA) ŤRKGEGU rules and used the Collins Scrabble Wordlist. 6QOCZQH%JKPCRTQFWEGUCTCPIGQHRKGEGLKIUCYUOGCUWTKPI ZEOZKPŤVJGUK\GQHCP#UJGGVQHRCRGT The highest opening The puzzles depict famous works of art and world heritage score in a Scrabble landmarks; pictured above is the corner of a jigsaw showing the tournament is 126, for ancient Inca citadel of Machu Picchu in the Peruvian Andes. MUZJIKS (with a blank 'CEJǡRKGEGKUCDQWVQPGVJKTFQHVJGUK\GQHCTGIWNCTLKIUCYRKGEG for the U). It was played by Jesse Inman (USA) on Oldest unsolved and, according to some 26 July 2008 at the National .CTIGUVLKIUCYRW\\NG PWODGTǡRTQDNGO historians, right back to Scrabble Championship in A “perfect number” is a Euclid, 500 years earlier. Orlando, Florida, USA. 6JKUIKICPVKELKIUCYRW\\NGOGCUWTGFOqǡUSǡHV number that equals the Over the centuries other ŤNCTIGTVJCPCUQEEGTRKVEJŤCPFEQPUKUVGFQHRKGEGU sum of its factors excluding mathematicians, including Most wins of the World &GXKUGFD[)TGCV'CUV#UKC5WTXG[QTU%QPUWNVCPVU%QKV itself. The smallest is Pierre de Fermat and René 2W\\NG%JCORKQPUJKR was assembled by 777 people at the former Kai Tak Airport 6 – its factors (the whole Descartes, have attempted D[ǡCPǡKPFKXKFWCN KP*QPIǡ-QPI%JKPCQPǡ0QX'CEJRKGEGOGCUWTGF numbers that divide into 6 a solution, without success. Ulrich Voigt (DEU) has CǡOCZKOWOQHZOǡHVǡKPZǡHVǡKP exactly) are 1, 2 and 3, and won the World Puzzle the sum of these factors Highest score in Championship 10 times. also comes to 6. The next Cǡ5ETCDDNGǡVQWTPCOGPV He took the gold medal in three perfect numbers are On 21 Jan 2012, Toh Weibin 2000–01, 2003, 2005–06, 28, 496 and 8,128. All the (SGP) scored 850 points 2008–09 and 2012–14. perfect numbers discovered in a tournament match Voigt’s last win came in so far are even – but could against Rik Kennedy (UK) London, UK, on 17 Aug a perfect number ever be at the Northern Ireland 2014 at the 23rd annual odd? This puzzle perplexed Scrabble Championship championships. the ancient Greeks, back in Belfast, UK. The game to Nicomachus of Gerasa was conducted under Largest commercially LQWKHVWFHQWXU\ΑΌ World English-language CXCKNCDNGLKIUCYRW\\NG Made by Ravensburger LARGEST WORD SEARCH PUZZLE (DEU), the largest puzzle .CTIGUVOGEJCPKECNRW\\NG measures 5.4 x 1.9 m (17 ft Pictured below, and as a background to these pages, 8.6 in x 6 ft 2.8 in). First sold A “mechanical” puzzle is an interlocking puzzle created is part of a word search containing 10,500 words in Sep 2014, the jigsaw is from separate pieces (typically wooden), one of which hidden among 129,600 letters. The puzzle was created called “New York Window” holds the whole structure together. Swiss construction by Ashish Dutt Sharma (IND) in Rajasthan, India, and and depicts an ultra-detailed company Foffa Conrad created the largest such puzzle – a verified on 18 Oct 2015. Prof Sharma, Principal of the view of the city skyline. six-piece challenge known as a “Devil’s Knot” – in Valchava, Apex Institute of Engineering & Technology in Jaipur, 5YKV\GTNCPFQPǡ#RT'CEJRKGEGOGCUWTGFO worked on the word search for 10 years. He filled it The largest commercially ǡHVǡǡKPNQPIǡEOǡHVǡKPYKFGCPFǡEOVJKEM with technical words – and also the names of various available jigsaw puzzle scientists and inventors – to teach these terms to his by number of pieces is engineering students. “Wildlife”, an African panorama made by Educa (ESP) in 2014, featuring 33,600 pieces. DID YOU KNOW?ofiwtmsheeLepraaocevrGrosfbacgposmiyhsevuirtbasehmbttnblnuieiWulnennettdmahooddwtbereribhdooyelseairndiSbrcvdzsseheeoesarmia.fatoarTnpcfootdhcheofTreeelftehfiyPee.weturnnahsoWztir,atzireaiiltodtvejlrsoe,illsaiedtlnhtni’ssteadetdtr Largest FIRST… OWNVKUWFQMWǡRW\\NG Beijing Sudoku Association %TQUUYQTFRW\\NG (CHN) created a multi-sudoku On 21 Dec 1913, a puzzle of 200 standard grids crossword puzzle appeared in Beijing, China, on 25 Jul in the Sunday “Fun” section 2015. The event was part of the US newspaper of the 2015 World Junior 0GYǡ;QTM9QTNF. Created Sudoku Championship. by Arthur Wynne (UK), itDATELINE 1886 First newspaper with a print run of 1 million Ushering in a new era for mass media, French daily Le Petit Journal surpasses the 1-million circulation mark. Its popularity is likely a result of its small format and low price. 150 Toys & Games

FAST FACTS The first crossword was originally called a “word-cross” • The construction of crosswords is termed “cruciverbalism” • Modern sudoku was invented by Howard Garns (USA), although he called it “Number Place”CROSSWORD CHAMPIONSHIPSWhen it comes to solving cryptic crosswords, theserecord-breaking wordsmiths have all the right answers.THE TIMES NATIONAL CROSSWORD CHAMPIONSHIPTitle Holder Record Date(s) of winMost wins John Sykes (UK)  Ť  CPFMost consecutive Mark Goodliffe (UK,  Ťwins pictured above)AMERICAN CROSSWORD PUZZLE TOURNAMENTMost wins ,QP&GNƒP75# 7 Ť 1995, 1999 CPFǡŤMost consecutive Dan Feyer (USA) 6 ŤwinsYoungest winner Tyler Hinman (USA, ǡ[GCTU /CT Dǡǡ0QX ǡFC[UOldest winner Doug “The Iceman” ǡ[GCTU /CT *Q[NOCP75#ǡ,WN ǡFC[U Ť0QXwas based on a diamond- The ̨UVWFURVVZRUG .QPIGUVTWPPKPIRW\\NGYQTNFEJCORKQPUJKRshaped grid, had simple, made up entirely of crypticnon-cryptic clues and no clues appeared in 1925 The World Puzzle Federation, currently based in the Czech Republic, has organized an internationalblacked-out squares. in a Saturday edition of RW\\NGEQPVGUVUKPEG#NNQHVJGEJCNNGPIGUEQPVGUVGFCVVJG9QTNF2W\\NG%JCORKQPUJKR the British newspaper are simple, logic-based puzzles that can be understood irrespective of your language. Pictured Needless to say, the ̨UVW 9GUVOKPUVGT)C\GVVG. CDQXGKUǡCRW\\NGHTQOVJG2W\\NG)TCPF2TKZ6YQQHVJGUGKOCIGUCTGKFGPVKECNCPFCNNcrossword clue appeared Although cryptic elements [QWǡJCXGǡVQǡFQKUƒPFVJGO5GGJQYNQPIKVVCMGU[QWБ(QTVJGCPUYGTUGG5VQR2TGUUin the same puzzle. The had appeared withincrossword had no 1-across, crosswords before, Edward The ̨UVWFURVVZRUGERRN instant success and helped Videogame toVRWKHͤUVWFOXHZDVSODFHG Powys Mathers (UK) – who appeared in the USA in 1924. establish Simon & Schuster, KORTQXGǡDTCKPǡHWPEVKQPat 2-across. The clue was later set crosswords under 6JG%TQUU9QTF2W\\NG$QQM who continue to produce In 1991, Richard Haier of“What bargain hunters the name “Torquemada” – ZDVWKHͤUVWSXEOLFDWLRQ crossword books. the University of Californiaenjoy.” The answer? “Sales.” used only cryptic clues. He by Dick Simon and Lincoln at Irvine (USA) scanned is often called the inventor Schuster (both USA); a 5WFQMW9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKR the brains of 6GVTKU players. of the cryptic crossword. compilation of crosswords 7KHͤUVW:RUOG6XGRNX Haier discovered that, from US newspaper 0GY Championship was staged in new players, cerebral ;QTM9QTNF, it was an by the World Puzzle glucose metabolic rates Federation in Lucca, Italy, soared; after playing daily on 10–11 Mar 2006. for up to eight weeks, brain Accountant Jana Tylová IXQFWLRQLQJDQGHͦFLHQF\ (CZE) beat 85 players from VLJQLͤFDQWO\LPSURYHGDQG 22 countries, and was the success rates at the game only woman in the top 18. rose sevenfold! /QUVRGQRNGRNC[KPI UWFQMWǡUKOWNVCPGQWUN[ 1Pǡ/C[CVQVCNQHUVWFGPVURCTGPVU teachers and alumni from Yan Chai Hospital Lim Por Yen Secondary School in Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong, China, took part in a mass session of sudoku at the nearby Shing Mun Valley Sports Ground. Oldest surviving film 1888 DATELINE Using a single-lens camera and paper film, French inventor Louis Le Prince records a two-second, silent “home movie” of his family and friends in Roundhay Garden, Leeds, UK. guinnessworldrecords.com 151

CONSTRUCTION TOYS Most LEGO brick castles built in one minute 2Q2FWWKH VHFRQGGD\RI%5,&. (G'LPHQW8.EXLOW FDVWOHVLQVHF̰DQ DYHUDJHFRQVWUXFWLRQWLPH RIVHFSHUFDVWOH+LV UHFRUGZDVHTXDOOHGWZR GD\VODWHUDWWKHVDPH HYHQWE\-DFN&ODUNH8. Fastest Jenga Most contributors Largest modelling-balloon VQYGTNGXGNU to an interlocking UEWNRVWTGD[CPKPFKXKFWCN RNCUVKEDTKEMǡUEWNRVWTG $TQVJGTU6[NGTCPF4[CP $WRWDORIYROXQWHHUV 1Pǡ,WNCV6JCPMUIKXKPI2QKPVKP.GJK7VCJ75# /GCUGNDQVJǡ75#UVCEMGF IURPORFDWLRQVLQ+RQJ ,GTGO[6GNHQTF75#WPXGKNGFCOCIPKƒEGPVTGUVKPI WRCNGXGN,GPICVQYGT .RQJ&KLQDKHOSHGWR DCNNQQPFQIOCFGHTQODCNNQQPUCPFOGCUWTKPI ŤHQNNQYKPIVJGTWNGUQHVJG EXLOGDVFXOSWXUHIURP0HJD ZǡOǡHVǡKPZǡHVǡKP ICOGŤKPǡOKPǡUGE %ORNVEHWZHHQ-XODQG KPǡ2KNGUITQXG0GY,GTUG[ $XJ7KHHYHQW 75#QPǡ,WP ZDVVSRQVRUHGE\0HDG -RKQVRQ1XWULWLRQDQG Tallest LEGO® brick zigzag 0DWWHO(DVW$VLDERWK structure in 30 seconds +.*DQGWKHEULFNVZHUH (one hand) ODWHUGRQDWHGWRFKDULW\ 2Q1RY̰WKHͤQDO GD\RIWKH%5,&.HYHQW Longest LEGO brick /QUVRTQNKƒEXKFGQICOG Largest commercially LQFOXGHPLQDUHWVGRPHV VWDJHGDWWKH1(&LQ structure series based on a toy CXCKNCDNG.')1UGV ͤQLDOVDQGDUFKHV %LUPLQJKDP8.̰/HRQ,S 2UJDQL]HGE\&RQVRU]LR 6LQFHWKHODXQFKRILEGO 'HVLJQHGIRU̸H[SHULHQFHG 8.VLQJOHKDQGHGO\ (VHUFHQWL&&6KRSYLOOH/H Island0LQGVFDSH EXLOGHUV̹WKHSLHFH 7KHlargest commercially DVVHPEOHGOHYHOVRI *UXDPLOOLSHGHDVORQJDV WKHVHULHVKDVSURGXFHG 7DM0DKDODOVRVHHS available LEGO Technic EULFNVLQD]LJ]DJVKDSH 2O\PSLFVZLPPLQJSRROV JDPHVLQVSLUHGE\WKH PHDVXUHV[FP setLVWKHVFDOH ZDONHGRIIZLWKWKLVUHFRUG IDPRXVEULFNDVRI)HE IWLQ[IWLQZKHQ 0HUFHGHV%HQ]8QLPRJ8 LQ7XULQ,WDO\RQ)HE $VZHOODVUHFHQW FRPSOHWHG)HDWXUHVIURP WUXFNZKLFKFRPSULVHV ,WZDVP JDPHVLEGO Dimensions WKHLFRQLF,QGLDQWHPSOH SLHFHV7KHYHKLFOH IWLQORQJDQG DQGMarvel’s AvengersWKLV IHDWXUHVDSQHXPDWLFDOO\ PDGHIURPEULFNV WRWDOLQFOXGHVWLWOHVIRUWKH /(*2*URXS̵V%,21,&/( IUDQFKLVHQXPHURXV LARGEST K’NEX SCULPTURE HQWHUWDLQPHQWOLFHQFHV PRELOHJDPHVHGXFDWLRQDO This full-sized replica of the Bloodhound SSC (supersonic JDPHVDQGVSRUW\VSLQRIIV car) – 3.87 m (12 ft 8.3 in) high, 2.44 m (8 ft) wide and 13.38 m (43 ft 10.7 in) long – comprises more than 350,000 K’Nex pieces. It took 1,280 hr of assembly time by the BLOODHOUND SSC RBLI K’NEX Build Team (UK) and was measured at the Royal British Legion Industry HQ in Aylesford, Kent, UK, on 26 Aug 2014. The supersonic car itself – which is jet-powered and designed to reach more than 1,600 km/h (1,000 mph) – is aiming to beat the land-speed record in 2016.DATELINE 1889 First production car factory René Panhard and Émile Levassor (both FRA) build the Panhard-Levassor factory in France. Their first production car is ready by the following year. 152 Toys & Games

FAST FACTS Meccano was patented in 1901 by Frank Hornby (UK) as “Mechanics Made Easy” • As of 2015, there were 3,600 different types of LEGO element • Jenga’s inventor, Leslie Scott, took the name from the Swahili for “build”Largest Meccano structure .CTIGUV.')1DTKEMECTCXCP1Pǡ,WNVJG5EJQQNQH#TEJKVGEVWTGCV3WGGPŨU 6JKUHWNNUK\GFECTCXCPYCUDWKNVHTQO.')1DTKEMU7PKXGTUKV[$GNHCUV7-RTGUGPVGFCDTKFIGEQPUVTWEVGFHTQO D[0%%0CVKQPCN%CTCXCP%QWPEKN'XGPVUCPFTCVKƒGFKPǡRKGEGUQH/GEECPQ6JGUVTWEVWTGŤDWKNVQXGT$GNHCUVŨU $QTFQP'CUV*CORUJKTG7-QPǡ1EV6JGONQPI%NCTGPFQP&QEMD[VJKTF[GCTGPIKPGGTKPIUVWFGPVUCPFNQECN HVKPECTCXCPVQQMYGGMUVQCUUGODNGCPFHGCVWTGUUEJQQNEJKNFTGPŤOGCUWTGFǡOǡHVǡKPNQPI+VYCU CƒVVGFMKVEJGPCDGFTWPPKPIYCVGTCPFGNGEVTKEKV[QHƒEKCNN[QRGPGFD[VJG*GCFQH5EJQQN2TQH6TGXQT9JKVVCMGTCPF/GEECPQŨU/GEECPQKF)ǡ-5TQDQVKPUGV Largest LEGO brick mammothSRZHUHGFUDQHZLWKZRUNLQJ 7KHmost modelling 1Pǡ0QXCVVJG$4+%-GXGPVKP$KTOKPIJCO7-$TKIJVJUDEEHUDQGDUHFRYHU\ balloon sculptures made $TKEMU7-WPXGKNGFVJGKTTWIIGF+EG#IGIKCPVYJKEJYCUZLQFKRQWKHIURQW,WDOVR in 24 hoursLV̰PRUH COKIJV[ǡOǡHVǡKPVCNNǡOǡHVǡKPNQPIKDVZRUNLQJVWHHULQJIRXU CPFǡOǡHVǡKPYKFG1PVJGUCOGFC[$TKIJV$TKEMUZKHHOGULYHDQGVXVSHQVLRQ WKDQIRXUSHU RTGUGPVGFVJGlargest LEGO brick moaCNGII[DKTFǡOǡHVDJHDUEORFNIRUJURXQG PLQXWH̰E\7LP ǡKPVCNNǡOǡHVǡǡKPNQPICPFǡOǡHVǡKPYKFGFOHDUDQFHDQGDQHQJLQH 7KXUPRQG86$ZLWKPRYLQJSLVWRQV LQ1RUWKYLOOHLargest modelling-balloon 0LFKLJDQ86$sculpture made in the shape RQ̰$SUQHC.')1ǡ/KPKƒIWTG /DUU\0RVVDQGKLVWHDPDOO86$WRRNWKUHHGD\VDQGEDOORRQVWRPDNHDPIWLQVFXOSWXUHLQWKHOLNHQHVVRID/(*20LQLͤJXUHSUHVHQWHGRQ1RYLQ/RQGRQ8.Most modelling-balloonsculptures made in an hour-RKQ&DVVLG\86$WZLVWHGEDOORRQVKDSHVLQRQHKRXUDW%XFNV&RXQW\&RPPXQLW\&ROOHJHLQ1HZWRZQ3HQQV\OYDQLD86$RQ1RY First radio patent 1896 DATELINE On 2 Jun, a patent for a system of communication by means of electromagnetic waves is granted to the Italian-Irish inventor Guglielmo Marconi. guinnessworldrecords.com 153

VIDEOGAMES GALLERY Now in its 10th year, our DID YOU KNOW?20HMco0ogeni2marcKe ,mriapwonoteesgfthGorrtateiofhsmutntdiie’nvnsuisenbnchcXeeggthebtiaesoaaowmaensxtrarebiLvltsnsyoeiitsvcgeceleeeanhrcl.reosaiaglcnmfdnetolhe-ieransdovcieonaiaddsle. Gamer’s Edition is going from strength to strength. ;QWŨNNƒPFKVLCORCEMGFYKVJDTGCVJ VCMKPIICOGRNC[NCTIGTVJCPNKHG XNQIIGTUCPFG5RQTVURTQUCPF GXGPǡCHGYCHHGEVKQPCVGPQFUVQ XKPVCIGCTECFGICOKPI*GTG YGRTGUGPVCUGNGEVKQPQH some of the amazing RKEVWTGUYGŨXGVCMGP QHQWTTGEQTF DTGCMKPIICOGTU 1 2 3 HIGHEST-EARNING 1 TALLEST ARCADE CABINET 2 LONGEST FIFA MARATHON 3 FASTEST COMPLETION 4 PRO GAMER (FEMALE) #VCPCUVQPKUJKPIǡHVǡKPǡO 1PŤ0QX%JTKUVQRJGT%QQM7- OF THE LEGEND OF ZELDA: -CVū/[UVKMŬ)WPP75#JCUGCTPGF JKIJǡǡHVǡǡKPǡOYKFGCPFǡHVǡKPǡO CǡEQOOKVVGFICOGTCPFUQEEGTHCPEQODKPGF OCARINA OF TIME cKPRTK\GOQPG[UKPEGUJGVWTPGF FGGR,CUQP%CODGTKUŨ75##TECFGǡ&GNWZGKU JKUVYQQDUGUUKQPUVQUGVCPGYTGEQTFHQT 1P/CT,QGNū,QFGPUVQPGŬ'MOCP RTQǡKP5JGUVCTVGFQWVKPVJGƒIJVKPI CNOQUVVJTGGVKOGUVJGUK\GQHCENCUUKECTECFG the longest (+(#OCTCVJQPRNC[KPIVJGICOG RKEVWTGFUVQTOGFVJTQWIJ0KPVGPFQŨU ICOGUEGPGUEQTKPIVQRVJTGGƒPKUJGUKPVYQ ECDKPGV6JGUECNGFWROCEJKPGYQWNFDGLWUV EQPVKPWQWUN[HQTǡJTǡOKP*GRNC[GFOQTG GRKEKPCOKPFDNQYKPIǡOKPǡǡUGE*KU &GCFǡQT#NKXGVQWTPCOGPVUDWVVJGDKIIGUV VJGTKIJVJGKIJVHQT5WNVCP-ȘUGPVJGtallest VJCPOCVEJGUDQVJQPNKPGCPFQHHNKPG TGEQTFQPN[UVQQFWPVKN,WNJQYGXGTYJGP RTK\GYKPQHJGTECTGGTYCUHQT man livingDWVGXGT[QPGGNUGJCUVQUVCPF FWTKPIJKUCVVGORV%JTKUVQRJGTŨUGZJCWUVKPI KVYCUDGCVGPD[CP#OGTKECPICOGTMPQYP ƒTUVRNCEGKPVJGVGNGXKUGFEQORGVKVKQPWCG QPCEJCKTQTHGVEJCNCFFGTKPQTFGTVQTGCEJ ICOKPIUGUUKQPYCUQTICPK\GFVQTCKUGOQPG[ QPN[CUū5MCVGTŬYJQUCXGF*[TWNGKP 7NVKOCVG)COGT6JKUEQPVGUVEJCNNGPIGF VJGKPYKFGEODWVVQPU6JGECDKPGV HQTVJGEJCTKV[5RGEKCN'HHGEVYJKEJETGCVGU ǡOKPǡUGE$QVJRNC[GTUWUGFINKVEJGU G5RQTVURTQUVQEQORGVGKPICOGUCUFKXGTUG KUHWNN[HWPEVKQPCNCPFECPRNC[CǡXCTKGV[QH CFCRVKXGEQPVTQNNGTUVJCVCNNQYRGQRNGYKVJ CPFVTKEMUVQUMKRJWIGRQTVKQPUQHVJGICOG as /CTKQǡ-CTV, Rock BandCPF*CNQ4GCEJ. ENCUUKECTECFGICOGU FKUCDKNKVKGUVQRNC[XKFGQICOGU YJKEJVCMGUOQUVRNC[GTUCDQWVJTDATELINE 1901 First Nobel prizes On 10 Dec, the first of the world-famous awards are given for contributions to Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and Peace. 154 Toys & Games

4 6757FASTEST COMPLETION 5 LONGEST 6 MOST KOs ON SUPER 7 GAMER’S EDITIONOF ASSASSIN’S CREED II JOURNEY IN MINECRAFT SMASH BROS. BRAWL These record1P/CT(TCPȊQKUū(GFŬ(GFGTURKGN ;QW6WDGT-WTV,/CE75#UGVQWVHQT -NC[VQP5EJCWHNGT75#TGEQTFGFCPCOC\KPI holders were all photographed forFCUJGFVJTQWIJ#UUCUUKPŨU%TGGF++KPǡJT MinecraftŨUHCDNGF(CT.CPFUKP/CTǡ MPQEMQWVICOGHQTVJG)94%JCNNGPIGTU our dedicated Gamer’s Edition. Fully updated and illustrated, itǡOKPOQYKPIFQYPJWPFTGFUQHIWCTFU CPFJCFEQXGTGFǡDNQEMUǡMO YGDUKVGQPǡ(GD2NC[KPICU<GTQ5WKV is packed with speed-runs, high scores and other amazingCPFMPQEMKPIQXGTCYJQNGEKV[ŨUYQTVJQH ǡOKD[ǡ/CT6JG(CT.CPFU 5COWU-NC[VQPFKURCVEJGFJKUQRRQPGPVUD[ achievements.D[UVCPFGTUVQTGCEJJKUVCTIGVU(TCPȊQKU NKGDG[QPFVJGPQTOCNICOGRNC[CTGCYJGTG UVCPFKPICVVJGGFIGQHVJGOCRQP(NCVǡ<QPGǡKUCRTQNKƒEURGGFTWPPGTYKVJCNQXGQHVJG GTTQTUKPVJGICOGŨUEQFGUVCTVRTQFWEKPI CPFNCWPEJKPIVJGOKPVQVJGQHHUETGGPūDNCUV#UUCUUKPŨU%TGGFUGTKGUŤJGCNUQUGVTGEQTFU NCPFUECRGUVJCVNQQMNKMGEQNQUUCNVGTOKVG NKPGŬ-NC[VQPCNUQUGVVJGTGEQTFHQTVJGlongestfor the fastest completion of Assassin’s Creed: OQWPFU6JG[JCXGPGXGTDGGPTGCEJGFQP hammer throw on Mario & Sonic at the OlympicBrotherhoodCPFAssassin’s Creed: Revelations, HQQVDGHQTGCPFGXGPCHVGTƒXG[GCTUQHVTCXGN Games*GVJTGYVJGJCOOGTǡOǡHVKPǡJTOKPCPFǡJTǡOKPTGURGEVKXGN[ -WTVYCUNGUUVJCPQHVJGYC[VJGTG ǡKPWUKPI8GEVQTVJG%TQEQFKNG First land-speed record set with an internal combustion engine 1902 DATELINE On 5 Aug, millionaire playboy William K Vanderbilt, driving a Mors racing car, achieves a speed of 76.08 mph (122.43 km/h) in Ablis, France. guinnessworldrecords.com 155

ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTUREDATELINE 1903 First power-driven flight At 10:35 a.m. on 17 Dec, Orville Wright (USA) flies the 9-kW (12-hp) chain-driven Flyer I, built with his brother Wilbur, for 120 ft (36.5 m) near Kitty Hawk in North Carolina, USA. The flight lasts for about 12 sec, at an altitude of 8–12 ft (2.4–3.6 m). 156 Engineering & Architecture

CONTENTS 158ENGINEERING 160& ARCHITECTURE 162FACTOGRAPHIC 164DOMES 166WALLS 168MAZESWATER PARKSEPIC ENGINEERINGFastest monowheel1Pǡ5GRFTKXGT-GXKP5EQVVRKEVWTGFCPFVJG7-/QPQYJGGN6GCOCNN7-CEJKGXGFCURGGFQHǡMOJǡORJYKVJWarHorseCOQPQYJGGNOQVQTE[ENGCV'NXKPIVQPCKTƒGNFKP0QTVJ;QTMUJKTG7-5EQVVDTQMGVJGRTGXKQWUURGGFTGEQTFHQTUKPINGYJGGNOQVQTE[ENKPIŤǡMOJǡORJUGVD[-GTT[ǡ/E.GCP75#CV+TYKPFCNG5RGGFYC[KP%CNKHQTPKC75#QPǡ,CP6JGVGCOURGPVVYQ[GCTUDWKNFKPIWarHorse,YJKEJKPENWFGUCECTDQPƒDTGHTCOGCPFEWUVQOOCFGRCTVUDWVVJGTGUWNVOQTGVJCPLWUVKƒGFCNNVJCVGHHQTV6JGQVJGTOGODGTUQHVJGTGEQTFDTGCMKPIVGCOKPENWFGF2GVGT1TVQP2GVGT-C[CPF6KO/CPP 1PGOCLQTEJCNNGPIGVQOQPQYJGGNTKFGTUKUCXQKFKPICūIGTDKNKPEKFGPVŬŤKPYJKEJVJGFTKXGTCEEKFGPVCNN[NQQRUCTQWPFYKVJVJGQWVGTYJGGNKPUVGCFQHTGOCKPKPIUGCVGFCVVJGDCUG*CRRKN[-GXKPǡCEJKGXGFVJGTGEQTFURGGFYKVJQWVūIGTDKNK\KPIŬ Largest diamond 1905 DATELINE On 26 Jan, a 3,106-carat diamond is found at the Premier Diamond Mine, near Pretoria in SouthAfrica. It is later named “The Cullinan” and presented to the reigning British monarch, Edward VII.guinnessworldrecords.com 157

FACTOGRAPHICENGINEERING 1 1For thousands of years, buildings were created from natural substances such as mud, ice, clay, 3 BURJ KHALIFAUVQPGǡCPFYQQF1XGTVKOGJQYGXGTJWOCPKV[JCUCOCUUGFGXGTOQTGKPXGPVKXGYC[UQHFGXGNQRKPI ABRAJ AL-BAIT Location: Dubai, UAE TOWERS (AKA Completed: 2010KPPQXCVKXGOCVGTKCNUCPFVGEJPKSWGUVJCVJCXGTGFGƒPGFVJGRQUUKDKNKVKGUQHCTEJKVGEVWTG+PETGFKDN[ MAKKAH ROYAL Height: 828 m (2,717 ft) CLOCK TOWER) Floors:SOXVRQHGKIJVQHVJGVQRVCNNGUVDWKNFKPIUKPVJGYQTNFJCXGDGGPEQORNGVGFUKPEGVJGVWTPQHVJGǡEGPVWT[ EHORZJURXQG Location: 0HFFD Number of steps: 2,909ŤCPFXKTVWQUQGPIKPGGTKPIKUEQPUVCPVN[TGYTKVKPIVJGTGEQTFDQQMU$GNQYYGRTGUGPVCǡUPCRUJQV 6DXGL$UDELD Elevator top speed:PSHU Completed: 2012 VHFIWLQSHUVHFQHǡVJGVCNNGUVDWKNFKPIUCUQHŤYKVJUQOGENCUUKEQNFGTUVTWEVWTGUCNQPIUKFGHQTǡEQORCTKUQP Height: 601 m (1,972 ft) Additional information: Floors: SOXVWKUHH ̽7KHfastest time to climb6JGJGKIJVUCTGECNEWNCVGFVQVJGVCNNGUVūCTEJKVGEVWTCNŬRQKPVQHVJGDWKNFKPIFKUEQWPVKPIƒZVWTGU EHORZJURXQG Elevator top speed: PSHU the Burj KhalifaLVKUUWEJCUCPVGPPCGQTHNCIRQNGU6JKUKUVJGCRRTQCEJCFQRVGFD[VJG%QWPEKNQPǡ6CNN$WKNFKPIUCPF VHFIWLQSHUVHF PLQVHFE\$ODLQ Additional information: 5REHUW)5$RQ7TDCP*CDKVCV%6$7*YJGPOGCUWTKPIVJGYQTNFŨUVCNNGUVDWKNFKPIU 5 ̽7 KH'RNDDHFORFNIDFHLV 0DU ̽7 KHfastest time to climb97 TAIPEI 101 PIWLQGLDPHWHU the Burj Khalifa on a ̰WKHlargest clock face bicycleLVKUPLQZIFENG TOWER INTERNATIONAL Location: 7DLSHL&KLQHVH ̽7 KHVSLUHDWWKHWRSRIWKH VHFE\9LWWRULR%UXPRWWL COMMERCE 7DLSHL EXLOGLQJLVFDSSHGZLWK ,7$RQ2FWLocation: Nanjing, China CENTRE Completed: 2004 DJROGPRVDLFFUHVFHQWCompleted: 2010 Height: 508 m (1,667 ft) WKDWZHLJKVWRQQHV 2Height: 450 m (1,476 ft) Location: +RQJ.RQJ&KLQD Floors: SOXVͤYH OEFloors:SOXVͤYH Completed: 2010 EHORZJURXQGEHORZJURXQG Height: 484 m (1,588 ft) Number of steps: 2,046 3Elevator top speed:PSHU Floors:SOXVIRXU Elevator top speed:PVHFIWSHUVHF EHORZJURXQG SHUVHFIWLQSHUVHF 4Additional information: Number of steps: 2,120 Additional information:̽7 KHGHVLJQRIWKHWRZHU Elevator top speed:PSHU ̽7KHmost steps climbed VHFIWLQSHUVHF LQFRUSRUDWHVVN\JDUGHQV Additional information: on a bicycleLVE\ WKDWZLQGWKHLUZD\XS ̽+LJKO\HQHUJ\HͦFLHQWIRU .U\VWLDQ+HUED32/DW WKHID©DGH WKH7DLSHLLQKU DEXLOGLQJRIVXFKDVL]H PLQRQ0DU +HZHQWIURPWKHͤUVWͥRRUDID YOU KNOW?bOu3tErh,siig8glmeyd0iGnpia0entarldylgelieilsea,fiyrbattmcut1hrPeh4soieyla,rr6dBrtene.iahu5mnttmi rhmogsajdai3oiKd(nnarn4hyade fi8aEt’d-s1vclaGit teefrfhiantatzte)lhi.talmtuBt.eaiarusnellytltsl,e-fBsoCtrE 7 WRWKHQGͥRRUWKHQWRRN DQHOHYDWRUEDFNGRZQ EHIRUHFOLPELQJDJDLQWKLV WLPHWRWKHVWͥRRU 65 8 910

DID YOU KNOW?2“4ahnBtarahFuesp rsis1ollpttsed0mo.otsiO2rodnse2rfssgwyoefi0t”obwyeo0cfrslofio4aelear-tfsyrltakhfwlovgse ynes,airo,2eovbEtitr0lwneiuhmkeo0ngtceenn8ptrtoab1,ihdsfvru0tpeeeteehirw3orcrleiSredk.vttdtaiioatanskottgeaeeLeaning Tower of Pisa Statue of Liberty Eiffel Tower Empire State BuildingHeight:PIWLQ̸KLJK̹VLGH Height:PIWLQ Height: PIW Height:PIWCompleted: Completed: 1886 Completed: 1889 Completed: 6 410 8 SHANGHAI ONE WORLD 2 WORLD TRADE CENTERWILLIS TOWER PETRONAS FINANCIAL SHANGHAI TWIN TOWERS CENTER Location: 1HZ<RUN&LW\86$ TOWERLocation: &KLFDJR86$ Completed: 2014Completed: 1974 Location: .XDOD/XPSXU Location: Shanghai, China Height: PIW Location: Shanghai, ChinaHeight: PIW 0DOD\VLD Completed: 2008 Floors: SOXVͤYH Completed: 2015Floors: SOXVWKUHH Completed: 1998 Height: 492 m (1,614 ft) EHORZJURXQG Height: PIWEHORZJURXQG Height:PIW Floors: SOXVWKUHH Elevator top speed: P Floors: SOXVͤYHElevator top speed: P Floors:SOXVͤYH EHORZJURXQG SHUVHFIWLQSHUVHF EHORZJURXQGSHUVHFIWLQSHUVHF EHORZJURXQG Elevator top speed: PSHU Number of steps: 1,970 Elevator top speed: PSHUAdditional information: Elevator top speed: PSHU VHFIWLQSHUVHF WRWKͥRRU VHFIWSHUVHF̽&RPSOHWHGLQDQG VHFIWSHUVHF Additional information: Additional information: Additional information: Additional information: ̽,WVWUDSH]RLGWRSKDVVHHQLW ̽,WVKHLJKWLQIHHWLVD ̽7 KHWZLVWLQJVKDSHRIWKH IRUPHUO\WKH6HDUV7RZHU ̽$ ̸VN\EULGJH̹OLQNVWKHWZR LWZDVWKHtallest building GXEEHGWKH̸%RWWOH2SHQHU̹ UHIHUHQFHWR̰WKH WRZHULVGHVLJQHGWRPDNH LQWKHZRUOGIRU\HDUV WRZHUVDWWKHOHYHORIWKH \HDURIWKH86'HFODUDWLRQ LWPRUHZLQGUHVLVWDQW VWDQGQGVWRUH\V RI,QGHSHQGHQFHAll measurements and unit conversions are sourced from the CTBUH.

DOMES 3 GALLERY The noble hemispheres gracing cathedrals, temples, mosques and mausoleums worldwide had humble beginnings as a simple YC[QHTQQƒPIYJGTGVKODGTYCUPQVCXCKNCDNG)TCFWCVGFOWF DTKEMUYGTGWUGFKPUVGCFVQEQXGTUOCNNJWVUCPFVQODUKPVJGCPEKGPV/KFFNG 'CUV+PFKCCPFVJG/GFKVGTTCPGCP6JG4QOCPUYGTGVJGƒTUVVQVWTPVJGFQOG KPVQCOQPWOGPVCNEQPUVTWEVKQPUKPEGYJGPCTEJKVGEVUJCXGTGKPXGPVGFKVKPOCP[ HQTOUCPFDGCWVKƒGFVJGUYGGRKPIURCEGKPUKFGŤQHVGPUKORN[D[NGVVKPIKPRWTG NKIJVHTQOCEGPVTCNTQQHNCPVGTP 2 1 FIRST GEODESIC DOME 1 LARGEST CAST-IRON DOME 2 MOST NORTHERLY 3 LARGEST WOODEN 4 A geodesic dome is a shell structure 6JGKTQPHTCOGFFQOGQHVJG&GXQPUJKTG GLASS DOME ROOMS DOME HOUSE OCFGǡHTQOVGUUGNNCVGFIGQOGVTKEUJCRGU6JG 4Q[CNǡ*QURKVCNKP$WZVQP7-KUǡHV In a forested, mountainous landscape in -GXKP5JGCŨU75#ū)TGGP&QOGŬKUǡHV Zeiss-Planetarium built by Walther Bauersfeld ǡOKPFKCOGVGTCPFFCVGUHTQO (KPPKUJ.CRNCPFOQTGVJCPǡMOǡOK ǡOYKFGCPFǡHVǡOJKIJŤC (DEU) on top of the Carl Zeiss optics factory Slightly larger than that of the famous PQTVJQHVJG#TEVKE%KTENG-CMUNCWVVCPGP timber-framed, eco-friendly geodesic house KP,GPC)GTOCP[QRGPGFQPǡ,WN 2CPVJGQPKP4QOGCVVJGVKOGKVYCUVJG #TEVKE4GUQTVQHHGTUNWZWTKQWUN[JGCVGF QP.QPI+UNCPFKP0GY;QTM75##NNQHVJG Starting with an icosahedron or symmetrical largest domeQXGTCNNUGG0Q+PUKFGNKIJV ūKINQQŬJQVGNTQQOU6JGVJGTOCNINCUUFQOGU RTQRGTV[ŨUGNGEVTKEKV[KUFGTKXGFHTQOUQNCT HCEGFUVTWEVWTGVJCVUVQQFǡOǡǡHV ƒNVGTUFQYPHTQOCEKTEWNCTNCPVGTPVQRRGF CEEQOOQFCVGHQWTIWGUVUGCEJCPFRTQXKFG and wind power, while a green roof captures ǡKPVCNNGCEJHCEGYCUUWDFKXKFGFKPVQ D[CUOCNNEWRQNC1TKIKPCNN[RCTVQHCNCTIG GPEQORCUUKPIXKGYUQHENGCTUVCTT[PKIJVU TCKPYCVGTCUYGNNCURTQXKFKPIKPUWNCVKQPCPF UOCNNGTVTKCPINGUCPFNQ\GPIGUWUKPI VJEGPVWT[JQVGNVJGFQOGYCUCFFGFYJGP CPFŤHTQO#WIWUVVQ#RTKNŤVJGTGIKQPŨU CJQOGHQTYKNFNKHG-GXKPŨUUGNHUV[NGFūJKRR[ŨU VJKPKTQPTQFUVQHQTOVJGUJGNN6JGFQOGŨU VJGJQURKVCNYCUEQPXGTVGFCPFVJGDWKNFKPI CRRTQZKOCVGN[CPPWCNCRRGCTCPEGU /QQPDCUGUVCVKQPŬEQWNFJCXGDGGP[QWTU KPVGTKQTFKURNC[UVJGRNCPGVUCPFƒZGFUVCTU PQYDGNQPIUVQVJG7PKXGTUKV[QH&GTD[ QHǡVJGǡURGEVCEWNCT0QTVJGTP.KIJVU CUǡQHHQTǡOKNNKQPcDATELINE 1906 First full-length feature film The Story of the Kelly Gang, made in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, opens at the city’s town hall on 26 Dec. A biopic of the notorious armoured bushranger Ned Kelly, it proves to be a big hit with audiences. 160 Engineering & Architecture

4 5 6 7LARGEST DOME 5 LARGEST UNDERWATER 6 TALLEST THEATRE DOME 7 DID YOU KNOW?eeqnNPusBaeouinerdvi(rfsiyua1joeeio0rlsrn-ein6emnntgel hfg’itismthantaNt7oagi pnsniaaAneotatr1io)rtost0fiuslonoo-enusndraadtmnelvotesCdeerarcceetngiehnhysrncnteohebdriuo.euerslanios3flrdedog2d,aryi.5nittf ghm.e6JGDKNNKQPcOKNNKQP5RQTVU VIEWING DOME 5GGCNUQOCKPRKEVWTG6JG0CVKQPCN*WDPCVKQPCNUVCFKWOKP5KPICRQTGKUVJG +PCWIWTCVGFQPǡ,CPVJG9JCNG5JCTM %GPVTGǡHQTVJG2GTHQTOKPI#TVUKP$GKLKPINCTIGUVVTWGFQOGKGKVKUEQORNGVGN[ 'ZJKDKVVCPMCV%JKOGNQPI1EGCP-KPIFQOKP %JKPCKUǡOǡHVVCNNŤCUVCNNCUUGNHUWRRQTVKPI&GUKIPGFD[#TWRCPF&2 *GPISKP<JWJCK%JKPCJCUCXKGYKPIFQOG VJG5VCVWGQH.KDGTV[ŤCPFEQXGTUCPCTGC#TEJKVGEVUKVURCPUǡOǡHVŤCNOQUV YKVJCPGZVGTPCNFKCOGVGTQHǡOǡHVǡKP QHǡOǡUSǡHV1YKPIVQKVUDKIGPQWIJVQJQWUGHQWT#CKTDWUGUYKPI The acrylic cupola and its supporting cylinder ellipsoidal steel shell, clad with titaniumVQYKPI6JGNKIJVYGKIJVRNCUVKETQQHJCUC TGCEJǡOǡHVǡKPJKIJCPFCTGCEEGUUGF and glass, the building is often calledretractable middle section that doubles as XKCVYQVWPPGNU8KUKVQTUGPLQ[oCPF ū6JGǡ)KCPV'IIŬ%TCFNGFYKVJKPVJGOa giant projector screen, while mechanized QXGTJGCFXKGYUQHVJGCSWCVKEGPXKTQPOGPV cOGIIQPCNCMGCTGCPQRGTCJQWUGUGCVKPIECPDGTGEQPƒIWTGFKPJQWTUHQT which hosts marine giants such as manta ǡUGCVUEQPEGTVJCNNǡUGCVUFKHHGTGPVURQTVUEQPEGTVUCPFEWNVWTCNGXGPVU TC[UCPFYJCNGUJCTMUŤVJGNCTIGUVƒUJ CPFǡVYQVJGCVTGUCPFUGCVU Greatest recorded impact on Earth 1908 DATELINE Energy released from the disintegration of a meteoroid over the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in Russia on 30 Jun is equivalent to 10–15 megatons of explosive. It devastates an area of 3,900 km² (1,505 sq mi). guinnessworldrecords.com 161

WALLS Thickest wall The city walls of Ur (now 7HOODO0XTD\\DULQ,UDT were 27 m (88 ft) thick – similar to the length of a EOXHZKDOH̰DQGPDGHRI PXGEULFNV'HVSLWHWKLV LPSUHVVLYHIRUWLͤFDWLRQ WKHZDOOVZHUHUD]HGLQ Ύ΍΋E\(ODPLWHIRUFHV hailing from what is now south-west Iran. First cavity-wall insulation Built in 1860, Overstone Hall in Northampton, UK, was WKHͤUVWEXLOGLQJWRERDVW GRXEOHZDOOVWZRVNLQVRI .QPIGUVYCTOGOQTKCNYCNN PDVRQU\VHSDUDWHGE\DQ Longest fort walls DLUJDS,WZDVGHVLJQHGE\ DUFKLWHFW:LOOLDP0LOIRUG Built during the 15th century by Rana Kumbha (IND), %QORNGVGFKPVJGOHVKP8KGVPCO8GVGTCPU 7HXORQIRU/RUGDQG/DG\ the walls at Kumbhalgarh Fort in Rajasthan, India, are Memorial in Washington, DC, USA, was designed by Maya Ying Lin 2YHUVWRQHDVDGLVWLQFWO\ ǡOKǡMONQPICPFCTQWPFOǡHVVJKEM6JG[ 75#+VEQORTKUGUVYQONQPIHVKPYCNNUOCFGQH ̸PRGHUQ̹UHVLGHQFH%HKLQG FKXKFGFVJGEQORGVKPI/GYCTCPF/CTYCTMKPIFQOUVJG FCTMICDDTQITCPKVGQPYJKEJVJGPCOGUQHUGTXKEGOGP WKH*UDGH,,OLVWHGKLVWRULFDO HQTVYKVJKPYCUWUGFD[/GYCTTWNGTUCUCNCUVTGHWIG CPFYQOGPCTGKPUETKDGFNKUVGFKPEJTQPQNQIKECNQTFGTQHFGCVJ ID©DGHOLHDFHQWUDOKHDWLQJ V\VWHPJDVOLJKWLQJDQGD EXWOHU̵VOLIW Longest ancient city wall ever engineering project, Street in Liverpool, UK, is /QUVYCNNUEQXGTGF The city wall of Nanjing in FRVWLQJEQeEQ First curtain-wall WKHROGHVWVXUYLYLQJPHWDO D[ǡCǡOWTCN China’s Jiangsu Province The wall encloses 160 sq mi QHƒEGǡDWKNFKPI IUDPHGJODVVFXUWDLQZDOOHG In 2014–15, art collective was 35.2 km (21.8 mi) long (414 km2RIVHDZDWHUDQG $̸FXUWDLQZDOO̹LVDQRQ EXLOGLQJFRPSOHWHGLQ WKH*HUPHQ&UHZSDLQWHG ZKHQͤUVWEXLOWLQWKH0LQJ PXGͥDWV̰DERXWWZRWKLUGV VWUXFWXUDOEDUULHUDURXQG ,WZDVGHVLJQHGE\DUFKLWHFW EXLOGLQJZDOOVLQWKH Dynasty (1368–1644). It the size of the South Korean WKHRXWVLGHRIDEXLOGLQJ 3HWHU(OOLVIRULWVRZQHUWKH 0H[LFDQFLW\RI3DFKXFD WRRNODERXUHUV capital city Seoul. 2ULHO&KDPEHUVRQ:DWHU 5HYHUHQG7KRPDV$QGHUVRQ ZLWKDVLQJOHEULJKWO\ \HDUVWREXLOGWKHZDOO FRORXUHGSDWWHUQ(QWLWOHG which has an average LONGEST WALL El Macro Mural Barrio KHLJKWRIPIWDQG de Palmitas, the mural contains 13 gates. Some The Great Wall of China has a main-line length of 3,460 km (2,150 mi) – nearly three PHDVXUHGP2 WZRWKLUGVRILWUHPDLQV times the length of Great Britain – plus 3,530 km (2,193 mi) of branches and spurs. (215,278 sq ft). The Longest sea wall Construction of the wall – which was erected to help keep out marauding nomadic ͤQLVKHGGHVLJQXVHG South Korea’s 33.89-km-long tribes from the north, such as the Mongols – began during the reign of Qin Shi Huang more than 20,000 litres (21.06-mi) Saemangeum (221–210 BCE). Its height varies from 4.5 to 12 m (15–39 ft) and it is up to 9.8 m (32 ft) thick. (5,280 US gal) of paint 6HDZDOOZDVFRPSOHWHG The wall runs from Shanhaiguan, on the Gulf of Bohai, to Yumenguan and Yangguan. DQGWRRNPRQWKVWR on 27 Apr 2010. It is complete with the help the country’s Although it was extended and rebuilt over the course of two millennia, most RIORFDOUHVLGHQWV6HHQ largest- of the wall was constructed during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). Some from afar it appears as a 51.5 km (32 mi) of the structure has been destroyed since 1966, and in YLEUDQWVZLUOHGUDLQERZ Jul 1979, part of it was blown up in order to make way for a dam. with stripes running across houses.DATELINE 1909 First people to reach the North Pole On 6 Apr, Robert Peary and Matt Henson (both USA) reach the North Pole, having trekked from Ellesmere Island in Canada. Historians are unsure if they reached the exact pole, but they certainly came much closer than their rivals. 162 Engineering & Architecture

FAST FACTS In 1979, Germany’s Eija-Riitta Eklöf-Berliner-Mauer “married” the Berlin Wall (her surname means “Berlin Wall”!) • In 2011, competitive wallpapering was contested at the UK’s National Painting and Decorating Show.QPIGUVCPEKGPV4QOCPYCNNUWTXKXKPI4WPPKPIHQTǡMOǡOK*CFTKCPŨU9CNNYCUDWKNVCUCFGHGPUKXGCPFEWUVQOUDCTTKGTKPVJG4QOCPRTQXKPEGQH$TKVCPPKCPQYVJG7-/WEJQHKVUVKNNTWPUHTQOVJG5QNYC[(KTVJKPVJGYGUVVQVJG4KXGT6[PGKPVJGGCUV6JGYCNNYCUNKMGN[DGIWPKPǡƩƫWPFGTVJGQTFGTUQH'ORGTQT*CFTKCP/QUVN[OCFGHTQOUVQPGD[4QOCPNGIKQPPCKTGUKVYCUŤOŤHVYKFGCPFŤOŤHVVCNN.QPIGUVYCNNQHƒTG off a spectacular 10,178-ft- DW+LVWRULF%DQQLQJ0LOOVLQ2Q0DU0DULQH ORQJPZDOORIͤUHDW :KLWHVEXUJ*HRUJLD86$Corps Community Services WKHEDVH̵VDQQXDODLUVKRZ ZDVPHDVXUHGDWP86$PDUNHGWKHWK (137 ft 5 in) – equal toDQQLYHUVDU\RI0DULQH&RUSV 6CNNGUVHTGGUVCPFKPI 14 storeys – on 9 Dec 2011.$LU6WDWLRQ<XPD̰ORFDWHG CTVKƒEKCNENKODKPIYCNN 6HHULJKWIRUDQRWKHUUHFRUGLQ$UL]RQD86$̰E\VHWWLQJ 7KHFOLPELQJZDOOORFDWHG EUHDNLQJFOLPELQJZDOO.CTIGUVXGTVKECNICTFGPITGGPYCNN 6CNNGUVCTVKƒEKCNENKODKPIYCNN%NGCPCYC[%QORCP[.VFCPF5JKPG)TGGP'PGTI['PVGTRTKUG%Q.VFDQVJ62'WPXGKNGFCITGGP 2CTVQHVJG$CUG%CORURQTVUXGPWGVJKUXGTVKIQKPFWEKPIYCNNǡOGCUWTKPIOqUSHVKP-CQJUKWPI%JKPGUG6CKRGKQPǡ,WP/QTG CTVKƒEKCNYCNNQHHGTUǡOǡHVǡKPQHENKODKPIVJCPǡRNCPVUQHXCTKQWUURGEKGUJCXGDGGPWUGFVQETGCVGVJGYCNNŨUūUWPUGVŬFGUKIP GZRGTKGPEG+VKUCVVCEJGFVQVJGUKFGQHVJGUVQTG[9JKVPG[ 2GCM*QVGNKP4GPQ0GXCFC75#CPFQRGPGFQP1EV DID YOU KNOW?“taflWfsirtkTisogrhCohtpumhhenheactnaaictmtnbtuuehC yahytreih”neetimi)Msh ncv2Yotooite0hasrhuos0ieneanebl3dgtotl)ah,enntLphsah’filrtteywnreresooadmeG2emndia0eramawte0isneutaepis.y-tttnamest(Wctepaoaedirarands(cloet.leorof 6JGVQRKUǡOǡHVCDQXG4GPQŤJKIJGTVJCPVJG HCOQWU*QTUGUJQG(CNNUCV0KCICTC Most valuable object stolen 1911 DATELINE On 21 Aug, Leonardo da Vinci’s priceless painting Mona Lisa disappears from the Louvre in Paris, France. It is returned in 1913, and Vincenzo Peruggia (ITA) is charged with its theft. guinnessworldrecords.com 163

MAZES .CTIGUVJCPFFTCYPOC\G &CXKF#$QQM,T75#FTGYCOC\GOGCUWTKPIǡO ǡHVǡǡKPNQPICPFOǡHVǡKPYKFGCV%QXKPIVQP .KDTCT[KP9CUJKPIVQP75#QPǡ#WI$WVǡCU[QWECP see (right), it didn’t take GWR adjudicator Shantha Chinniah NQPIǡVQIGVVQVJGOKFFNGQHKVŲ 1NFGUVJGFIGOC\G Most books in a labyrinth VL]HRID86IRRWEDOOͤHOG Created in Aug 2012 – and has 1.86 mi (2.9 km) 6JGOC\GCV*CORVQP%QWTV2CNCEGKP5WTTG[7-YCUDWKNVHQT by Marcos Saboya and of pathways. Fast-growing -KPI9KNNKCOǡ+++CPF/CT[ǡ++QH'PINCPF+VYCUFGUKIPGFD[)GQTIG Gualter Pupo (both bamboo from more than .QPFQPCPF*GPT[9KUGCPFRNCPVGFKPWUKPIJQTPDGCO BRA) with production 30 subspecies forms tall (Carpinus betulus+VEQXGTUCPCTGCQHǡJCǡCETGU company HungryMan, the hedges reaching 5 m (16 ft aMAZEme labyrinth at the 4 in) high. The maze has a Most identical doorways TRIVIA Royal Festival Hall in the Roman-style pattern, with visited the site, described KPǡCOC\G Southbank Centre, London, right-angled paths in four it as a labyrinth of identical The Bhul Bhulaiya maze Strictly defined, a maze UK, had walls built from interconnected quadrants. courtyards connected by at the Bara Imambara in (below left) has multiple 250,000 books. The 500-m² Created by former art twisting corridors lined with Lucknow, India, contains routes, while a labyrinth (5,382-sq-ft) installation publisher Franco Maria false doors. The labyrinth 489 identical doorways. It (right) has just one path was inspired by writer Ricci with architects Pier probably acted as a cult includes several staircases (with no dead ends or Jorge Luis Borges’ love Carlo Bontempi and Davide centre and meeting place and around 1,000 narrow branches) from entrance of labyrinths and took the Dutto (all ITA), the maze for Egyptian rulers as well passages, some with to exit. In practice, many shape of the Argentinian cost $11 m (£7.2 m) and as Amenemhet’s tomb. dead ends and others with DXWKRU̵VͤQJHUSULQWV opened on 1 Jun 2015. precipitous drops. This variants exist and the $WFFJKUVRTC[GTOC\G bewildering three-storey terms are frequently LARGEST... Ancient Egyptian labyrinth The square prayer maze at construction was intended The temple precinct built by the 15th-century Buddhist to keep intruders away from interchanged. /C\G Amenemhet III at Hawara temple of Haeinsa in a large central chamber The Labirinto Della Masone LQ̰Ύ΍΋ZDV Gyeongsangnam-do, South containing the tomb of in Fontanellato, near Parma, a complex architectural Korea, measures some Asaf-ud-Daula, Nawab of Italy, covers 17 acres (6.8 ha) puzzle. Ancient Greek 18 x 18 m (59 x 59 ft). With Awadh. It dates from 1791. – more than 10 times the historian Herodotus, who four quadrants decorated by coloured markers, the .CTIGUVVGORQTCT[EQTPOCK\GOC\G right-angled path maze promotes meditation and Cool Patch Pumpkins (USA) crafted this amazing maize maze at their premises in Dixon, California, IRFXVHGLQZDUGUHͥHFWLRQ 75#+VEQXGTGFCPCTGCQHCETGUǡJCYJGPOGCUWTGFQPǡ1EVŤCūHQQVRTKPVŬ and takes about 30 min to equivalent to the base of the Great Pyramid at Giza four times over! walk around. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. DID YOU KNOW?mIt ammmetyIhvfioeafigeeyntzhnnhowettyduo,uaotkdtaalauhelkrolrealaeefyspsterlyfiyoyyleofooonoa,uuukudcbiahruamnyirwrtognoeiyughgfvogrohietuolrwtheaiaw,hnearaaoygfeinlanunlobdinddula-dyctoso.o.kanfufaeDATELINE 1912 First parachute jump from a moving aircraft On 1 Mar, Captain Albert Berry (USA) leaps from a biplane flying some 15,000 ft (460 m) above St Louis in Missouri, USA, and makes a safe landing on the grounds of Jefferson Barracks. 164 Engineering & Architecture

FAST FACTS The word “maze” derives from an old English word meaning “delusion” or “bewilderment” • The largest temporary corn maze (below left) was so big that some visitors got lost in it and had to call 911 for assistance.CTIGUV&YQQFRCPGNOC\G.CD[TKPVJKCCV5KNMGDQTIKP&GPOCTMOGCUWTGUOqUSǡHVCPFEQORTKUGUNCTEJYQQFRCPGNUUNQVVGFKPVQEQPETGVGRQUVU$WKNVKPCPFTGDWKNVKPKVJCUMOOKQHRCVJU/QUVXKUKVQTUVCMGCDQWVŤOKPVQTGCEJVJGHQWTEQTPGTUOCTMGFYKVJEQNQWTGFHNCIUCPFVJGPƒPFVJGEGPVTCNN[RNCEGFGZKV6JQUGYJQEQORNGVGVJGOC\GCTGCYCTFGFCEGTVKƒECVG .CTIGUVRGTOCPGPV Glass-block labyrinth VTGGOC\G Made in 2007 by British labyrinth historian Jeff $WKNVQPCPQNFRNCPVCVKQPQH0QTFOCPPƒTVTGGU Saward, Glass Labyrinth 5COU‡ǡ.CD[TKPVGPQPVJG&CPKUJKUNCPFQH5COU‡EQXGTU is found in the Chianti ǡOqǡUSǡHVYKVJCOHV Sculpture Park in Siena, RCVJ&GUKIPGFD['TKMCPF-CTGP2QWNUGPKVYCU Italy. At 9 m (29 ft 6 in) ETGCVGFKP5GRǡCPFQRGPGFQPǡ/C[ across and comprisingPAC-ManOC\G 3,600 blocks, thisA real-life PAC-Man maze octagonal labyrinth iscovering 580.86 m² a reconstruction of a(6,252 sq ft) – about the stone design foundsize of a basketball court– was built in Los Angeles, in the Val Camonica valley inCalifornia, USA, for a Bud eastern Lombardy, Italy, fromLight Super Bowl advertising 800–700 Ύ΍΋. At the centre,spot on 7 Jan 2015. Created YLVLWRUVͤQGDQRUDQJHFXEHby Anheuser-Busch, Energy stool and a mirror with theBBDO, Bandai Namco word “self” set above theirGames America and Mosaic UHͥHFWLRQ(all USA), the maze includedfour Power Pellets and LARGEST242 Pac-dots, all individually VERTICAL MAZEprogrammed to turn offwhen a player ran over The front façade of thethem, as per the famous Al Rostamani Mazevideogame. Tower, completed in Jan 2012 in Dubai, UAE, has an area of 3,947 m² (42,485 sq ft) – the size of 15 tennis courts. The lines of the balconies on the front and rear façades form real mazes by acclaimed puzzle designer Adrian Fisher (UK). Pictured right is Hassan Abdulla Al Rostamani, Vice Chairman of the Al Rostamani Group. First industrial moving assembly line 1913 DATELINEOn 7 Oct, the Ford Motor Company (USA) opens its factory in Highland Park, Michigan. Here, the car moveson a conveyor through the factory, passing workstations where specific parts are fitted until it is complete. guinnessworldrecords.com 165

WATER PARKS Longest water coaster Opened on 11 May 2012, MammothCV*QNKFC[9QTNF 5RNCUJKPŨ5CHCTKKP5CPVCǡ%NCWU+PFKCPC75#JCUCVQVCN VTCEMNGPIVJQHǡHVǡO+VJCUVJGECRCEKV[HQT ǡTQWPFDQCVUGCEJFGUKIPGFVQECTT[UKZRGQRNG6JG ride includes seven drops and passes through enclosed tunnels, plunging riders into total darkness. Longest body slide The Jungle SlideŤCNUQMPQYPCUVJGEco SlideŤCV$WGPC8KUVC'EQ.QFIG#FXGPVWTG%GPVGTKP 4KPEȕPFGNC8KGLC)WCPCECUVG%QUVC4KECKUǡOǡHVǡKPNQPI4KFGTUGZRGTKGPEGCVJTKNNKPI LQWTPG[CUVJG[YGCXGVJTQWIJVJGPCVWTCNLWPINGGPXKTQPUYGCTKPICTWDDGTTKPIHQTUCHGV[ Tallest body slide Constructed in 2002, the DVDQDUWLͤFLDOVHD̰ water slide at Action Park Orange Jordan, Ziyad The drop on the Kilimanjaro slide cleverly makes use covers 13,600 m2, or in Vernon, New Jersey, USA, Mazzawi Corporation water slide at Águas of the local topography to 1.36 ha (146,389 sq ft, DVYHULͤHGRQ-XO and Monaco Business Quentes Country Club in achieve its record-breaking or 3.36 acres), and is Development (all JOR) in Barra do Piraí in Rio de height. It was built on top located in Siam Park, Slip and slide Amman, Jordan, on 16 Oct Janeiro, Brazil, measures of a hill that was adapted Bangkok, Thailand. At 611.7 m (2,006 ft 10 in), 2015. Water was sprayed 49.9 m (163 ft 9 in). to accommodate it. the longest slip and slide along the length of the run LONGEST… was constructed by to ensure slipperiness.DID YOU KNOW?rtouhAgiolneetsfittrpraea6aecsrtv,ancti0Tioainoa0rayrl to0l,ea.ulpstTc yvroichlaciciostegalohmihslnthauoItsmustrnttlgsgroaoteuuapndrcnewedeatsratseadtecddtsauheualcrflrypiotaonh.pwnitlgaeosrk Largest wave pool According to the World Inflatable water slide Waterpark Association, Live More Awesome (NZ) the largest wave pool created a 1,975-ft-long – often referred to PLQͥDWDEOH Largest indoor water park Originally an airship hangar, Tropical Islands in Krausnick, Germany, has a 66,000-m² (710,400-sq-ft) main hall – VGEJPKECNN[CPCTEJUWRRQTVGFOGODTCPGUVTWEVWTG+VǡKU EQPUVTWEVGFHTQOǡVQPPGUǡ75ǡVQPUQH UVGGNCPFǡUVCPFUǡOǡHVVCNN6JGKPVGTKQTURCEG is large enough to contain eight soccer pitches, hold the 5VCVWGQHǡ.KDGTV[UVCPFKPIWRTKIJVQTVJG'KHHGN6QYGTQP KVUUKFG1RGPGFKP6TQRKECN+UNCPFUKUƒVVGFQWVYKVJ COCPITQXGLWPINGRNCPVTCKPHQTGUVNCIQQPURC UCWPCUKPENWFKPIQPGYKVJKPCP#PIMQT9CVUV[NGūVGORNGŬ and themed accommodation venues. It’s even possible VQǡIQHQTCDCNNQQPTKFGKPUKFGVJGFQOGDATELINE 1916 Most powerful steam locomotive Baldwin Locomotive Works (USA) builds No. 700 – a triple-articulated six-cylinder 2–8–8–8–4 tank engine. It has a tractive force (the force exerted at the rim of the driving wheel) of 166,300 lb (75,432 kg) working compound and 199,560 lb (90,519 kg) working simple. 166 Engineering & Architecture

FAST FACTS The Mammoth water coaster is more than seven times longer than a 747 jumbo jet • The largest wave pool is 2.5 times larger than a US football pitch • In 2014, visitors to the most visited water park outnumbered the population of Houston, Texas DID YOU KNOW?mwPaaakrfionrteFfiotblpc sodamaiouepwiirarnrfataffrrfii noebldifilndrratictmnegsilhinan,ageegnsttlmsakrcwsceniaeppocaad,tlkomvoeacrsseybtnbt,ni.osodvito,naeniwistcrenioadhsebcmninsoalnuaistegqodprt,uidiemneicngstesgs.Tallest flowriding wave 1991, the tower located at 6SODVK*DUGHQRQ5RNNď#HNQYTKFKPIYCXGKURTQFWEGFD[FKTGEVKPICJKIJRTGUUWTG Island in Kobe, Japan, hadUJGGVǡQHYCVGTQXGTCEWTXGFUWTHCEG+VKUWUGFKPHNQYTKFKPI 50 slides departing fromQTǡHNQYDQCTFKPICDQCTFURQTVVJCVTGUGODNGUUWTƒPIQT either the upper (16 m;YCMGDQCTFKPIǡ1Pǡ5GRVJGUWTHUKOWNCVQTDa Wave 52 ft 6 in) or lower (12.4 m;RTQFWEGFCHNQYTKFKPIYCXGOGCUWTKPIǡOǡHVǡKP 40 ft 8 in) level. Each slideVCNNǡCVǡ5RNCUJYQTNFKPǡ/QPVGWZ(TCPEG swirled visitors down a different winding route,Tube/mat water slide MOST… ending in one of seven pools./CIKEǡ'[G at Galaxy Erding,in Erding, Germany, is 9CVGTUNKFGUKPCYCVGTǡRCTM People to travel down356.32 m (1,169 ft) long, There are 59 water slides in CǡYCVGTUNKFGKPQPGJQWTDVFRQͤUPHGRQ1RY Yinji Kaifeng Waterpark in Beerze Bulten (NLD)2010 on Guinness World Zhengzhou, Henan, China, held an event in whichRecords Day. The slippery which opened on 1 Jul 2015. 396 people descended onslide opened in May 2007 a water slide in an hour inand was constructed by 9CVGTUNKFGUKPǡCǡUKPINGVQYGT Overijssel, Netherlands,Klarer Freizeitanlagen AG Designed and constructed on 30 Jul 2014.(CHE). /CIKEǡ'[G stands by WhiteWater West22 m (72 ft 2.14 in) tall. Industries Ltd (CAN) in The most people down a water slide in four hours is 620, by Swiss youth group Jugendwerk in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, on 21 Jun 2014.Most visited water park Water slides ridden KPǡUKZǡOQPVJU%JKOGNQPI9CVGT2CTMKP)WCPI\JQW)WCPIFQPI Between 1 May and 31 Oct%JKPCCVVTCEVGFXKUKVQTUKPCEEQTFKPI 2013, Sebastian Smith (UK)VQVJG)NQDCN#VVTCEVKQPU#VVGPFCPEG4GRQTVHQTVJG rode 186 water slides in[GCTRTQFWEGFǡD[KPFWUVT[OQPKVQTU#'%1/CPF Europe and North Africa,VJGǡ6JGOGFǡ'PVGTVCKPOGPV#UUQEKCVKQP6'# as a tester for the First Choice holiday company. TALLEST WATER SLIDE Verrückt at Schlitterbahn Waterpark in Kansas City, Kansas, USA, measured 51.38 m (168 ft 7 in) tall as of 18 Apr 2014. That makes it almost as tall as Niagara Falls. It took more than two years to create the ride. First non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean 1919 DATELINEOn 14 Jun, John William Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown (both UK) take off from St John’s in Newfoundland, Canada, in a Vickers Vimy biplane. The pair land near Clifden in Ireland some 16 hr 12 min later. guinnessworldrecords.com 167

EPIC ENGINEERING Longest also the highest tunnel-to- tunnel-to-tunnel bridge tunnel bridge. It opened in The Aizhai Bridge, near 2012 as part of the Jishou- Jishou in Hunan, China, has to-Chadong expressway. a tower-to-tower main span of 1,176 m (3,858 ft) and What makes this a total length of 1,534 m structure unusual is that (5,033 ft). The suspension it is approached by two bridge has a deck height of tunnels that are carved into 336 m (1,102 ft) above the the mountainous terrain, so Dehang Canyon, making it the bridge is hidden until drivers are already on it. Longest suspension bridge *KIJGUVEQPETGVGFCO Opened in 1998, the $NDVKL.DLN\ďURDGEULGJH )TCPFG&KZGPEGQPVJGTKXGT&KZGPEGKP5YKV\GTNCPFTKUGUǡOǡHVJKIJŤǡCNOQUVVYKEGVJG JGKIJVQHVJG)TGCV2[TCOKFCV)K\CKP'I[RVŤCPFJCUCETGUVNGPIVJQHǡOǡHV+VTGSWKTGF linking Honshu and ǡOǡEWǡHVQHEQPETGVGGPQWIJVQDWKNFCYCNNǡOǡHVJKIJCPFǡEO Shikoku in Japan has an ǡKPYKFGCNNCTQWPFVJG'SWCVQT+VUVTKCPIWNCTETQUUUGEVKQPFGƒPGUKVCUCūITCXKV[ŬFCOŤYKFG overall suspended length, CVVJGDCUGPCTTQYCVVJGVQRŤOCMKPIKVCNUQVJGJKIJGUVITCXKV[ǡFCO6JKUFGUKIPCPFVJGFCOŨU with two side spans, VQPPG75VQPYGKIJVŤVKOGUCUJGCX[CUVJG'ORKTG5VCVG$WKNFKPIŤ of 3,911.1 m (12,831 ft GPCDNGUVJG)TCPFG&KZGPEGVQYKVJUVCPFVJGRTGUUWTGQHǡǡOKNNKQPOǡDKNNKQPEWHVQHYCVGT 8 in). Almost half of this consists of its main span Tunnel, 2,000 m (6,560 ft) (374.5 sq mi) of what was (4,409,000 US tons) of beneath the Swiss Alps. It once part of a shallow bay local lignite coal annually. of 1,990.8 m (6,531 ft) – took 14 years to build and called the Zuiderzee and is In a major innovation, the the longest bridge span. will carry 300 trains a day separated from the mainland power station strips out when it opens in 2016. by a chain of lakes. most of the dust, 90% of Longest rail tunnel the toxic mercury, 99% of On 15 Oct 2010, .CTIGUVCTVKƒEKCNKUNCPF .CTIGUVICUKƒECVKQP the hydrogen sulphide and engineers completed The Flevopolder is an CPFECTDQPECRVWTG 65% of the carbon dioxide drilling for the 57-km island in the Netherlands power station emissions. The diverted CO2 (35-mi) Gotthard Base that was created by a vast As of 2016, the 582-MW is then used in enhanced land-reclamation project Kemper Project in eastern oil recovery. Kemper is HIGHEST CANTILEVERED between 1955 and 1968. Mississippi, USA, burns KHUDOGHGDVWKHͤUVW̸FOHDQ GLASS-BOTTOMED SKYWALK It covers some 969.95 km2 around 4,000,000 tonnes coal” facility in the USA. Opened on 28 Mar 2007, the Grand Canyon Skywalk in Arizona, USA, has a maximum vertical drop of 250 m (820 ft). Located at Grand Canyon West on the Hualapai Indian Reservation, the structure consists of a 20-m-wide (65-ft) U-shaped and cantilevered glass-bottomed observation deck jutting out past the rim of the Grand Canyon. Conceived by Las Vegas businessman David Jin and realized by Lochsa Engineering, the Skywalk can resist an 8.0-magnitude earthquake and 160-km/h (100-mph) winds. It can hold 120 people at any one time. /QUVGZRGPUKXGITQWPFDCUGFVGNGUEQRG 6JG#VCECOC.CTIG/KNNKOGVGTUWDOKNNKOGVGT#TTC[#./#EQORTKUGUǡJKIJRTGEKUKQP CPVGPPCGURTGCFQXGTFKUVCPEGUWRVQǡMOǡOKCPFEQUVǡDPcǡOVQUGV WR5KVGFQPVJGOJKIJHV%JCLPCPVQTRNCVGCWKPVJG%JKNGCP#PFGU#./# UVWFKGUNKIJVHTQOUQOGQHVJGWPKXGTUGŨUEQNFGUVQDLGEVU+VUOCKPCTTC[QHǡCPVGPPCG GCEJǡOǡHVKPFKCOGVGTCEVUCUCUKPINGVGNGUEQRGŤCPKPVGTHGTQOGVGT6JGPGCT RGTHGEVUWTHCEGUQHVJGTCFKQFKUJCTTC[UGPCDNGOCZKOWOEQUOKENKIJVVQDGECRVWTGFDATELINE 1921 Longest home run hit On 18 Jul, baseball legend George Herman “Babe” Ruth (USA) smashes a 175-m (574-ft) home run for the New York Yankees against the Detroit Tigers at Navin Field in Detroit, Michigan, USA. 168 Engineering & Architecture

FAST FACTS The first pyramid structures are thought to date from 5,000 years ago in Mesopotamia • The Proserpina gravity dam in Spain, built by the Romans around the 2nd century CE, is thought to be the oldest operational dam (KTUVCTVKƒEKCNHQIDWKNFKPI &GUKIPGFD[CTEJKVGEVU&KNNGT5EQƒFKQ4GPHTQ75#CUCRCXKNKQPHQTVJG5YKUU 'ZRQǡKP;XGTFQPNGU$CKPUVJG$NWT$WKNFKPIYCUCUVGGNRNCVHQTOKPUGVGPENQUGFKPCP CTVKƒEKCNENQWFCDQXG.CMG0GWEJȅVGNKP5YKV\GTNCPF5QOGǡJKIJRTGUUWTGLGVU URTC[GFQWVYCVGTKPCEQPUVCPVUJCRGUJKHVKPIOKUVVQETGCVGVJGGHHGEV.CTIGUVENQEMHCEG Largest… • Amphitheatre: Completed is 54 m (177 ft) tall and its • Ancient stadium: Until LQ΍΋, the Flavian base covers around 18.2 ha6JG&QMCCGENQEMHCEGCVVJGVQRQHVJGUVQTG[/CMMCJ ΍΋DXGLHQFHVof amphitheatre or Colosseum (45 acres). The Aztec4Q[CN%NQEM6QYGT*QVGNCMCVJG#DTCLCN$CKV*QVGN6QYGTKP 255,000 watched chariot in Rome, Italy, covers 2 ha structure is also the largest/GEEC5CWFK#TCDKCKUǡOǡHVYKFG+VKUUQOGUKZVKOGU races, athletics and (5 acres) – equivalent to monument ever built.NCTIGTVJCPVJGENQEMHCEGQPVJG'NK\CDGVJ6QYGTQHVGPYTQPIN[ other spectacles at the three international soccerECNNGF$KI$GPYJKEJKUVJGDGNNKPUKFGVJGVQYGTKP.QPFQP7- 2,000-ft-long (610-m) pitches. Up to 87,000 DID YOU KNOW?limpsrieTteo shcflbtteaaeosirbomxbngenliureybaalf oafllofnelofie wdieretttaihiencwnnreeobtgigmuhtlS ohwtgqeeocouhginkunaoastttdvk.looamTsieasfc.hsukotaiahrrsqonvtemufaidbverlaoe,rdkciudaecglste SHRSOHZRXOGͥRFNKHUH Circus Maximus in to see gladiators and wild Rome, Italy. beasts in mortal combat. • Pyramid: The Quetzalcoatl Pyramid at Cholula de Rivadavia, south-east of Mexico City, .CTIGUV4QOCPCSWGFWEV 5VKNNKPWUGCHVGTEGPVWTKGUVJGCSWGFWEVCV5GIQXKCKP5RCKP VTCPURQTVUYCVGTOQTGVJCPǡMOǡOKHTQOVJG(WGPVG (TȐCTKXGTVQ5GIQXKC#VKVUVCNNGUVVJGONQPIHV DTKFIGUGEVKQPTGCEJGUǡOǡHVJKIJCDQXGVYQTQYUQH ǡCTEJGUUWRRQTVGFQPRKNNCTUGCEJYKVJCFKHHGTGPVFGUKIP 2TQDCDN[FCVKPIHTQOVJGUVǡEGPVWT[ǡƩƫVJGU[UVGOHGCVWTGU OCP[UGVVNGOGPVVCPMUENGCPUKPIDCUKPUEJCPPGNUCPFDGPFU Highest-grossing silent movie 1925 DATELINEThe Big Parade (USA) makes $22 m (£4.96 m). The record will stand until the release of The Artist (FRA, 2011), which closely follows the traditions of silent-era movies and will gross in excess of $133 m (£91 m) by Jan 2016. guinnessworldrecords.com 169

ARTS & MEDIADATELINE 1927 First land-speed record run to exceed 200 mph On 29 Mar, British racing driver Henry Segrave drives his Sunbeam 1000 HP – a twin-V12-engined monster known as Mystery – to a speed of 203.79 mph (327.97 km/h) at Daytona Beach in Florida, USA. 170 Arts & Media

CONTENTS 172ARTS & MEDIA 174FACTOGRAPHIC 176ART SALES 178SHAKESPEARE 182MUSIC 184MOVIES 186DISNEY 188TVVIDEOFastest movie to grossǡOKNNKQPCVVJG75DQZQHƒEG5EKƒDNQEMDWUVGTStar Wars VII: The Force Awakens75#VQQMcYKVJKPFC[UQHKVU75TGNGCUGQPǡ&GECFFKPI[GVCPQVJGTDQZQHƒEGTGEQTFVQKVUEQNNGEVKQP6JKUGSWCVGFVQCUVCIIGTKPICXGTCIGFCKN[ITQUUQHcCPFOGCPVVJCVVJGOWEJCPVKEKRCVGFUGSWGNUVQTOGFCJGCFQHJurassic World75#YJKEJVQQMǡFC[UVQTGCEJVJGOOKNGUVQPG 0QVUWTRTKUKPIN[Star Wars VIICNUQENCKOGFVJG75DQZQHƒEGTGEQTFUHQTfastest movie to gross $100 million CPFfastest movieto gross $200 million%NGCTN[VJG(QTEGKUUVTQPIYKVJVJKUQPGŲ First flight over Mount Everest 1933 DATELINE Squadron Leader Douglas Douglas-Hamilton (UK) leads a flight of two open-cockpit biplanes over thesummit of Mount Everest. Fighting the thin air and high winds, they clear the peak by only 100 ft (30 m).guinnessworldrecords.com 171

FACTOGRAPHIC DID YOU KNOW?St(hteI(hNNeNereneohDGstlir,Alepgy2irgTe,h0wr2chhei1o0ttets4ioot1vaF)(rd4d,erUoi3)eoelraSy0acsmnt.AenhoDFde,dAefr as2HowBfiSty0miootsalc1almlkil5lgrlnyyee )srWwn.wfAowtsosato:lisoroPatsdihdKn:n,,taMOVIE MONEY6QGPVGTCOQXKGVJGCVTGKUVQCTTKXGKPCOCIKECNTGCNOYJGTGFGNKIJVUCTGǡRNC[GFQWVFCKN[HQTQWTGPVGTVCKPOGPV$WVLWUVDG[QPFVJGQPUETGGPOCIKEKPCNCPFPQVXGT[HCTCYC[CVCNNFYGNNUCǡDWUKPGUUGXGT[DKVCUEQORGVKVKXGCPFEWVVJTQCVCUVJGETGYQHCRKTCVGUJKR,QKPWUCUYGLQWTPG[QWVUKFGVJGGPEJCPVGFMKPIFQOCPFGZRNQTGVJGITKVV[TGCNKV[DGJKPFVJGHCPVCU[MOVIE TICKETS: #FXGTVKUKPICPFOCTMGVKPI $2.00 20% SHOWBUSINE$$WHO GETS WHAT 17% 2TQFWEVKQPEQUVUEQUVWOGUUGVUKPUWTCPEG $1.70 10% 1PEGVJGYQTNFŨUOQXKGECRKVCN*QNN[YQQFPQYNKGUVJKTF+NNWUVTCVGFCDQXGCPFTKIJVKUVJGDTGCMFQYPQH RGTOKVUTKIJVUGVE 8% DGJKPF+PFKCVJGJQOGQH$QNN[YQQFKPVGTOUQHCPPWCNEQUVUCUUQEKCVGFYKVJ[QWTOQXKGVKEMGVCPF 30% QWVRWV+PFKCKUVJGOQUVRTQNKƒERTQFWEGTQHOQXKGUYKVJJQYVKEMGVKPEQOGKUCRRQTVKQPGFDGVYGGPVJG &KUVTKDWVKQPOCPWHCEVWTGCPFUJKRRKPIQHOWNVKRNG $1.00 15% HGCVWTGƒNOURTQFWEGFǡKPCEEQTFKPIVQ70'5%1CPF+PFKCŨU%GPVTCN$QCTFQH(KNOUVWFKQCPFVJGVJGCVTGKVUGNH(KIWTGUCTGDCUGF EQRKGUQHVJGOQXKG %GTVKƒECVKQP(CUVTKUKPI0KIGTKCQHVGPFWDDGF0QNN[YQQFKUPQVHCTDGJKPFYKVJCTQWPFQPCIGPGTKEVKEMGVOQFGNCXGTCIGFQXGT ǡOQXKGUTGNGCUGFCPPWCNN[CHQWTYGGMTWP+PVJGƒTUVYGGMVJGUVWFKQ #EVQTUŨHGGU $0.80QHVGPVCMGUCUOWEJCUCPFUQOGVKOGU 9JKNGVJG75#WUWCNN[RTQFWEGUHCTHGYGTƒNOUŤOQUVTGEGPVN[CTQWPFC[GCTGXGPCHVGTVJGVJGCVTGŨUFGFWEVKQPHQT 6JGCVTGUVCHHEQUVUHWTVJGTKPXGUVOGPVCPFRTQƒV $3.00 CEEQTFKPIVQ70'5%1Ť*QNN[YQQFŨUQTUQDKIIGUVTGNGCUGUITQUUPGCTN[ƒXGVKOGUDCUKEEQUVUUWEJCUTGPVCPFJGCVKPI6JKU $1.50 CUOWEJKPTGXGPWGCU$QNN[YQQFCPF0QNN[YQQFEQODKPGF#EEQTFKPIVQ6JG0WODGTUƒIWTGFTQRUYGGMQPYGGM6JGVJGCVTGEQXGTU 5VCPFKPIEJCTIGCMCūVJGCVTGPWVŬCWVQOCVKE KPVJGTGYGTGǡDKNNKQPEKPGOCVKEMGVUUQNFKPVJGǡ75#CPF%CPCFCEQORCTGFYKVJCP[ƒTUVYGGMNQUUGUYKVJVJGKPEQOGHTQO FGFWEVKQPVQEQXGTDCUKEVJGCVTGQRGTCVKPIEQUVU EŤǡDKNNKQPKP+PFKCCPPWCNN[GCTPKPIǡDPcǡDPCPFOCMKPIVJG75#CPF%CPCFCEQPEGUUKQPUVCPFU VJGNCTIGUVFQOGUVKEƒNOǡOCTMGVD[DQZQHƒEGTGEGKRVU.ASTRONOMICAL COSTS WORDS ARE NOT CHEAP+PFKCŨUƒTUV/CTUOKUUKQPTKIJVNCWPEJGFKP #TPQNF5EJYCT\GPGIIGT#7675#YCURCKFǡOEQUVNGUUVJCPVJGOQXKGGravity (USA/ cǡOHQTJKUTQNGCUVJGDCEMHTQOVJGHWVWTG7-#VūLWUVŬǡOcǡORWVVKPI 6GTOKPCVQTYKVJCJGCTVQHIQNFCPFQVJGTCU[GVMangalyaanKPQTDKVCTQWPF/CTUEQUVǡO WPFTGCOGFQHOGVCNUKPTerminator 2: Judgment DaycǡONGUUVJCPRWVVKPI)GQTIG%NQQPG[ 75#9KVJQPN[YQTFUVQUC[VJKUYQTMU75#KPǡITGGPUETGGPQTDKVCTQWPF'CTVJ QWVCVcRGTYQTF+PVJGVKOGKVVQQM #TPKGVQWVVGTū*CUVCNCXKUVCDCD[ŬJGGCTPGF cŤOQTGVJCPVKOGUVJGCXGTCIGCPPWCN KPEQOGKPUGXGTCN.CVKP#OGTKECPEQWPVTKGU #VVJKUTCVGJQYYQWNFQVJGTENCUUKEOQXKGECVEJ RJTCUGUEQORCTG!ū(TCPMN[O[FGCT+FQPŨVIKXGCFCOPŬ HTQOGone with the Wind75#YQWNFJCXGGCTPGF #TPKGcYJKNGū+ŨOIQPPCOCMGJKO CPQHHGTJGECPŨVTGHWUGŬWVVGTGFKPThe Godfather (USA, YQWNFŨXGPGVVGFJKOcБ

HIGHEST-GROSSING MOVIE SERIES 6JGNCTIGTVJGƒNOHTCPEJKUGVJGITGCVGTGCTPKPIpotentialVJGUGTKGUJCU*QYGXGTCUVJKUNKUVQHVJG VQRDKIIGUVHTCPEJKUGUUJQYUVJGTGKUPQVCFKTGEVEQTTGNCVKQP6JGTGEQTFHQTJKIJGUVCXGTCIG ITQUUHQTCOQXKGUGTKGUKUJGNFD[The AvengersYKVJCPCXGTCIGQHǡDP=cǡO?DWVHQTQPN[ VYQƒNOU9JKNGRGTJCRUUWTRTKUKPIN[Star Wars75#FQGUPQVEQOGQWVQPVQRKVKUǡVJGmost XCNWCDNGOQXKGHTCPEJKUGQXGTCNNYKVJCTGXGPWGQHǡDPcǡDPKPENWFKPIVQ[UCPF OGTEJCPFKUGGUVKOCVGFCVǡDPcǡDP1. Harry Potter 3. Star Wars 6. Pirates of the Caribbean 9. Shrek(KNOUKPUGTKGU (KNOUKPUGTKGU (KNOUKPUGTKGU (KNOUKPUGTKGU)TQUU )TQUU )TQUU )TQUU 2. James Bond 4. The Fast and the Furious 8. The Twilight Saga (KNOUKPUGTKGU (KNOUKPUGTKGU (KNOUKPUGTKGU )TQUU )TQUU )TQUU 5. Transformers 7. Jurassic Park 10. The Lord of the Rings (KNOUKPUGTKGU (KNOUKPUGTKGU (KNOUKPUGTKGU )TQUU )TQUU )TQUUMAGIC MARK-UPS THE POWER OF POPCORN6JGEQUVVQVJGOQXKGVJGCVTGQH 1,800% +VŨUDGGPUCKFVJCVKH[QWYCPVVQOCMGOQPG[QWVQHOQXKGUƒPFCIQQF RNCEGVQUGNNRQREQTPCPFDWKNF[QWTVJGCVTGVJGTG+VŨUPQVFKHƒEWNVVQUGGVJGRQREQTPUYGGVUCPFFTKPMUVJG[ YJ[YJGP[QWEQORCTGVJGRTKEGQHEKPGOCRQREQTPYKVJūNWZWT[ŬHQQFUUGNNCOQWPVUVQCTQWPFQHVJGKT #VcRGTǡIǡQ\VJGEQUVQHCNCTIGDWEMGVQHRQREQTP [QWCTGNC[KPIQWVOQTGVJCP[QWYQWNFKH[QWUJQRRGFCTQWPFECTGHWNN[HQTVQVCNKPEQOG*QYGXGTVJGVJGCVTG ǡIQHƒNNGVUVGCMcQTNQDUVGTc'XGPCIRQV QHIGPWKPGECXKCTOKIJVDGNGUUVJCPVJTGGOCMGUCRTQƒVQHCTQWPFQP VKOGUVJGRTKEGQHRQREQTP/GICRTQƒVU QTPQVRQREQTPŤUQNFKPVJGCVTGUKPVJGUGKVGOUYJKEJKUPQVUWTRTKUKPI VJG75#UKPEGŤYKNNHQTGXGT TGOCKPCPGUUGPVKCNRCTVYJGP[QWEQPUKFGTV[RKECNOCTMWRU 1,200% QHVJGOQXKGIQKPIJGTGTGRTGUGPVGFRJQVQITCRJKECNN[ GZRGTKGPEGCNQPIUKFGPQTOCNUK\GFVTGCVU;QWOKIJVƒPFKVJCTFVQGCV[QWTYC[VJTQWIJVKOGUVJGCOQWPVQHCUOCNNVWDQHRQREQTP6JCVŨU1-[QWYQPŨVJCXGVQŤDWV[QWTRWTUGYKNNHGGNCUKHVJCVŨUYJCV[QWŨXGRCKFHQT&GUEGPFKPIFQYPVJGUECNGHQTCUOCNNUNWUJ[[QWYKNNRC[ǡVKOGUVJGPQTOCNRTKEGHQTCUOCNNUQFC 300%ǡVKOGUCPFHQTCJWODNGDCIQHRKEMCPFOKZūLWUVŬHQWTVKOGUCUOWEJŤUQRKEMXGT[ECTGHWNN[Б

ART SALES Most /QUVOQPG[OCFGCV GZRGPUKXG CWEVKQPD[CUKPINGCTVKUV RCKPVKPID[ Damien Hirst (UK) made CǡNKXKPICTVKUV £111 m ($200.8 m) from the sale of 167 of his works (NCIQPGQHC on 15–16 Sep 2008 at series of paintings on Sotheby’s in London, UK. VJKUVJGOGD[75ǡCTVKUV ,CURGT,QJPUYCU MOST EXPENSIVE UQNFRTKXCVGN[VQVJG SOLD AT AUCTION JGFIGHWPFDKNNKQPCKTG 5VGXGP#%QJGP75# 2CKPVKPI KPHQTCTGRQTVGF On 11 May 2015, at ǡOcǡO Christie’s in New York City, USA, Les Femmes d’Alger Highest total from as Andy Warhol, Roy 8GTUKQPǡ1 by Pablo Picasso /QUVGZRGPUKXGOQQPUECRGRCKPVKPI CǡUKPINGǡCTVCWEVKQP Lichtenstein, Jeff Koons (ESP), dated 14 Feb 1955, An evening auction of (all USA) and Willem de sold for $179.3 m (£115 m), Now a best-selling artist, US astronaut Alan Bean was lunar Post-War and Contemporary Kooning (USA, b. NLD). with a commission of just module pilot on #RQNNQǡŤǡ0QXCPFEQOOCPFGT Art held by Christie’s over 12%. The buyer, who QHǡVJG5M[NCDǡOKUUKQPǡ,WNŤǡ5GRIf We Could in New York City, bid by telephone, chose to &Qǡ+V#NN1XGT#ICKPŤ#TG;QW4GCF[HQT5QOG(QQVDCNN! USA, on 12 Nov 2014 remain anonymous. For the DGNQYǡFGRKEVU$GCP raised $852,887,000 most expensive painting sold EJCUKPICP#OGTKECP (£598,244,000). The at a private sale, see below. HQQVDCNNQPVJG auction featured /QQP+VYCUUQNFVQ works by artists such CPWPPCOGFDW[GT KPǡHQT c 2CKPVKPIUQNFQPNKPG October on Cape Cod (1946) by Edward Hopper (USA) W\SLͤHVWKHLVRODWLRQDQG solitude common to much of his work. It fetched $9.6 m (£6.7 m) in an internet auction by Christie’s on 28 Nov 2012. TRIVIA Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa once hung in the bedroom of French emperor Napoleon. The name is more correctly spelled Monna Lisa (“My Lady Lisa”) in Italian.DID YOU KNOW?wRiauFt(pB1.soda8Taoroih9sfnndlwea0eftelmlsih,Spocn)itiar,aincgalebndyhevSw(yec£tiiwssonoPah1o,iusa5etlNt2dhu8lszT0iae.elhnmt31froCeeK 1dlmoéaaQCufeszno)aaFncta.driartesndda,$atxnebrm2pPI’dee5spleuaf0(tonroFsyoo isrmeRepyiseurAovaesmell)l, MOST EXPENSIVE PAINTING Produced in 1892, Nafea Faa Ipoipo (“When Will You Marry?”, above) by French Post-Impressionist painter Paul Gauguin reputedly sold for around $300 m (£197 m) in Feb 2015. It was a private sale from the collection of a retired Sotheby’s executive to an unnamed buyer. Seven months later, US tycoon Ken Griffin reportedly paid $300 m for Willem de Kooning’s Interchange (1955). He bought it alongside a $200-m (£129.8-m) piece by Jackson Pollock (USA), Number 17A (1948).DATELINE 1935 First land-speed record to exceed 300 mph On 3 Sep, Sir Malcolm Campbell (UK) achieves a speed of 301.129 mph (484.62 km/h) at Bonneville in Utah, USA, driving the Campbell-Railton Blue Bird. It is powered by a Rolls-Royce R V12 engine. 174 Arts & Media

FAST FACTS For 46 days in 1961, New York’s Museum of Modern Art hung Henri Matisse’s work Le Bateau upside down by mistake • Alan Bean has used real dust from the Moon in his paintings • From 1912 to 1948, the Olympic Games included art competitionsMost 2TKXCVGEQNNGEVKQPGZRGPUKXG QHǡRCKPVKPIUYQTMD[CNKXKPICTVKUV In all, $377 m (£264.4 m)UQNFCV was raised atCWEVKQP Sotheby’s in New York City, USA, on$CNNQQP&QI1TCPIG 4 Nov 2015 from theŤCǡHVJKIJO sale of 69 artworksorange-tinted, stainless-UVGGNUEWNRVWTGD[,GHH once owned by a billionaire-QQPU75#TKIJV real-estate developer.ŤUQNFCV%JTKUVKGŨUKP Portrait de Paulette Jourdain0GY;QTM%KV[75#QP (1919), by Amedeoǡ0QXHQTǡO Modigliani (ITA),cǡO6JGUCNGYCU sold for $42.8 mOCFGVQCPCPQP[OQWU (£27.7 m).VGNGRJQPGDKFFGT+VKUQPGQHƒXGū$CNNQQP 2CKPVKPID[4GODTCPFV&QIŬUEWNRVWTGUGCEJC Portrait of a Man, Half-length,FKHHGTGPVEQNQWTETGCVGF With His Arms Akimbo (1658)D[-QQPUKPVJGU sold by telephone to an anonymous bidder for £20 m ($28.5 m) at Christie’s in London, UK, on 8 Dec 2009. 5EWNRVWTGD[4QFKP A cast of the French sculptor’s work The Thinker realized $15.3 m (£10.7 m) at Sotheby’s in New York City, USA, on 7 May 2013.2TKPV sold for £2.1 m ($3 m). &TCYKPID[CP1NF/CUVGT DID YOU KNOW?roceIfbtupsteLirhohs’tChlwrwoeettorwhdheesemocdeiaaicruunmlntrhyeelgopmmNe dmhutthaetniuoaadewutvtdrdnheeasdeYaaidhrwogottis.oihniragetrskhtsctttaaoe(oCntrsnnhrlioiietigdnedtgyfnhigt9fiicintlea nge)aar uwf.n1lmmolr9aiyreg4.s,ah7t,On 20 Mar 2013, at That’s three times the pre- Head of a Muse, by theChristie’s on King Street in sale estimate of £700,000 Renaissance artist Raphael /QUVGZRGPUKXGLondon, UK, the print Young ($1 m). It is believed that (ITA), sold for £29,200,000 UEWNRVWTGUQNFWoman on the Beach (1896) Munch made 11 copies ($47,788,400) on 9 Dec 2009 CVǡCWEVKQPby Edvard Munch (NOR) of the print altogether. at Christie’s in London, UK. 5YKUUUEWNRVQT#NDGTVQ)KCEQOGVVKŨUMOST EXPENSIVE PAINTINGS SOLD PRIVATELY YQTM.ŨJQOOGCWFQKIV ū2QKPVKPI/CPŬUQNFHQTǡOFew artists make a fortune during their lifetime. But once they die, the value of their work cǡOCV%JTKUVKGŨUKP0GYcan rise to dizzy heights. Below, we list the 10 most expensive paintings ever sold privately. ;QTM%KV[75#QPǡ/C[As the precise prices for private sales are not often made public, all values are approximate. 5VCPFKPIǡEOǡKPVCNN KVKUCNUQVJGmost expensiveTITLE / DATE PAINTED ARTIST PRICE DATE SOLD bronze statue sold CVǡCWEVKQP=1 0CHGC(CC+RQKRQ 2CWN)CWIWKP(4# ǡOcǡO (GD=1 +PVGTEJCPIG 9KNNGOFG-QQPKPI75#D0.& ǡOcǡO 5GRǡ3 6JG%CTF2NC[GTUU 2CWN%Ȍ\CPPG(4# ǡOcǡO 4 0WODGT# ,CEMUQP2QNNQEM75# ǡOcǡO 5GRǡ5 0Q8KQNGV)TGGPCPF4GF /CTM4QVJMQ75# ǡOcǡO #WIǡ6 Pendant portraits of Maerten 4GODTCPFV*CTOGPU\QQP ǡOcǡO 5GRǡ5QQNOCPUCPF1QRLGP%QRRKV XCPǡ4KLP0.&7 .G4ȍXG 2CDNQ2KECUUQ'52 ǡOcǡO ǡ/CT8 0Q ,CEMUQP2QNNQEM75# ǡOcǡO ǡ0QX9 9QOCP+++ 9KNNGOFG-QQPKPI75#D0.& ǡOcǡO ǡ0QX10 2QTVTCKVQH#FGNG$NQEJ$CWGT+ )WUVCX-NKOV#76 ǡOcǡO ǡ,WP* Joint sale Largest airship 1936 DATELINE The 213.9-tonne (471,569-lb) German Hindenburg (LZ 129) has her maiden flight. Two years later, the Graf Zeppelin II (LZ 130) takes to the air. Each is 245 m (803 ft 10 in) long with a gas capacity of 200,000 m³ (7,062,933 cu ft). guinnessworldrecords.com 175

SHAKESPEARE .QPIGUVTWPPKPI5JCMGURGCTGUJQYKPVJG9GUV'PF 5WTRTKUKPIN[9KNNKCO5JCMGURGCTGJCUPGXGTOCFGKVDKIKP.QPFQPŨU9GUV'PFVJGCVTGUKP JKUQYPTKIJV*QYGXGTVJG4GFWEGF5JCMGURGCTG%QORCP[ŨUVQPIWGKPEJGGMRTQFWEVKQP 6JGǡ%QORNGVG9QTMUQH9KNNKCO5JCMGURGCTG#DTKFIGFPQVEJGFWRRGTHQTOCPEGU HTQOKVUQRGPKPIPKIJVQPǡ/CTWPVKNKVENQUGFQPǡ#RT Best-selling playwright Longest-running Robeson in the title role, The plays and poetry 5JCMGURGCTGQPǡ$TQCFYC[ PDNLQJKLPWKHͤUVW$IULFDQ of England’s William Directed by Margaret American actor to play Shakespeare (1564–1616) Webster, a production Othello on Broadway. are believed to have sold of Othello that opened in excess of 4 billion on Broadway in Youngest professional copies in the 400 years Oct 1943 ran for actor to play King Lear since his death. 296 performances. The play starred Paul Shakespeare’s King Lear is an old man who gives up his kingdom to two of his daughters and disowns the other. For most actors, the part is the capstone of a long career, but UK actor Nonso #PQ\KGDǡ/C[RNC[GFVJGRCTVKPCRTQFWEVKQPHQTVJG 4Q[CN5JCMGURGCTG%QORCP[KPYJGPJGYCUQPN[ Longest speech in Most expensive Cǡ5JCMGURGCTGRNC[ literature by In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare Romeo’s friend Mercutio is UQNFCVCWEVKQP given 43 lines to say on the subject of dreams in Act I, The earliest collected edition scene iv (lines 57–99). QH5JCMGURGCTGŨURNC[UKU known as the “First Folio”, In the play, she is just RTKPVGFD[+UCCE,CIICTFCPF 13 years old when she 'FYCTF$NQWPVKP1PG meets Romeo. Usually, QHQPN[ƒXGEQRKGUQHVJGYQTM Juliet is played by a young UQNFCV%JTKUVKGŨUKP0GY;QTM actress who is older %KV[75#QP1EVHQT than 13, but in 2010 the cŤ 76-year-old Siân Phillips (UK) VJGǡJKIJGUVRTKEGGXGTRCKF was cast in the role at HQTǡCVJEGPVWT[DQQM the Bristol Old Vic, UK. This makes her the oldest professional actor to play Juliet. FASTEST RECITAL OF HAMLET’S SOLILOQUY Sean Shannon (CAN) recited Hamlet’s 260-word soliloquy “To be or not to be” in 23.8 sec in Edinburgh, UK, on 30 Aug 1995 – a rate of 655 words per minute. The monologue, from Act III, scene i of Hamlet, reflects on death. Hamlet speculates about whether it is better to endure life’s hardships stoically or to end them by killing oneself – although he fears that the“undiscover’d country” beyond death may hold supernatural terrors of its own.DATELINE 1938 Fastest steam locomotive The London and North Eastern Railway “Class A4” No. 4468 Mallard reaches a speed of 125 mph (201 km/h) at Stoke Bank, near Essendine in Rutland, UK, on 3 Jul. 176 Arts & Media

FAST FACTS No one knows Shakespeare’s date of birth, although traditionally it is regarded as 23 Apr 1564 – St George’s Day • Shakespeare’s name is spelled differently in each of the six surviving versions of his signature/QUV.CWTGPEG1NKXKGT#YCTFU Highest-grossing Most lines by one characterYQPǡD[CPKPFKXKFWCN 5JCMGURGCTGOQXKG in a Shakespeare play William Shakespeare’s#UQHǡ#RT&COG,WFK&GPEJ7-JCFYQPGKIJV1NKXKGT Romeo + Juliet (USA, *CONGVFGNKXGTUNKPGUQHTWOKPCVKQPQPOQTVCNKV[CPF#YCTFU*GTNCVGUVYKPECOGHQT$GUV#EVTGUUKPC5WRRQTVKPI 1996), directed by VJGJWOCPEQPFKVKQP5GGPCDQXGKU&CXKF6GPPCPV7-YJQ4QNGHQTJGTRQTVTC[CNQH2CWNKPCKP5JCMGURGCTGŨU6JGǡ9KPVGTŨU Baz Luhrmann (AUS), RNC[GFVJGRCTVKPCŤRTQFWEVKQP#VǡNKPGUCPF6CNGCDQXG5JGJCUCNUQYQP1NKXKGT#YCTFUHQT took $147,542,381 ǡYQTFU*CONGV is the longest Shakespeare play.appearances in /CEDGVJCPF#PVQP[CPF%NGQRCVTC (£91,030,600) on general release between 1 Nov (CUVGUVVKOGVQYCVEJ DID YOU KNOW?wseopaurrhlanBcak’wohduyssw ihaabSbalsetosehy wvuistCansehtsokho-ree1rkem,rk5sfiniiints8ipeofntw7etwLoogh,aopaf Tnrtnpshthhehpudne.eeelorrBoaaRpny MEtylooro.lw1esaisInz6et.errag0li-s(ogbebbt5wahreue,gttlieholset,wadn) 1996 and 14 Feb 1997. GXGT[ǡ5JCMGURGCTGRNC[ The big-budget, high-octane It took Dan Wilson (UK) just adaptation starred Leonardo 328 days – between 27 Nov DiCaprio and Claire Danes 2014 and 21 Oct 2015 – to as the “star-cross’d lovers”. see live performances of all 37 of Shakespeare’s plays. Shakespeare has 1,121 ZULWLQJFUHGLWVRQͤOPDQG TV productions, making him the PRVW̨OPHG author, as of Feb 2016. These include 106 versions of Hamlet, 98 versions of Macbeth and 64 versions of Romeo and Juliet. The most recent adaptations LQFOXGHWKHIHDWXUHͤOPV Macbeth (UK/FRA/USA, 2015), starring Michael Fassbender and Marion Cotillard, and Romeo and Juliet in Harlem (USA, 2015), and The Hollow Crown (2012), the BBC’s serial of Shakespeare’s history plays./QUVFGCVJUKP (KTUVFQEWOGPVGFTGHGTGPEGCǡ5JCMGURGCTGRNC[ VQǡCǡ5JCMGURGCTGRNC[The Bard wrote 74 deathscenes in his plays. The 6JGTGCTGPQTGEQTFUQHYJGPCP[QH5JCMGURGCTGŨUYQTMUgoriest of his works is Titus YGTGƒTUVRGTHQTOGFDWVJKUVJTGG*GPT[ǡ8+RNC[UYGTGAndronicus, which stages EGTVCKPN[VJGƒTUVVQDGYTKVVGPCDQWV1P/CT14 deaths – including ūJCTGLVJGXKŬYCUUVCIGFCV6JG4QUGCRNC[JQWUGdecapitations and suicides KP5QWVJYCTM.QPFQP7-6JCVUCOG[GCT– alongside cannibalism. RNC[YTKIJV4QDGTV)TGGPGSWQVGFCNKPGHTQO one of the *GPT[8+RNC[UKPCRCORJNGVCPF TRIVIA Thomas Nashe wrote about a performance TGNCVKPIVQVJGUQNFKGT,QJP6CNDQVCOCKP In 1890, Shakespeare EJCTCEVGTKPVJGƒTUVQHVJG*GPT[ǡ8+VTKNQI[ fanatic Eugene There is much debate about the Schieffelin began to try CWVJGPVKEKV[QH5JCMGURGCTGŨURQTVTCKVU to introduce all the bird +VǡKUǡYKFGN[DGNKGXGFJQYGXGTVJCVVJG species mentioned in ū%JCPFQURQTVTCKVŬDGNQYYJKEJFCVGU HTQOǡEǡŤYCURCKPVGFHTQONKHG the Bard’s plays into North America. Alas, the starlings he released had a devastating effect on native birds and are widely seen as a menace. First man-made object in space 1942 DATELINEOn 3 Oct, Germany’s V-2 rocket has its third and most successful test launch to date, from Peenemünde on the country’s Baltic coast. The V-2 climbs to an altitude of 50 mi (80.4 km) above Earth’s surface. guinnessworldrecords.com 177

MUSIC /QUV *KIJGUVRCKF&,KPǡQPG[GCT EQOOGPVUQP According to Forbes, C9GKDQRQUV Scottish DJ Calvin Harris (b. Adam Wiles) earned 9JGPRQRUVCT.WJCP $66 m (£43.12 m) in the CMC.W*CP%*0 12 months to 1 Jun 2015. RQUVGFCXKFGQCDQWVJKU HCXQWTKVGUQEEGTVGCO In Mar 2015, Harris began Manchester United, dating US singer Taylor QP5GRNKVVNG Swift. They are the highest- EQWNFJGJCXGRTGFKEVGF paid celebrity couple, with the reaction it would annual earnings of $146 m URCTM$[ǡ#RT (£94.2 m), as announced VJGRQUVJCFTGEGKXGF by Forbes in Jun 2015. EQOOGPVU on the Weibo social Best-selling PGVYQTM FKIKVCNǡUKPING “Call Me Maybe” by Carly Rae Jepsen (CAN) has sold an estimated 18 million copies worldwide since its release in 2011. The Grammy- nominated single topped charts in 19 countries. Best-selling (KTUVOCNGCTVKUVVQCEJKGXG FQYPNQCFUKPING VJTGGǡOKNNKQPUGNNKPIUKPINGU KPǡVJG75#KPQPGǡYGGM Three singles that feature Bruno Mars (USA, b. Peter “Hello” by Adele (UK, Hernandez) have all sold in excess ofǡOKNNKQPEQRKGU b. Adele Adkins) had worldwide: “Just the Way You Are” (2010), “Grenade” (2010) approximately 1,112,000 CPFū7RVQYP(WPMБŬ GRZQORDGVLQLWVͤUVW week of release, from SPOTIFY • Most streamed album 23 Oct to 29 Oct 2015. in one week: Justin Bieber’s • Most streamed track in chart-topping album /QUVGZRGPUKXGXKP[N 24 hours: On 31 Jul 2015, 2WTRQUG was streamed TGEQTFUQNFCVCWEVKQP “Drag Me Down” by One 205 million times on Spotify A mono copy of Direction (UK/IRL) was worldwide in the week after streamed 4.75 million times. its release on 13 Nov 2015. 6JGǡ$GCVNGU(aka the • Most streamed track in • Most streams in one 9JKVG#NDWO) sold one week: “What Do You year: In 2015, Canadian by ex-band member Mean?” by Justin Bieber rapper Drake (b. Aubrey (CAN) was streamed Drake Graham) attracted Ringo Starr (UK) 30,723,708 times between 1.8 billion streams from fetched $790,000 28 Aug and 3 Sep 2015. 46 million listeners. (£522,438) at Julien’s Auctions in Los Angeles, California, USA, on 5 Dec 2015. Numbered 0000001, it was DͤUVWSUHVVLQJ of The Beatles’ 1968 chart- topper. THE RETURN OF ADELE In 2011, Adele became the first female to have the biggest-selling album and single in the USA and UK in the same year. Released in 2015, her third LP, 25, soon became the fastest-selling pop album in the USA, shifting 2,433,000 units in four days from its release on 20 Nov. Only 24 hr after its release, more than 900,000 copies of 25 had been downloaded on Apple’s iTunes store, according to Billboard, making it the fastest-selling album on iTunes. And on 30 Nov 2015, it reached the million-selling mark on the UK albums chart, the fastest time for an album to sell 1 million copies in the UK.DATELINE 1942 Largest battleship The Japanese battleships Yamato and Musashi have a full-load displacement of 71,111 tonnes (78,386 US tons), an overall length of 263 m (863 ft), a beam of 38.7 m (127 ft) and a full-load draught of 10.8 m (35 ft 5.1 in). 178 Arts & Media

FAST FACTS Shakira speaks Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and English • In 2015, superstar DJ Calvin Harris became the new “face” of Giorgio Armani underwear • At its peak, Adele’s 25 was selling more than double the rest of Billboard’s top 100 YOUTUBE & VEVO/QUVUVTGCOGFCNDWO (CUVGUVVKOGHQTCXKFGQ /QUVNKMGFQP5RQVKH[KPQPG[GCT VQTGCEJǡDKNNKQPXKGYU HGOCNGQP QPǡ;QW6WDG (CEGDQQM4GNGCUGFQPǡ#WIBeauty Behind the Madness, by Adele’s “Hello”, which%CPCFKCP4$OWUKEKCP6JG9GGMPFD#DGN6GUHC[GYCUVJG was uploaded to YouTube 6JG(CEGDQQMRCIGOQUVUVTGCOGFCNDWOQP5RQVKH[DGVYGGPǡ&GECPFǡ&GE on 22 Oct 2015, reached QHUKPIGT5JCMKTC+VCVVTCEVGFCVQVCNQHǡOKNNKQPNKUVGPGTUKP 1 billion views a mere %1.Dǡ5JCMKTC+UCDGN 88 days later on 18 Jan /GDCTCM4KRQNNJCFDGGP• Most streams in one year • Most streamed act: Singer 2016. It was the 18th NKMGFD[(female): Rihanna’s (BRB, Ed Sheeran’s (UK) tracks YouTube video to attract HCPUCUQHǡ#RTb. Robyn Rihanna Fenty) had been streamed more 1 billion views since 21 Dec 6JGū*KRU&QPŨVsongs were streamed more than 3 billion times on 2012, when PSY’s (KOR) .KGŬUVCTYCUVJGƒTUVthan 1 billion times in 2015. Spotify as of 1 Dec 2015. “Gangnam Style” became person on Facebook the ̨UVWYLGHRWRUHFHLYH VQCVVTCEVǡOKNNKQP ELOOLRQYLHZV (after a likesQPǡ,WN period of 159 days). CPFKUVJGUGEQPFOQUV ́0RVWYLHZHGPXVLFFKDQQHO RQRWNCTEGNGDTKV[QPVJG RQ<RX7XEHLQGLYLGXDO: UQEKCNOGFKCPGVYQTM JustinBieberVEVO had DGJKPFUQEEGTRNC[GT 10,478,651,389 views logged %TKUVKCPQ4QPCNFQYKVJ by 19 Apr 2016, for the NKMGU 120 videos uploaded to the channel since 25 Sep 2009. ́0RVWYLHZVIRUDQDFW on VEVO in 24 hours: Recordings by David Bowie (UK, b. David Jones) attracted 51 million views on the video-hosting platform VEVO on 11 Jan 2016, the day after his death at the age of 69./QUVHQNNQYGTUQP6YKVVGT *KIJGUVCPPWCNGCTPKPIUGXGTHQTCHGOCNGRQRUVCT#UQHǡ#RT-CV[2GTT[75#D-CVJGT[P*WFUQP -CV[2GTT[GCTPGFǡOcǡOKPVJGǡOQPVJUVQ,WPǡCEEQTFKPIVQ(QTDGU6JG\"MCV[RGTT[JCFCPCWFKGPEGQHQP6YKVVGT UKPIGTYCUTCPMGFVJKTFQPVJGNKUVQHVJGū9QTNFŨU*KIJGUV2CKF%GNGDTKVKGUŬDGJKPFDQZGTU(NQ[F+PǡUGEQPFCPFVJKTFRNCEGUYGTGHGNNQYRQRUVCTU,WUVKP /C[YGCVJGT,T75#ǡOcǡOCPF/CPP[2CESWKCQ2*.ǡOcǡOBieber (@justinbieber) – the most followers on Twitter #HVGT2GTT[VJGJKIJGUVGCTPKPIOWUKEKCPUQP(QTDGUŨTKEJNKUVYGTG1PGǡ&KTGEVKQP0Q(male)ŤCPFǡ6C[NQT5YKHV\"VC[NQTUYKHVYKVJ ǡOcǡOEQWPVT[UKPIGT)CTVJ$TQQMU75#0QǡOcǡOCPF6C[NQT5YKHVCPFǡHQNNQYGTUTGURGEVKXGN[#UQHVJGUCOGFCVG 0QǡOcǡO1PGǡ&KTGEVKQP\"QPGFKTGEVKQPTGOCKPGFVJGmost popularOWUKEITQWRQPǡ6YKVVGTYKVJHQNNQYGTU First general-purpose electronic computer 1946 DATELINE The US Army’s Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) machine is built. It weighs 27 tonnes(59,525 lb), measures 2.6 x 0.9 x 24 m (8 ft 6 in x 2 ft 11 in x 78 ft 9 in) and is used to calculate artillery trajectories. guinnessworldrecords.com 179

MUSIC Most weeks at No.1 on the /QUVUKOWNVCPGQWUGPVTKGU 75ǡ&KIKVCN5QPIUEJCTV QPǡVJG7-CNDWOUEJCTV Two singles have spent a total of 13 weeks at No.1 on Billboard ’s 1PVJG1HƒEKCN#NDWOU%JCTVFCVGFǡ,CP Digital Songs chart. “Low” by Flo Rida (right) featuring T-Pain (both &CXKF$QYKG7-D&CXKF,QPGURNCEGFCNDWOU 75#CEJKGXGFVJGHGCVDGVYGGPǡ&GECPFǡ/CT KPVJG6QRǡ6JGITQWPFDTGCMKPIOWUKEKCPYJQ ū7RVQYP(WPMБŬD[/CTM4QPUQP7-HGCVWTKPI$TWPQ/CTU75# UWEEWODGFVQECPEGTQPǡ,CPQYPGFCSWCTVGT OCVEJGFVJCVTGEQTFKPVJTGGUGRCTCVGTWPUDGVYGGPǡ,CPCPF QHVJG7-6QRǡ*KUVJUVWFKQCNDWOBlackstar ǡ#RT4QPUQPKUUJQYPCDQXGHCTNGHVCNQPIYKVJ/CTU FGDWVGFCV0QYKVJUCNGUQHŤGPQWIJVQIKXG (third from left) and his backing band The Hooligans. ū6JG6JKP9JKVG&WMGŬCVJEJCTVVQRRGTKPVJG7- FIRST ACT TO HOLD ALL TOP 3 PLACES  (KTUVCEVYKVJOKNNKQP band made the eclectic ON THE UK SINGLES CHART 4+##UKPINGEGTVKƒECVKQPU album to protest against the The Recording Industry small royalties offered by In the 65 years of the UK’s Official Singles Chart (1952– Association of America the digital music industry for present), no act had held the top three positions in the (RIAA) issues gold records tracks longer than 30 sec. same week until Justin Bieber (CAN) did so with “Love for sales of 500,000 units; Yourself” (No.1), “Sorry” (No.2) and “What Do You SODWLQXPUHFRUGVUHͥHFW .CTIGUVCVVGPFCPEGCVC Mean?” (No.3) on the chart dated 14 Jan 2016. OWUKEHGUVKXCNQPGNQECVKQP sales of 1 million units. Austria’s free, open-air On the Billboard Hot 100 dated 5 Dec In Jul 2015, the RIAA Donauinselfest (“Danube 2015, Bieber had 17 tracks, the most announced that Rihanna Island Festival”) drew simultaneous tracks on the US (BRB, b. Robyn Rihanna 3.3 million revellers to singles chart. The highest placed )HQW\ZDVWKHͤUVWDFW Vienna on 26–28 Jun 2015. was “Sorry”, at No.2. Of these, 13 tracks were new entries, the to reach 100 million gold CHARTS most simultaneous new entries and platinum single sales in the Hot 100 by a solo act. FHUWLͤFDWLRQVLQWKH86$DID YOU KNOW?shiTmaEhBFvleuurevt at lBiahtsnnaelelkPBano  oeirtibeeencelooecbsGtdsuuliee,orysrpJeyelohiyc,sTehaaTodtonmdhonpNeLlHet3ooeShoacnu.he1kllnnloaeyaUntoddwniKngolddo.wJcaouoNhnswds,oadtn.ir2nt. /QUVUQPIUQP ;QWPIGUVOCNGUQNQCTVKUV CǡFKIKVCNǡCNDWO VQFGDWVCV0QQP 7KH3RFNHW*RGV8. VJGǡBillboard*QV packed 100 songs, all Justin Bieber (b. 1 Mar a little over 30 sec 1994) was 21 years 202 days old when “What long, on to their Do You Mean?” debuted Dec 2015 album at No.1 on the Billboard 100x30. The +RWRQ6HS Most Billboard*QV GPVTKGUD[ǡCUQNQCTVKUV $VRI$SU86 rapper Lil Wayne had placed 129 different songs on the Billboard Hot 100. His debut was “Back that 7KDQJ8S̹ in 1999.DATELINE 1947 Largest aircraft On 2 Nov, the Hughes H-4 Hercules, better known as the “Spruce Goose”, makes its first – and only – flight, off the coast of California, USA. This colossal flying boat has a wing-span of 319 ft 11 in (97.51 m) and is 218 ft 8 in (66.65 m) long. 180 Arts & Media

FAST FACTS David Bowie’s left pupil became permanently dilated following a fight during his schooldays • Rihanna is a mezzo-soprano, with a three-octave vocal range • It took Mark Ronson 82 takes to nail his guitar part for “Uptown Funk!” /QUVEQPUGEWVKXGYGGMU /QUVXKGYGF KPǡVJG6QRQHVJG OWUKEXKFGQ Billboardǡ*QVǡOCNG QPNKPGHGOCNG The Weeknd (CAN, b. Abel Tesfaye) spent 45 weeks Taylor Swift’s (USA) in the Top 10 of Billboard’s ū$NCPM5RCEGŬJCFTCEMGF Hot 100 between 7 Mar up a viewer count of 2015 and 9 Jan 2016 – the QPVJG longest ever Top 10 streak video-hosting platform by a solo male. The historic 8'81CUQHǡ#RT run comprised three singles: “Earned It” (7 Mar to 4 Jul DID YOU KNOW?reatUhl1CwlTSey9aAhr4ivdsetne,1tihicwdld“temkaeBwahstiotl o tniohgsa,cavhonbehLdnieleukoaSfdan tayChScpotssgliepptnut,hlaaiIembbzesaccaey.lkedoarnwsA”issndhKtwvCidlnniayi,ti’dCntteNtaehohaetheob.cewOoSrtwcruawhYlsaaaeceisolfasklrftssyrakohicr,ot 2015), “Can’t Feel My Face” (11 Jul to 14 Nov 2015) and “The Hills” (1 Aug and 29 Aug 2015 to 9 Jan 2016). /QUVEQPUGEWVKXGYGGMUKP VJG7-6QRQPGUKPING (G6KHHUDQ̵V8.̸7KLQNLQJ Out Loud” debuted on the 8.̵V2ͦFLDO6LQJOHV&KDUW on 5 Jul 2014 and spent its 54th consecutive week in the Top 40 on 11 Jul 2015. The ballad was No.1 for two weeks and spent 20 weeks inside the Top 10.Most weeks at No.1 on /QUVYQTFUBillboard ŨUǡ#TVKUVEJCTV KPǡCJKVUKPING#UQHǡ#RT6C[NQT5YKHV75#JCFVQRRGFBillboard ’s ū4CR)QFŬD['OKPGO#TVKUVǡEJCTVHQTCTGEQTFDTGCMKPIVQVCNQHYGGMU 75#RCEMUYQTFU6JCVŨUǡYGGMUOQTGVJCPVJGUGEQPFOQUVUWEEGUUHWNCEV KPVQǡOKPǡUGEŤCXGTCIKPIQPVJGEQWPVFQYP,WUVKP$KGDGT%#05YKHVŨUFQOKPCPEG ǡYQTFURGTUGEБ+PQPGQHǡVJGHNGFINKPIEJCTVKPENWFGFǡUWEEGUUKXGYGGMUCVVJG UGEDWTUV'OKPGOURKVUVQRǡHTQOǡǡ0QXVQǡ,CP QWVǡYQTFUŤǡYQTFU per sec. “Rap God” debuted/QUVUWEEGUUKXGYGGMU CV0QQPVJG7-UKPINGUKPVJG7-6QRǡ EJCTVQPǡ1EVCPFHQTǡCǡFGDWVCNDWO 0QQPVJG75Billboard *QVǡQPǡ0QX1PVJG1HƒEKCN#NDWOU%JCTVHQTǡ5GRIn the Lonely HourD[ +PURKTGFD[ū4CR)QFŬ5COǡ5OKVJ7-URGPVCVJUVTCKIJV ū#PKOCNŬD[VJG*CTT[YGGMKPVJG6QR+VU7-UCNGU 5JQVVC5JQY7-EQPVCKPUGZEGGFOKNNKQPEQRKGU ǡYQTFUKPǡOKPǡUGE QTYQTFURGTUGEŤVJG most words in a single. “This is purely about pushing our CTVCPFJCXKPIUQOGHWPŬ /%5JQVVCVQNFYGDUKVG 7-(ū#PKOCNŬRTGOKGTGF QPǡ$$%4CFKQ:VTCQP ǡ,WP Loudest siren 1952 DATELINEIn March, American car maker Chrysler begins making a V8-engined air-raid siren, designed to warn the public in case of a nuclear attack. It emits a 138-decibel wail that can be heard up to 25 mi (40 km) away. guinnessworldrecords.com 181

MOVIES /QUVXCNWCDNGXGJKENGUKPCOQXKGECTEJCUG +PQPGQHVJGEGPVTCNCEVKQPUGVRKGEGUQHVJGVJQHƒEKCN,COGU$QPFƒNOSpectre (UK/USA, $QPFRNC[GFD[&CPKGN%TCKIFTKXGUVJTQWIJVJGUVTGGVUQH4QOGCVURGGFUQHWRVQ ǡORJǡMOJKPCRTQVQV[RG#UVQP/CTVKP&$6JKUPQPRTQFWEVKQPOQFGNQHYJKEJ QPN[ǡYGTGOCFGŤCNNGZENWUKXGN[HQTVJKUƒNOŤKUXCNWGFCVOcǡO$QPFKURWTUWGF D[VJGXKNNCKP/T*KPZRNC[GFD[&CXG$CWVKUVCYJQFTKXGUC,CIWCT%:ŤCPQVJGTURGEKCNN[ RTQFWEGFUWRGTECTYKVJCPGUVKOCVGFXCNWGQHǡOc1XGTCNNVJGǡVYQǡXGJKENGU WUGFǡKPǡVJGEJCUGTGRTGUGPVCVQVCNOCTMGVXCNWGQHǡOcǡO *KIJGUVCPPWCNGCTPKPIU HQTCƒNOCEVTGUUCPFCEVQT According to the Forbes list of the “World’s Highest-Paid Celebrities”, Hunger Games star Jennifer Lawrence (USA) took JQOGǡOcǡOHQTVJG[GCTGPFKPIǡ,WP5JGKU VJGUGEQPFJKIJGUVGCTPKPICEVQTQPVJGNKUVUWTRCUUGFQPN[ D[4QDGTV&QYPG[,T75#YJQGCTPGFǡOcǡO HTQO,WPǡVQ,WP6JKUKPENWFGUJKUHGGHQTRNC[KPI Iron Man in the Avengers movie Age of UltronDID YOU KNOW?tfrcMairtdamheeaJnaeobrDigtel ub1eiiuaicSt9dlgerkia4wCmdsrr1Pcaho.isuornpuBihnnrettnaeicheoaeac ednisilsknslndelhoid,ortnnArihiiweJanaem1ealtln.d9nach–eC.4k ,cebrawh4oriKlpcam,ietitapchfirhh,ikblarcawa-ysnaydithnnethaodhdie-tby *KIJGUVDQZQHƒEG *KIJGUVQRGPKPIYGGMGPF .QPIGUVOQXKGVTCKNGT ƒNOǡITQUU ITQUUHQTCP4TCVGFƒNO In Jul 2014, Anders Weberg As of 22 Sep 2015, Avatar Deadpool (USA, 2016) (SWE) unveiled a 72-min (US/UK, 2009) had grossed grossed $260 m (£179.4 m) trailer for his forthcoming $2,783,918,982 (£1.79 bn) worldwide over its three- KUͤOPAmbiancé, which worldwide, according to day opening weekend of will be released in 2020. The-Numbers.com. 12–14 Feb 2016. The risqué superhero movie went on TRIVIA *KIJGUVITQUUKPIHGOCNG to become the highest- CEVKQPOQXKGUVCT grossing R-rated movie British comedy actor As of 8 Feb 2016, Jennifer ever, making $758,987,687 Simon Pegg appears in Lawrence was history’s most (£537.1 m) by 13 Apr 2016. two sci-fi institutions. successful female action He plays Montgomery movie star. According to .CTIGUV+/#:QRGPKPI “Scotty” Scott (above) in The-Numbers.com, the On 3 Apr 2015, the global the Star Trek franchise, Hunger Games series (in opening of (WTKQWUǡ (USA), which she plays Katniss WKHVHYHQWKͤOPLQWKHFast and Unkar Plutt Everdeen) and her two & Furious franchise, saw (below) in the latest X-Men movies (in which she screenings in a total of Star Wars episode. 810 IMAX locations. The plays Raven/Mystique) previous record of 760 IMAX have grossed screens was set in Nov $4,005,735,448 2014 by Interstellar (USA). (£2.76 bn) worldwide. With a global gross of $1,516,246,709 (£965.8 m) as of 18 Jun 2015, (WTKQWUǡ is also the highest-grossing car-chase movie. MOST PROFITABLE ACTOR FOR A HOLLYWOOD STUDIO (CURRENT) In the year up to Jun 2015, no other Hollywood actor has returned more profit relative to what they were paid than Captain America star Chris Evans (USA), according to Forbes. In his last three major films of this period – which include Avengers: Age of Ultron (USA, 2015) and Captain America: The Winter Soldier (USA, 2014) – Evans grossed $181.80 (£118) for every $1 (£0.65) that he was paid.DATELINE 1953 First ascent of Everest Edmund Percival Hillary (NZ) and Indo-Tibetan Tenzing Norgay reach the 8,848-m-high (29,029-ft) summit of the world’s highest mountain at 11:30 a.m. on 29 May. 182 Arts & Media

FAST FACTS Daniel Craig has starred in the three longest Bond films: Casino Royale (2006), Skyfall (2012) and Spectre (2015) • Robert Downey Jr’s Iron Man suit has around 450 parts • The Force Awakens is the first Star Wars movie not released in May.CTIGUVDQZQHƒEGYGGMGPF /QUVXKUWCNGHHGEVUUJQVUKPCƒNOAs well as being the HCUVGUVOQXKGVQITQUUǡOKNNKQPCV 6JGPWODGTQHFKIKVCNXKUWCNGHHGEVU8(:UJQVUKPDNQEMDWUVGTOQXKGUEQPVKPWGUVQOWNVKRN[VJGFQOGUVKEDQZQHƒEGUGGRVJGUGXGPVJStar Wars +PVJKUTGURGEV+PFKCŨUƒNOKPFWUVT[JCUTCEGFCJGCFQH*QNN[YQQFKPTGEGPV[GCTU'HHGEVUinstalment The Force Awakens75#GPLQ[GFVJGDKIIGUV UWRGTXKUQTUHQT5ǡ54CLCOQWNKŨUOGFKGXCNHCPVCU[GRKEBaahubali: The Beginning+0&FQOGUVKEYGGMGPFŤCPFQRGPKPIYGGMGPFŤQPKVUNCWPEJQXGT EQPƒTOVJCVVJGƒNOEQPVCKPUCTQWPFUGRCTCVG8(:UJQVU6JG[YGTGETGCVGFD[OQTGVJGYGGMGPFQHŤǡ&GEITQUUKPIǡOcǡO VJCPǡ8(:UVCHHYQTMKPIHQTFKHHGTGPVGHHGEVUUVWFKQUCETQUUƒXGEQWPVTKGU/QUVEQPPGEVGFNKXKPICEVQT .QPIGUV,COGU$QPFOQXKG Bond movie. Spectre isn’t by Sean Connery and RogerThe University of Virginia’s At 148 min, Spectre outruns the highest-grossing Bond Moore (both UK), with 007(USA) “Oracle of Bacon” is all other movies in the Bond movie, however. That outings each. Connerysoftware – named after franchise. The shortest honour goes to Skyfall (UK/ DSSHDUHGLQWKHͤUVW%RQGAmerican actor Kevin Bacon %RQG̨OP is Quantum of USA, 2012). It grossed movie, &Tǡ0Q (UK, 1962), and– that maps the working Solace (2008) at 106 min. $1,110,526,981 (£743.8 m). Moore made his debut inties between 2.9 million Live and Let Die (UK, 1973).actors and actresses, as Spectre’s basic production Jesper Christensenwell as 1.9 million movies/ budget has been estimated (DNK) has made the mostTV shows, in the Internet at $245 m (£169 m), making appearances as a BondMovie Database. As of YLOODLQ. As Mr White, he4 Dec 2015, the most it the most expensive appears in Casino Royaleconnected living (2006), Quantum of Solacemovie star – that and Spectre.is, the person atthe “Centre of the The record for theHollywood Universe” most appearances– is Eric Roberts as James Bond(USA), who has is sharedthe lowestscore of2.83285.&TGUUGFVQMKNN$QPFCPFSpectre DID YOU KNOW?E(7fiwrS5(flpAwe2.odm4per,uei2t ceoUtotd2tshwoirttS4,ge anu3dM ntlUaa3neoyiol tSrttnksiire  enoegesogdlx)gxcafd(poe7fcpl8o)o2foall,oorfo :t4Tlsuftb6st1Nihhirkv881oTeeeee .2ln4dersirs t7oo.qec(tr zpshsutee)eouineisconnvletltfaenauiolernerfgsendets).t&CPKGN%TCKIKUVJGJKIJGUVRCKFCEVQTVQJCXGRNC[GF,COGU$QPF*KUUCNCT[HQTRQTVTC[KPICIGPVKPSpectre is estimatedVQJCXGVQVCNNGFǡOcǡO In the movie, Craig is seen on-screen wearing clothes andCEEGUUQTKGUYKVJCVQVCNTGVCKNXCNWGQHCVNGCUVcOCMKPIJKU$QPFVJGOQUVGZRGPUKXGN[FTGUUGFOQXKGEJCTCEVGT #EEQTFKPIVQKPHQTOCVKQPRTQXKFGFD[)CT[2QYGNNEJKGHUVWPVcoordinator on SpectreXGJKENGUYQTVJǡOcǡOYGTGFGOQNKUJGFFWTKPIVJGOCMKPIQHVJGƒNOVJGJKIJGUVXCNWGQHXGJKENGUFGUVTQ[GFKPVJGOCMKPIQHCOQXKG6JKUƒIWTGKPENWFGUUGXGPQHVJG#UVQP/CTVKP&$RTQVQV[RGUETGCVGFHQTVJGƒNO Sam Smith’s (UK) “Writing’s on the Wall”, taken from Spectre,became the ƒTUV$QPFVJGOGVQTGCEJ0QKPVJG7-EJCTVwhenKVFGDWVGFCVVJGVQRQPǡ1EV First person to run a mile in under four minutes 1954 DATELINEOn 6 May, in front of a 3,000-strong crowd at Oxford University, UK, 25-year-old Roger Bannister (UK) runs one mile in 3 min 59.4 sec. Up to this point, many people had believed that this feat was impossible. guinnessworldrecords.com 183

DISNEY 3 4 GALLERY 9CNVGT9CNV'NKCU&KUPG[75#ŤKUCTIWCDN[VJGOQUVEGNGDTCVGF OQXKGOCMGTQHCNNVKOG6JGƒNOUDGCTKPIJKUPCOGQHHGTCTQNNECNNQH TGEQTFUŤVJGJKIJNKIJVUQHYJKEJCTGNKUVGFJGTGŤDWVVJGOCPJKOUGNH GCTPGFCHGYQHJKUQYPVQQKPENWFKPIOQUV1UECTUYQPKPCNKHGVKOGOQUV1UECTU YQPKPC[GCTHQWTKPCPFOQUVEQPUGEWVKXG1UECTYKPUGKIJVHTQOVQ 1 2 HIGHEST BOX-OFFICE 1 FIRST ANIMATION 2 BEST-SELLING 3 MOST POSITIVELY 4 GROSS FOR AN ANIMATION NOMINATED FOR ANIMATION SOUNDTRACK REVIEWED FILM (INFLATION-ADJUSTED) BEST PICTURE OSCAR 6JGUQWPFVTCEMQH The Lion King (1994) #UQH,CPǡCTQWPFǡOQXKGUJCFC &KUPG[ŨUƒTUVHWNNNGPIVJHGCVWTGƒNOSnow +PBeauty and the Beast CEJKGXGFCP JCUCEJKGXGFǡOKNNKQPEQPƒTOGFUCNGUKP TCVKPIQPTGXKGYCIITGICVKQPYGDUKVG4QVVGP White and the Seven DwarfsVQQM CPKOCVGFOQXKGƒTUVD[OCMKPIVJGUJQTVNKUV VJG75#CPFCPGUVKOCVGFǡOKNNKQPWPKVU 6QOCVQGU6JGOQUVYKFGN[EGNGDTCVGFKUToy ǡOVJGPcǡOCVVJGDQZQHƒEG HQT$GUV2KEVWTG1UECT+VNQUVVQSilence of the YQTNFYKFG6JGOQXKGKVUGNHCNUQJQNFUVJG Story 2CEETWKPIǡRWDNKUJGFTGXKGYU YQTNFYKFGGSWKXCNGPVVQǡDPcǡDP LambsCVVJGCYCTFUEGTGOQP[QPǡ/CT TGEQTFHQTVJGDGUVUGNNKPIJQOGXKFGQYKVJ CNNFGGOGFRQUKVKXG1Pǡ,WP6Q[5VQT[ǡ VQFC[1Pǡ/CTVJGRKEVWTGYCU DWVVJGUQPIū$GCWV[CPFVJG$GCUVŬ OQTGVJCPǡOKNNKQPEQRKGUUQNFYQTNFYKFG GPLQ[GFYJCVYCUVJGPVJGOQUVUWEEGUUHWN ITCPVGFCūURGEKCNŬ#ECFGO[#YCTFŤQH YCUXQVGF$GUV1TKIKPCN5QPICPF#NCP CPFKPOWUKECNHQTOKVKUVJGJKIJGUVITQUUKPI QRGPKPIYGGMGPFHQTC&CPKOCVKQPVCMKPI QPGTGIWNCTUK\GFCYCTFCPFUGXGPUOCNNGT /GPMGPŨUOWUKEYQP$GUV1TKIKPCN5EQTG $TQCFYC[UJQY5KPEGQRGPKPIKP1EVǡKV c'CTPKPIǡDP XGTUKQPUБSnow WhiteYCUCNUQVJGƒTUV +Pǡ#RTǡVJGOQXKGDGECOGVJGƒTUV JCUVCMGPǡDPcǡOŤWRVQ,CPǡ cǡOINQDCNN[ǡVQǡ&GEǡKVYCUǡVJGƒTUV OQXKGǡYKVJCPQHƒEKCNUQWPFVTCEM. &KUPG[ƒNOCFCRVGFKPVQCUVCIGOWUKECN. ŤCPFUQNFCVQVCNQHUGCVU CPKOCVGFOQXKGVQITQUUǡDP.DATELINE 1956 First transatlantic telephone cable On 25 Sep, the telephone cable Transatlantic Number One (TAT-1) between Scotland, UK, and Clarenville in Newfoundland, Canada, opens for business. It carries 588 UK–USA calls and 119 UK–Canada calls in the first 24 hr. 184 Arts & Media

5 6 75 DID YOU KNOW?cmihcnaaâsoCgstFpeptialiclaoesrDeaurntenDliliixdeesodn1ind,swa8abaanen,9iysfyneU tdofvy’ihtsS1trpa’e’9As(mMsra5m7li,lk7osao1ab.negg,u6cpoaooie psaamcnw.sarsrKdtti)ernnsioktai,nattfl.EthsgloCcludeiwaiamrnostnoemtadaprdlleegselwrisee.ane,sIalttlsa 8HIGHEST-GROSSING 5 HIGHEST-GROSSING 6 MOST VES AWARDS WON 7 HIGHEST-GROSSING 8PUPPET MOVIE COMPUTER ANIMATION BY AN ANIMATION OPENING WEEKEND&GDWVKPIQPVGNGXKUKQPKPVJGU-GTOKV #EEQTFKPIVQ6JG0WODGTUEQOFrozen $KI*GTQǡUVCTTKPIKPHNCVCDNGTQDQV FOR AN ORIGINAL MOVIEVJG(TQI/KUU2KII[CPFVJGTGUVQHVJG CPFKVUTGTGNGCUGCUCUKPICNQPI $C[OCZCPFJKUJWOCPEQORCPKQP*KTQ Inside OutCDTCPFPGYūƒTUVŬHTQOVJG/WRRGVUJCXGJCFCNQPICPFUWEEGUUHWN XGTUKQPJCFINQDCNDQZQHƒEGTGEGKRVUQH TGEGKXGFƒXGCYCTFUCVVJG8KUWCN'HHGEVU &KUPG[QYPGF2KZCT5VWFKQUITQUUGFCECTGGT6JKUJCUKPENWFGFGKIJVVJGCVTKECN cD[ǡ,WP 5QEKGV[#YCTFUEGTGOQP[QPǡ(GD VQVCNQHcYJGPKVTGNGCUGUCPFVYQ68OQXKGU6JGOQUV 6JKUOGCPUKVKUCNUQVJGJKIJGUV 6QDWKNFVJGƒNOŨUITQWPFDTGCMKPIFKIKVCN QRGPGFKPǡ75VJGCVTGUQPVJGYGGMGPFUWEEGUUHWNVQFCVGKPVGTOUQHDQZQHƒEG ITQUUKPI&KUPG[OQXKG+PCNGUUQHƒEKCN YQTNF&KUPG[5VWFKQUCUUGODNGFCENWUVGT QHŤǡ,WP6JGRTGXKQWUTGEQTFUCNGUKUVJG&KUPG[TGXCORThe Muppets. EQORNKOGPVFrozenJCFǡOKNNKQPKNNGICN QHǡEQORWVGTUURNKVQXGTHQWTUGRCTCVG JGNFD[ǡAvatarJCFUVQQFHQTCNOQUV$[ǡ/CTVJGƒNOJCFITQUUGF FQYPNQCFUKPCEEQTFKPIVQ)GTOCP NQECVKQPUYJKEJEQWNFTWPǡTGPFGTKPI UKZ[GCTUInside OutYCUCNUQCJKVYKVJVJGcCEEQTFKPI RKTCE[OQPKVQTKPIEQORCP['ZEKRKQOCMKPI CPKOCVKQPLQDUKPǡJTŤVJGOQUV ETKVKEUYKPPKPIVJG1UECTHQT$GUV#PKOCVGFVQǡ6JG0WODGTUEQO KVǡVJGOQUVRKTCVGFCPKOCVGFOQXKGVJCV[GCT EQORWVKPIRQYGTWUGFKPOCMKPICOQXKG. (GCVWTGCVVJGǡEGTGOQP[ First artificial satellite in orbit 1957 DATELINE On 4 Oct, Sputnik 1 is launched by an inter-continental ballistic missile from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at Tyuratam in Kazakhstan, USSR. Its lifetime is believed to be 92 days. guinnessworldrecords.com 185

TV Richest TV creator Most followers on Twitter The “Queen of all Media”, for a TV personality Highest-rated TV series Oprah Winfrey (USA), best (current) known for the talk show Ellen DeGeneres (USA, above left, @TheEllenShow) was the she created and hosted in OQUVRQRWNCT68RGTUQPCNKV[QP6YKVVGTCUQHǡ#RT 5GCUQPQHETKOGFTCOCFargo(:75#CEJKGXGF 1986–2011, had a net worth YKVJǡHQNNQYGTU6JGHQTOGTUVCPFWREQOGFKCP CǡOGVCUEQTGQHQP/GVCETKVKETGRTGUGPVKPI of $3.1 bn (£2.15 bn) in the ūWPKXGTUCNCEENCKOŬHTQOTGXKGYU#UQH Forbes 400 list of Apr 2016. JCUǡJQUVGFThe Ellen DeGeneres ShowUKPEG ǡ#RTKVJCFCWUGTTCVKPIQH #UQHVJGUCOGFCVGVJGmost followers on Twitter Forbes put John de Mol’s Highest-earning comedian (NLD) net worth at $1.49 bn for a TV personality (male)YCUHQT (current) (£1.03 bn), making him the ,KOO[(CNNQP75#CDQXGTKIJV\",KOO[(CNNQP According to Forbes, Jerry richest TV creator (male) Seinfeld (USA) earned as of Apr 2016. De Mol $36 m (£25.57 m) between took the reality TV concept Jun 2014 and Jun 2015, global with Big Brother, primarily from giving live and launched6JGǡ8QKEGQH performances, but also from Holland, which became the syndicating his eponymous international hit 6JG8QKEG. TV comedy series. Most scripted TV shows HIGHEST-EARNING released in one year TV STAR, CURRENT According to TV channel (MALE AND FEMALE) FX (USA), networks and streaming services According to Forbes, Kaley Cuoco broadcast a (USA, right), star of The Big Bang record 409 Theory (CBS, USA), earned dramas, around $28.5 m (£18.1 m) in comedies and the year from Jun 2014 – as limited series did Sofía Vergara (COL) of in 2015. Modern Family (ABC, USA). Meanwhile, The Big Bang TRIVIA Theory lead, Jim Parsons (USA, second right), earned an In 2015, the Big Bang estimated $29 m (£18.4 m). The Theory LEGO® set was show’s “Opening Night Excitation” launched to amuse fans episode (inset) scored Nielsen’s of both the show and largest live+7 audience for a plastic brick-building. TV show: a total of 24.38 million. It recreates Sheldon and Leonard’s living room in detail, with minifigures of the seven characters, each dressed in their own style. Created by two LEGO fan designers, the concept originated from LEGO’s Ideas crowdsourcing community.DATELINE 1960 Deepest manned descent On 23 Jan, Dr Jacques Piccard (CHE) and Lt Donald Walsh (USA) pilot the Swiss-built US Navy bathyscaphe Trieste to a depth of 10,911 m (35,797 ft) in the Challenger Deep section of the Mariana Trench, thought to be the deepest point on Earth. 186 Arts & Media

FAST FACTS SpongeBob SquarePants was created by bona fide marine biologist Stephen Hillenburg • The Bazinga rieki jellyfish was named after Sheldon’s catchphrase “bazinga!” in The Big Bang Theory • The Walking Dead started life as a comic book Most Largest series premiere on cable TV Nickelodeon Kids’ Choice 6JGOKPFGDWVQHVJGJQTTQTFTCOCURKPQHHFear the Walking Awards won Dead#/%75#QPǡ#WIFTGYǡOKNNKQPXKGYGTUCPF D[ǡCECTVQQP CPǡKPETGFKDNGǡTCVKPICOQPICFWNVUCIGFŤCEEQTFKPIVQ VJGǡ'PVGTVCKPOGPV9GGMN[YGDUKVG+VUƒTUVUGCUQPYQPJKIJGT 0QQVJGTCPKOCVGFUGTKGU ratings than the hugely popular original, The Walking Dead has won the “FavoriteHighest annual earnings %CTVQQPŬECVGIQT[OQTG Most watched show DID YOU KNOW?aTuGryctilrghohihGboooPtenriae)cmoatLheefwaaeortnsafhoDinrwsGfedii TnsboebsthnakooefrslroorEaoeg.rknmgdeHshee.Rmeosi(snUwTRypVSwaMaoAsnsrha,ettdirhrbrctaGieehieynlofisoat,lhwrldseoetfnfor a TV chef often than SpongeBob worldwide (current) SquarePantsYKVJYKPU Eurodata TV Worldwide$TKVKUJEJGH)QTFQP4COUC[GCTPGFCPGUVKOCVGFǡO UKPEG6JGNCUVGKIJV surveys the best-performingcǡODGVYGGP,WPǡCPF,WPǡCEEQTFKPIVQ(QTDGUŨ UKPEGJCXGDGGP episodes of TV shows%GNGDTKV[NKUV*GKUDGUVMPQYPHQTJKUEWNKPCT[68UJQYU EQPUGEWVKXG+VUTWPYCU across a number ofUWEJCUHell’s Kitchen, Masterchef USACPFRamsay’s Kitchen KPVGTTWRVGFKPD[ countries. According to theirNightmares4COUC[EWTTGPVN[QYPUQTOCPCIGUOQTGVJCP Avatar: The Last Airbender reports, crime drama NCISRTGOKUGUCTQWPFVJGYQTNFCPFJKUTGUVCWTCPVUJCXGDGGP (CBS, USA) was sold intoCYCTFGFǡ/KEJGNKPUVCTUCETQUUJKUECTGGTVQFCVG more than 200 markets and seen by 55 million viewersLongest-running TV sketch The longest-running in 2014, far in excesscomedy show (current) TV music talent show is of )COGQH6JTQPGU andAs of 20 Feb 2016, 0QFQǡ,KOCP (“Proud of 6JGǡ9CNMKPI&GCF.Colombia’s 5ȄDCFQU(GNKEGU My Voice”), which is(“Happy Saturdays”), created by NHK (JPN).originally titled Campeones First broadcast on 15 Marde la Risa (“Laughter 1953, the Asia-wideChampions”), had run on karaoke-based show wasthe Caracol TV channel for still running as of 29 Feba record 44 years 15 days. 2016 – 63 years later.Game of Thrones#UQHǡ(GD*$1ŨUUOCUJJKVHCPVCU[UGTKGUJCFTGEGKXGFCYCTFUHTQOVJG8KUWCN'HHGEVU5QEKGV[UKPEGŤVJGmost VES awardsYQPǡD[C68UGTKGU 1Pǡ5GRGame of Thrones ICKPGFVJGǡOQUV'OO[CYCTFUYQPD[C68UGTKGUKPǡCǡUGCUQPŤHQTKVUƒHVJUGCUQP +PVJGUGTKGUYCUVJGmost pirated TVshowHQTVJGHQWTVJEQPUGEWVKXG[GCTCEEQTFKPIVQFQYPNQCFOQPKVQTKPIYGDUKVG6QTTGPV(TGCM(TQO#RTVQ,WPǡVJGTGYGTGCDQWVǡKNNGICNFQYPNQCFURGTGRKUQFG 6JG5GCUQPƒPCNGCNUQUCYVJGmost viewersUJCTKPICUKPINGVQTTGPVƒNGUKOWNVCPGQWUN[:#PFHQTCTQWPFǡDQPCƒFGviewers in the USA, it was ThronesŨOQUVUWEEGUUHWNUGCUQPVQFCVG First manned spaceflight 1961 DATELINEAt 6:07 a.m. GMT on 12 Apr, Cosmonaut Flight Major Yuri Gagarin (USSR) takes off in Vostok 1 from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. He lands 118 min later, after a flight of 40,868.6 km (25,394.6 mi). guinnessworldrecords.com 187

VIDEO Most subscribers for a band QPǡ;QW6WDG One Direction (UK/IRL) are on a break, but their VEVO channel is still going strong – they had  subscribers CUQHǡ#RT6JG group’s account was set WRQP&GEYJKNG they were competing in the UK talent show 6JGǡ:ǡ(CEVQT MOST SUBSCRIBERS Comedy channel Fashion/beauty channel Most subscribers for an ON YOUTUBE Published by Chilean Yuya, aka Mariand ūWPDQZKPIŬǡEJCPPGNQP;QW6WDG (AS OF 11 APR 2016) comedian/entertainer Castrejón Castañeda (MEX), Germán Alejandro has amassed a total of .GCFKPIVJGYC[KPVJGƒGNFQHūWPDQZKPIŬQPNKPGXKFGQU 68UJQY Garmendia Aranis, the 14,069,841 subscribers. of toys or other products being unpacked, assembled and TheEllenShow, featuring channel “HolaSoyGerman” She began her vlog in 2009. FGOQPUVTCVGFKUū&KUPG[%QNNGEVQT$4ŬCMCū(WP6Q[\%QNNGEVQTŬ clips, interviews and behind- has 27,210,540 subscribers. CPCPQP[OQWUHGOCNG;QW6WDGTHTQO$TC\KN#UQH#RT the-scenes footage from the Musician (male) UJGJCFCHCPDCUGQHUWDUETKDGTU;QW6WDGUVCVU eponymous chat show, has “Fail video” channel The VEVO channel for GZRGTV5QEKCN$NCFGGUVKOCVGFVJCV&KUPG[%QNNGEVQT$4OC[ 15,650,054 subscribers. Its FailArmy by Jukin Media Canadian pop star Justin JCXGǡGCTPGFCUOWEJCUǡOcǡOKPOCMKPI videos have been viewed (USA) has a total of Bieber has garnered JGTǡVJGhighest-earning YouTube contributor more than 5.9 billion times. 10,264,097 subscribers. 20,711,202 subscribers. Most First person to Most viewed /QUVHQNNQYGTUQP8KPG subscribers reach a million app trailer HQTǡCOWUKEKCP followers #UQHǡ#RT-KPI$CEJCMC#PFTGY$CEJGNQT75# QP;QW6WDG QPǡ6YKVEJ #UQHǡ#RTVJG Dǡ%#0CDQXGNGHVJCFHQNNQYGTUQPVJG6YKVVGT (female) trailer for the /[6CNMKPI QYPGFXKFGQUJCTKPIPGVYQTM8KPG#VTCKPGFCEVQTVJKU British YouTuber and 6QO app had been viewed QPNKPGǡUGPUCVKQPŨUUGEENKRUHQT8KPGJCFCOCUUGFOQTG #UQHǡ#RT4KJCPPC vlogger Tom Cassell, aka VKOGUQP VJCPǡǡDKNNKQPNQQRUCUQHVJGUCOGFCVG $4$Dǡ4QD[P4KJCPPC(GPV[ “Syndicate” (UK), achieved ;QW6WDG6JGCRRKUDCUGF JCFUWDUETKDGTU an unprecedented 1 million on a kitten called Tom, .GNG2QPUCMC'NGQPQTC2QPU/CTQPGUG75#Dǡ8'0CDQXG VQJGT8'81EJCPPGN followers on Twitch on whom users can nurture right), is the female with the most followers on Vine, with ǡ#WI VQǡCFWNVJQQFCPFHGCVWTGU CUQHǡ#RT/QUVQHJGTXKFGQUCTGJWOQTQWU CǡXCTKGV[QHOKPKICOGU KPENWFKPIRTCEVKECNLQMGUQPJGTUGNHJGTHTKGPFUQTJGTHCOKN[5JG was chosen as one of TIME ŨUǡOQUVKPHNWGPVKCNVGGPUKPDATELINE 1962 First successful interplanetary mission On 14 Dec, the US probe Mariner 2 performs a flyby of Venus, coming within 35,000 km (21,750 mi) of its surface. Its observations reveal the extremely hot nature of the planet. As of 2016, Mariner 2 still orbits the Sun, although it no longer has any power. 188 Arts & Media

FAST FACTS There are approximately 4 billion video views on YouTube each day • The name of the video-sharing service Vine is short for “vignette” • Every day, around 1.5 billion 6-sec loops are played on VineMost popular female videogames MOST VIEWS (KTUVOWUKEXKFGQƒNOGFDTQCFECUVGTQP;QW6WDG ON YOUTUBE QPǡCǡTGFWEGFITCXKV[CKTETCHVDescribing herself as a “true geek at heart” who loves to “make Educational video The video for “Upside Down & Inside Out” by OK Go (USA),RGQRNGUOKNGŬ;QW6WDGT6KHHCP[ūK*CU%WRSWCMGŬ*GTTGTC75# “Wheels On The Bus | Plus RWDNKUJGFQP;QW6WDGQPǡ(GDYCUƒNOGFKPQPGVCMGJCFUWDUETKDGTUCUQHǡ#RT*GTEJCPPGN Lots More Nursery Rhymes QPCTGFWEGFITCXKV[CKTETCHV)94URQMGVQHTQPVOCP&COKCPfeatures a wide range of creative and “geek culture” content, | 54 Minutes Compilation Kulash about the challenges involved in this unique project.with a huge emphasis on her gaming adventures, especially from LittleBabyBum!” hadKPǡ/KPGETCHV5JGCNUQHGCVWTGUūIGGMDCMKPIŬCPF&+;XKFGQU attracted 1,334,622,451 9JCVKPURKTGFVJGKFGCVQƒNOQPCTGFWEGFITCXKV[CGTQRNCPG! views as of 11 Apr 2016. I learned about parabolic flight – aka “the vomit comet” – around DID YOU KNOW?anaho B TaimwsrhuoYnuetfiaholmvs totouitio-r)fduTpn .a“eulThltgnioabinheu-dgteilstfeas,papoc-im Blrhinibernmoaoena2-onotct0(ksikeLnho1tedsLaee5ng.olre,Pa,ev.kbehnleA”ewpsdescsaDYihaoedromlfiaoefeuts-dPhefihyrieseoismis Aimed at young children, QTYJGPPGYRTKXCVGXGPVWTGU=5RCEG:CPF8KTIKP the 54-min movie features )CNCEVKE?KIPKVGFRWDNKEKPVGTGUVKPEKXKNKCPUIQKPIVQURCEG+EQWNFPŨV popular nursery rhymes ƒPFCP[OWUKEXKFGQUVJCVJCFDGGPUJQVKPYGKIJVNGUUPGUUCPF and animated characters. COQPIVJGUGXGTCNCTVCPFCFXGTVKUKPIRTQLGEVUVJCVGZKUVGFPQPG Created by app developers YGTGXGT[ECTGHWNN[EJQTGQITCRJGFQTRNCPPGF'XGT[VJKPI+HQWPF and animators Derek and UJQYGFVJGƒNOGFUWDLGEVUKORTQXKUKPI=?CPFEQNNGEVKPIVJG Cannis Holder (both UK), OQUVKPVGTGUVKPIRKGEGUNCVGTCUCOQPVCIG6JGCKOYKVJQWTRTQLGEV it was posted on their YCUVQRNCPCPGXGPVVJCVTGNKGUQPVJGWPWUWCNEQPVGZVCPFTGXGCNU “LittleBabyBum” channel VJGOQOGPVUQHLQ[CPFYQPFGTKPVGPVKQPCNN[ on 9 Aug 2014. How complex was this video compared with the others that /QXKGVTCKNGTQHƒEKCN [QWŨXGFQPG!9CUVJKUVJGOQUVEJCNNGPIKPI[GV! Posted on 19 Oct 2015, This was certainly the most physically demanding video we’ve the trailer for the seventh GXGTOCFGDGECWUGVJGCNVGTPCVKPIRGTKQFUQH\GTQITCXKV[CPF instalment in the Star Wars FQWDNGITCXKV[YGTGXGT[JCTFQPWU series, The Force Awakens, had amassed 91,512,152 Were you fans of Guinness World RecordsYJGP[QWYGTG[QWPIGT! views as of 11 Apr 2016. Yes, I remember spending hours in my school library poring over the DQQMHCUEKPCVGFKPRCTVKEWNCTD[VJGRKEVWTGU'XGT[QPGTGOGODGTU As of the same date, the VJCVIW[YKVJVJGƒPIGTPCKNU+VŨUCDKIJQPQWTVQDGKPENWFGF most viewed superhero movie trailer was for Ultron (USA, 2015), which featuring “TryHardNinja” Marvel’s Avengers: Age of had garnered a total of (USA), it was renamed 78,849,269 views. “Revenge – A MinecraftMOST SUBSCRIBERS Original Music Video”.ON YOUTUBE Gaming video A video created in Minecraft 8KFGQAs of 11 Apr 2016, the all-time most subscribed YouTube and uploaded by Jordan Posted to YouTube onchannel was “PewDiePie”, with 43,248,969 subscribers. “CaptainSparklez” Maron 15 Jul 2012, the video for“PewDiePie” – aka Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg (SWE) – is a (USA) had 160,312,315 pop song “Gangnam Style”games reviewer who posts over-the-top commentaries views as of 21 Feb 2016. by PSY (aka Park Jae-sang,of games as he plays. As of the same date, his videos Originally titled “Revenge KOR) had 2,554,380,660had received 11,766,793,379 views. In Feb 2016, a new – A Minecraft Parody of views as of 11 Apr 2016.web series called Scare PewDiePie launched on pay-for Usher’s DJ Got Us Fallin’ inservice YouTube Red, in which Kjellberg walks around Love”, its soundtrack was Characterized by its zanysets inspired by horror videogames that he has played. altered in 2016 (presumably dance moves, “Gangnam for legal reasons). Now Style” is also the most liked video, with 10,721,274 likes. Land-speed record: first to exceed 400 mph 1963 DATELINEDriving the jet-engine-powered Spirit of America, Craig Breedlove (USA) reaches a speed of 407.518 mph (655.836 km/h) in Bonneville, Utah, USA, on 5 Aug. guinnessworldrecords.com 189

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYDATELINE 1964 First civilian in space Konstantin Feoktistov (RUS) makes his sole space flight, in Voskhod 1, on 12–13 Oct. As an engineer, he helps design the Sputnik satellites as well as the Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz capsules, but is not a member of the military. 190 Science & Technology

CONTENTS 192SCIENCE & 194TECHNOLOGY 196FACTOGRAPHIC 1983D PRINTING 200CONSUMER TECH 202ROBOTS 204SMALL STUFFLASERSCUTTING-EDGE SCIENCELargest robot snake$WKNVDGVYGGPCPFOKIJV[ū6KVCPQDQCŬKUǡHVǡONQPIǡHVǡEOYKFGCPFYGKIJUǡNDǡMI+VYCUOQFGNNGFCUCNKHGUK\GTGRNKECQHVJGGZVKPEVTitanoboaUPCMGVJCVGZKUVUKPHQUUKNGXKFGPEG6JGTQDQVUNKVJGTUCNQPICVǡMOJǡORJRQYGTGFD[NKVJKWODCVVGTKGUVJCVFTKXGCJ[FTCWNKEU[UVGOIWKFGFD[GKIJVOKETQEQPVTQNNGTU+VJCUǡCNWOKPKWOXGTVGDTCGUNKEMūCNNVGTTCKPŬDGNN[UECNGUCPFJ[FTCWNKEQKNūDNQQFŬ%TGCVGFCVVJGGCV#46NCDKP8CPEQWXGT%CPCFCD[CVGCOQHUEKGPVKUVUGPIKPGGTUCTVKUVUCPFVGEJPKEKCPU6KVCPQDQCKUTGIWNCTN[FKURNC[GFCVFGUKIPHCKTUKP0QTVJ#OGTKECKPUGV+VCNUQRTQOQVGUENKOCVGEJCPIGGXGPVUCPFECWUGUCFCPEGHNQQTUGPUCVKQPCVHGUVKXCNU First car to exceed 600 mph 1965 DATELINEDriving the jet-powered Spirit of America Sonic I, Craig Breedlove (USA) achieves a new land-speed record of 600.6 mph (966.5 km/h) in Bonneville, Utah, USA, on 15 Nov.guinnessworldrecords.com 191

FACTOGRAPHICSCI-FI VS SCIENCE5EKGPEGƒEVKQPJCUCJCDKVQHRTGFKEVKPIUEKGPEGHCEV5RCEGVTCXGNKUVJGOCKPVJGOGQH,WNGU REVIVING8GTPGŨUPQXGNFrom the Earth to the Moon (1865), 2001: A Space Odyssey75#7-HGCVWTGU EXTINCT SPECIESCXQKEGEQPVTQNNGFEQORWVGTŤ*#.ŤCPFCWVQOCVKEFQQTUCTGOGPVKQPGFKP*ǡ)ǡ9GNNUŨPQXGNThe Sleeper Awakes%JGEMQWVVJGUGQVJGTGZCORNGUQHHWVWTKUVKEEQPEGRVUCPF Ű(+%6+10 Based on the novel by VsVGEJPQNQI[HTQOUEKƒEWNVWTGCPFUGGJQYENQUGYGŨXGEQOGVQOCMKPIVJGOCTGCNKV[ Michael Crichton, Jurassic Park (USA, 1993, near right) imagines a world in which Vs scientists clone dinosaurs from prehistoric DNA. Ű(#%6 The Pyrenean ibex (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica), commonly known as the bucardo, became extinct in 2000. 5EKGPVKUVURTGUGTXGFEGNNUHTQOVJGNCUVMPQYPURGEKGUCPFKP,WNǡ injected nuclei from these specimens into goat eggs, from which the DNA had been extracted. They then implanted these into surrogate mothers (far right). Only seven of the animals became pregnant, and of these only one gave birth. Sadly, the 2-kg (4-lb 8-oz) baby goat lived for only a very short time.KILLER ROBOTS Vs ALONE Vs IN SPACEŰ(+%6+10The Terminator (USA, 1984) introduced a terrifying TIME TRAVELE[DQTIMKNNGTRNC[GFD[#TPQNF5EJYCT\GPGIIGTCDQXGǡNGHV Ű(+%6+10 In The Martian (USA,sent from the future to assassinate a woman who will Ű(+%6+10 In Doctor Who, the Doctor 2015), Matt Damon plays MarkQVJGTYKUGIKXGDKTVJVQCNGIGPFCT[HTGGFQOƒIJVGT (played in his latest incarnation by Watney (above left), an astronautŰ(#%61Pǡ,CP4QDGTV9KNNKCOU75#DGECOGVJG British actor Peter Capaldi, above) travels who is separated from his crew on Mars in aƒTUVǡJWOCPMKNNGFD[CTQDQV when he was accidentally struck effortlessly through space, and from the past raging storm. Presuming him dead, his fellow astronautsin the head by the arm of a production-line robot at a Ford Motor to the future, by means of his time machine the NGCXGVJGRNCPGV%CP9CVPG[ƒPFCYC[QHUKIPCNNKPIVJCV%QORCP[ECUVKPIRNCPVKP(NCV4QEM/KEJKICP75#6JGTQDQV TARDIS (6KOG#PFǡ4GNCVKXG&KOGPUKQP+P5RCEG). he is still alive and survive until he is rescued?belonged to a system that moved parts around the factory.+VǡDGICPTWPPKPIUNQYN[UQ9KNNKCOUTGRQTVGFN[ENKODGF Ű(#%6%QUOQPCWV)GPPCF[2CFCNMC475CDQXGTKIJVVQWEJGFFQYPQP5GR • (#%6&WTKPIVJG#RQNNQOKUUKQPǡ,WNŤǡ#WIinside to retrieve parts. Hit in the head, he died instantly. after a 168-day-long mission in space. Added to his previous four missions, Padalka Alfred M Worden (USA, above right) was orbiting the Moon JCUURGPVFC[UDG[QPF'CTVJŨUCVOQURJGTGŤVJGNQPIGUVEWOWNCVKXGVKOGKPURCEG. in command module Endeavour while fellow astronauts Vs Consistent with Albert Einstein’s theories of relativity, Padalka has also genuinely David Scott and James Irwin (both USA) were at the Hadley travelled through time, as his internal body clock will have slowed down marginally base on the Moon’s surface. On the far side of the Moon,HAND-HELD COMMUNICATORS KPEQORCTKUQPVQENQEMUDCEMQP'CTVJ(TQOJKURGTURGEVKXGJGJCUǡTGVWTPGFVQ 9QTFGPYCUǡMOǡOKCYC[HTQOVJGPGCTGUV CPǡ'CTVJVJCVJCUOQXGFHQTYCTFKPVKOGD[CTQWPFǡUGE living person, making him history’s OQUVKUQNCVGFJWOCP.Ű(+%6+10The 1960s TV series of Star Trek featured mobile For some, being separated from your companions might becommunicators. Flipped open, they enabled personnel on alien DID YOU KNOW?whLIalniaaricnwediPhsleoeirr hfsnoepaaenmftdhsrscwcyoeaetitpmcahnohtteefaeocrttAurhshseaslrePede,amseefiabbtwpenlieyam.hdrhtH (irhOaUlaoeeie’nirKTqdtmsdohu,tDo1eoyeo9lavvltecee6veir.esni2aed)sw,8 CPWPUGVVNKPIRTQURGEVŤDWVPQV#N9QTFGPū(KTUVQHH[QWRNCPGVUVQEQPVCEVǡVJGETGYQPDQCTFVJG5VCTUJKREnterprise. wish them luck: ‘I hope you land okay!’” he recounted toŰ(#%6/CTVKP%QQRGT75#QH/QVQTQNCYCUKPURKTGFD[UEKƒ VJGǡ$$%ǡKPū6JGUGEQPFVJQWIJVKUŧ)GG+ŨOINCFcomic books to invent the ƒTUVEGNNWNCTRJQPG, an 800-g (1-lb VJG[ŨXGIQPGDGECWUG+ŨXGIQVVJKURNCEGCNNVQǡO[UGNHŨŬQ\DGJGOQVJFWDDGFūVJG$TKEMŬ*KUƒTUVECNNYCUVQJKUTKXCN,QGN'PIGNJGCFQHTGUGCTEJCV$GNN.CDUQP#RT6QFC[OQDKNGRJQPGUUWEJCUVJGK2JQPGǡUCDQXGTKIJVOCMGlong-distance communication on the go commonplace, alongwith online access, app downloads and super-sharp photos.

DID YOU KNOW?a“ruGmotctihooaoasenodn ncgsotjadorlmapeauocntatoloCroedbtmnu hmhltaeseahmrlytauyooa.tek.bffutThHfreydtgheechodrh2ueiseiwar0rtvcuilad”2eoivlrnyrr0vsmebtigoe.raavaplfrvnefe,tnauarswGmdnilstlloayaaeyciornknbahegeolrdoelssrepoefs Vs SUPER-REALISTIC DID YOU KNOW?CptbeolhtaaonheyrrceelrleyoodMpgopwatakyasasFkniocrfnreofhrticyttiioSilidsznarnmtt eaoLs(gRfnslra(tsee1iamhnWcmo9ile gpnfMe2aa’hnaCs7reelpss)e-ssMt..c3pritrhOlPoaceoe,pQbOannbaolreuotincalstiaoslnsh)eicrfcicaiirhnon-erifineiglosyifc HUMANOID ROBOTS AGILE ANDROIDS • (+%6+10In Prometheus (USA, 2012, above), the David 8 series android represents a super-advanced, Ű(+%6+10 The droid C-3PO (left) made JWOCPNKMGTQDQVQTūU[PVJGVKEŬ*GUGTXGUCUUEKGPEG JKUǡFGDWVKPStar Wars75#ŤNCVGT QHƒEGTYKVJVJGETGYQHVJG75%55Prometheus. retitled Episode IV: A New Hope. A protocol droid, C-3PO is a master of languages • (#%6In Mar 2011, scientists from Osaka University and etiquette, though prone to fussing. and robotics company Kokoro (both JPN) unveiled a Ű(#%6Since 1992, US company Boston robot regarded as being the OQUVNKHGNKMGCPFTQKFyet (left). Dynamics have been developing cutting- %CNNGF)GOKPQKFǡ&-KVJCUDGGPEQPUVTWEVGFKPVJGNKMGPGUU edge robots, funded largely by the US of technology professor Henrik Schärfe (near left), of Aalborg military. They are perhaps best known for University in Denmark. The robot, which cost $200,000 creating the quadruped bot BigDog, but cVQFGXGNQRJCUCEQPXKPEKPITWDDGTEQORQWPF have also produced Atlas (right), a biped VQǡOKOKEUMKP#ǡUGVǡQHECTGHWNN[RNCEGFCPFVWPGFRPGWOCVKE humanoid robot. The latest version is powered CEVWCVQTUGPCDNGǡKVǡVQOCMGJKIJN[EQPXKPEKPIOQXGOGPVU by electricity and equipped with stereo cameras IGUVWTGUǡCPFǡHCEKCNGZRTGUUKQPU that enable it to maintain its balance and navigate ŤCETQUUQWVFQQTVGTTCKPCUYGNNCUKPUKFGVJGNCDŤDRIVERLESS CABS making it the OQUVCIKNGJWOCPQKFTQDQV. Its articulated hands allow it to manipulate tools too. Compared• (+%6+10Some scenes in 6QVCN4GECNN YKVJVJGǡTCVJGTCYMYCTF%21#VNCUŨUOQXGOGPVU CTGǡUOQQVJCPFJWOCPNKMG75#ŤUGVKPŤƒPF#TPQNFSchwarzenegger in a driverless taxi named Vsū,QJPP[%CDŬYKVJKVUQYPTQDQVFTKXGTCDQXG• (#%6&TKXGTNGUUVGEJPQNQI[KUCNTGCF[JGTG1P/C[VJG75UVCVGQH0GXCFCKUUWGFVJGƒTUVCWVQPQOQWUXGJKENGNKEGPEG6JKUITQWPFDTGCMKPIXGJKENGYCUC6Q[QVC2TKWUƒVVGFYKVJū)QQING%JCWHHGWTŬUQHVYCTG6JGFKIKVCNEQPVTQNNGTVCMGUKPRWVHTQO)25RQUKVKQPKPIFGVCKNGFOCRUQHVJGNQECNCTGC.+&#4NCUGTTCFCTUECPPGTVGEJPQNQI[OCRRKPIVJGCTGCCTQWPFVJGECTKP&CPFCPWODGTQHQVJGTFGVGEVQTUUWEJCUVJGRCTMKPIUGPUQTVGEJPQNQI[ǡQPUVCPFCTFECTU9JKNG)QQING%JCWHHGWTKUPQV[GVEQOOGTEKCNN[CXCKNCDNGQPǡ,WPǡ)QQINGCPPQWPEGFVJCVKVJCFRCUUGFVJGNCPFOCTMƒIWTGQHQPGOKNNKQPOKNGUQHCWVQOCVGFǡFTKXKPIŤVJGITGCVGUVCIITGICVGFKUVCPEGFTKXGPD[FTKXGTNGUUECTU.

3D PRINTING Most 3D-printed 3D printer It’s now possible to 3D-print everything from car parts to medical devices. What’s more surprising, perhaps, is that you can even 3D-print a 3D printer. The open-source RepRap Snappy 1.1c printer was made using 2.4 kg (5 lb R]RISODVWLFͤODPHQW to print 86 of its 110 pieces. The design was created by Garth Minette (USA), who – along with Adrian Bowyer (UK), the designer Fastest 3D-printed robot of the original RepRap – In May 2015, engineers at UC Berkeley (USA) built encourages people to freely a robotic cockroach using 3D-printed components. share or modify the design so that they can 3D-print Because these parts bend and stretch without breaking, their own 3D printer. VJG:8GNQEK4Q#%*ECP\KRCTQWPFCVǡOUǡHVU – that’s comparable to a speed between jogging and Largest 3D-printed boat TWPPKPIHQTCPCXGTCIGCFWNVJWOCP Seattle’s Seafair festival 0QVHCTDGJKPFKUVJGEQOOGTEKCNN[CXCKNCDNG1NNKG holds an annual contest HTQO1TDQVKZPQY5RJGTQKVTQNNUCTQWPFCVǡOU First village to 3D-print for the best paddle boat ǡHVǡKPUCPFKUCNUQOCFGHTQO&RTKPVGFRCTVU all of its residents made of recycled milk containers. In Jun 2012, a 5RCPKUJEQORCP[)TWRQ5KEPQXCUECPPGFCNNTGUKFGPVUQH team from the Washington VJGUOCNNXKNNCIGQH6QTTGSWGDTCFKNNCKPVJGUQWVJQH5RCKPKP Open Object Fabricators Most commonly without extra expense. just one day. The company used its new Clonescan 3D machine, (WOOF) group entered &RTKPVGFǡOGFKECNFGXKEG The result is cheaper hearing CHVVCNNO&EQNQWTUECPPGTVQEQORNGVGUGENQPI the competition with a More than 10 million of DLGVWKDWͤWWKHZHDUHU UECPUQHGCEJRGTUQP%QNQWT&OQFGNUQHVJGOYGTGVJGP 3D-printed boat that was the world’s 16 million better than mass-produced uploaded to cloud-accessible storage in all popular 3D-printer 2 m (6 ft 6.7 in) long and hearing aids are made using models. US hearing-aid ƒNGHQTOCVU'CEJQHVJGUECPPGFTGUKFGPVUTGEGKXGFVJGKTQYP weighed 18 kg (39 lb 10 oz). 3D printing. The technology manufacturers were so OKPKCVWTGENQPGYKVJKPCYGGMQHVJGUECPPKPIGXGPVUGGKPUGV The plastic used came from allows for hearing aids to taken with 3D printing that ground-up milk containers. be tailored to an individual 100% of them now use it. Medical researchers are always interested in First 3D-printed car pain-free alternatives to administering medicine. 6JGū5VTCVKŬFGUKIPGFD[/KEJGNG#PQȋ+6#YCURTKPVGFKPƒXGFC[UKP5GRCVVJG One example is the +PVGTPCVKQPCN/CPWHCEVWTKPI6GEJPQNQI[5JQYKP%JKECIQ+NNKPQKU75#1PN[JTKPVJGOCMKPI 3D-printed micro-needle, KVKUVJGƒTUVǡHWNN[FTKXCDNGECTYKVJC&RTKPVGFEJCUUKUCPFDQF[RKEVWTGFKPUGVKUCFGVCKNQHVJG comprising an array of RTKPVGFNC[GTU+VYCUVJGDTCKPEJKNFQHETQYFHWPFGF.QECN/QVQTU75#YJQEQORNGVGFVJG needles that measures ECTŨUǡFGVCKNGFǡFGUKIPYKVJJGNRHTQO1CM4KFIG0CVKQPCN.CDCPFOCPWHCEVWTKPIEQORCP[5#$+% 1 mm (0.03 in) across, making it the smallest 3D-printed medical device. Each of the 25 needles in the instrument is only 20 micrometres wide – DͤIWKWKHGLDPHWHURI a human hair. (KTUV&RTKPVGFǡRKNNU In Jul 2015, a pharmaceutical drug was 3D-printed for WKHͤUVWWLPH Spritam is made by Aprecia from New Jersey, USA, and is intended to relieve symptoms associated with seizures. With 3D printing, different doses can beDATELINE 1966 Longest survival without food On 12 Jul, Angus Barbieri (UK) eats his first meal in 382 days, having lost around 293 lb (132.9 kg) by living on tea and water. The formerly obese man had been taking part in an experiment looking at the health effects of starvation. 194 Science & Technology

FAST FACTS Chuck Hull (USA) invented “stereolithography” (a technique of building up 3D objects in thin layers) in 1983 • Three 3D-printed models of an Aston Martin DB5 were made by Voxeljet (DEU) for the 2012 James Bond movie Skyfall cryogenic hydrogen per minute by spinning at a rate of more than 90,000 rpm. During the test, the rocket generated almost 90 kilonewtons of thrust.Largest object 3D-printed in metal First dress made from First 3D-printed laptop 3D-printed materialIn mid-2015, Rolls-Royce began testing jet engines using 3D-printed In Jun 2000, Dutch %TGCVGFKP&GEǡD[,GUUG.Q\CPQCPF4[CPmetal parts. The Trent XWB-97 engine uses the largest metal industrial engineer Jiri Dunwoody (both UK), the “Pi-Top” is a 3D-printed laptopEQORQPGPVOCFGD[&ǡRTKPVKPIVJGHTQPVDGCTKPIJQWUKPIQHVJG Evenhuis led a team to built around the Raspberry Pi 2 microcomputer. It isLGVVJCVJQNFUCGTQHQKNU+VKUOǡHVǡKPCETQUUCPFǡO produce the “Drape Dress” CXCKNCDNGCUCMKVQHRCTVUKPENWFKPIUETGGPDCVVGT[CPFǡHVǡKPFGGRCPFKUOCFGHTQOPKEMGNWUKPICPGNGEVTQPDGCO from 3D-printed fabric. The EQPVTQNNGTDQCTFCPFFGUKIPƒNGUVJCVCNNQYCP[QPGOGNVKPIRTQEGUUFGXGNQRGFD[5YGFKUJDCUGFEQORCP[#TECO material was made from YKVJCEQPXGPVKQPCN&RTKPVGTVQRTKPVVJGKTQYPNCRVQR nylon particles and was comprised of interlocking DID YOU KNOW?th1–5tarh itemfintepaorscplnsIelgihttucyto,3madio(bDmo2niduann-4eeopytg  kaewrtsbashmiorneiioholts/tlaonaaehbHpdv…wde)ea.stomuIprritrltise’leopssideyntlua-doi-gbmnDrnoecoylafiaiyntvktocaeiienldtneloilsygsoyfonns rings like plastic chain mail. First 3D-printing conviction Yoshitomo Imura (JPN) was imprisoned for two years on 21 Oct 2014 for 3D-printing plastic guns. He also posted clips of himself WHVWͤULQJWKHZHDSRQVRQ video website YouTube.created for different needs, Most powerful rocketinstead of creating one YKVJǡ&RTKPVGFRCTVUsize of pill for all. The pill’s In Aug 2013, NASA test-porous 3D structure allows ͤUHGDURFNHWHQJLQHZLWKDit to dissolve in around 4 sec fuel injector that had been– far faster than standard 3D-printed from nickel-over-the-counter medicines. chromium alloy powder. The injector provides liquid In Jul 2015, Spritam was hydrogen for the rocketrecognized by the US Food to burn, and can supplyand Drug Administration almost 5,500 litres(FDA) – the ̨UVW'SULQWHG (1,450 US gal) ofmedicine to be approved forcommercial release. FIRST 3D- PRINTED MOTORCYCLE After 3D-printed cars, it was only a matter of time before motorcycle enthusiasts printed a two-wheeled wonder. At 2015’s RAPID show, in Long Beach, California, USA, TE Connectivity (USA) unveiled the world’s first 3D-printed motorcycle. Of the orange-and-blue bike’s 100 components, a total of 76 were 3D-printed, using 4.32 mi (6.95 km) of ABS plastic filament as well as bronze and steel components. Multiple printers worked together for 1,700 hr of total print time to create the parts. The electric motor, tyres and mirrors could not be printed, however, as that technology doesn’t yet exist. First heart transplant 1967 DATELINE On 3 Dec, South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard completes the first successful heart transplant.The patient dies of pneumonia soon after, but for 18 days his new heart functions without external aid. guinnessworldrecords.com 195

CONSUMER TECH /QUVXCNWCDNGDTCPFǡPCOG DID YOU KNOW?s“o1Dsp.cch rUeBii aaerAnefnilnireatmvc.hdceew2tirerr.geosdsdYjremiifioatKaloyfilduafatseue(nrritU”trhpafew.sSaaetsH.eAcit4ftthiefr)hos.,ry asAtdodl,mhoodmaaeopnedttcuaeg.fiSolr-3dtflnmmm.aodUfinpiiwinnlsfunloeeietognrdentsdgrh?ee According to Interbrand’s a border. annual “Best Brands” ranking, the world’s most valuable brand is currently tech giant Apple (USA), which grew 43% in 2015 to be worth an extraordinary $170.276 bn (£112.1 bn). This places it far ahead of second-placed Google on $120.314 bn (£79.2 bn). FDUVURFNHWVDQGIUHHͥ\LQJ It’s the third consecutive helicopters produced by year that Apple and Google Spin Master (CAN). In KDYHWDNHQͤUVWDQGVHFRQG 2014, the brand earned .QPIGUVTGNC[EJCKP QHǡUGNƒGU places, respectively, in the a record $239,600,000 Interbrand report. (£154,240,000). /QUVOQPG[RNGFIGF Most buttons on a 1Pǡ,CPCVQVCNQHRCTVKEKRCPVU HQTǡCǡ-KEMUVCTVGTRTQLGEV XKFGQICOGEQPVTQNNGT NKPGFWRVQRJQVQITCRJVJGOUGNXGUKPCPGXGPV On 18 May 2012, a funding With 113 different buttons QTICPK\GFD[/GK\W6GEJPQNQI[%Q%*0KP proposal for the Pebble: representing every possible <JWJCK)WCPIFQPI%JKPC6JGUGNƒGUYGTG E-Paper Watch for iPhone ͤQJHUSRVLWLRQRQD UPCRRGFFWTKPIVJGEQWTUGQHCVGEJPQNQI[HCKT and Android closed on 17-fret guitar, the wireless CVYJKEJRTQFWEVUD[/GK\WYGTGGZJKDKVGF the crowdfunding site Fender Mustang PRO-Guitar Kickstarter, having secured controller released with $GUVUGNNKPIGKIJVJIGP selling PlayStation to date The best-selling $10,266,845 (£6,468,610) 4QEM$CPFǡ (Harmonix/ XKFGQICOGEQPUQNG but also the biggest-selling hand-held videogame from 68,929 backers. MTV Games/EA, 2010) With 39,810,000 units of the eighth-generation console is the Nintendo has more individual inputs sold as of 6 Apr 2016, consoles. By the same date, DS (released 2004), with $GUVUGNNKPITGOQVG than any peripheral in the PlayStation 4 (Sony the PS4’s closest rival – the total worldwide sales of TCFKQEQPVTQNVQ[DTCPF console history – even Interactive Entertainment) Xbox One (Microsoft) – had 154.88 million units as Air Hogs is a range of radio- more than a standard is not only the fastest- sold 18.06 million units. of 13 Apr 2016. controlled toys including PC keyboard. BEST-SELLING BRANDS LCD TV Samsung (KOR) 49,267,500 units We are surrounded by consumer electronics and gadgetry – from the ubiquitous smartphones we carry with us to the printers and monitors at work and laptops and TVs at home. Electronics is big business. And the brands shown here did the biggest business of all in 2014 – the latest year for which full sales figures are available – as confirmed by market-research company Euromonitor. Tablet iPad (USA) 65,167,900 units Printer In-car navigation HP (USA) 22,249,200 units Garmin (CHE) 9,135,500 units Wearable electronics Smartphone Fitbit (USA) 11,794,000 units Samsung (KOR) 269,008,600 unitsDATELINE 1969 First men on the Moon During the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Alden Armstrong becomes the first man to set foot on the Moon, at 2:56 a.m. and 15 sec GMT on 21 Jul 1969. He is followed out of the lunar module Eagle by Buzz Aldrin (both USA). 196 Science & Technology

FAST FACTS Plasma displays employ minute gas cells set between two glass sheets. Each cell acts like a tiny fluorescent tube • In 2015, Disney banned selfie sticks from its theme parks • “Nomophobia” is the fear of being without your mobile phone.QPIGUVUGNƒGUVKEM /QUVOQPG[ RNGFIGFHQTǡC#VVJGRTGOKGTGQHZoolander 2KP.QPFQP7-QPǡ(GDVJG JCRVKEFGXKEGƒNOŨUUVCT$GP5VKNNGT75#RWNNGFJKUDGUVū$NWG5VGGNŬRQUGCPF QPǡ-KEMUVCTVGTVQQMCRJQVQITCRJYKVJCUGNƒGUVKEMOGCUWTKPIǡOǡHVǡKPNQPIŤVCNNGTVJCPCIKTCHHGQTCVJTGGUVQTG[DWKNFKPIБ 6JGYQTFūJCRVKEŬŤHTQOVJG)TGGM6JGǡDNWGECTRGVRJQVQHGCVWTGF5VKNNGTCPFVJGQVJGTUVCTUQH ūVQVQWEJŬŤFGUETKDGUVGEJPQNQI[VJGǡEQOGF[OQXKGKPENWFKPI1YGP9KNUQP2GPȌNQRG%TW\ VJCVCTVKƒEKCNN[TGETGCVGUVJGUGPUGCPFǡ9KNN(GTTGNN2KEVWTGFKPUGVKU5VKNNGTTGEGKXKPIJKU QHǡVQWEJXKCXKDTCVKQPUQTRTGUUWTGQHƒEKCNǡEGTVKƒECVGHTQO)WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFU 6QǡFCVGPQQVJGTJCRVKEVGEJPQNQI[CFLWFKECVQTǡ/CTMǡ/E-KPNG[ RTQLGEVQP-KEMUVCTVGTJCUTCKUGF OQTGOQPG[VJCPVJG-14(: Computer monitor ICOKPIXGUVOCPWHCEVWTGFD[ Samsung (KOR) 9,005,100 units +OOGT\75#$[ǡ,WNKVǡJCF TGEGKXGFcKPHWPFKPIHTQODCEMGTU 6JGǡLCEMGVKUFGUKIPGFVQETGCVGCOQTGKOOGTUKXGGZRGTKGPEGHQT ICOGTUTGRTQFWEKPIVJGUJQEMUQHGZRNQUKQPUDWNNGVUUYQTFCVVCEMU CPFǡVJGǡNKMGVQǡOCMGVJGXKTVWCNHGGNǡOQTGTGCN DID YOU KNOW?dssauiclorarpeTdeyp“sheelellciiseynrtgr.s.oabeth“uBhfbeyOtqpyneb-cuoreear,cgbrramewrogaialvboinancihtiortkntayiitnrciclti.imian”ichgfiosgrlhaplntiem,ggdtrfOLehoifeEobovLtrdD-ersiEedheDttsme”hoitns.seaiaTcdtndhtrtditehienhsseispgenneflosary OLED TV LG (KOR) 65,800 unitsPortable tablet (eReader) Portable player LaptopKindle (USA) 9,508,000 units iPod (USA) 26,740,900 units Lenovo (CHN) 20,698,100 units Farthest distance from Earth reached by humans 1970 DATELINEAt 00:21 a.m. GMT on 15 Apr 1970, the crew of Apollo 13 were 254 km (158 mi) from the lunarsurface, on the far side of the Moon, putting them 400,171 km (248,655 mi) away from Earth. guinnessworldrecords.com 197

ROBOTS Farthest First robot to be “arrested” distance by CǡSWCFTWRGF 1Pǡ#WIVJG$GXGTN[*KNNU2QNKEG&GRCTVOGPVVQQMKPVQEWUVQF[CTQDQVECNNGF&%HQT robot ūKNNGICNN[FKUVTKDWVKPIDWUKPGUUECTFUCPFIGPGTCNN[ECWUKPICEQOOQVKQPŬQP0QTVJ$GXGTN[&TKXGKP .QU#PIGNGU75#6JGQRGTCVQTUVWTPGFQWVVQDGVJGVYQVGGPCIGUQPUQHVJGQYPGTQHVJGEQORCP[ Xingzhe No.1 is a four- VJCVJCFOCFGVJGTQDQVYJQJCFVCMGPVJGcOCEJKPGQPCPWPCWVJQTK\GFLQ[TKFG legged robot that walked ǡMOǡOK WPCKFGFQPŤǡ1EV :KPI\JGYJKEJ OGCPUūYCNMGTŬYCU built by Li Qingdu and JKUVGCOCV%JQPISKPI University of Posts and 6GNGEQOOWPKECVKQPU %*0YJGTGVJGTQDQV OCFGNCRUQHCP CVJNGVKEUVTCEM FIRST… (KTUVFQOGUVKETQDQVEJGH &QEWOGPVGFTQDQV #VVJG*CPPQXGT/GUUGVTCFGHCKTHQTKPFWUVTKCNVGEJPQNQI[ The philosopher Archytas JGNFCPPWCNN[KP)GTOCP[/QNG[4QDQVKEU7-FGOQPUVTCVGF EΎ΍΋LQ7DUHQWXP VJGƒTUVEQPUWOGTVCTIGVGFTQDQVEJGHYJKEJRTGRCTGFC NQDUVGTDKUSWGHQTGZJKDKVKQPCVVGPFGGU6JGTQDQVEQORTKUGU 0DJQD*UDHFLDQRZ CRCKTQHFGZVTQWUCTOUCPFJCPFUVJCVCTGKPVGITCVGFKPC VRXWKHUQ,WDO\EXLOWDQ YQTMVQREQQMGTUKPMWPKV+VKUCDNGVQFQYPNQCFTGEKRGUETGCVGF DUWLͤFLDOSLJHRQIURP D[CRTQHGUUKQPCNEJGHXKCCPQPNKPGFCVCDCUGVJCVQRGTCVGUNKMG ZRRGDQGDQDQLPDO̵V CEQQMGT[GSWKXCNGPVQHK6WPGU1PEGCTGEKRGJCUDGGPUVQTGF EODGGHU8VLQJ VJGTQDQVKUECRCDNGQHTGRGCVKPIKVCUQHVGPCUPGEGUUCT[ VWHDPWRSRZHULWV PRYHPHQWV$UFK\WDV ODXQFKHGWKHELUGIURP DSLYRWEDUDFFRUGLQJ WRFRQWHPSRUDU\ UHSRUWVLWͥHZDERXW PIWEHIRUH UXQQLQJRXWRIVWHDP +PFWUVTKCNRTQFWEVKQPTQDQV ,Q8QLPDWHZDV LQVWDOOHGLQD*HQHUDO 0RWRUVDVVHPEO\OLQH DWWKH,QODQG)LVKHU*XLGH 3ODQWLQ(ZLQJ7RZQVKLS MOST CROWDFUNDED SOCIAL ROBOT In 2014, a venture was launched on funding platform Indiegogo to finance production of a robot called JIBO. When the campaign started in July, it attracted huge interest, with funding soaring past the initial goal of $100,000 in less than four hours. The final total raised was $3,714,505 (£2,415,985) from 7,422 supporters. JIBO is a social robot that has the capability to recognize owners’ faces, read emails and perform social-media interaction via voice commands and apps. It also has the ability to identify its owner’s moods by recognizing smiles and frowns, and it can interact using a series of complex artificial intelligence (AI) routines. JIBO stands 11 in (28 cm) tall and weighs in at 6 lb (2.7 kg). It is pictured here with Cynthia Breazeal (USA), who is the founder of the creative team behind the robot.DATELINE 1971 First email Computer engineer Ray Tomlinson (USA, 1941–2016) sends the landmark electronic message in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. The text was not preserved, but “it was something like ‘QWERTYUIOP’,” said Tomlinson. 198 Science & Technology

FAST FACTS Leonardo da Vinci devised a “robotic knight” c. 1495; Mark Rosheim built it in 2002, then applied some of its features to robots he designed for NASA • The word “robot” comes from the Czech robota (“forced labour” or “work”).CTIGUVTQDQVƒUJ+P/C[GPIKPGGTUHTQOVJG$/6)TQWR7-UWEEGUUHWNN[VGUVGFCUJQCNQHONQPIHVKPTQDQVKEƒUJKP)KLȕPJCTDQWTKP5RCKP6JGTQDQVUOQPKVQTNGXGNUQHRQNNWVCPVUQZ[IGPCPFUCNKPKV[KPVJGYCVGTVJGPVTCPUOKVVJGKPHQTOCVKQPYKTGNGUUN[VQUJQTG6JG[UYKOWUKPIVJGKTVCKNUKPVJGOCPPGTQHNKXKPIƒUJRTKOCTKN[UQCUPQVVQFKUVWTDYKNFNKHGDWVCNUQHQTGHƒEKGPE[5QPKEVTCPUFWEGTUCNNQYVJGTQDQVUVQEQOOWPKECVGCPFYQTMVQIGVJGTKPCUJQCN1HZ-HUVH\86$,QYHQWHG DWWKH(GZDUG-RQHV'RPH DQGWKHͤQDOERWKWRRNWKH .CTIGUV4WDKMŨU%WDGE\*HRUJH'HYRO86$ LQ6W/RXLV0LVVRXUL IRUPRIVHFPDWFKHV UQNXGFD[CTQDQV8QLPDWHZDVXVHGWR 86$$WHLWKHUHQGRIWKH )RUWKHͤUVWSDUWRIWKHWUDQVSRUWGLHFDVWLQJVIURP ̸FRXUWZHUHVWDWLRQV PDWFKWKHURERWVZRXOG /WNVK%WDGTUWEEGUUHWNN[VCEMNGFCZZ4WDKMŨU%WDGCVDQDVVHPEO\OLQHDQGZHOG IRUKXPDQGULYHUVDQGD EHDXWRQRPRXV̸+\EULG VJG$KI$CPI(CKTKPVJG$KTOKPIJCO0'%7-QPǡ/CTWKHPRQWRFDUERGLHV,W UDQJHRIEDVNHWEDOOKRRSV PRGHZKLOHLQWKHVHFRQG $WKNVD[&CXKF)KNFC[7-CDQXGVJGTQDQVKUOCFGHTQO.')1®ZHLJKHGOENJ FRPSULVLQJDORZKRRSWZR SDUWWKH\ZHUHFRQWUROOHG /KPFUVQTOU0:6TQDQVKEMKVUCPFRQYGTGFD[#4/RTQEGUUQTDQGFRVWe PLGGOHKRRSVDQGRQHKLJK E\WKHLUKXPDQRSHUDWRUV VGEJPQNQI[+VUQNXGFVJGRW\\NGKPǡOKPǡUGE KRRS7KHNQRFNRXWVWDJHV ̸7HOHRSPRGH“Sweating” robot First robot)ROORZLQJWKH+1VZLQH VCDNGǡVGPPKUVWVQTͥXVFDUHLQHQJLQHHUVLQ-DSDQFUHDWHGDURERW +P1EV,CRCPŨU1OTQPWKDWFRXOGH[KLELWWKH %QTRQTCVKQPKPVTQFWEGFKVUV\PSWRPVRIWKHYLUXV7KH TQDQVKEVCDNGVGPPKUVWVQTURERWKDVDOLIHVL]HGERG\ 5GPUQTUCDQXGVJGVCDNGDQGLVFRDWHGLQDKXPDQ OQPKVQTVJGRQUKVKQPQHVJGOLNHVNLQWKDW̸SHUVSLUHV̹,W JWOCPQRRQPGPVCPFVJGDCNNXVHVDQLPDWURQLFVWRPRDQ VKOGURGTUGEQPFGPCDNKPIFU\DQGFRQYXOVHOLNHD VJGTQDQVVQRTGFKEVVJGSHUVRQLQIHFWHGZLWK+1 DCNNŨUVTCLGEVQT[+VECPVJGP:LWKRXWHIIHFWLYHWUHDWPHQW OCKPVCKPCTCNN[D[TGVWTPKPIWKHV\PSWRPVZRUVHQDQG VJGDCNNJGNRHWNN[RTQLGEVKPIWKHURERW̸GLHV̹,WZDV CPKOCIGQHYJGTGKVYKNNNCPFODXQFKHGDVDWUDLQLQJDLGIRUGRFWRUVLQ2FW4QDQVDCUMGVDCNNEQPVGUV7KHͤUVW5HERXQG5XPEOHZDVVWDJHGRQ-DQDID YOU KNOW?apiTrsstoheoecfecscakaihotpsefaonbiaeoobtoadbprsnlrl,lelatetdt’dhhshtehooeeamerfuwntirtrammnowaonostilbaspholistyoenoouretnsotgu llatspdv.iootistW eoniibhant.prgesoic’grtshauipoh,mslisugtleotaarppaivfcnamitsoeklmwdpsliitsiennamnhicrgbgteoelsedf First all-in-one desktop computer 1972 DATELINE Hewlett-Packard launches the HP 9830, which includes a display, keyboard, hard drive and processor all in one unit. It uses the BASIC programming language. guinnessworldrecords.com 199

SMALL STUFF 7,300% 100% Most powerful MRI machine Magnetic Resonance Smallest working power tool Imaging (MRI) detects Smallest sculpture of a human disease by scanning inside +P.CPEG#DGTPGVJ[0<RTQFWEGFCHWNN[HWPEVKQPKPI the body. A French-German Trust by Jonty Hurwitz (UK, b. ZAF) is a 3D-printed &RTKPVGFEQTFNGUUFTKNNOGCUWTKPILWUVǡOOǡKPJKIJ project, the INUMAC UEWNRVWTGQHCYQOCPǡZǡZǡOKETQPUKPUK\G +VWUGUCPOONQPIKPVYKUVFTKNNCPFKURQYGTGF (Imaging of Neuro disease (the diameter of a human hair). The statue, inspired by D[CǡJGCTKPICKFDCVVGT[.CPEGCNUQDWKNVCOCVEJKPIRQYGT 8VLQJKLJKͤHOG05DQG VJGCTVKUVŨUƒTUVNQXGYCUXGTKƒGFQPǡ(GDCV UCYǡOGCUWTKPICOKPWUEWNGOOǡKPKPNGPIVJ Contrastophores) has a VJGǡ-CTNUTWJG0CPQ/KETQ(CEKNKV[KP)GTOCP[ PDJQHWLFͤHOGVWUHQJWKRI Fastest nanotech DNA design for a nanometre- 11.7 Tesla (compared to Smallest engineering diagnostic machine scale DNA analysis machine. conventional 3- or 7-Tesla truss framework On 7 Oct 2015, an It uses synthetic DNA tuned machines). This enables it international team of to respond to antibodies to image at a cube size of 2TQHGUUQTQHOCVGTKCNUUEKGPEGCPFOGEJCPKEU,WNKC)TGGT scientists revealed their that indicate diseases such 0.1 mm (0.003 in), one-tenth 75#JCUKPXGPVGFCHTCEVCNPCPQVTWUUYKVJCYCNNVJKEMPGUUQH as arthritis and HIV, giving of current imaging size. ǡPCPQOGVTGUǡOOǡKP6JGVTWUUGUHQTO a result in just 5 min. It can also take a picture nanostructures in a lattice framework, like that used in France’s every 0.1 sec, 10 times 'KHHGN6QYGT6JG[ECPDGDWKNVKPXCTKQWURCVVGTPUVJCVCTGWR faster than average. Due VQǡCKTDWVCUUVTQPICUUVGGN+HUECNGFWRVJG[OKIJVDG to be installed in 2016 in WUGFVQETGCVGVQWIJDWVNKIJVYGKIJVXGJKENGUCPFDWKNFKPIU France’s NeuroSpin centre, it will help in studying and diagnosing brain conditions. SMALLEST... Thermometer On 9 Aug 2007, researchers from McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, published a paper on a thermometer made from green ͥXRUHVFHQWSURWHLQ – the substance that PDNHVMHOO\ͤVKJORZ The thermometer HPLWWHG̸ͥDVKHV̹ of light in direct relationship to its temperature. The protein is approximately 4.2 nanometres (0.0000042 mm; 0.00000016 in) long – the size Smallest of a cell – and is safe for printed book use in humans. It could be used in micro-surgical Shiki no Kusabana (Flowers monitoring. of the Four Seasons) was Battery In 2011, engineers at Rice RTKPVGFKPCTWPQHǡEQRKGU University in Houston, Texas, USA, unveiled by Toppan Printing Co. in a battery 0.5 microns (0.0005 mm; 0.000019 in) $WPM[ɢ6QM[Q,CRCPKPǡ high and an almost- invisible 150 nanometres CPFKUCOGTGǡZǡOO 100% (0.00015 mm; 0.0000059 in) ǡZǡKPYJGPENQUGF thick – 60,000 times smaller than an AAA. The battery is +VUǡǡRCIGUŤGCEJQHYJKEJECP formed by nanowires, one half being the cathode and ƒVVJTQWIJVJGG[GQHCPGGFNGŤECTT[FTCYKPIUQH,CRCPGUG one half being the anode. HNQYGTUYKVJPCOGUǡIKXGPKPhiragana and katakana, the two OCKPǡ,CRCPGUGUETKRVUCUYGNNCUYKVJCP'PINKUJVTCPUNKVGTCVKQP 6JGDQQMRTKPVGFWUKPIVGEJPQNQI[WUWCNN[TGUGTXGFHQTCPVK HQTIGT[HGCVWTGUQPǡDCPMPQVGUYCUUQNFCUCUGVYKVJCPGPNCTIGF XGTUKQPǡCPFǡCǡOCIPKH[KPIINCUUHQTǡ;GPcDATELINE 1973 First cellular phone On 3 Apr, American engineer Martin Cooper makes the first ever call on his prototype Motorola DynaTAC cellular phone. Using a base station on the roof of his office, he phoned his rival, Joel Engel of AT&T, while standing in the street. 200 Science & Technology

FAST FACTS A nanometre (nm) is one billionth of a metre, or about one 25-millionth of an inch • The smallest unit of measurement of length is the Planck, at about a millionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a centimetre of the USS Enterprise 14,200% (NCC-1701-D) was created Smallest by Takayuki Hoshino and scissors Shinji Matsui (both JPN) of the Himeji Institute %TGCVGFD[%JGP;W2GK of Technology in %*0KPVJGUG +\ďJR-DSDQ7KH\ working scissors are used a 30-kV focused made from stainless steel ion beam to etch the CPFOGCUWTGǡOO replica of the iconic ǡKPNQPICPF Star Trek ship, creating ǡOOǡKPYKFG a sculpture that was just 8.8 microns Chen also holds the (0.0088 mm; record for the smallest 0.0003 in) long – china teapot, which more than 1,000 to the OGCUWTGUǡOO centimetre (or nearly ǡKPYKFGKPENWFKPI 3,000 to the inch)! spout and handle. It won the Best Ion Micrograph prize at 540% the 2003 conference on Electron, Ion and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication in Tampa, Florida, USA.Motorized model car car at a top speed of 7KLV̸QDQRFDU̹KDGD Animal sculptureIn 2003, a team of engineers 0.018 km/h (0.011 mph). chassis, two independent In 2015, Jonty Hurwitzfrom the Denso Corporation axles and four wheels made (see opposite page)(JPN) created a motorized The smallest model from buckminsterfullerene created Fragile Giantmodel of a 1936 Toyota AA car was made in 2005 (a type of spherical carbon – a life-like elephantsedan that was only by scientists at Rice molecule). that measured a mere4.785 mm (0.0681 in) long. University (USA) from a 0.157 mm (0.006 in)It contained a tiny electric cluster of carbon atoms 3D map of Earth WDOO+HͤUVWPDGHmotor that propelled the less than 4 nanometres In 2010, scientists at IBM a computer model (0.00000015 in) across. made a detailed 3D map of from photographs Earth so small that 1,000 of a real elephant, RIWKHPFRXOGͤWRQDJUDLQ then rendered it in DID YOU KNOW?mviwciWsirhhnioWbeie-gttalnshheaicdgeenhuotaonenoelbnfpylbsefi’aytehsecutpuaogosraicmenafennusndaat,elaessapnmin!rntnaeudaadetfikredhmaevirlnarseeeitegc-sssoyrtic,hreetolodeasoecuarinito-rnshotlpeyhlesedre,., of salt. Patterns of Earth’s 3D using a technique continents were created called multiphoton with a silicon cutting tip lithography. This WLPHVͤQHUWKDQD VHWVͥXLG̸SODVWLF̹ sharpened pencil. It carved in a process similar out geographical features to 3D printing, but as small as 15 nanometres on a micro scale. high (0.000015 mm; The sculpture, which 0.00000059 in). has features just a few thousandths of 5VCTUJKRǡEnterprise a millimetre across, Aptly named Nano Trek, can perch on one ridge a 1-billionth-scale model RIDKXPDQͤQJHUSULQWSmallest working cannon SMALLEST STATUE OF LIBERTY(KTGFKP/GNDQWTPG#WUVTCNKCQPǡ,WNVJKUOKPWUEWNG There are a few Statues of Liberty around the world,JGCX[YGCRQPYCUJCPFOCFGD[/CTEWU*WNN#75CPF including the most famous one on Liberty Island in NewOGCUWTGUǡOOǡKPNQPIǡOOǡKPYKFGCPF York, USA. While that statue is an imposing 93.1 m (305 ftǡOOǡKPJKIJ+VƒTGUCUVGGNDCNNǡOOǡKP 5 in) high, the world’s smallest version of “Lady Liberty”,in diameter and uses red phosphorus as propellant. by UK artist Willard Wigan, fits within the eye of a needle. At c. 0.5 mm (0.02 in) in height, it is the smallest Statue of Liberty that exactly conforms to the dimensions of the New York original. The sculpture is crafted from a tiny speck of gold painstakingly hand-carved using tools made by Wigan himself. He applies his sculpting tools in between heartbeats to reduce the effects of hand tremor. First aircraft to fly on solar power 1974 DATELINEThe AstroFlight Sunrise, an unmanned electric aircraft, takes off on the morning of 4 Nov using the power from solar panels in its wings. It will make another 27 flights before breaking up in heavy turbulence. guinnessworldrecords.com 201

L ASERS Highest Earth– Moon bandwidth In Oct 2013, a team from NASA and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology sent signals to the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft orbiting the Moon. They achieved a FQYPNQCFFCVCTCVGQHǡOGICDKVU per sec. Engineers were able to download the spacecraft’s 1-GB UEKGPEGFCVCKPNGUUVJCPǡOKP Using conventional radio waves, KVǡYQWNFJCXGVCMGPVJTGGFC[U Highest laser energy shone on to a single target In Jun 2009, scientists at the National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, USA, began operating an array of 192 powerful lasers designed to research nuclear HWUKQP6JGNCUGTUCTGHQEWUGFQPVQCƒPIGTPCKNUK\GFEQPVCKPGTMPQYPCUCJQJNTCWOJQNFKPIC RGNNGVQHJ[FTQIGPHWGNHQTHWUKQPGZRGTKOGPVU1Pǡ,CPTGUGCTEJGTUƒTGFVJGNCUGTCTTC[ HQTǡCHGYDKNNKQPVJUQHCUGEQPFCPFFGNKXGTGFQPGOGICLQWNGQHGPGTI[QPVQVJGJQJNTCWOVCTIGV 6JKUKUGSWKXCNGPVVQVJGGZRNQUKQPECWUGFD[ǡMIǡQ\QH606 Longest flight powered by ͥHZDFPGLDPHWHU occurred at the White long-distance space the Linac Coherent Light transmitted laser light (4.8-in) craft to a height Sands Missile Range in communication is Source at the Stanford In Jul 2012, LaserMotive RIPIWSRZHUHG 1HZ0H[LFR86$ GHVLJQHGWRDOORZDKLJKHU Linear Accelerator in and Lockheed Martin (both only by light. They used rate of data return from California, USA, achieved a 86$ͥHZD6WDONHU8$9 a US Army 10-kW pulsed Longest laser interplanetary space QDQRPHWUHZDYHOHQJWK for more than 48 hr using a FDUERQGLR[LGHODVHURQ communications link than current methods of ̰WKHͤUVWIUHHHOHFWURQ ground-based laser and a WKHJURXQGͤUHGXSZDUGV In May 2005, NASA’s PLFURZDYHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ laser to emit hard X-rays. receiver that converted the at the 51-g (1.8-oz) craft, Messenger spacecraft laser light into electricity. ZKLFKUHͥHFWHGWKHOLJKW FRPPXQLFDWHGZLWK(DUWK Shortest laser wavelength 2Q$XJKRZHYHU EDFNZDUGVWRDSRLQW using a laser beam from a Lasers operate across scientists at The University Highest altitude achieved just beneath it. The distance of 24 million km DUDQJHRIZDYHOHQJWKV RI(OHFWUR&RPPXQLFDWLRQV by laser power UHVXOWLQJH[SDQVLRQRIWKH (15 million mi). This W\SLFDOO\EHWZHHQDQG in Tokyo, Japan, revealed On 2 Oct 2000, Lightcraft superheated air provided H[SHULPHQWDOIRUPRI 700 nanometres. In 2009, that they had created an Technologies (USA) WKHWKUXVW7KHVHWHVWͥLJKWV atomic X-ray laser also MOST BALLOONS BURST IN ONE MINUTE USING A LASER On 22 Sep 2014, Daniel Black (UK) popped 55 balloons in 60 sec with a self-built laser at the Institute of Making at UCL in London, UK. His laser had a wavelength of 445 nanometres. The balloons were black, to absorb as much incident energy (the energy hitting the surface) as possible.DATELINE 1976 First hand-held electronic videogame Mattel (USA) release Auto Race, the first gaming toy with no moving parts. Players have to navigate their car – represented by a large red dot on a tiny LED display – past their slower-moving competitors (smaller dots) to win the race. 202 Science & Technology

FAST FACTS The word “laser” stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation • In 1969, the Apollo 11 astronauts used a laser to measure the distance from the Moon to Earth; the result was accurate to within the width of a finger(KTUVCTVKƒEKCNIWKFGUVCT cavity made from silicon, ZKLFKWUDSVOLJKWHQHUJ\1Pǡ,WPUEKGPVKUVUCV.KEM1DUGTXCVQT[CPF.CYTGPEG and dissipates it as heat.Livermore National Labs (both in California, USA) shot a laser beam This prototype can absorbKPVQVJGUM[VQETGCVGCPCTVKƒEKCNūUVCTŬQHINQYKPICVOQURJGTKE 99.4% of the laser light forsodium ions. Astronomers used this star to observe how much DVSHFLͤFIUHTXHQF\$QWLūFKUVQTVKQPŬ'CTVJŨUCVOQURJGTGKPVTQFWEGFKPVQCVGNGUEQRGŨU lasers may have uses in theimage. They could then compensate for this distortion when viewing ͤHOGVRIRSWLFDOFRPSXWLQJQVJGTQDLGEVUKPURCEGETGCVKPIOWEJOQTGCEEWTCVGKOCIGU and medical imaging.ZLWKDZDYHOHQJWKRIMXVW Anti-laser Living laser Most powerful laser by output0.15 nanometres. The team In Feb 2011, scientists In Jun 2011, scientistsDUHQRZVHHNLQJWRPDNH from Yale University, USA, at the Wellman Center 1Pǡ,WNTGUGCTEJGTUCV1UCMC7PKXGTUKV[KP,CRCPsuch lasers more stable unveiled their anti-laser, for Photomedicine at ƒTGFVJG.CUGTHQT(CUV+IPKVKQP'ZRGTKOGPV.(':HQTQPGDQGFRKHUHQWZLWKSRWHQWLDO WKHͤUVWGHYLFHFDSDEOH Massachusetts General trillionth of a second at a power of 2 petawatts. For reference,applications in medicine of cancelling out a laser Hospital, USA, announced ǡRGVCYCVVUKUYCVVUand particle physics. beam. It uses an optical that they had used cells from a human kidney to FUHDWHWKHͤUVWODVHUOLJKW emitted by a living cell. 7KHNLGQH\FHOOZDVLQMHFWHG ZLWK'1$IURPOXPLQRXV MHOO\ͤVKZKLFKPDGHLWJORZ JUHHQZKHQERPEDUGHG ZLWKEOXHOLJKW%\XVLQJ PLUURUVWKHVFLHQWLVWVZHUH able to make the cell emit green laser light. %QQNKPIQHNKSWKFD[ǡNCUGT On 26 Nov 2015, scientists at the University of Washington, USA, revealed that they had used a laser WRUHIULJHUDWHOLTXLGZDWHU by around 20°C (68°F).FIRST…Maser7KHPDVHU0LFURZDYH$PSOLͤFDWLRQE\6WLPXODWLRQ(PLVVLRQRI5DGLDWLRQZDVthe precursor to the laser.&KDUOHV+DUG7RZQHV86$ͤUVWFRQFHLYHGRILWLQbefore putting the processinto practice in 1954.7RZQHVVKDUHGWKHNobel Prize in Physics, bothfor inventing the maserDQGIRUKLVODWHUZRUNRQGHYHORSLQJWKHͤUVWODVHUVDID YOU KNOW?2T0Tha0hceyfebtrt Nelaytaarrlsdtslitt o:ueBaJYhoermelAenrlwtGslnhsa eaLael(lyasusaot,bemfisdiUeoetryirrSisrmnnaAtiugitcdiu,sohuoeiemrnrtmdmi)pe1igt-osos9doarni6noarnbs4pnatutNe.meerrsadtes.etwtedd Longest line of balloons popped using a laser The three presenters of ITV’s science and technology show +VŨUǡ0QV4QEMGV5EKGPEG (UK) burst a line of 200 balloons by means of an Nd:YAG laser in Borehamwood, UK, on 23 Jan 2016. Pictured above, from left to right, are the trio Rachel Riley, Romesh Ranganathan and Ben Miller (all UK), with GWR CFLWFKECVQT5CO/CUQPYJQQXGTUCYVJGTGEQTFCVVGORV Highest box-office gross by a science-fiction film series 1977 DATELINE Star Wars (USA) – later retitled Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope – is released. It is the first movie in a franchise that will go on to gross $6,452,324,357 (£4,513,190,000) worldwide as of Feb 2016. guinnessworldrecords.com 203

CUTTING-EDGE SCIENCE First rocket-landing on Earth DID YOU KNOW?vNTAaraiuScintatcgiToiloW snh2mnw0eebiwaan1ehwVlti5ngoMtiSa,athiVhmbpisin scEeae-fiorEVoebgdrornBnio,sebhrCOlt2utiaataodrV3hsdpenle- oaM(aEacvaVgnttlbedaoeyeilo4earsdosLln,,ei2p.a0acit0enc0ubVsod10ol2ih5narra 0a.prutatA0daetstco3os)htr.poeylfe after deploying a payload in orbit attosecond is a quintillionth 1Pǡ&GE5RCEG:UWEEGUUHWNN[NCPFGFVJGƒTUV (10-18) of a second. The feat UVCIGǡQHKVU(CNEQPǡTQEMGVCV%CRG%CPCXGTCN#KT(QTEG was achieved by Eleftherios 5VCVKQPKP(NQTKFC75#6JGTQEMGVJCFDGGPNCWPEJGF Goulielmakis (GRC/DEU) VJGFC[DGHQTGCPFJCFFGRNQ[GFUCVGNNKVGUKPVQ'CTVJ and his team of researchers QTDKV6JG(CNEQPǡTGCEJGFCPCNVKVWFGQHǡMOǡOK at the Max Planck Institute CHVGTYJKEJVJGTQEMGVŨUUGEQPFUVCIGVQQMKVURC[NQCFQH of Quantum Optics in UCVGNNKVGUKPVQQTDKV6JGƒTUVUVCIGYJKEJKUǡOǡHV Garching, Germany, and VCNNTGVWTPGFWPFGTKVUQYPRQYGTCPFNCPFGFXGTVKECNN[ published on 4 Feb 2016. 6JGǡHWNNLQWTPG[KUKNNWUVTCVGFKPVJKUVKOGNCRUGRJQVQ Largest known Most atoms of rubidium (give or take fundamentally connected RTKOGǡPWODGT (KTUVGHHGEVKXG quantum-entangled 190 atoms). They achieved that they can theoretically On 7 Jan 2016, a computer 'DQNCXCEEKPG On 26 Mar 2015, scientists this by trapping the super- LQͥXHQFHHDFKRWKHṴHYHQ volunteered by Dr Curtis from the Massachusetts cooled particles between across vast distances. Cooper (USA) at the 6JGGZRGTKOGPVCNXCEEKPG Institute of Technology two slightly transparent University of Central 858'$18JCUDGGPVTKCNNGF (USA) and the University of mirrors and bombarding 5JQTVGUVRWNUGQHǡXKUKDNGǡNKIJV Missouri, USA, discovered KP)WKPGCYKVJCUWEEGUUTCVG Belgrade (SRB) announced them with weak laser pulses. Scientists have created the Mersenne prime number QHCVNGCUVCPFRQUUKDN[ that they had quantum- a light pulse lasting for 274,207,281-1. The number has HCTJKIJGT6JGTGUWNVUQHVJG entangled 2,910 atoms Quantum entanglement just 380 attoseconds. One a designation M74207281. XCEEKPGVTKCNUYGTGRWDNKUJGF occurs when particles are so Reading two digits per KPVJGLQWTPCN6JGǡ.CPEGV QP second, it would take more ǡ,WN6JGƒTUVTGEKRKGPV than 100 days to read out QHVJGXCEEKPGYCU/QJCOGF the 22,338,618-digit number. 5QWOCJQH)WKPGCǡCDQXG JGYCUIKXGPVJGCNNENGCT VJTGGǡOQPVJUNCVGT FIRST DETECTION OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES Albert Einstein proposed the existence of gravitational waves in 1916, but they were not detected until 11 Feb 2016. They are made when huge objects in space speed up or slow down. By mapping the movements of these waves, scientists have a new way of analysing signals from the universe. The detection was made by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration using the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). LIGO is the largest gravitational-wave detector. It is located at two sites in the USA: Hanford in Washington and Livingston in Louisiana (below). Each houses two L-shaped, 4-km (2.5-mi) steel vacuum tubes, down which lasers are fired. The lasers interfere with each other in DID YOU KNOW? detectors, allowing tiny fluctuations in space-time to be arTerh(asosmebpuesuygptelnatuwrrLesadadoIsdarGvxy1etvifi.isiOet3mrsna–sotcbgat,’amomsiirsttolsecilhemenmitilboerweyaignepnblco3lirtweiln 6eebieihsggvasvlataahesvesinvicnentdodckistyonaatsd2ehoun,.ga9eolrheart“lsoeeafslhoatcfsvae)lxte.as–aweyBurrodayc”fyh. studied, a process called interferometry.DATELINE 1978 Most Tour de France stage wins Eddie Merckx (BEL) celebrates his 34th stage win in the Tour de France. His first had come in 1969. Along with three other riders, Merckx also shares the record for the most Tour de France wins (5), with victories in 1969–72 and 1974. 204 Science & Technology

14,650% FAST FACTS When cooled to absolute zero (-273.15°C; -459.67°F), helium becomes a liquid that flows against gravity • Scientists have developed a way of recharging mobile phones with urine • We share some of our DNA with bananasLongest time for tardigrades Most durable digital DID YOU KNOW?uesRUxiriinnIsgengtgilhbiviclnaataeersnbgesrgaeslsduseycatditcnclbleotieheDrlsnrsyreacaessa,d-guihcoftbelaroianaloesnemsrenttahbtnsehltoaya.diaasodifintetnuutdor(mhti.osauneNtftrrscaeHoeueanwtuconttltmiieuslhrlforeaeter)ndVQǡUWTXKXGHTQ\GPKPKEG UVQTCIGǡOGFKWO three research sites.#VCTFKITCFGKUCJKIJN[TGUKNKGPVOKETQUEQRKEGKIJVNGIIGF #EEQTFKPIVQTGUWNVURWDNKUJGFQPǡ,CP This X-ray free-electronCSWCVKEKPXGTVGDTCVG1Pǡ&GEUEKGPVKUVUHTQO,CRCPŨU PCPQUVTWEVWTGFINCUUOCFG laser (XFEL) incorporates0CVKQPCN+PUVKVWVGQH2QNCT4GUGCTEJCPPQWPEGFVJCVVJG[JCF D[TGUGCTEJGTUHTQOVJG7PKXGTUKV[ high-speed electrons movingTGXKXGFVYQCFWNVVCTFKITCFGUVJCVJCFDGGPHTQ\GPKPYCVGTKEG QH5QWVJCORVQPŨU1RVQGNGEVTQPKEU through magnets. The laserUKPEG0QXǡ#NUQMPQYPCUūYCVGTDGCTUŬQYKPIVQVJGKT 4GUGCTEJ%GPVTG7-ECPTGOCKPUVCDNG itself measures 2 km (1.2 mi)CRRGCTCPEGCDQXGVJGETGCVWTGUYGTG CVTQQOVGORGTCVWTGHQTǡSWKPVKNNKQP long, with an accelerationVJCYGFKP/CTǡ0KEMPCOGF [GCTU#V°%°(KVJCUCP length of 1.7 km (1.06 mi).5$CPF5$UJQTVHQT GUVKOCVGFNKHGVKOGQHǡDKNNKQP[GCTU It requires 17.5 billionū5NGGRKPI$GCWV[Ŭ TQWIJN[VJGEWTTGPVCIGQHVJGWPKXGTUG electron volts and operatesVJG[DGICPOQXKPI &CVCKUYTKVVGPVQVJGINCUUCUVJTGG at a temperature ofCHVGTVJG[FGHTQUVGF NC[GTUQHPCPQUVTWEVWTGFFQVUWUKPICP -271°C (-455.8°F).1PN[5$HWNN[TGEQXGTGF WNVTCHCUVHGOVQUGEQPFNCUGTIKXKPICDWVYGPVQPVQIKXGDKTVJVQ[QWPICDQXG UVQTCIGECRCEKV[QHǡ6$Highest-energy ion collisions VGTCD[VGURGTFKUEKPǡCǡRCTVKENGEQNNKFGT (QTEQORCTKUQP VJGVGZVEQPVGPVQH1Pǡ0QXUEKGPVKUVUWUKPIVJG.CTIG*CFTQP%QNNKFGTCV VJGGPVKTG.KDTCT[%'40KP)GPGXC5YKV\GTNCPFCPPQWPEGFVJCVVJG[JCFEQNNKFGF QH%QPITGUUKUVYQDGCOUQHNGCFKQPUVQIGVJGTCVǡVGTCGNGEVTQPXQNVU GSWKXCNGPVVQǡ6$6G86JKUOGCUWTGOGPVKUVJGGPGTI[GSWKXCNGPVVQVJCVQHCǡDWODNGDGGUVTKMKPI[QWTHCEG First spacecraft to orbit Hubble Space Telescope, CǡEQOGV a team of astronomers On 6 Aug 2014, the announced on 3 Mar 2016 European Space Agency’s their discovery of a galaxy in Rosetta spacecraft entered the Ursa Major constellation. orbit around comet 67P/ The light detected by Hubble Churyumov-Gerasimenko from this galaxy, GN-z11, (67P). On 12 Nov 2014, it dates back 13.4 billion years, released Philae, a lander around 400 million years designed to analyse the after the Big Bang. In that comet’s surface. As of time, the expansion of the 27 Jan 2016, Rosetta had universe means that GN-z11 been orbiting 67P for is now some 32 billion light 539 days, and is the longest years from Earth. orbital survey of a comet. Longest X-ray Most distant object HTGGGNGEVTQPǡNCUGT KPǡVJGǡWPKXGTUG Located in Germany, the Using data from the Wide European XFEL stretches Field Camera 3 on the 3.4 km (2.1 mi) and acrossFirst object 3D-printed fromextraterrestrial material1Pǡ,CPCVVJG%QPUWOGT'NGEVTQPKEU5JQYKP.CUǡ8GICU0GXCFC75#2NCPGVCT[4GUQWTEGUCPF&5[UVGOUDQVJ75#TGXGCNGFCǡ&RTKPVGFOQFGNQHCURCEGETCHVRCTVOCFGHTQOOGVGQTKVGOGVCNU6JGHGCVKUCUWEEGUUHWNRTQQHQHEQPEGRVVJCVUJQWNFCNNQYHWVWTGOKUUKQPUKPVQVJG5QNCT5[UVGOVQETGCVGGSWKROGPVCPFǡRCTVUHTQOCUVGTQKFU Oldest person to get divorced 1980 DATELINE On 21 Nov, after nine years of marriage, 101-year-old Harry Bidwell of East Sussex, UK, divorces his65-year-old wife, Lucy. He feels that she “wasn’t domesticated enough” and is soon seeking a new partner. guinnessworldrecords.com 205

SPORTSDATELINE 1981 First car to sell 20 million units On 15 May, the 20-millionth Volkswagen Beetle rolls off the assembly line, at Volkswagen de México’s factory in Puebla. Production of the car in Germany had ceased three years previously. 206 Sports

CONTENTSSPORTS FACTOGRAPHIC 208AMERICAN FOOTBALL/ 210BASEBALL 212BASKETBALL / ICE HOCKEYBOXING / MARTIAL ARTS 214 CRICKET / GOLF 216 EXTREME SPORTS / 218 STREET SPORTS 220 AUTO SPORTS / 222 CYCLING 224RUGBY / TENNIS 226CLUB SOCCER /INTERNATIONAL SOCCER TRACK / FIELDSWIMMING / WATER SPORTS 228SPORTS ROUND-UP 230SPORTS REFERENCE 232Highest annual earningsHQTǡCPǡCVJNGVGGXGT9JGPKVEQOGUVQƒPCPEKCNOWUENGQPGURQTVUOCPTGOCKPUWPFKURWVGFEJCORKQP(NQ[F/C[YGCVJGT,T75#HCTNGHVGCTPGFǡCMPQEMQWVǡOcǡOHTQO,WPǡVQ,WPǡCEEQTFKPIVQ(QTDGU#PFKPVJGKPUGVRKEVWTGCDQXGNGHVJGǡRTQWFN[JQNFUCNQHVJKU)94EGTVKƒECVGVQEQPƒTOKV /C[YGCVJGTCNUQGPLQ[UVJGhighest career pay-per-view salesfor a boxerCTGRQTVGFǡDPcǡOHTQOǡOKNNKQP228DW[UHQTǡƒIJVUDGVYGGPǡ,WPCPFǡ5GR *KUYGNVGTYGKIJVVKVNGƒIJVCICKPUV/CPP[2CESWKCQ2*. NGHVCVVJG/)/)TCPFKP.CU8GICU0GXCFC75#QP ǡ/C[ITQUUGFCTGRQTVGFǡOcǡO HTQORWTEJCUGUOCMKPIKVVJGhighest- selling pay-per-view boxing match Youngest player in a FIFA World Cup 1982 DATELINEOn 17 Jun, Norman Whiteside appears for Northern Ireland vs Yugoslavia at La Romareda stadium in Zaragoza, Spain, aged 17 years 41 days. The game finishes goalless.guinnessworldrecords.com 207

FACTOGRAPHIC (.1;&/#;9'#6*'4,4ǡO KEY FOR EARNINGS INFOGRAPHICSPORT’S BIG HITTERS /C[YGCVJGT,TŨURC[HQTKU  CNOQUVFQWDNGVJCVQHJKUPGCTGUVSport is big business – and getting bigger all the time. Alongside their salary and match TKXCN#PFKVŨUOQTGVJCPHQWTYKPPKPIUǡRNC[GTUOCMGCNWETCVKXGNKXKPIHTQOGPFQTUGOGPVUYKVJDNWGEJKREQORCPKGUQTǡRC[OGPVUHQTǡRGTUQPCNCRRGCTCPEGU/GGVVJGYQTNFŨUOQUVDCPMCDNGURQTVUUVCTU VKOGUVJGGUVKOCVGFVQVCNQHAll values are in US dollars ($1 = £0.70, as of 15 Apr 2016). ǡOGCTPGFD[DQZKPINGIGPF /WJCOOCFū6JG)TGCVGUVŬ#NK FWTKPIJKU[GCTECTGGT Endorsements 5CNCT[9KPPKPIUHIGHEST-PAID ATHLETES 2015 19JGPKVEQOGUVQOQPG[OCMKPIURQTVŨUDKIIGUVJKVVGTUCTGKPCFKHHGTGPVNGCIWGŤCNVJQWIJHQTUQOG DID YOU KNOW?I2n$0w1BF1,ie8a6nhb0r,nica0s2een0yrpldo0oiensu4tr$hatt,3wah,eL6keeific2oaieo,nvnrk5negne.0t-lFih0rtnMaiaompgscmetetjse-urefwsBosiwmirtabtewolheoelvgroakeeanr.rdntdht’OaonrUWEJCU4QIGT(GFGTGTGPFQTUGOGPVURTQXKFGCOWEJNCTIGTUNKEGQHVJGRKGVJCPHQTQVJGTUGI(NQ[F/C[YGCVJGT,T6JGEQNQWTEQFKPITGHGTUVQVJGURNKVDGVYGGPVJGVYQUGGCTVYQTMTKIJV0#/'0#6+10#.+6; SPORT Pay 5CNCT[9KPPKPIU Endorsements /#00;2#%37+#1ǡO1 (NQ[F/C[YGCVJGT,T75# $QZKPI ǡO ǡO ǡO 2CESWKCQŨUOQPG[URKPPKPIƒIJV YKVJ(NQ[F/C[YGCVJGT,TKP /CPP[2CESWKCQ2*. $QZKPI ǡO ǡO ǡO /C[ǡGCTPGFJKOCMPQEMQWV ǡOCNQPGŤHQWTVKOGUJKU %TKUVKCPQ4QPCNFQ246 5QEEGT ǡO ǡO ǡO RTGXKQWUJKIJGUVRC[OGPV#PF VJCVŨUYJCVJGIQVHQTlosing… .KQPGN/GUUK#4) 5QEEGT ǡO ǡO ǡO5 4QIGT(GFGTGT%*' 6GPPKU ǡO ǡO ǡO6 .G$TQP,COGU75# $CUMGVDCNN ǡO ǡO ǡO7 -GXKP&WTCPV75# $CUMGVDCNN ǡO ǡO ǡO .+10'./'55+ǡO 2JKN/KEMGNUQP75# )QNH ǡO ǡO ǡO 2 +P/CTUOCTVRJQPG OCPWHCEVWTGT*WCYGKCPPQWPEGF9 6KIGT9QQFU75# )QNH ǡO ǡO ǡO %4+56+#01410#.&1ǡO KVJCFUVTWEMCVYQ[GCT GPFQTUGOGPVFGCNYKVJ/GUUK  -QDG$T[CPV75# $CUMGVDCNN ǡO ǡO ǡO #P[VGCOYKUJKPIVQRQCEJ YQTVJOQTGVJCPOSource: Forbes 4QPCNFQHTQO4GCN/CFTKF OWUVRC[CIWCTCPVGGFŻǡDP.'$410,#/'5ǡO 2*+./+%-'.510ǡO VQVJG5RCPKUJUKFGKPTGVWTP HQTǡJKUUGTXKEGUCPFCUJCTG +P,COGUUKIPGF #TQWPFQH/KEMGNUQPŨU QHǡJKUKOCIGTKIJVU CURQPUQTUJKRFGCNYKVJ JGHV[ 0KMGVJQWIJVVQDGYQTVJ income 3 WRVQDP*QYGXGTKVYKNN VKGJKOVQ0KMGHQTVJGTGUV ECOGHTQO QHǡJKUNKHGŤPQVLWUVHQTVJG GPFQTUGOGPVU TGUVQHJKURNC[KPIECTGGT CPFCRRGCTCPEGU *KUGPFQTUGOGPV 6 RCTVPGTUKPENWFG 'ZZQP/QDKN4QNGZ 7 CPF$CTENC[U 4 -'8+0&74#06ǡO 8 9 -1$'$4;#06ǡO 5 &WTCPVŨUUCNCT[KP 6+)'4911&5ǡO 10 .KHGNQPI.#.CMGTURNC[GT 41)'4('&'4'4ǡO YCULWUVQXGTǡO $T[CPVGPLQ[GFCUCNCT[QH DWVJGCFFGFCEQQN (QTDGURWV9QQFUŨPGV CTQWPFǡOKPJKUƒPCN (GFGTGTJCUCUVTKPIQHTGEQTFU ǡOVQVJCVƒIWTG YQTVJCVǡOKP 0$#UGCUQP#UQHVJGUVCTV VQǡJKUPCOGKPENWFKPIVJG KPǡURQPUQTUJKRFGCNU *KUOQUVNQ[CN QHJGJCFCPGVYQTVJ JKIJGUVGXGTCPPWCNGCTPKPIU URQPUQT0KMGRC[UJKO QHUQOGǡO HQTǡCVGPPKURNC[GTŤǡO ORNWUCPPWCNN[ HTQO,WPVQ,WP

2TK\GYKPPKPIU RICHEST RETIRED ATHLETES 2015 'PFQTUGOGPVU They say you have to be in it to win it, but that isn’t necessarily the case for sportsmen. A fortunate – andTIGER WOODS’ highly talented – few are able to carry on earning longEARNINGS after retirement courtesy of endorsements, licensing and personal appearances.9JGPKVEQOGUVQIQNHVJGTGŨUYC[OQTGOQPG[ 0#/'0#6+10#.+6; SPORT +0%1/'OCFGQHHVJGITGGPVJCPQPKV+Pǡ[GCTUCUC 1 /KEJCGN,QTFCP75#TKIJV $CUMGVDCNN O HOLY COW!RTQHGUUKQPCNIQNHGT9QQFU  &CXKF$GEMJCO7- 5QEEGT ǡOJCUYQPOKPRTK\G  #TPQNF2CNOGT75# )QNH ǡO 9KVJCPGVYQTVJDGNKGXGFVQDGKPVJGTGIKQPQHOVGPPKUOQPG[0QVDCFDWVKVŨU  ,WPKQT$TKFIGOCP75# $CUMGVDCNN O CEG4QIGT(GFGTGTKUCOQPIVJGYGCNVJKGUVURQTVUOGPKPVJGFYCTHGFEQORCTGFVQVJG 5 ,GTT[4KEJCTFUQP75# #OGTKECPHQQVDCNN ǡODPRNWUJGŨUGCTPGFKP 6 ,CEM0KEMNCWU75# )QNH ǡO YQTNF1HVJGOCP[RTK\GUJGJCURKEMGFWRQXGTVJGURQPUQTUJKRFGCNUFWTKPI 7 5JCSWKNNG1Ũ0GCN75# $CUMGVDCNN ǡO [GCTURGTJCRUVJGOQUVWPWUWCNKU,WNKGVVGVJGUCOGRGTKQF  4QIGT2GPUMG75# /QVQTURQTV ǡO CEQYJGYCUIKHVGFCHVGTYKPPKPIJKUƒTUV 9 )CT[2NC[GT<#( )QNH ǡO 9KODNGFQPVKVNGDCEMKPTOP 10 RICHEST TEAMS  'TXKPū/CIKEŬ,QJPUQP75# $CUMGVDCNN ǡO Lakers:'XGT[[GCT(QTDGURWDNKUJGUKVUNKUVQHVJG Source: Forbes $2.6 bnǡYGCNVJKGUVVGCOU6JKUKUVJG6QRHTQOVJGKTNCUVQHƒEKCNNKUVRWDNKUJGFKP,WNǡ 4GCN/CFTKFGCTPGFǡOKP ICVGǡTGEGKRVUKPDWVǡDP HTQODTQCFECUVKPI=9. Washington Redskins (USA) NBA EARNINGS NBA average: American football $1.25 bn $2.4 bn 2GTICOG0CVKQPCN$CUMGVDCNN#UUQEKCVKQP0$# =9. Los Angeles Dodgers (USA) RNC[GTUGCTPQPCXGTCIGPGCTN[VKOGU NBA VALUE Baseball VJGUCNCT[QHCP0$#EJGGTNGCFGT $2.4 bn +P,CPVJGXCNWGQHVJG CXGTCIG0$#VGCOVQRRGF 8. New York Knicks (USA) ǡDPHQTVJGƒTUVVKOGGXGT Basketball 6JG.QU#PIGNGU.CMGTUYGTG $2.5 bn XCNWGFCVCTQWPFǡVKOGU VJKUCXGTCIGKP(QTDGUŨ =6. New England Patriots (USA) NKUV#DQXG.CMGTUNGIGPF American football -QDG$T[CPVYJQRNC[GFJKU $2.6 bn ƒPCNICOGQP#RT =6. Los Angeles Lakers (USA) Basketball $2.6 bn 5. Manchester United (UK) Soccer $3.1 bn 4. FC Barcelona (ESP) Soccer $3.16 bn =2. New York Yankees (USA) Baseball $3.2 bn =2. Dallas Cowboys (USA) American football $3.2 bn 1. Real Madrid (ESP) Soccer $3.26 bn Player: Cheerleader: $59,756 $100Source: Forbes

AMERICAN FOOTBALL Most First quarterback to win the Super Bowl consecutive with two different teams pass completions Peyton Manning led the Indianapolis Colts to a 29–17 victory over the Chicago Bears in Super $QYNǡ:.+QPǡ(GDCPFPKPG[GCTUNCVGTIWKFGFVJG&GPXGT$TQPEQUVQCŤYKPQXGTVJG Miami Dolphins %CTQNKPC2CPVJGTUKP5WRGT$QYNQPǡ(GD6JGNCVVGTXKEVQT[OCFG/CPPKPICVVJGCIG quarterback Ryan QHǡVJGoldest quarterback to win a Super Bowl5GGDGNQYHQTOQTG/CPPKPITGEQTFU 6CPPGJKNNOCFGǡRCUU completions over two NFL games: seven straight against the 6GPPGUUGG6KVCPUǡQP ǡ1EVCPFǡ against the Houston 6GZCPUQPǡ1EV All teams and players are USA. Most passing yards passing in a game against SRVWVHDVRQ. He won 186 Minnesota Vikings in a in an NFL career the Miami Dolphins to reach regular season games and 30–14 win over the Oakland Youngest NFL player to On 15 Nov 2015, Peyton 71,871 passing yards – the 14 postseason games, Raiders on 15 Nov 2015. It reach 1,000 receptions Manning of the Denver NFL’s all-time record. playing for the Indianapolis was Peterson’s sixth 200- At 32 years 97 days old, Broncos gained 35 yards Colts and Denver Broncos yard game, equalling the Larry Fitzgerald (b. 31 Aug Manning is also the between 1998 and 2015. mark set by O J Simpson. 1983) of the Arizona ̨UVWSOD\HUWRZLQ Cardinals caught his 1,000th JDPHVDV1)/ Most games Shortest regular season pass on 6 Dec 2015. VWDUWLQJTXDUWHUEDFN gaining 200 yards overtime game LQFOXGLQJ On 4 Oct 2015, New Orleans rushing in an Saints’ Drew Brees (below), 0(.ǡECTGGT playing the Dallas Cowboys, Adrian Peterson threw a touchdown pass to gained 203 yards C J Spiller for a 26–20 win rushing while in 13 sec of overtime. playing for the MOST RUSHING TOUCHDOWNS Most combined touchdown BY AN NFL QUARTERBACK passes in an NFL game Cam Newton has run for 43 touchdowns in 78 games #VQVCNQHVQWEJFQYPRCUUGUYGTGVJTQYPFWTKPI for the Carolina Panthers since 2011. This equals 0GY1TNGCPUŨŤXKEVQT[QXGTVJG0GY;QTM)KCPVU the record set by Steve Young in 169 games over QPǡ0QX5GXGPYGTGD[&TGY$TGGUCDQXGQH 15 seasons, playing for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers VJG0GY1TNGCPU5CKPVUCPFUKZYGTGD['NK/CPPKPI and San Francisco 49ers from 1985 to 1999. QHVJG0GY;QTM)KCPVU6JGRTGXKQWUOCTMQH ǡVQWEJFQYPRCUUGUJCFUVQQFHQTǡ[GCTU Newton also threw two touchdown passes and ran for two touchdowns in a 38–10 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on 3 Jan 2016. This represents the most times passing and running for touchdowns in the same NFL game – a record 31.DATELINE 1983 Deepest penetration into Earth’s crust Excavation ceases on a geological exploratory borehole near Zapolyarny, on the Kola Peninsula of Arctic Russia. The depth reached is 12,261 m (40,226 ft) when work stops owing to a lack of funds. 210 Sports

BASEBALLLongest Most consecutive Most consecutive matches in MLBMajor League postseason games hitting YKVJQWVCPGTTQTKPVJGQWVƒGNFBaseball a home run (individual)(MLB) World Playing for the New York 1WVƒGNFGT0KEM/CTMCMKUYGPVǡICOGUYKVJQWVCPGTTQTSeries game Mets, Daniel Murphy hit a YJKNGRNC[KPIHQTVJG$CNVKOQTG1TKQNGUCPF#VNCPVC$TCXGUHTQO(innings) home run in six successive ǡ#WIVQǡ,WP*GJCUVYKEGYQPVJG#OGTKECP playoff games in the 2015 .GCIWG)QNF)NQXG#YCTFHQTƒGNFKPIKPCPF1Pǡ1EVVJG postseason. In Jan 2016,Kansas City Royals Murphy signed with the HighestFGHGCVGFVJG0GY;QTM Washington Nationals. National/GVUŤKPǡKPPKPIU Baseball HallTheir record equalled that Most home runs in one of Fame voteof the Chicago White postseason game by a team percentageSox vs Houston Astros in On 12 Oct 2015, in Game1EVǡCPFVJG$QUVQP Three of the National -GP)TKHHG[,TYCURed Sox vs Brooklyn elected to the National&QFIGTUKP1EVǡ League Baseball Hall of Fame Division KPYKVJVJGJKIJGUVAll teams and individuals are the Seattle Mariners, Texas Series, the ever percentage ofUSA, unless otherwise stated. Rangers and New York Chicago XQVGU*GCRRGCTGFQP Yankees, Alex Rodriguez QTQHVJGMost runs batted in has recorded 25 since 1994. Cubs hit six DCNNQVUECUV)TKHHG[D[CRKVEJGTKPJKUƒTUVICOG home runs in an 8–6 victory QHVJG5GCVVNG/CTKPGTUOn 28 Jun 2015, Steven over the St Louis Cardinals. EQOOGPVGFū6QIGVVJGMatz, the winning pitcher ECNNKUWPDGNKGXCDNGŬfor the New York Mets The Cardinals hit twoagainst the Cincinnati home runs in the sameReds, batted in four runs. game for a combined total of eight – the PRVWMost at-bats KRPHUXQVKLWLQRQHwithout recording SRVWVHDVRQJDPHE\ERWKCǡJKVǡVQǡUVCTVCECTGGT WHDPV. Chicago’s home-Playing for the Boston Red run hitters were StarlinSox, Oakland Athletics Castro (DOM), Anthonyand Chicago Cubs from Rizzo, Dexter Fowler, Kris16 Jun 2006 to 6 Jul 2015, Bryant, Jorge Soler (CUB)Jon Lester had the longest and Kyle Schwarber. JasonKLWOHVVGURXJKWRͦFLDOregular season at-bats. Heyward and Stephen Piscotty each connected for the Cardinals.Most grand slam home runs MOST TIMES HITTING Most games to featurein an MLB career FOR THE CYCLE CǡTKIJVCPFNGHVJCPFGFA grand slam home run is home run by the same playerone hit when all the bases The cycle is a rare baseball feat in which Two players have each hit aare occupied. Playing for a batter hits a single, double, triple and home run left-handed and home run (in any order) in the same game. another right-handed in theDID YOU KNOW?tfHwAhoionridairnurstdthish3táttehe6notimhecnfiyByisererAecesadi.llncstePtr taors ilrt(néannphooyndd(islebicd i,, nanfi.tahwug7ghfes rthAsaoiheh,ngempd.aingart) edliaf1henoro9etsiuur7rnthnib9ttpthil)hhteleeee The greatest number of times this has been same game on 14 occasions. done in a career is three: by John Reilly They are Mark Teixeira (since from 1883 to 1890 (including twice in seven 2003, for the Texas Rangers, days); Bob Meusel from 1921 to 1928; “Babe” Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Herman from 1931 to 1933; and Adrián Angels and New York Beltré (DOM; pictured) from 2008 to 3 Aug Yankees) and Nick Swisher (since 2004, for the Oakland 2015. Beltré, of the Texas Rangers, secured Athletics, Chicago White Sox, his third cycle in a 12–9 victory against New York Yankees, Cleveland the Houston Astros. Indians and Atlanta Braves). Most valuable shipwreck found 1985 DATELINETreasure-hunter Mel Fisher (USA, 1922–98) finds the Nuestra Señora de Atocha off the Florida coast on 20 Jul. The ship sank in 1622, with a cargo of 40 US tons (36.2 tonnes) of gold and silver and some 70 lb (32 kg) of emeralds. guinnessworldrecords.com 211

BASKETBALL The most points scored in NBA All-Star games is 291 by LeBron James (USA), playing in 11 All-Star games from 2005 to 2016. Most points scored by CǡVGCOKPVJGƒTUVSWCTVGT QHǡCRQUVUGCUQPOCVEJ The Houston Rockets scored SRLQWVLQWKHͤUVWTXDUWHU of their postseason match against the Golden State Warriors on 25 May 2015. This matched the total set by the Los Angeles Lakers on 18 Apr 1985 and Dallas Mavericks on 4 May 1986. /QUVVJTGGRQKPVƒGNFIQCNU *KIJGUVUEQTKPI Kobe Bryant KPǡCǡRQUVUGCUQPD[CPKPFKXKFWCN #NN5VCTǡ)COG On 14 Feb 2016, the two 6JGUGCUQPUGGUVJGGPFQHCTGOCTMCDNG0$# 5VGRJGP%WTT[EQPXGTVGFVJTGGRQKPVƒGNFIQCNUHQTVJG)QNFGP All-Stars sides scored a ECTGGT#OQPIJKUOCP[TGEQTFUVJG.QU#PIGNGU.CMGTUŨ 5VCVG9CTTKQTUFWTKPIVJG0$#RNC[QHHU6JG9CTTKQTU combined 369 points. The -QDG$T[CPVKUVJGyoungest player to start a gameCV UGVCPGYTGEQTFHQTVJGbest season start KP0$#JKUVQT[YKVJ West All-Stars beat the ǡ[GCTUǡFC[UCPFyoungest player to score 25,000 ǡEQPUGEWVKXGXKEVQTKGUVQDGIKPVJGUGCUQP (DVWVTXDG̰ pointsCVǡ[GCTUǡFC[U*GCNUQUJCTGUVJGTGEQTFHQT the OQUVƒGNFIQCNUOCFGKP0$##NN5VCTICOGUYKVJ All records relate to (KTUVHCVJGTUQP .G$TQP,COGU$T[CPVKUVJGQPN[0$#RNC[GTYKVJOQTGVJCP the National Basketball RNC[GTEQCEJVCPFGO ǡRQKPVUCUUKUVUCPFTGDQWPFU Association (NBA). All teams For 11 min on 16 Jan 2015, and individuals are USA. Austin Rivers played under DID YOU KNOW?sot2tohfh0mete1h1peJspae/aorees1meYnctr2csoehefhetoansmiwsiegrrdlHmdaahiA-osh yoaawauooorthnnsaudtoaacNrdensescdna…gBsk.sw’eAsNusdssfuhpSotfirritiwnemxiobrncitdeanehgbiddngeMtfiefhcoroaroeournmomsfe Los Angeles Clippers coach Most points scored by Doc Rivers against the CǡVGCOKPCP#NN5VCTǡ)COG Cleveland Cavaliers. The West All-Stars scored 196 points in the All-Star /QUVEQPUGEWVKXGNQUUGU Game held on 14 Feb 2016. 7KH3KLODGHOSKLDHUVORVW 28 games in a row from The most points scored by 0DUWR1RY a player in an All-Star Game 2015. They also is 42, by Wilt Chamberlain in share the record for 1962. The same year, he most consecutive recorded the most points losses to start a scored by an individual season (18) with the in an NBA game: 100. 1HZ-HUVH\1HWV MOST THREE-POINT FIELD GOALS BY A TEAM IN A SEASON The Houston Rockets set an NBA record by scoring 933 three-point field goals during the 2014/15 season. In the course of achieving that milestone, the Rockets also registered the most three-point field goals attempted by a team in a season: 2,680. James Harden (right) performed the most turnovers in a postseason game by an individual – 13 – while playing for the Rockets in a 104–90 loss to the Golden State Warriors. He set the record on 27 May 2015, during Game 5 of the team’s playoff series.DATELINE 1986 Largest monster truck Over the summer, Bob Chandler (USA) builds the monstrous Bigfoot 5, which stands 15 ft 6 in (4.7 m) tall and tips the scales at 38,000 lb (17,235 kg). Each of its tyres measures 10 ft (3 m) off the ground. 212 Sports

ICE HOCKEY .QPIGUV UJQQVQWV 6JG(NQTKFC2CPVJGTU VQQMTQWPFUVQ FGHGCVVJG9CUJKPIVQP %CRKVCNUDQVJ75#Ť QPǡ&GE1VJGT TGEQTFUUGVFWTKPIVJG ICOGKPENWFGVJGmost shootout goals by both teamsCPFVJGmost shootout goals by a team UKZD[(NQTKFC/QUVECTGGTICOGYKPPKPIIQCNU scoring for the whole game. The Edmonton Oilers’ Ben,CTQOȐT,ȄIT%<'ǡJCFUEQTGFǡICOGYKPPKPIECTGGTIQCNU 6FULYHQVERWK&$1PDGHCUQHǡ,CPQWVUVTKRRKPIVJGIQCNTGEQTFUGVD[VJG VDYHVLQD̰ZLQRYHUNGIGPFCT[%CPCFKCPTKIJVYKPI)QTFKG*QYG the San Jose Sharks (USA) on 29 Jan 2014.All records relate to the ERWK&$1LQ /QUVUJQQVQWVIQCNUKPCECTGGTNational Hockey League His feat surpassed the /QUVRQKPVUD[CVGCO(NHL) contested in the UHFRUGRIEORFNVE\ YKVJQWVTGCEJKPI #UJQQVQWVVCMGURNCEGKPCICOGVJCVKUVKGFCHVGTCPQXGTVKOG75#ǡCPF%CPCFC Anton Volchenkov (RUS) VJGǡRNC[QHHU RGTKQF$[VJGGPFQHVJGUGCUQP,QPCVJCP6QGYU of the Ottawa Senators The Boston Bruins earned %#0CDQXGNGHVJCFPGVVGFǡUJQQVQWVIQCNUHQTVJG%JKECIQFastest ice hockey shot &$1LQ 96 points in the standings $NCEMJCYMU75#*GKUUGGPJGTGEQORGVKPIHQTVJGRWEMYKVJZdeno Chára (SVK) GXULQJWKHVHDVRQ 5JCPG&QCP%#0QHVJG#TK\QPC%Q[QVGU75#QPǡ(GDdelivered a 108.8-mph /QUVUCXGUKPCUJWVQWV \HWVWLOOIDLOHGWRTXDOLI\IRUNPKVODSVKRW In a shutout, a goalie stops the postseason. The Bruins LONGEST ROAD WINNINGfor the Boston Bruins the opposing team from ͤQLVKHGZLWK̰̰IRU STREAK BY A TEAM(USA) during the All-Star their points.Game’s Skills Competition The longest unbroken run of wins away fromin Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, home is 12 games, first accomplished byon 29 Jan 2012. the Detroit Red Wings during the 2005/06 season and matched by the Minnesota*KIJGUVUEQTKPI Wild (both USA) in 2014/15. Pictured,#NN5VCTǡ)COG Zach Parise (USA, far left) and MikkoIn total, 29 goals Koivu (FIN, left) celebrate as the Wildwere scored in tie the score at 1–1 against the LosWKH1+/ Angeles Kings on 16 Oct 2015.All-Star Game The Detroit Red Wings recordedat Columbus in the longest home winning streakOhio, USA. Team by a team, with 23 consecutive homeToews beat wins during the 2011/12 season.Team Foligno The longest winning streak overall̰ by a team is 17 games, set by the Pittsburgh/QUVUJQVUDNQEMGF Penguins (USA) between 9 Mar and 10 Apr 1993.KPǡCUGCUQPKris Russell blocked283 shots for theCalgary Flames Greatest collapse of global stock markets 1987 DATELINEOn 19 Oct – “Black Monday” – stocks begin a dramatic worldwide decline. By the end of the month, the US stock market has dropped by 22.68%, the Canadian stock market by 22.5% and the UK stock market by 26.4%. guinnessworldrecords.com 213

BOXING Most expensive boxing championship belt The World Boxing Council (WBC) Emerald Belt awarded to Floyd Mayweather Jr (USA) on 2 May 2015 cost $1,000,000 (£657,251) to produce. Mayweather received the belt following his defeat of the Philippines’ Manny Pacquiao (see below). /QUVIQNFOGFCNUYQPKPǡVJG Most bouts undefeated Most world heavyweight title bouts AIBA World Boxing Championships by a world champion boxer (light heavyweight) in a career Wladimir Klitschko (UKR, above) was crowned WBO champion Legendary heavyweight QPǡ1EV9KVJJKUYQTNFVKVNGƒIJVQPǡ0QX Julio César La Cruz (CUB) won three consecutive AIBA titles, in champion Rocky Marciano, JGUGVCPGYTGEQTFQHHQTVJGOQUVYQTNFJGCX[YGKIJV 2011, 2013 and 2015. La Cruz is pictured above, in blue, defeating aka Rocco Francis title bouts. Until then, Klitschko had matched the record set +TGNCPFŨU,QG9CTFKPVJGƒPCNUKP&QJC3CVCT Marchegiano (USA), D[,QGǡ.QWKU75#YJQDGECOGEJCORKQPQPǡ,WP ZRQHYHU\ͤJKWRIKLV CPFǡJCFJKUVJCPFƒPCNUJQVCVVJGVKVNGQPǡ5GR HIGHEST REVENUE professional career, with FROM TICKET SALES 49 victories between Jamaican-American boxer FOR A BOXING MATCH 17 Mar 1947 and 21 Sep Alicia Ashley (b. 23 Aug 1955 (he announced his 1967) defeated Christina A welterweight title fight between retirement on 27 Apr McMahon (IRL) to regain Floyd Mayweather Jr (USA) and 1956). In all, 43 of his 49 the WBC Female Super Manny Pacquiao (PHL) earned ͤJKWVZHUHE\NQRFNRXWV Bantamweight title, in New $72,198,500 (£46,843,387) or stoppages. This feat York, USA, on 29 Oct 2015, from the sale of 16,219 tickets. was equalled by Floyd aged 48 years 67 days. The fight took place at the Mayweather Jr (USA), a MGM Grand in Las Vegas, FKDPSLRQDFURVVͤYHZHLJKW Nevada, USA, on 2 May 2015. divisions, who also retired Mayweather won on points. with a 49–0 record, which he set between 11 Oct 1996 and 12 Sep 2015. He won ͤJKWVE\NQRFNRXW Oldest boxing world champion (female) Bettering her own record set in 2013, DID YOU KNOW?mtOitrovlgneiTpeactwhapnthfoyeiaeislrzroseaolyeaag uttstwaatuhiteeogk eataorneats$ftbni o2w(hnayW0fnMisarts0tsBhouaw,POtm0eynaoiw0)Wfnchhof0qenoraoiauem(rtvr£tuirlefha1d’najsoe3cuiaB.ro0lsti’Homt,nse9xitg3esiwn1too)g purse.DATELINE 1990 Most distant image of Earth On 14 Feb, NASA’s Voyager 1 takes a picture of Earth from a distance of almost 6.5 billion km (4 billion mi). (For more on the Voyager spacecraft’s incredible – and still ongoing – journey, see pp.24–25.) 214 Sports

MARTIAL ARTSMost top-division sumo Most top-division sumo bouts First athlete to win boxingchampionships won and MMA world titles$VRI-XO+DNXKď -[QMWVGPJɢ/CUCTW/0)EQPVGUVGFVQRFKXKUKQP6KďDND0¸QNKEDW\Q (makuuchiUWOQYTGUVNKPIDQWVUHTQOVQǡ,WN 6JGƒTUVCVJNGVGOCNGQTHGOCNGVQDGDQVJDQZKPIYQTNFDavaajargal (MNG), had *GǡVQQMVJGTGEQTFHTQO-CKɢ*KTQ[WMKQPǡ/C[YJGP EJCORKQPCPFCP//#OKZGFOCTVKCNCTVUYQTNFEJCORKQPwon 35 top-division sumo JGǡHQWIJVJKUVJDQWV*GKUUGEQPFQPN[VQɡshio, aka KU*QNN[*QNO75#TKIJVYJQDGECOG9$#9QTNF$QZKPIchampionships. In 2009, -GPLK*CVCPQ,20KPVGTOUQHVJGmost sumo wrestling career Association) welterweight champion in 2006 and heldand again in 2010, he won bouts; ɡUJKQHQWIJVDQWVUVQ-[QMWVGPJɢŨU YQTNFVKVNGUWPVKN5JGDGECOG7(%7NVKOCVG(KIJVKPI86 bouts out of the 90 %JCORKQPUJKRDCPVCOYGKIJVEJCORKQPD[FGHGCVKPI4QPFC 4QWUG[75#NGHVD[YC[QHUGEQPFTQWPFMPQEMQWVKP UHJXODWLRQͤJKWVWKDWWRS Most wins of the World /GNDQWTPG#WUVTCNKCQPǡ0QX 'CTNKGTKPVJG[GCT rikishi (sumo wrestlers) Judo Championships (male) 4QWUG[JCFUGVJGTQYPYQTNFTGEQTFJQYGXGTCEJKGXKPIVJG contest annually – the most Guadeloupe-born Teddy HCUVGUV7(%VKVNGƒIJVXKEVQT[D[UWDOKUUKQPKPLWUVǡUGE wins in a calendar year. Riner (FRA) has won eight YJGPUJGFGHGCVGF%CV<KPICPQCV7(%UVCIGFCVVJG titles at the World Judo 5VCRNGU%GPVGTKP.QU#PIGNGUǡ%CNKHQTPKC75#QPǡǡ(GD Most wins of the World Championships – seven in Judo Championships team the +100 kg (heavyweight) LONGEST TOTAL FIGHT competition (female) division (2007, 2009–11, TIME IN A UFC CAREER The Japanese women’s 2013–15) and one as a member of The greatest aggregate time spent in the octagon (the team has the French eight-sided enclosure where UFC bouts take place) by a taken the men’s team UFC fighter is 5 hr 37 min 51 sec by Frankie Edgar (USA), top spot at in 2011. between 3 Feb 2003 and 11 Dec 2015. the World Judo &KDPSLRQVKLSVͤYH Edgar attained his feat in 18 UFC fights, breaking the times, in 2002, 2008, record set by Georges St-Pierre (CAN), who had achieved 2012, 2013 and 2015. a time of 5 hr 28 min 12 sec across 21 bouts in 2013. A UFC lightweight champion in 2010, Edgar defended the title three times before losing to Benson Henderson in 2012. Edgar is shown below (left) during his defeat of fellow American Urijah Faber on 16 May 2015 in the Philippine capital of Manila. Most medals won in the Youngest Karate 1 Premier League competitor Alisa Buchinger and Bettina KPǡCǡ-CTCVG Plank (both AUT) each won Premier League event 14 Karate 1 Premier League Cengizhan Koca (TUR, medals from 2013 to 2015. b. 7 Oct 1998) was 16 years 333 days old when he fought at the Karate 1 Istanbul 2015 event on 5 Sep 2015. First website 1991 DATELINE On 6 Aug in Geneva, Switzerland, computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee (UK) launches the website he has built to demonstrate the World Wide Web: http://info.cern.ch/. guinnessworldrecords.com 215

CRICKET against the Adelaide /QUV Strikers in Australia on FKUOKUUCNU 18 Jan 2016. This equalled D[CYKEMGV the record set in 2007 by MGGRGT Yuvraj Singh (IND), playing in a T20 against England in the ICC +PVGTPCVKQPCN World Twenty20 tournament. /QJCOOCF5JCJ\CF /QUVTWPUUEQTGFD[ #()OCFGƒXG VGCOUǡKPCP1&+UGTKGU FKUOKUUCNUCICKPUV1OCP England (1,617) and New CV5JGKMJ<C[GF5VCFKWO Zealand (1,534) together KP#DW&JCDK7#'QP scored 3,151 runs in their ǡ0QX*GVQQM One-Day International VJTGGECVEJGUCPFOCFG (ODI) series in England in VYQUVWORKPIUVQJGNR Jun 2015, including tons JKUVGCOYKPD[TWPU from England’s Jos Buttler, Highest partnership in a Joe Root (2) and Eoin 6YGPV[ǡ6+PVGTPCVKQPCN Morgan, and New Zealand’s Ross Taylor (2) and Kane 1Pǡ,CP0GY<GCNCPFQRGPGTU/CTVKP)WRVKNNNGHVCPF Williamson. England, who -CPG9KNNKCOUQPCEJKGXGFCPWPDTQMGPUVCPFQHǡTWPUKPC6 scored the most runs by a +PVGTPCVKQPCNCICKPUV2CMKUVCPCV5GFFQP2CTMKP0GY<GCNCPF WHDPLQD̨YHPDWFK2', )WRVKNNPQVQWVQHHDCNNUCPF9KNNKCOUQPPQVQWVQHH series, won the series 3–2. ǡDCNNUUCYVJGJQUVUJQOGKPQXGTUYKVJDCNNUVQURCTG First day–night Test match Zealand captain Brendon (CUVGUVƒXGYKEMGVJCWNKP On 27–29 Nov 2015, McCullum smashed Cǡ6GUVǡOCVEJDCNNUDQYNGF Australia and New Zealand a 54-ball hundred, contested a day–night Test, featuring 16 fours and 1Pǡ#WI'PINCPFŨU5VWCTV$TQCFCDQXGTKIJVVQQMDCNNUCPF with a pink ball (to increase four sixes. The feat took ǡOKPVQFKUOKUUƒXGQH#WUVTCNKCŨUVQRQTFGTKPVJG(QWTVJ#UJGU visibility), at the Adelaide 79 min at Hagley Oval in 6GUVCV6TGPV$TKFIG7-*GGSWCNNGFVJGTGEQTFD['TPKG6QUJCEM Oval in Australia. With this Christchurch, New Zealand. #75YJQVQQMƒXGYKEMGVUHQTVYQTWPUKPGKIJVDCNNQXGTU experiment in starting and McCullum has also hit CICKPUV+PFKCCV$TKUDCPG%TKEMGV)TQWPF#WUVTCNKCQP&GE ͤQLVKLQJWKHPDWFKODWHUWKH the most sixes in a Test International Cricket Council match career: 107 in (KTUV1&+UGTKGUYKPHQT /QUVTWPUKP6GUVOCVEJGU (ICC) hoped to enable more 176 innings. people to watch Test cricket. (CUVGUVƒHV[ Fastest Test match hundred in a T20 match On 20 Feb 2016, playing Chris Gayle (JAM) against Australia in his UHFRUGHGDEDOOͤIW\IRU ͤQDO7HVWPDWFK1HZ the Melbourne Renegades CPǡCUUQEKCVG+%%OGODGT DGVYGGPFKUOKUUCNU FASTEST BALL CICKPUVCHWNNOGODGT From 10 Dec 2015 to 14 Feb BOWLED IN A $IJKDQLVWDQZRQWKHͤUVW 2016, Adam Voges (AUS) TEST MATCH ODI series against a Test- scored 614 runs. playing nation, beating Australia’s Mitchell Starc delivered 160.4 km/h O*Z1JSC(4OOS85irnKNmiIoK6-SKrOyP3JatbeanIQGmKaNnaVcoTUGbtraotVE(e-FwmIvooTUrNKnleuE2QEduDaQtM0X3n)StTpGG1–diGsoaTVl4)2aUmnn,K,PyIkaiiOnaninrnlsduCSOgOhitVachcoEef,hotJtdyor2 o0l15.PUaAAphIECfu(a.TgCadTAehhNsmswaDateneo-goerpwfiIanemsl2iDatnaGsn4bayriasune xieOttnYri,ion1csTogHf0tOeenwnot2sasfhnita0,.uUt-etgSh1pliilc5olrKOIao,KnCfioyAtDsnlCriNaf)Insg.gnmstgA,htdO2Iasear0stamneWuonOlicasbsdDinteaaa?trIdrthsnsee,e a ball at 160.4 km/h (99.66 mph) during a Test match between Australia and New Zealand at the WACA in Perth, Australia, on 15 Nov 2015. The left-armer’s yorker was defended by New Zealand batsman Ross Taylor, who weathered the storm and went on to make 290 – the highest Test score by a visiting batsman in Australia. Starc is only the fourth bowler – after Shoaib Akhtar (PAK, 2003), Brett Lee (AUS, 2005) and Shaun Tait (AUS, 2010) – to achieve a bowling speed of 160 km/h (99.41 mph) or more in the history of international cricket. against Hebron School.DATELINE 1996 First animal cloned from an adult cell On 5 Jul, Dolly the Sheep is born in the UK to a surrogate mother. Dolly is successfully cloned from the cell of an adult Finnish Dorset sheep. She will give birth to lambs by natural means and reach the age of six. 216 Sports

GOLF/QUVYKPUQHVJG2TGUKFGPVU%WRD[CVGCO .QYGUVUEQTG VQRCTKP6JG75#JCUYQPVJGDKGPPKCNVQWTPCOGPVPKPGVKOGUKP CǡOGPŨUCPF6JG2TGUKFGPVU%WRKUEQPVGUVGFD[VJG75#CPFCPKPVGTPCVKQPCNVGCOOCFGWR IQNHǡOCLQTQHǡRNC[GTUYJQCTGKPGNKIKDNGVQRNC[KPVJG4[FGT%WRŤVJCVKUVJGTGUVQHVJGYQTNFNGUU'WTQRG+PǡKVYCUJGNFKP+PEJGQP5QWVJ-QTGCCPFVJG75#YQPD[|VQ|RQKPVU 1PŤǡ#WI ,CUQP&C[#75 CEJKGXGFCVVJG VJǡ2TQHGUUKQPCN )QNHGTUŨ#UUQEKCVKQP 2)#%JCORKQPUJKR QPǡVJG5VTCKVU%QWTUG QHǡ9JKUVNKPI5VTCKVUPGCT -QJNGT9KUEQPUKP75# &C[ŨURGTHQTOCPEG UGEWTGFJKOJKUƒTUV OCLQT*GƒPKUJGFYKVJ ŤŤŤ Nabisco Championship. This was matched by Karen Stupples (UK) at the 2004 British Open,Largest and by Cristie Kerr DID YOU KNOW?wf(o1inu9fCs6rMo.h0oOrSBiaf–pcthe6mhtkfiete1heesnrp)aeyysm ialt toLsRWnitonotPadolsrsGwseithwahsgAlcUisaih(phn CfrS(toiUebhte(WusaUhKavrcteemS)o)hk.dALmw-epPt)tiiorehGwtoe-nheAbnca’maossscrhtodkhispet:EQOGDCEM (USA) and Yani Tsengin the (TPE) at the 20105QNJGKO%WR and 2011 LPGAOn 20 Sep championships.2015, at the Most recently itstart of the third was achievedDQGͤQDOGD\RI by Inbee Parkplay at the Golf (KOR, right)Club St Leon-Rot in at the LPGABaden-Württemberg, Championship inGermany, the USA trailed6–10 to Europe. Making Harrison, New York,a spectacular comebackof four points, the USA USA, on 11–14 Jun /QUVEQPUGEWVKXGYKPUstormed to victory by 2015. For Kerr, Tseng and QHVJG.2)#%JCORKQPUJKR14½ to 13½ – the smallest Park, these records alsowinning margin in the marked the lowest score +PŤ+PDGG2CTM-14YQPVJG.CFKGU2TQHGUUKQPCN)QNHSolheim Cup. under par in the LPGA #UUQEKCVKQP%JCORKQPUJKRVJTGGVKOGUVYKEGD[RNC[QHHCPFQPEG Championship. D[ƒXGUVTQMGU5JGGSWCNNGFVJGTGEQTFUGVD[#PPKMC5ȘTGPUVCO.QYGUVUEQTGVQRCTKPCYQOGPŨUIQNHOCLQT ;QWPIGUVIQNHGTVQYKP 59'KPŤ5GGNGHVHQTCPQVJGTQH2CTMŨUTGEQTFUFive golfers in threedifferent majors have CYQOGPŨUOCLQTIQNHUHFRUGHG,WZDVͤUVWachieved by Dottie Pepper EJCORKQPUJKR 2015 Evian Championships was already the youngest(USA) at the 1999 Kraft Lydia Ko (NZ, b. KOR, 24 Apr in Évian-les-Bains, France, golfer ranked number one 1997) was aged 18 years on 13 Sep 2015. At the time (aged 17 years 283 days on 142 days when she won the of setting this record, Ko 1 Feb 2015). She was also the youngest LPGA Tour HYHQWZLQQHU – of the CN HIGHEST EARNINGS Canadian Women’s Open IN A PGA SEASON in Vancouver, Canada, on 26 Aug 2012, at the age Jordan Spieth (USA, b. 27 Jul 1993) dominated the 2015 PGA of 15 years 124 days. Tour and received $12,030,465 (£7,851,960) in earnings. No one had ever won more than $11 m prior to Spieth’s *KIJGUVCPPWCNGCTPKPIU lucrative season. Other than the standard PGA earnings, HQTCIQNHGTEWTTGPV[GCT he also picked up a $10-m (£7.18-m) bonus by winning In Jun 2014–Jun 2015, Phil the Tour’s finale, the FedEx Cup. In so doing, he became the youngest player to win the FedEx Cup, aged 22 years Mickelson (USA) earned an 62 days. Clinching this and the Tour Championship estimated $51 m (£32.4 m), returned Spieth to his position as world No.1. surpassing Tiger Woods by one place in the Forbes list. Land-speed record 1997 DATELINE On 15 Oct, Andy Green (UK) pilots the jet-powered Thrust SSC to a speed of 1,227.985 km/h (763.035 mph); Mach 1.020) in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada, USA. It is the first car to break the sound barrier. guinnessworldrecords.com 217

EXTREME SPORTS The aviation records on this page were either sourced from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) or set at FAI-accredited events. Farthest flight by /QUVYKPUQHVJG4GF$WNN CǡRCTCINKFGTOCNG %NKHHǡ&KXKPI9QTNF5GTKGUHGOCNG Three paraglider pilots covered a straight distance Rachelle Simpson (USA) has won the Red Bull Cliff Diving World of 514 km (319.3 mi) in the 5GTKGUVYKEGKPCPF$TKVCKPŨU)CT[*WPVJCUƒXGYKPU same trip. Frank Brown, overall, in 2010–12 and 2014–15, the most wins of the Red Bull Marcelo Prieto and Donizete Cliff Diving World Series (male). The competition began in 2009. /HPRVDOO%5$ͥHZIURP *KIJGUVENKHHLWOR Tacima to Monsenhor FRYHUHGNPPL in 2009, 2010 and 2015. Tabosa in Paraíba, Brazil, ZLWKͥLJKWVWKDWVWDUWHGDQG Bonhomme took part in On 4 Aug 2015, canyoner and cliff-jumper par excellence Laso on 9 Oct 2015. ended in Bugsdorf, Namibia, all 66 races between the Schaller (CHE, b. BRA) performed a heart-stopping 58.8-m on 18 Dec 2015. championship’s founding HVǡKPNGCRHTQOVJG%CUECVCFGN5CNVQKP/CIIKC Seiko Fukuoka-Naville in 2003 and 2015, but after Switzerland. That’s a drop several metres greater than the height (FRA, b. JPN) achieved /QUVYKPUQHVJG4GF$WNN winning his third title he of the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy. As the frame-by-frame the IDUWKHVW̩LJKWE\D #KT4CEG%JCORKQPUJKR announced his retirement RJQVQCDQXGǡUJQYUVJGLWORGPFGFKPCRNWPIGRQQNYJKEJ SDUDJOLGHUIHPDOH when Paul Bonhomme (UK) has from air-racing. YCUǡUQOGǡOǡHVǡKPFGGR VKHͥHZNPPL won the Red Bull Air Race from Deniliquin, Australia, championship three times, (CUVGUVMOKEGUYKOOCNG on 9 Dec 2015. 2Q0DU&KULVWRI Wandratsch (DEU) (CTVJGUVQWVCPFTGVWTP swam 1 km (0.6 mi) in FKUVCPEGJCPIINKFKPI PLQH[DFWO\DWWKH HGOCNG International Ice Swimming %ULWDLQ̵V.DWKOHHQ5LJJͥHZ Association (IISA) World an out-and-return distance &KDPSLRQVKLSV7KH RINPPLE\ event was held in the hang-glider in Bischling, near-freezing waters of Austria, on 5 Jul 2015. /DNH6HPHQRYVNR\HLQ Murmansk, Russia. The IDUWKHVWRXWDQG UHWXUQKDQJJOLGLQJPDOH 2QWKHVDPHGD\DQG WLWOHLVMRLQWO\KHOGE\&DUORV at the same event, Renata Puñet Pellisé (ESP) and Ralf 1RY£NRY£&=(UHFRUGHG 0LHGHUKRII'(87KH\ERWK the IDVWHVWNPLFHVZLP E\DIHPDOHVZLPPHU, in a time of 14 min 21 sec. FASTEST 15 M SPEED CLIMB (CUVGUVMODCTGHQQV QPǡKEGQTUPQY Ukraine’s Danylo Boldyrev (right) took just 5.6 sec to scale 15 m (49 ft 2 in) at Latvia’s Edgars Rencis took the International Federation of Sport Climbing (IFSC) World Championships just 21 min 28.48 sec to in Gijón, Spain, on 12 Sep 2014. He beat Russian rival Stanislav Kokorin cover 5 km (3.1 mi) in the to win the World Championships title and break the record just weeks deep snow of the Latvian after Libor Hroza (CZE) had established a new world mark of 5.73 sec. winter. His toe-numbing record was achieved on the The fastest 15 m speed climb (female) is 7.53 sec, by Iuliia Kaplina race track of the Daugava (RUS, above) at the IFSC World Cup in Chamonix, France, on 11 Jul 2015. Stadium in Riga, Latvia, Kaplina had also set a world record two months earlier with a 7.74-sec climb, on 24 Jan 2015. breaking the previous record – which she had also set – by 0.11 sec.DATELINE 2000 Largest change in share price (24 hr) On 27 Mar, after months of optimistic valuations and exuberant investment, the share price of Yahoo! Japan goes into freefall, losing 54% of its value in 24 hr. A similar fate awaits many other companies as the dot-com technology bubble bursts. 218 Sports

STREET SPORTS DID YOU KNOW?sinTrctah(ehiWcnnea1oktWfCt9oneiefa9nStrodes4n)vgresseialarsestdrtasynmttitCsohidaintbunoeneolnpatemdovhlsneShsserafklatkoysdnrasaereitodtbeseepercesmtbgrbi.etoopaoonhalnasnierakrniidzdlcateaaiotitsnrntierviggsrgoeesans. tMost wins of the Most wins of the /QUVYKPUQHVJG9QTNFǡ%WR9QTNFǡ%WRǡ5MCVGDQCTFKPI (TGPEJǡ%KV[2TQ6QWT 5MCVGDQCTFKPIUVTGGVUVTGGVYQTNFǡTCPMKPIU Eric Malavergne (FRA) has YQTNFǡTCPMKPIUHGOCNG ZRQWKH)UHQFK&LW\3UR7RXUBetween 2010 and 2014, Brazil’s Kelvin Hoefler topped – France’s long-running .GVKEKC$WHQPK$4#ƒPKUJGF0QKPVJG9QTNF%WR5MCVGDQCTFKPIthe World Cup Skateboarding world rankings in the annual urban street-golf YQTNFTCPMKPIUHQTUVTGGVUMCVKPICVQVCNǡQHǡHQWTǡVKOGUDGVYGGPUVTGGVFKUEKRNKPGCPWPRTGEGFGPVGFƒXGVKOGU competition – twice. He CPF5JGKUCVJTGGVKOG:)COGUEJCORKQP represented the Los Golfos/QUV$/:QPGJCPFGFVKOG /QUVDCEMHNKRU team in 2012 and 2015. ;QWPIGUV:)COGU (USA, b. 20 Aug 1999) tookOCEJKPGUKPǡUGEQPFU QPǡCǡDKE[ENGǡUKPINGNGCR RCTVKEKRCPVKP part in the Off-Road TruckTakahiro Ikeda (JPN) -HG0LOGRQ1=FRPSOHWHG :)COGU CǡOQVQTK\GFǡURQTV Racing event in Austin,performed 45 one-handed DWRWDORIIRXUEDFNͥLSV $JHGMXVW\HDUV Texas, USA, on 8 Jun 2014.time machines at Oasis at Pastranaland in /QUV5WOOGT:ǡ)COGU GD\V*DYLQ+DUOLHQ +HͤQLVKHGLQQLQWKSODFHPark in Kakamigahara, Gifu, 'DYLGVRQYLOOH0DU\ODQG OGFCNUYQPJapan, on 10 Oct 2015. USA, on 12 Jul 2015. )URPWR-XQ Highest skateboarder Bob Burnquist air on a (BRA) secured 29 medals. UMCVGDQCTF SWCTVGTRKRG TheOQUVUMCVGDQCTFKPI UVTGGVIQNFOGFCNUYQP After several terrifying failed attempts, Danny CVVJG5WOOGT Way (USA) performed a :ǡ)COGUis six, OHVǡKPCKT E\1\MDK+XVWRQ on a quarterpipe in (USA) in 2011–15. Alpine, California, USA, QPǡ,WN MOST CONSECUTIVE GOLD MEDALS AT THE SUMMER X GAMES Jamie Bestwick (UK) picked up nine consecutive gold medals at the Summer X Games from 2007 to 2014. All his golds came in the BMX Vert event, which also earned him the record for the most consecutive BMX Vert gold medals won at the Summer X Games. There were two X Games held in 2013, hence the reason Bestwick’s nine consecutive gold medals came in an eight-year span. His incredible run finally came to an end in Jun 2015, when he finished second to Vince Byron (AUS) – by one point. Most individuals killed in a terrorist act 2001 DATELINETwo aircraft are deliberately flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, USA, on 11 Sep. The official death toll stands at 2,753 fatalities, including those who died from subsequent health complications. guinnessworldrecords.com 219

AUTO SPORTS Most consecutive F1 races led .GYKU*COKNVQP7-NGF(QTOWNC(TCEGUKPCTQY HTQOǡ,WNVQǡ,WN*COKNVQPDTQMGVJGTGEQTFUGV KPD[,CEMKG5VGYCTV7-YJQNGFUVTCKIJVTCEGUHQT CVNGCUVQPGHWNNNCR*COKNVQPŨUTWPGPFGFCVVJG*WPICTKCP )TCPF2TKZFGURKVGDGKPIKPRQNGRQUKVKQPJGYCUQXGTVCMGP QPVJGƒTUVNCRD[GXGPVWCNTCEGYKPPGT5GDCUVKCP8GVVGN Most consecutive F1 by Mercedes (DEU) during ̨QLVKHVE\DFRQVWUXFWRULQ Most consecutive NASCAR starts )TCPFǡ2TKZUVCTVUHTQOFGDWV the 2014 season and again DQ)VHDVRQ, with 12 from Nico Rosberg (DEU) made during the 2015 season. 15 Mar to 29 Nov 2015. Jeff Gordon (USA) made 797 NASCAR (National Association 189 F1 Grand Prix starts for Stock Car Auto Racing) starts for Hendrick Motorsports racing for Williams and Mercedes has also Fastest lap in the QXGTǡ5RTKPV%WR5GTKGUUGCUQPUHTQOǡ0QXVQǡ0QX Mercedes, from 12 Mar registered the most one-two .Gǡ/CPUǡJQWTTCEG )QTFQPTGVKTGFKPJCXKPIPGXGTOKUUGFCTCEGQXGT 2006 to 1 May 2016. Driving an Audi R18 e-tron ǡ[GCTUKPJKU5RTKPV%WR5GTKGUECTGGT+P5GRJGDTQMG Quattro, Germany’s André 4KEM[4WFFŨU75#ū+TQPOCPŬTGEQTFQHEQPUGEWVKXGUVCTVU /QUVRQNGRQUKVKQPUD[C Lotterer recorded a 3-min constructor in an F1 season 17.475-sec lap in the famous In 2011, Red Bull Racing 24-hour race in Le Mans, (AUT) became the France, on 14 Jun 2015. ͤUVWFRQVWUXFWRU to achieve 18 pole Three days earlier saw positions in an the IDVWHVWSUDFWLFHODSIRU F1 season. This WKH/H0DQVKRXUUDFH. was equalled Neel Jani (CHE) lapped the course in 3 min 16.887 sec in a Porsche 919 Hybrid. Fastest average URGGFCVC9QTNF4CNN[ %JCORKQPUJKRGXGPV Jari-Matti Latvala (FIN) averaged 125.44 km/h (77.94 mph) at the Neste Rally Finland in Jyväskylä, Finland, on 2 Aug 2015. MOST WORLD .QPIGUVVKOGDGVYGGP CHAMPIONSHIP +PFKCPCRQNKUǡYKPU CAREER RACE WINS IN MOTOGP (500 CC) 6JGITGCVGUVNCRUGQHVKOGDGVYGGPYKPUQHVJG+PFKCPCRQNKUǡ KU[GCTUFC[UD[,WCP2CDNQ/QPVQ[C%1.*GYQP Italy’s Valentino Rossi has secured JKUƒTUV+PFKCPCRQNKUQPǡ/C[DWVFKFPQVUEQTGC 86 World Motorcycle Championship race wins in UGEQPFXKEVQT[KPVJGKEQPKE+PF[%CTTCEGWPVKNǡ/C[ the MotoGP (500 cc) class. He has ridden for Honda, Ducati and Yamaha. Rossi’s first 500 cc championship win came at the British Grand Prix in 2001, riding for Honda. He won 12 more times in the 500 cc class before it was rebranded as MotoGP in 2002. Since then he has won 73 Grand Prix races – including four in the 2015 season. Giacomo Agostini (ITA) has 122 wins overall compared to Rossi’s 112, but “only” 68 came in the 500 cc class.DATELINE 2002 First aerial battle involving a drone In December, an American MQ-1 Predator is attacked by an Iraqi MiG-25 while on a surveillance mission. Both planes fire missiles at each other, but the drone’s is diverted by the Iraqi jet’s own missile. The MiG-25 eventually wins the dogfight. 220 Sports

CYCLING2CWNKPG DID YOU KNOW?atulchsonorePsouiipsavcdqcnaoeuooueotnrrmulretaitdhybnrncposoeephsdlefrteeiaFsh ctcctolesywealtbrre,cir osmrhohnlrtaaoniugyaulnd-esecrctld. dlsathrneT-i.olnePpeseChsd.igrlsoerseéocymabvpltrnaoiimropacpdetsety’ussssitcens-io(lnttlgefoetfrsts)(GTTCPF2TȌXQV6JGƒTUVE[ENKUVVQJQNFVJG7%+4QCF%[ENQETQUUCPF/QWPVCKP$KMG9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKRUCVQPEGKU2CWNKPG(GTTCPF2TȌXQV(4#5JGYQPVJG7%+4QCF9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKRUKP5RCKPQPǡ5GRCPFVJG%[ENQETQUU9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKRUKPVJG%\GEJ4GRWDNKEQP(GD(KPCNN[UJGUGEWTGFVJG/QWPVCKP$KMG9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKRU%TQUU%QWPVT['NKVGVKVNGKP#PFQTTCQPǡ5GRFastest speed on a Speed Challenge in Nevada, Fastest average speed inJWOCPRQYGTGFXGJKENG USA, on 19 Sep 2015. In CǡUVCIGQHVJG6QWTFG(TCPEG*28D[CǡUKPINGTKFGT fact, he broke the record Rohan Dennis (AUS)Team Aerovelo’s Todd three times, hitting averaged 55.446 km/hReichert (CAN) reached 85.71 mph (137.93 km/h) PSKLQWKHͤUVW86.65 mph (139.45 km/h) at on 17 Sep and 86.5 mph stage of the Tour in Utrecht,the World Human Powered (139.2 km/h) on 18 Sep. Netherlands, on 4 Jul 2015. Most consecutive /QUVYKPUQP )TCPFǡ6QWTƒPKUJGU the UCI World The Grand Tours in 6QWTD[CVGCO cycling are the Tour de The Union France, Giro d’Italia and Cycliste Vuelta a España. Adam Internationale Hansen (AUS) achieved 13 (UCI) World Tour *UDQG7RXUͤQLVKHVLQDURZ is the leading from 11 Sep 2011 to 13 Sep road tour race 2015, bettering a record for elite male unbroken since 1958. riders. Movistar Team (ESP) won/QUVUVCIGYKPUQHVJG FARTHEST the tour three times,6QWTFG5WKUUGE[ENKPIGXGPV DISTANCE IN in 2013–15. A ONE-HOUR6JG6QWTFG5WKUUGJCUTWPCPPWCNN[DCTCJKCVWUKP9QTNF9CTǡ++ UNPACED /QUVUWEEGUUHWNUKPEG6JGITGCVGUVPWODGTQHUVCIGYKPUKPVJGGXGPV STANDING EQWPVT[CVVJGKUCHGCVƒTUVCEJKGXGFD[5YKV\GTNCPFŨU(GTFKPCPF-ȜDNGT START (MALE) 7%+ǡ6TCEM9QTNFDGVYGGPCPFCPFGSWCNNGFD[HGNNQY5YKUU*WIQ %JCORKQPUJKRU-QDNGVHTQOVQ6JGCEJKGXGOGPVYCUOQUVTGEGPVN[ On 7 Jun 2015, Sir Bradley France has won a totalOCVEJGFD[2GVGT5CICP58-CDQXGDGVYGGPCPF Wiggins (UK, right) cycled of 365 medals at the an aggregate distance of 54.526 km World Championships: (33.881 mi) in one hour at the Olympic 138 gold, 107 silver and velodrome in London, UK. In doing so, he 120 bronze. The wins were bettered Alex Dowsett’s (UK) 52.937 km UHFRUGHGEHWZHHQWKHͤUVW (32.893 mi), set only one month before. event, held for amateurs in 1893, and Feb 2015. Bridie O’Donnell (AUS) claimed the female record on 22 Jan 2016, covering 46.882 km (29.131 mi) in one hour at the Adelaide Super-Drome in Australia. Greatest bank heist 2005 DATELINE On 6–7 Aug, robbers steal some $69.8 m (£38.6 m) from the Banco Central in Fortaleza, Brazil. To date, the authorities have only recovered in the region of $9 m (£5 m) of the haul. guinnessworldrecords.com 221

RUGBY Most tries by a player in a NGCIWG%JCNNGPIG%WRƒPCN 1Pǡ#WI6QO$TKUEQG7-NGHVQHVJG.GGFU 4JKPQUUEQTGFƒXGVTKGUCICKPUV*WNN-KPIUVQP4QXGTUCV 9GODNG[5VCFKWOKP.QPFQP7-6JGRTGXKQWUTGEQTFQH HQWTD[VJG4JKPQUŨ.GTQ[4KXGVVJCFUVQQFUKPEG Most rugby union World Cup wins against the Newport Gwent ͤQDODW:HPEOH\6WDGLXPLQ .CTIGUVCVVGPFCPEG Dragons at Parc y Scarlets London, UK, on 29 Aug 2015 at a rugby union 0GY<GCNCPFJCXGYQPVJG9QTNF%WRVJTGGVKOGUKP in Llanelli, Wales, UK, on (see above). 9QTNFǡ%WRǡOCVEJ CPF6JG[DGCV#WUVTCNKCŤKPVJGƒPCN 30 Oct 2015. Cowley, aged A crowd of 89,267 watched DQVJVGCOUJCXKPIYQPVJGVQWTPCOGPVVYKEGDGHQTG6JKUYCU 18, was making his Pro12 .QPIGUVVKOGDGVYGGP the Ireland vs Romania pool CNUQǡVJGJKIJGUVUEQTKPIƒPCNKPVGTOUQHCIITGICVGUEQTG debut as a winger. YKPUǡKPVJGTWID[WPKQP match in London, UK, on World Cup 27 Sep 2015. First father and son First National Rugby After a barren 24 years VQǡRNC[ǡVQIGVJGTKPC League (NRL) Grand Final 340 days, Japan beat On 10 Oct 2015, at Old 2TQǡTWID[ǡWPKQPOCVEJ FGEKFGFD[CIQNFGPRQKPV South Africa in a thrilling Trafford in Manchester, UK, Regan King and Jacob On 4 Oct 2015, in an all- last-minute victory at 73,512 people witnessed Cowley (both NZ) played 4XHHQVODQGͤQDOWKH1RUWK the Brighton Community Leeds Rhinos’ victory Queensland Cowboys Stadium in Brighton, UK, over Wigan Warriors – the for the Scarlets beat the Brisbane Broncos on 19 Sep 2015. largest attendance at a 17–16 at the ANZ Stadium Super League Grand Final. in Sydney, Australia. .CTIGUVEQOGDCEM KPǡCǡTWID[WPKQP 9QTNFǡ%WRǡOCVEJ On 6 Oct 2015, Romania made up 15 points after half- time to beat Canada 17–15 in their pool match at Leicester City Stadium, UK. .CTIGUVOCTIKPQH XKEVQT[KPCNGCIWG %JCNNGPIG%WRƒPCN Leeds Rhinos defeated Hull Kingston Rovers 50–0 in the MOST TRIES BY A Youngest player in a PLAYER IN A WORLD TWID[ǡWPKQPǡ9QTNFǡ%WR CUP TOURNAMENT 5ETWOJCNH8CUKN.QD\JCPKF\GDǡ1EVYCUCIGF The All Blacks’ Julian Savea scored eight ǡ[GCTUǡFC[UYJGPJGRNC[GFHQT)GQTIKCCICKPUV6QPIC tries in the 2015 rugby union World Cup: CV-KPIUJQNOKP)NQWEGUVGT7-QPǡ5GR)GQTIKCŨU two against Namibia, three against Georgia ŤǡXKEVQT[OCTMGFVJGKTVJKTFGXGTYKPKPVJG9QTNF%WR and three against France. He equalled the record first set in 1999 by fellow New Zealander Jonah Lomu (1975–2015), who scored his eight tries in five games: against Tonga (two), England, Italy (two), Scotland and France (two). Bryan Habana (ZAF) also shares the title, scoring against Samoa (four), USA (two) and Argentina (two) in 2007.DATELINE 2006 First tweet Twitter founder Jack Dorsey (USA) creates the first tweet at 9:50 p.m. PST on 21 Mar. It reads “Just setting up my twttr.” His microblogging and social-networking tool allows users to post text messages of up to 140 characters via the world wide web or SMS. 222 Sports

TENNIS/QUVEQPUGEWVKXG[GCTU .QPIGUVURCPQH)TCPF5NCOUKPINGUVKVNGUQRGPGTCVQǡYKPǡCP#62VKVNG 5GTGPC9KNNKCOU75#YQPJGTXGT[ƒTUV)TCPF5NCOUKPINGUVKVNGCVVJG751RGPQPǡ5GR4QIGT(GFGTGT%*'JCUYQPCVNGCUVQPGVKVNGQPVJG *GTUVCPFOQUVTGEGPV5NCOECOGCVVJG9KODNGFQP%JCORKQPUJKRUKP.QPFQP7-QPǡ,WN#UUQEKCVKQPQH6GPPKU2TQHGUUKQPCNU#629QTNF6QWT Ťǡ[GCTUFC[UNCVGT6JCVCNUQOCMGU5GTGPCDǡ5GRVJGQNFGUV)TCPF5NCOHQTEQPUGEWVKXG[GCTUŤ6JGVKOG)TCPF UKPINGUYKPPGTHGOCNG ENCKOKPIJGTNCVGUVXKEVQT[CVVJGCIGQHǡ[GCTUǡFC[U5NCOEJCORKQPUWTRCUUGF+XCP.GPFNŨU75#D%<'CEJKGXGOGPVQHEQPUGEWVKXG[GCTUYKVJCP#62VKVNG Highest annual earningsŤYJGPJGYQPUKZOQTGVQWTVKVNGUKP HQTǡCVGPPKURNC[GT Forbes’ annual earningsOldest player to win a (KTUVOKFOCVEJKPVGTXKGY (versus seasonal earnings /QUVCEGUUGTXGFKPC96#OCVEJOCKFGP)TCPF5NCOUKPINGU CVC)TCPF5NCOOCVEJ – see below) factor inVKVNGHGOCNG &RFR9DQGHZHJKH both match winnings and 5CDKPG.KUKEMK&'7UVTWEMǡCEGUKPǡUGTXKEGICOGUFWTKPIOn her 49th attempt to net a answered two questions sponsorship/endorsement. CUGEQPFTQWPFOCVEJCICKPUV$GNKPFC$GPEKECVVJG#GIQPGrand Slam, Flavia Pennetta from Pam Shriver for ESPN • Male (ever): $71.5 m %NCUUKEKP$KTOKPIJCO7-QPǡ,WP(ITA, b. 25 Feb 1982), aged DWWKHHQGRIWKHͤUVWVHWRI (£46.6 m), by Roger Federer33 years 199 days, won KHUͤUVWURXQGPDWFKDJDLQVW in 2012–13. +VŨUPQUWTRTKUGVJCV.KUKEMKCNUQJQNFUVJGHGOCNGTGEQTFHQTthe US Open at Flushing fellow American Sloane • Male (current): $67 m HCUVGUVUGTXGǡORJǡMOJJKVQPǡ,WNMeadows in New York City, Stephens at the US Open (£42.6 m), earned by RogerUSA, on 12 Sep 2015. She in Flushing Meadows, New Federer in 2014–15.announced her retirement York City, on 31 Aug 2015. • Female (current andafter the match. 9DQGHZHJKHZRQ̰̰ ever): $29.5 m (£18.7 m), amassed by Maria/QUV)TCPF5NCO but said afterwards Sharapova (RUS)OGGVKPIUUKPINGU of the 35-sec in 2014–15.As of the 2016Australian Open, Novak interview: “I don’t rememberDjokovic (SRB) and Roger a thing I said. DeadFederer had met 15 times serious. I don’t evenin Grand Slam tournaments. remember what she [Shriver] Djokovic has won asked.” nine matches.Most DID YOU KNOW?AedFsaolrouoDn(frb£iji3lon6dekA8gaesoR,sa’pm9svorr(9iMfnga(c2r5£ietio0,nhc6a7rm1hga0m8F6dse0,e7b,iso)dt5aoO),ofe4ftjoptut$rh,fa3eee9slr0s$rnt7ci9’0w,a,nsa88N)hgirc5.,ne1elao5e9naerv,8sedr9ai8nae,ko51nrgf4d8 MOST PRIZE MONEY WONAustralian IN A TENNIS SEASON (MALE)Open singlesVKVNGUYQPQRGPǡGTC World No.1 Novak Djokovic earned $21,646,145On 31 Jan 2016, Novak (£14,600,200) in the 2015 season,Djokovic won his sixth which included Grand Slam titlessingles title at the (Australian Open, Wimbledon,Australian Open. US Open), the most ATP Masters 1000 titles won in a season (six)/QUVCEGUKPCPǡ#62ǡECTGGT and the most ATP Masters 1000,YR.DUORYLϖ+59KDG finals in a season (eight).served up an incredible10,519 aces in 567 singles The most prize moneymatches on the ATP World won in a tennis seasonTour as of 20 Apr 2016. (female) is $12,385,572 (£7,510,410), recorded by Serena Williams in 2013. Largest points fall on the Dow Jones Industrial Average 2008 DATELINE On 29 Sep, as Congress votes on the US government’s “bail-out bill” to protect taxpayers and the financial markets, the Dow Jones stock-market index suffers a record drop of 777.68 points. guinnessworldrecords.com 223

CLUB SOCCER /QUVIQCNUD[CUWDUVKVWVGKPC$WPFGUNKICOCVEJ Most Premier League ENGCPǡUJGGVU 4QDGTV.GYCPFQYUMK21.UEQTGFƒXGIQCNUHQT$C[GTP/WPKEJCICKPUV9QNHUDWTICVVJG#NNKCP\ #TGPCKP/WPKEJ)GTOCP[QP5GR*GPGVVGFCNNJKUIQCNUYKVJKPǡOKPǡUGEŤVJGfastest 2GVTȫGEJ%<'MGRVVJGDCNNQWVQHJKUPGVKPICOGU ƒXGIQCNUUEQTGFKPC$WPFGUNKICOCVEJD[CPKPFKXKFWCN.GYCPFQYUMKŨUƒTUVVJTGGIQCNUECOG DGVYGGP#WICPFǡ(GDYJKNGRNC[KPIHQT YKVJKPCRGTKQFQHLWUVǡOKPǡUGEŤVJGHCUVGUVJCVVTKEMKPC$WPFGUNKICOCVEJD[CPKPFKXKFWCN VYQENWDU%JGNUGCŤCPF#TUGPCNŤ Most goals scored *KIJGUVOCTIKPQHXKEVQT[KP FASTEST GOALS • BundesligaVHFE\.DULP • Ligue 1VHFE\ KPǡCǡ2TGOKGT.GCIWGOCVEJ VJG7'(#%JCORKQPU.GCIWG %HOODUDEL'(8IRU%D\HU 0LFKHO5LR)5$IRU&DHQ by an individual 7ZRWHDPVVKDUHWKLVUHFRUG • Premier LeagueVHF /HYHUNXVHQYV%RUXVVLD YV&DQQHVRQ)HE Five players have scored RḬZLQV/LYHUSRRO8. E\/HGOH\.LQJ8.IRU 'RUWPXQGRQ$XJ • Major League Soccer ͤYHJRDOVLQD3UHPLHU EHDW%HġLNWDġ785LQ 7RWWHQKDP+RWVSXUYV (TXDOOHGE\.HYLQ (MLS)VHFE\0LNH*UHOOD /HDJXHPDWFK$QG\ /LYHUSRRO8.RQ1RY %UDGIRUG&LW\RQ'HF 9ROODQG'(8IRU76* 86$IRU1HZ<RUN5HG &ROH8.IRU0DQFKHVWHU DQG5HDO0DGULG(63EHDW • Serie A VHFE\ +RIIHQKHLPYV%D\HUQ %XOOVYV3KLODGHOSKLD8QLRQ 8QLWHGYV,SVZLFKRQ0DU 0DOP¸6:(LQ0DGULG 3DROR3RJJL,7$ 0XQLFKRQ$XJ RQ2FW $ODQ6KHDUHU8. 6SDLQRQ'HF IRU3LDFHQ]DYV • La LigaVHFE\ • UEFA Europa League IRU1HZFDVWOH8QLWHGYV )LRUHQWLQDRQ -RVHED/ORUHQWH(63IRU VHFE\9LWROR(63 6KHͦHOG:HGQHVGD\RQ Most Women’s 'HF 5HDO9DOODGROLGYV(VSDQ\RO IRU6HYLOODYV9LOODUUHDORQ 6HS-HUPDLQ'HIRH %JCORKQPUǡ.GCIWGYKPU RQ-DQ 0DU 8.IRU7RWWHQKDP+RWVSXU ))&)UDQNIXUW'(8KDYH Most goals YV:LJDQ$WKOHWLFRQ1RY IRXUZLQV scored at 'LPLWDU%HUEDWRY DQG VJGǡUCOG %*5IRU0DQFKHVWHU Premier /QUVGZRGPUKXGRNC[GT League club 8QLWHGYV%ODFNEXUQ EQODKPGFVTCPUHGTHGGU 5RYHUVRQ1RY 7KHIHHVIRUƒQJHO'L 1P(GD9C[PG DQG6HUJLR$J¾HUR 0DU¯D̵V$5*IRXUWUDQVIHUV 4QQPG[7-UEQTGF $5*IRU0DQFKHVWHU IURP-XOWR$XJ JKUVJIQCNKPVJG &LW\YV1HZFDVWOH WRWDOePP 'PINKUJ2TGOKGT.GCIWG 8QLWHGRQ2FW HQT/CPEJGUVGT7PKVGF MOST FWTKPICŤJQOGYKP CONSECUTIVE QXGT5VQMG*GUEQTGF PREMIER JKUƒTUVIQCNHQTVJG LEAGUE GAMES VGCOYJGPRNC[KPI TO SCORE CICKPUV#TUGPCNQP ǡ1EV+PUGV Jamie Vardy (UK) scored 4QQPG[CEEGRVUC)94 in 11 successive games for EGTVKƒECVGJCXKPIUGV Leicester City from 29 Aug VJGTGEQTFYKVJ 2015 to 28 Nov 2015. His IQCNUQPǡ,CP run finished with his 14th goal of the season in a match against Manchester United at the King Power Stadium in Leicester, UK.DATELINE 2009 Fastest 100 m Usain Bolt (JAM) crosses the finish line in a time of 9.58 sec in Berlin, Germany, on 16 Aug. This breaks his own record in the 100 m sprint, which he set exactly one year previously at the Beijing Olympics in China, with a time of 9.69 sec. 224 Sports

INTERNATIONAL SOCCER 6RXWK.RUHDDJHG\HDUV Most goals GD\VLQ0RQWUHDO KPǡ(+(# &DQDGDRQ-XQ Women’s 9QTNF%WR /QUVYKPUQHVJG ƒPCNU %10%#%#()QNF%WR 0H[LFRKDVZRQWKH /CTVC8KGKTCFC5KNXC &RQIHGHUDWLRQRI1RUWK $4#HQWPFVJGDCEMQH &HQWUDO$PHULFDDQG VJGPGVVKOGUFWTKPI &DULEEHDQ$VVRFLDWLRQ 9QOGPŨU9QTNF%WR )RRWEDOO&21&$&$)*ROG ƒPCNUOCVEJGUYJKNG &XSVHYHQWLPHV7KHZLQV RNC[KPIHQTVJG$TC\KNKCP FDPHLQ YQOGPŨUPCVKQPCNVGCO DQG DGVYGGPǡ5GR CPFǡ,WP Most consecutive %QRCǡ#OȌTKECUQEEGT /QUV#HTKEC%WRQH0CVKQPUVKVNGU VQWTPCOGPVUCUVQRUEQTGT YQPYKVJFKHHGTGPVEQWPVTKGUEQCEJ 3HGUR3HWURQH85<ZDV WRSVFRUHULQWKH&RSD *GTXȌ4GPCTF(4#JCUYQPVYQ#HTKEC%WRQH0CVKQPUVKVNGUYKVJ $P«ULFDRIDQG FKHHGTGPVEQWPVTKGU+PJGIWKFGF<CODKCVQCYKPQXGT+XQT[ 3DROR*XHUUHUR3(5WRS %QCUVQPRGPCNVKGU6JTGG[GCTUNCVGTJGTGRGCVGFVJGHGCVYKVJ VFRUHGLQDQG +XQT[%QCUVCDQXGYJQDGCV)JCPCKPCRGPCNV[UJQQVQWV/QUVIQCNUKPC(+(#9QOGPŨU /QUVENGCPUJGGVUMGRV9QTNF%WRƒPCND[CPKPFKXKFWCN KPǡKPVGTPCVKQPCNUQEEGT )URP-XQWR1RY%CTNK.NQ[FD,WNUEQTGFVJTGGIQCNUHQTVJG75#XU ,NHU&DVLOODV(63,CRCPKPVJGƒPCNKP8CPEQWXGT%CPCFCQP,WN*GT NHSWDFOHDQVKHHWIRUƒTUVCHVGTǡOKPYCUVJGHCUVGUVIQCNKPC(+(#9QOGPŨU9QTNF LQWHUQDWLRQDOJDPHV%WRƒPCNCPFCNUQOCFG.NQ[FVJGQNFGUVIQCNUEQTGTKPC(+(#9QOGPŨU9QTNF%WRƒPCN[GCTUFC[U6JG75#JCXGVJG 5OCNNGUVEQWPVT[VQSWCNKH[OQUV9QOGPŨU9QTNF%WRYKPUVJTGGKPCPF HQTVJG7'(#'WTQRGCP %JCORKQPUJKRUMost goals scored in WKHVHPLͤQDODWWKH 2Q6HS,FHODQGCǡ(+(#ǡ%NWD9QTNF%WR ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6WDGLXP SRSXODWLRQGUHZgame by an individual <RNRKDPDLQ<RNRKDPD ̰ZLWK.D]DNKVWDQLQ/XLV6X£UH]85<VFRUHG -DSDQRQ'HF 5H\NMDY¯N,FHODQGWRTXDOLI\WKUHHJRDOVIRU%DUFHORQD IRUWKH8()$(XURSHDQ 1NFGUVIQCNUEQTGTKP &KDPSLRQVKLSVLQ)UDQFH (63DJDLQVW Cǡ(+(#ǡ9QOGPŨU9QTNF%WR *XDQJ]KRX 0LUDLOGHV0DFLHO0RWD /QUVIQCNUUEQTGFKPC(+(# (YHUJUDQGH $GCEJ5QEEGT9QTNF%WR &+1LQ DND)RUPLJD%5$ career by an individual E0DU -R¥R9LFWRU6DUDLYD VFRUHG%UD]LO̵V DND0DGMHU357 RSHQLQJJRDO VFRUHGJRDOV RIWKH LQ%HDFK6RFFHU :RPHQ̵V :RUOG&XSV :RUOG&XS IURP0D\ DJDLQVW WR-XO  MOST GOALS SCORED IN DID YOU KNOW?ac2cNq0o7uo–u0so0racn8tfDlo.tathihrhfLagweeyiervairsdiianwinitndssnhaa2gihIsdHnr04fitceoend1-eaGlm’u5goaasme.rwnlio1yongpd7fsrsoak’Ghggscaiiiaoogiulaobstarnnp-relitassenfdruolnidtPc1rcaeuko3cdrErleoauiahsnunnrsigotsfddu’sl UEFA CHAMPIONSHIPS QUALIFIERS Robbie Keane (IRL, left) netted 23 goals from 14 Oct 1998 to 4 Sep 2015. He has scored in every qualifying campaign since Euro 2000, with his best tally in a tournament being seven in Euro 2012. The most goals scored in a single UEFA Championships qualifying tournament is 13. David Healy first achieved this feat, for Northern Ireland, from 6 Sep 2006 to 17 Nov 2007. Robert Lewandowski equalled it between 7 Sep 2014 and 11 Oct 2015. Tallest building 2010 DATELINE The Burj Khalifa (Khalifa Tower) officially opens in Dubai, UAE, on 4 Jan. It is 828 m (2,716 ft 6 in) tall and was developed by Emaar Properties and the architects Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP. guinnessworldrecords.com 225

TRACK Most IAAF Athletics World Most IAAF Athletics (CUVGUV6ǡOOCNG (CUVGUVǡMO %JCORKQPUJKRUǡOOGFCNUOGP 9QTNFǡ%JCORKQPUJKRU The 2015 International TQCFYCNM ǡOYKPUHGOCNG Paralympic Committee HGOCNG .C5JCYP/GTTKVV75#JCUYQPƒXGOGFCNUKPVJGOGPŨUǡO Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (IPC) Athletics World CVVJG+PVGTPCVKQPCN#UUQEKCVKQPQH#VJNGVKEU(GFGTCVKQPU+##( (JAM) has won the women’s Championships in Doha, China’s Liu Hong completed 9QTNF#VJNGVKEU%JCORKQPUJKRUKPCPF 100 m at the Athletics World Qatar, saw a wealth of new CǡMOTQCFYCNMKPCVKOG *GKUCFQWDNGYQTNFEJCORKQPVCMKPIIQNFKPCPF Championships three times, records. The speediest QHǡJTǡOKPǡUGECVVJG in 2009, 2013 and 2015. 100 m in the T44 class )TCP2TGOKQ%CPVQPGUFGDID YOU KNOW?OsfaolayrPbtmiormrrwreulieeyoopcanrc oilkhadachrtfonsiodiawd,ucdssaU-kartebgntset,staco…wtnuathchtiigontknniesghnk:gou2eBee“gmgat0[nousIgT0len].wpteV”8demtw,easwiBtdnt,aohesnst11reile01’jbefnti,e0panhsehc tgamalkafitvnoderg (single below-knee /CTEJCKP.C%QTWȓC5RCKP /QUVEQPUGEWVKXG#VJNGVKEU DPSXWDWLRQRUHTXLYDOHQW QPǡ,WP MOST IAAF ATHLETICS 9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKRU impairment) is 10.61 sec, WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS by Richard Browne (USA) 100 M WINS (MEN) ǡZǡǡOTGNC[YKPUOCNG on 29 Oct 2015. LaShawn Merritt Three athletes have each won three men’s 100 m (left) has enjoyed Six days earlier, Omara races at the IAAF World Athletics Championships. six 4 x 400 m Durand (CUB) ran the They are Carl Lewis (USA) in 1983, 1987 and 1991; ͤQDOZLQVDW fastest T12 400 m (female) Maurice Greene (USA) in 1997, 1999 and 2001; the IAAF World in 53.05 sec. T12 denotes and, most recently, Usain Bolt (JAM, right) DWKOHWHVZLWKYLVXDO in 2009, 2013 and 2015. Championships (2005, impairment. 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013 Bolt also recorded the most gold and 2015). At the IPC Grand Prix in medals at the IAAF Athletics World Canberra, Australia, on 7 Feb Championships (male), with 11 wins /QUVEQPUGEWVKXGYKPU 2016, Isis Holt (AUS) ran the from 2009 to 2015. His 13 medals of the IAAF World Cross fastest T35 200 m (female), (11 golds and two silvers) in the %QWPVT[%JCORKQPUJKRU in 28.38 sec. T35-class competition from 2007 to 2015 D[ǡCEQWPVT[HGOCNG DWKOHWHVKDYHLVVXHVZLWK represent the most medals won Kenya won the IAAF dynamic balance. at the IAAF Athletics World World Cross Country Championships (male). &KDPSLRQVKLSVͤYH times, in 2009–15. Finally, Bolt is the first athlete to win the 100 m and /QUVYKPUQHVJG+##( 200 m sprints at successive 4CEG9CNMKPI%JCNNGPIG Olympic Games – Beijing in 2008 and London in 2012. HGOCNG Liu Hong (CHN) has won the IAAF Race Walking Challenge three times, in 2012, 2014 and 2015. (CUVGUV6 ǡOOCNG 6JG6ENCUUKƒECVKQP KUHQTCVJNGVGUYKVJ CPKORCKTOGPVVJCV CHHGEVUVJGKTCTOUQT NGIUCPFKPENWFGU CORWVGGU6JG URGGFKGUVǡOKPVJG 6ENCUUKUǡUGE D[4KEJCTF9JKVGJGCF 7-KPDQVJVJGUGOK ƒPCNandƒPCNQHVJG+2% 9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKRU QPǡŤǡ1EVDATELINE 2011 Costliest natural disaster An earthquake strikes off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku, Japan, on 11 Mar. The Economist estimates the financial loss to the country at $210 bn (£130 bn), of which only $35 bn (£21.6 bn) is insured. 226 Sports

FIELD(CTVJGUVJCOOGTVJTQY as the premier annual /QUV&KCOQPF4CEGVKVNGUHGOCNGHGOCNG DWKOHWLFVHYHQW,WLVKHOG in 14 different locations, 0QHGOCNGCVJNGVGJCUYQPOQTGVJCPHQWT&KCOQPF4CEGVKVNGU#PKVC9QFCTE\[M21.JWTNGFJGTJCOOGTǡO from May to September, /KNECJ%JGOQU%JG[YC-'0ƒTUVCEJKGXGFVJGHGCVKPVJGǡOǡHVǡKPCVVJG-COKNC5MQNKOQYUMC/GOQTKCN with 32 disciplines in total UVGGRNGEJCUGKPŤ+PUJGYCUOCVEJGFD[8CNGTKG6JTQYU(GUVKXCNKP%GVPKGYQ2QNCPFQPǡ#WI (16 for men and 16 for #FCOU0<KPVJGUJQVRWVCPF-CNKGUG5RGPEGT,#/KPVJGǡO5JGDGCVJGTQYPTGEQTFQHǡOǡHVǡKPUGV women). France’s Renaud JWTFNGU+PǡƒXGOQTGCVJNGVGUYQPVJGKTHQWTVJVKVNG&CYPKPǡ$GTNKP)GTOCP[QPǡ#WI /DYLOOHQLHZRQVL['LDPRQG *CTRGT0GNUQP75#5JGNN[#PP(TCUGT2T[EG,#/#NN[UQP(GNKZ 5DFHWLWOHVLQWKHSROHYDXOW 75#$CTDQTCŠRQVȄMQXȄ%<'CPF5CPFTC2GTMQXKʹ%41CDQXG(CTVJGUVJCOOGTVJTQY /QUVYKPUQHVJG+##( from 2010 to 2015.$QLWD:ĄRGDUF]\N’s hammer JCOOGTVJTQYEJCNNGPIG MOST POINTSWKURZUHFRUGVHHDERYH HGOCNG /DYLOOHQLHVKDUHVWKH SCORED INLVUHODWLYHO\UHFHQWEXW Betty Heidler (DEU) record for most wins in A DECATHLONWKHPDOHDQGRYHUDOO DFKLHYHGWKUHHZLQVLQ Diamond Race athletics (MALE)record goes way back. the IAAF hammer throw events by an individualYuriy Sedykh (USSR, now challenge from 2010 ZLWK6DQGUD3HUNRYLʹ Since taking an OlympicRUS) produced a throw of to 2012. Her feat was (HRV, right). Both athletes gold in 2012, decathlete86.74 m (284 ft 7 in) on then equalled by Anita had 27 wins from 2010 to Ashton Eaton (USA) has30 Aug 1986 in Stuttgart, :ĄRGDUF]\NEHWZHHQ 11 Sep 2015. gone from strength toGermany. 2013 and 2015. strength. At the 15th IAAF World Championships held /DYLOOHQLHKDVDOVRVFRUHG in Beijing, China, on 29 Aug 2015, Eaton scored a total /QUV&KCOQPF4CEG the most points in the 9,045 points across the 10 disciplines (javelin and long CVJNGVKEUVKVNGUYQPOCNG Diamond League (male). jump pictured). In doing so, he bettered his own The Diamond League was By the end of the 2015 record, set in 2012, by six points to win gold at inaugurated in 2010 to season, he had 135 points. the World Championships for the second time. replace the Golden League 2YHUDOOKRZHYHUWKH most points scored in a Diamond League career LVE\3HUNRYLʹin the discus in 2010–15. The youngest person to score points at a Diamond League athletics meeting LV/£]DUR0DUW¯QH]&8% E1RYZKRSODFHG second in the triple jump HYHQWDJHG\HDUV 196 days in Shanghai, China, on 18 May 2014. Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) is the most successful IAAF Golden League athlete in terms of KDYLQJZRQWKHMDFNSRWRU a share of the jackpot) the most times: four, in 1998 and 2000–02, which is one more than both Marion Jones and Sanya Richards (both USA). The Golden League was replaced by the Diamond League in 2010. Fastest speed in freefall 2012 DATELINE Felix Baumgartner (AUT) falls at 1,357.6 km/h (843.6 mph), from 39 km (24 mi) – the highest freefall parachutejump at the time. His stratospheric drop also makes him the first person to break the sound barrier in freefall. guinnessworldrecords.com 227

SWIMMING Fastest long course 50 m breaststroke (male) #FCO2GCV[7-UYCOVJGǡODTGCUVUVTQMGKPCVKOGQHLWUVǡUGECV VJGǡVJǡ(ȌFȌTCVKQP+PVGTPCVKQPCNGFG0CVCVKQP(+0#9QTNF5YKOOKPI%JCORKQPUJKRU KPǡ-C\CP4WUUKCQPǡ#WI#PFJGŨULWUVCUIQQFCVFQWDNGVJGFKUVCPEGCVVJG$TKVKUJ 5YKOOKPI%JCORKQPUJKRUKP.QPFQP7-QPǡ#RT2GCV[CEJKGXGFVJGfastest long EQWTUGǡODTGCUVUVTQMGOCNGƒPKUJKPIKPǡUGE Youngest participant in Most gold medals won (CUVGUVNQPIǡEQWTUGǡTGNC[ (CUVGUVNQPIEQWTUGǡO the FINA World Swimming KPǡVJG(+0#5YKOOKPI ǡZǡǡOǡHTGGUV[NGOKZGF DWVVGTHN[HGOCNG Championships (female) World Cup (female) The USA (comprising Sarah Sjöström (SWE) Hungary’s Katinka Hosszú Ryan Lochte, Nathan won the women’s long #N\CKP6CTGS$*4Dǡ#RTEQORGVGFKPVJGǡO won 152 golds in the World Adrian, Simone Manuel FRXUVHPEXWWHUͥ\ DWVVGTHN[GXGPVCIGF[GCTUFC[UCVVJGVJ(+0#9QTNF Cup from 2012 to 2015. and Missy Franklin) event in a time of 55.64 sec 5YKOOKPI%JCORKQPUJKRUKP-C\CP4WUUKCQPǡ#WI completed the long course at the 16th FINA World +TQPKECNN[CNVJQWIJUJGEQWNFEQORGVGKPVJGUGPKQTEQPVGUV Hosszú also recorded 4 x 100 m freestyle in a Swimming Championships UJGYCUVQQ[QWPIVQVCMGRCTVKPVJG,WPKQT5YKOOKPI9QTNF the fastest long course time of 3 min 23.05 sec on 3 Aug 2015. %JCORKQPUJKRUYJKEJJCUCOKPKOWOGPVT[CIGQH 200 m medley (female), in at the 16th FINA World 2 min 6.12 sec, at the 16th Swimming Championships In 2014, she swam the FASTEST LONG COURSE FINA World Swimming on 8 Aug 2015. fastest long course 50 m 800 M FREESTYLE (FEMALE) Championships in Kazan, Russia, on 3 Aug 2015. EXWWHU̩\IHPDOH, in Katie Ledecky (USA) won the 800 m freestyle a time of 24.43 sec in 8 min 6.68 sec at the Arena Pro Swim The most gold medals in Borås, Sweden. Series in Austin, Texas, USA, on won in the FINA Swimming 17 Jan 2016. At the FINA World World Cup (male) is 85, by Swimming Championships in Chad le Clos (ZAF) from Kazan, Russia, on 8 Aug 2015, 2009 to 2015. she had recorded the fastest long course 1,500 m freestyle DID YOU KNOW?thsswpweaoLogUulNrosmomtKoniloinde’ndmtsfna1agoBaRa’b4tnessherl.tti1y8kib2jehsi0,0e0ernetL dc0o1sige2nce2r tdm0iaychntOe0..hAecfAl88eyrkds temOmeyleitec’vnlhspisyoengetifmnnyctetdotslapie,-nm(tiwfsscaaheewsistne,atitodnmelhensiefntlityng) (female), in 15 min 25.48 sec. On 3 Aug 2012, at the London Olympics, Ledecky (b. 17 Mar 1997) became the youngest Olympic 800 m freestyle gold medallist (female), aged 15 years 139 days. She won in 8 min 14.63 sec.DATELINE 2013 First proof of the existence of the Higgs boson On 14 Mar, two experiments at the Large Hadron Collider at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland, confirm the existence of the (hitherto only theorized) Higgs boson particle. 228 Sports

WATER SPORTS /QUV(+0#9CVGTǡ2QNQ Most points scored in a WSL World League wins (men) 5WTƒPI9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKR season (female) Serbia’s water polo team has +P*CYCKKCP%CTKUUC/QQTGCDQXGYQPJGTVJKTFYQTNF won the World VKVNGCPFUEQTGFRQKPVUDTGCMKPIVJGTGEQTFUGVD[ League nine 5VGRJCPKG)KNOQTG#75YJQGCTPGFRQKPVUKP times, in 2005–08, 2010–11 and 2013–15. Serbia won the Water Polo World League 2015 Super Final against Croatia, 9–6, to complete their third successive win of the tournament. Since 2005, Serbia, Montenegro and Croatia have won all of the men’s tournaments.Most gold medals in the FINA Youngest winner of recorded a time of 6 min in Olympic years. Michal9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKRUǡO CǡUWTƒPI9QTNF3WCNKH[KPI 48.38 sec at Varese in Italy. Martikán (SVK) has wonplatform diving event (male) Series event The British pair set the eight golds in the C1 On 12 Jul 2009, Brazil’s UHFRUGLQWKHVHPLͤQDOV Team event, in 1997, 2003,)TGI.QWICPKU75#YCUVJGƒTUVOCNGFKXGTVQCEJKGXGVJTGG Gabriel Medina (b. 22 Dec of the World Rowing Cup. 2009–11 and 2013–15.IQNFOGFCNUKPVJG(+0#9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKRUǡORNCVHQTO 1993) won the 2009FKXKPIGXGPVYKVJYKPUKPCPF*KUHGCVYCU Maresia Surf International, Most ICF Canoe Slalom Most ICF Canoe SprintNCVGTǡGSWCNNGFD[3KW$Q%*0CDQXGKPCPF aged 15 years 202 days in World Championships World Championships Florianópolis, Brazil. In 2014, IQNFǡOGFCNUKPVJGUCOG medals in the women’s Most gold medals he became the second- event (male) -ǡǡOGXGPV in the same FINA youngest world champion The International Canoe Maryna Litvinchuk (BLR) 9QTNFǡ%JCORKQPUJKRU ever, at 20 years 362 days. Federation (ICF) Slalom took gold in 2015, adding diving event (male) World Championships to two silver medals (2011, 4LQ.DL&+1ZRQͤYHJROGV Fastest row double sculls are held annually except 2014) and a bronze (2010). in the 3 m synchronized lightweight class (female) springboard event, in 2007, On 20 Jun 2015, Great 2009, 2011, 2013 and Britain (Charlotte Taylor 2015. He was partnered by and Katherine Copeland) Cao Yuan in 2015, but had previously won gold with MOST CONSECUTIVE Wang Feng (2007, 2009), SYNCHRONIZED SWIMMING Luo Yutong (2011) and WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS GOLD MEDALS He Chong (2013). Russia won 19 gold medals in in a row in synchronized swimming FINA World Championships between 23 Jul 2009 and 26 Jul 2015. Pictured here is Natalia Ishchenko (RUS) at the World Championships in Kazan, Russia, in 2015. Ishchenko won the most synchronized swimming FINA World Championships gold medals by an individual – 19 – between 2005 and 2015. Largest Ebola outbreak 2014 DATELINEThe deadly Ebola virus disease (EVD) spreads across the African nations of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. It will claim more than 11,300 lives by Jan 2016. guinnessworldrecords.com 229

SPORTS ROUND-UP *KIJGUVFTGUUCIG HTGGUV[NGǡUEQTG 4KFKPI8CNGITQ%JCTNQVVG&WLCTFKP7-UEQTGFKP FTGUUCIGHTGGUV[NGKPVJG.QPFQP(ȌFȌTCVKQPDZSWGUVTG +PVGTPCVKQPCNG('+9QTNF%WRCV1N[ORKC.QPFQP7-QP ǡ&GE1PVJGRTGXKQWUFC[UJGTGEQTFGFVJGhighest dressage Grand Prix scoreŤŤCVVJGUCOGGXGPV /QUV(+5#NRKPG5MK9QTNF%WR5WRGT)TCEGYKPU MOST WINS OF THE… New Zealand (ANZ) Championship twice. They (TQOǡ/CTVQǡ,CP.KPFUG[8QPP75#YQPVJG(ȌFȌTCVKQP+PVGTPCVKQPCNGFG5MK(+5 #NN+TGNCPF*WTNKPIƒPCNU are: Adelaide Thunderbirds 9QTNF%WR5WRGT)TCEGVKOGU#UYGNNCUVJGmost FIS Alpine Ski World Cup race winsŤŤ Kilkenny (IRL) has won the in 2010 and 2013; Melbourne CEJKGXGFDGVYGGPǡ&GECPFǡ&GE8QPPCNUQENCKOGFVJGmost FIS Alpine Ski World All-Ireland Senior Hurling Vixens in 2009 and 2014; Cup women’s downhill winsYKVJCVJXKEVQT[QPǡ(GDCV%QTVKPCFŨ#ORG\\QKP+VCN[ Championship 36 times: and Queensland Firebirds 1904–05, 1907, 1909, 1911– (all AUS) in 2011 and 2015. 1NFGUVURQTVUǡVTQRJ[ Longest frame in a the Ruhr Open in Mülheim, 13, 1922, 1932–33, 1935, The Antient Scorton Silver RTQHGUUKQPCNUPQQMGTOCVEJ Germany, on 10 Oct 2015 1939, 1947, 1957, 1963, $TKVKUJ1RGP%TQSWGV Arrow is 342 years old and The sixth frame of a match lasted 100 min 24 sec. 1967, 1969, 1972, 1974–75, %JCORKQPUJKRU is still competed for to this between Barry Pinches and 1979, 1982–83, 1992–93, The British Open Croquet day. It has been the prize in Alan McManus (both UK) at Most career points in 2000, 2002–03, 2006–09, Championships were the Antient Silver Arrow /CLQTǡ.GCIWG.CETQUUG 2011–12 and 2014–15. instituted at Evesham, UK, Competition – an archery in 1867. Robert Fulford (UK) tournament held in the Casey Powell (USA) scored #0<ǡ%JCORKQPUJKR has won 11 times, in 1991– village of Scorton in 504 points from 7 Jun Three teams have won 92, 1996, 1998, 2003–04, Lancashire, UK 2001 to 25 Jul 2015. netball’s Australia and 2006–08 and 2014–15. – 307 times between 14 May MOST 180s IN A DARTS 1673 and PDC WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP 16 May 2015. BY A PLAYERDID YOU KNOW?“bHDSyASercntceoohodDatreteimats gnrormisbtiCnwocsoahankyiCnalnn”loi”my,sa.trbhmHpbcpuaeeoieetlotrPltiat“nesreoTtdsortidhhofhhkaeeineniypsmFsfiWo.Gliwysroaoesinnrnrtlyfalgdl The greatest number of maximums scored by a player in a Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) World Championship is 64, by Gary Anderson (UK) at Alexandra Palace in London, UK, between 18 Dec 2014 and 4 Jan 2015. Anderson won the World Championship, beating 16-time champ Phil Taylor 7–6 in the final. He threw 19 maximums to surpass the previous tournament record of 60, set by Adrian Lewis in 2011. EHF Handball %JCORKQPUǡ.GCIWG FC Barcelona Handbol (ESP) have won the European Handball Federation (EHF) Champions League nine times, in 1991, 1996–2000, 2005, 2011 and 2015.DATELINE 2015 Warmest year on record According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the global average temperature in 2015 was 0.76°C (+/ 0.1), or 1.3°F, above that for 1961–90, and 1°C (1.8°F) above the worldwide mean for the pre-Industrial Age. 230 Sports

FAST FACTS The average speed of a dart in flight is 40 mph (64 km/h) • Figure skaters can spin at more than 300 revolutions per minute • Croquet was an Olympic sport, but only at the 1900 Olympics in Paris; France won/QUV9QOGPŨU*QEMG[ *KIJGUVVQVCNUEQTGKP%JCORKQPUǡ6TQRJ[YKPUD[CVGCO ƒIWTGUMCVKPIOCNG6JTGGVGCOUJCXGGCEJYQPVJG9QOGPŨU*QEMG[%JCORKQPU ,CRCPŨU;W\WTW*CP[WUEQTGFǡRQKPVUCVVJG6TQRJ[UKZVKOGU6JGHGCVYCUƒTUVCEJKGXGFD[#WUVTCNKCYKVJ +PVGTPCVKQPCN5MCVKPI7PKQP+57)TCPF2TKZ(KPCNYKPUKPCPF+VYCUGSWCNNGF ŤKP$CTEGNQPC5RCKPQPǡ&GED[VJG0GVJGTNCPFUYJQYQPKPŤ 6JKUEQODKPGURQKPVUHQTVJGUJQTVCPFNQPICPF/QUVTGEGPVN[VJKUTGEQTFYCUOCVEJGFD[#TIGPVKPC RTQITCOOGU*CP[WDTQMGTGEQTFUKPDQVJCDQXGYJQYGTGEJCORKQPUKPŤCPF CEJKGXKPIVJGJKIJGUVUEQTGKPƒIWTG skating – short programme (male)ǡYKVJ ǡRQKPVUCPFNQPIǡRTQITCOOG (male)YKVJǡRQKPVU /GPŨU*QEMG[ %JCORKQPUǡ6TQRJ[D[CVGCO Australia have won the Hockey Champions Trophy 13 times: 1983–85, 1989–90, 1993, 1999, 2005, 2008–12. Germany are second, with 10 wins. 9QOGPŨU*QEMG[%JCORKQPU 6TQRJ[D[CPKPFKXKFWCN Argentina’s Luciana Aymar (above left) has been on the winning side in all six of her team’s record-equalling wins of the Women’s Hockey Champions Trophy. Most goals UEQTGFǡKPǡCP #0<ǡ%JCORKQPUJKR OCVEJD[ǡCPKPFKXKFWCN ,JCPKGNG(QYNGT4GKF,#/DGNQYNGHVJCU UEQTGFǡIQCNUKPCP#0<%JCORKQPUJKRPGVDCNN OCVEJQPVYQQEECUKQPUHQT5QWVJGTP5VGGN XU%CPVGTDWT[6CEVKZDQVJ0<KPVJG ū5QWVJGTP&GTD[Ŭ6JGƒTUVVKOGYCUKP %JTKUVEJWTEJ0GY<GCNCPFQPǡ/CT VJGUGEQPFYCUKP&WPGFKP 0GYǡ<GCNCPFQPǡ,WP/QUV(+8$ǡ$GCEJ8QNNG[DCNN9QTNF6QWTIQNFǡOGFCNU• Female.CTKUUC(TCPȊC$4#YQP(ȌFȌTCVKQP+PVGTPCVKQPCNGFG8QNNG[DCNN(+8$IQNFUQPVJG$GCEJ8QNNG[DCNN9QTNF6QWTHTQOǡ,WNVQǡ1EV• Male'OCPWGN4GIQ$4#YQP$GCEJ8QNNG[DCNN9QTNF6QWTIQNFUDGVYGGPǡ,WPCPFǡ,WNǡ First gravitational waves detected 2016 DATELINEProving right a prediction made by physicist Albert Einstein 100 years earlier, the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration confirm that they have recorded gravitational waves at two sites in the USA. guinnessworldrecords.com 231

SPORTS REFERENCEATHLETICS: TRACK/ULTRA #PCUVGTKUMFGPQVGUVJCVCTGEQTFKUUVKNNCYCKVKPITCVKƒECVKQPD[VJGURQTVŨUIQXGTPKPIDQF[CVVJGVKOGQHIQKPIVQRTGUU ATHLETICS – OUTDOOR TRACK EVENTS MEN TIME/DISTANCE NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE Berlin, Germany 16 Aug 2009 100 m 9.58 Usain Bolt (JAM) Berlin, Germany 20 Aug 2009 Seville, Spain 26 Aug 1999 200 m 19.19 Usain Bolt (JAM) London, UK 9 Aug 2012 Rieti, Italy 400 m 43.18 Michael Johnson (USA) Rome, Italy 5 Sep 1999 Rome, Italy 14 Jul 1998 800 m 1:40.91 David Lekuta Rudisha (KEN) Berlin, Germany 7 Jul 1999 Rieti, Italy 7 Sep 1999 1,000 m 2:11.96 Noah Ngeny (KEN) Hengelo, Netherlands 1 Sep 1996 Brussels, Belgium 31 May 2004 1,500 m 3:26.00 Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) Ostrava, Czech Republic 26 Aug 2005 Ostrava, Czech Republic 27 Jun 2007 1 mile 3:43.13 Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) Eugene, USA 27 Jun 2007 Eugene, USA 3 Jun 2011 2,000 m 4:44.79 Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) Brussels, Belgium 3 Jun 2011 3 Sep 2004 3,000 m 7:20.67 Daniel Komen (KEN) Brussels, Belgium Barcelona, Spain 7 Sep 2012(CUVGUVǡO 5,000 m 12:37.35 Kenenisa Bekele (ETH) London, UK 6 Aug 1992 Nassau, Bahamas 11 Aug 2012Usain Bolt (JAM) sped to a 10,000 m 26:17.53 Kenenisa Bekele (ETH) 24 May 2014PGYYQTNFTGEQTFKP$GTNKP Stuttgart, Germany)GTOCP[QPǡ#WI 20,000 m 56:26.00 Haile Gebrselassie (ETH) 22 Aug 1993TWPPKPIVJGOGPŨUǡOKP Brussels, BelgiumǡUGE6JKUDTQMGJKUQYP 1 hour 21,285 metres Haile Gebrselassie (ETH) 25 Aug 2006TGEQTFQHǡUGEUGVCVVJG Nassau, BahamasBeijing Olympics in China 25,000 m 1:12:25.40 Moses Cheruiyot Mosop (KEN) 25 May 2014Cǡ[GCTRTGXKQWUN[VQVJGFC[1Pǡǡ#WI$QNVRTQXGF 30,000 m 1:26:47.40 Moses Cheruiyot Mosop (KEN)JGŨUCYQTNFDGCVGTCVFQWDNGthe distance too. He ran the 3,000 m 7:53.63 Saif Saaeed Shaheen (QAT)fastest 200 mKPǡUGEŤ steeplechaseCICKPDTGCMKPIJKUQYPTGEQTFQHǡUGEUGV 110 m hurdles 12.80 Aries Merritt (USA)KPǡ$GKLKPIGZCEVN[C[GCT 400 m hurdles 46.78 Kevin Young (USA)before to the day. 4 x 100 m relay 36.84 Jamaica (Yohan Blake, Usain Bolt, Michael Frater, Nesta Carter) 4 x 200 m relay 1:18.63 Jamaica (Yohan Blake, Nickel Ashmeade, Warren Weir, ,GTOCKPGǡ$TQYP 4 x 400 m relay 2:54.29 75##PFTGY8CNOQP3WKPE[9CVVU*CTT[ǡ4G[PQNFU 4 x 800 m relay 7:02.43 /KEJCGNǡ,QJPUQP Kenya (Joseph Mutua, William Yiampoy, Ismael Kombich, 9KNHTGFǡ$WPIGK 4 x 1,500 m relay 14:22.22 Kenya (Collins Cheboi, Silas Kiplagat, James Kiplagat Magut, Asbel Kiprop)Fastest 4 x WOMEN TIME/DISTANCE NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATEOTGNC[ 100 m 10.49 (NQTGPEG)TKHƒVJ,Q[PGT75# Indianapolis, USA 16 Jul 1988HGOCNG 200 m 21.34 (NQTGPEG)TKHƒVJ,Q[PGT75# Seoul, South Korea 29 Sep 1988 400 m 47.60 Marita Koch (GDR) Canberra, Australia 6 Oct 1985Mercy Cherono, Irene Jelagat, 800 m Jarmila Kratochvílová (CZE) Munich, Germany 26 Jul 1983Faith Kipyegon and Hellen 1,000 m 1:53.28 Svetlana Masterkova (RUS) Brussels, Belgium 23 Aug 1996Oribi (all KEN) proved 1,500 m 2:28.98 Genzebe Dibaba (ETH) Fontvieille, Monaco 17 Jul 2015WPECVEJCDNGKPVJGYQOGPŨU 1 mile 3:50.07 Svetlana Masterkova (RUS) <WTKEJ5YKV\GTNCPF 14 Aug 1996ǡZOTGNC[VCMKPIRNCEG 2,000 m 4:12.56 Sonia O’Sullivan (IRL) Edinburgh, UK 8 Jul 1994CVVJG6ǡ4QDKPUQP5VCFKWOKP 3,000 m 5:25.36 Wang Junxia (CHN) Beijing, China 13 Sep 19930CUUCW$CJCOCUQPǡ/C[ 5,000 m 8:06.11 Tirunesh Dibaba (ETH) 1UNQ0QTYC[ 6 Jun 20082014. Their time of 16:33.58 10,000 m 14:11.15 Wang Junxia (CHN) Beijing, China 8 Sep 1993YCUUQOGǡUGEHCUVGTVJCP 20,000 m 29:31.78 Tegla Loroupe (KEN) Borgholzhausen, Germany 3 Sep 2000VJGRTGXKQWUTGEQTFYJKEJ 1 hour 1:05:26.60 Dire Tune (ETH) Ostrava, Czech Republic 12 Jun 2008YCUCNUQUGVD[CVGCOHTQO 25,000 m 18,517 m Tegla Loroupe (KEN) Mengerskirchen, Germany 21 Sep 2002Kenya, in Apr 2014. 30,000 m 1:27:05.90 Tegla Loroupe (KEN) Warstein, Germany 6 Jun 2003 3,000 m 1:45:50.00 )WNPCTC5COKVQXC)CNMKPC475 Beijing, China 17 Aug 2008232 Sports Reference steeplechase 8:58.81 100 m hurdles Stara Zagora, Bulgaria 20 Aug 1988 400 m hurdles 12.21 Yordanka Donkova (BGR) Tula, Russia 8 Aug 2003 4 x 100 m relay 52.34 London, UK 10 Aug 2012 40.82 Yuliya Pechonkina (RUS) 4 x 200 m relay Philadelphia, USA 29 Apr 2000 1:27.46 United States (Tianna Madison, Allyson Felix, Bianca Knight, 4 x 400 m relay Carmelita Jeter) Seoul, South Korea 1 Oct 1988 3:15.17 4 x 800 m relay 7PKVGF5VCVGUū$NWGŬ.C6CUJC,GPMKPU.C6CUJC%QNCPFGT /QUEQY4WUUKC 5 Aug 1984 7:50.17 4KEJCTFUQP0CPEGGPǡ2GTT[/CTKQPǡ,QPGU 4 x 1,500 m relay Nassau, Bahamas 24 May 2014 16:33.58 USSR (Tatyana Ledovskaya, Olga Nazarova, Maria Pinigina, 1NICǡ$T[\IKPC USSR (Nadezhda Olizarenko, Lyubov Gurina, Lyudmila Borisova, Irina Podyalovskaya) Kenya (Mercy Cherono, Irene Jelagat, Faith Kipyegon, *GNNGPǡ1TKDK

ATHLETICS – INDOOR TRACK EVENTSMEN TIME NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE Reno, USA 9 Feb 199650 m 5.56 Donovan Bailey (CAN) Madrid, Spain 3 Feb 1998 Atlanta, USA 3 Mar 200160 m 6.39 Maurice Greene (USA) Liévin, France 18 Feb 1996 Fayetteville, USA 12 Mar 2005200 m 19.92 Frankie Fredericks (NAM) Paris, France 9 Mar 1997400 m 44.57 Kerron Clement (USA) 5VQEMJQNO5YGFGP 17 Feb 2016800 m 1:42.67 Wilson Kipketer (DNK) Stuttgart, Germany 2 Feb 19971,000 m 2:14.20 Ayanleh Souleiman (DJI) Ghent, Belgium 12 Feb 19971,500 m 3:31.18 Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) Budapest, Hungary 6 Feb 19981 mile 3:48.45 Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) Birmingham, UK 20 Feb 20043,000 m 7:24.90 Daniel Komen (KEN) Kobe, Japan 5 Mar 19865,000 m 12:49.60 Kenenisa Bekele (ETH) 5KPFGNƒPIGP)GTOCP[ 6 Mar 199450 m hurdles 6.25 Mark McKoy (CAN) )NCUIQY7- 3 Mar 199160 m hurdles 7.30 Colin Jackson (GBR†) Sopot, Poland 9 Mar 20144 x 200 m relay 1:22.11 )TGCV$TKVCKP0QTVJGTP+TGNCPF.KPHQTF%JTKUVKG&CTTGP$TCKVJYCKVG#FG/CHG,QJP4GIKU Boston, USA 8 Feb 20144 x 400 m relay 3:02.13 75#-[NG%NGOQPU&CXKF8GTDWTI-KPF$WVNGT+++%CNXKP5OKVJ /QUEQY4WUUKC 14 Feb 19954 x 800 m relay 7:13.11 75##NN5VCTU4KEJCTF,QPGU&CXKF6QTTGPEG&WCPG5QNQOQP'TKMǡ5QYKPUMK5,000 m walk 18:07.08 Mikhail Shchennikov (RUS)†GBR = Great Britain, as per IAAF listingsWOMEN TIME NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE50 m 5.96 Irina Privalova (RUS) Madrid, Spain ǡ(GD60 m 6.92 Irina Privalova (RUS) Madrid, Spain 11 Feb 1993 9 Feb 1995200 m 21.87 Merlene Ottey (JAM) Liévin, France 13 Feb 1993400 m 49.59 Jarmila Kratochvílová (CZE) Milan, Italy 7 Mar 1982800 m 1:55.82 ,QNCPFC$CVCIGNL580 8KGPPC#WUVTKC 3 Mar 20021,000 m 2:30.94 Maria de Lurdes Mutola (MOZ) 5VQEMJQNO5YGFGP 25 Feb 19991,500 m 3:55.17 Genzebe Dibaba (ETH) Karlsruhe, Germany 1 Feb 20141 mile 4:13.31 Genzebe Dibaba (ETH) 5VQEMJQNO5YGFGP 17 Feb 20163,000 m 8:16.60 Genzebe Dibaba (ETH) 5VQEMJQNO5YGFGP 6 Feb 20145,000 m 14:18.86 Genzebe Dibaba (ETH) 5VQEMJQNO5YGFGP 19 Feb 201550 m hurdles 6.58 Cornelia Oschkenat (GDR) Berlin, Germany 20 Feb 198860 m hurdles 7.68 Susanna Kallur (SWE) Karlsruhe, Germany 10 Feb 20084 x 200 m relay 1:32.41 Russia (Yekaterina Kondratyeva, Irina Khabarova, Yuliya Pechonkina, Yulia Gushchina) )NCUIQY7- 29 Jan 20054 x 400 m relay 3:23.37 4WUUKC;WNKC)WUJEJKPC1NIC-QVN[CTQXC1NIC<C[VUGXC1NGU[Cǡ-TCUPQOQXGVU )NCUIQY7- 28 Jan 20064 x 800 m relay 8:06.24 6GCO/QUEQY#NGMUCPFTC$WNCPQXC;GMCVGTKPC/CTV[PQXC'NGPC-QHCPQXC#PPC$CNCMUJKPC /QUEQY4WUUKC 18 Feb 20113,000 m walk 11:40.33 Claudia Stef (ROM) Bucharest, Romania 30 Jan 1999 ATHLETICS – ULTRA LONG DISTANCE MEN TIME/DISTANCE NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE Timperley, UK 7 Jun 1980 50 km 02:48:06 Jeff Norman (GBR) London, UK 28 Oct 1978 London, UK 20 Oct 2002 100 km 06:10:20 Donald Ritchie (GBR) Colac, Australia 0QXŤ&GE Nanango, Australia Ť/CT 100 miles 11:28:03 Oleg Kharitonov (RUS) London, UK 28 Oct 1978 Phoenix, USA 14 Dec 2013 1,000 km ǡFC[U Yiannis Kouros (GRC) Adelaide, Australia Ť1EV Surgères, France Ť/C[ 1,000 miles ǡFC[U Peter Silkinas (LTU) Colac, Australia Ť0QX 6 hours 97.2 km (60.39 mi) Donald Ritchie (GBR) 12 hours 163.785 km (101.77 mi) Zach Bitter (USA) 24 hours 303.506 km (188.59 mi) Yiannis Kouros (GRC) 48 hours 473.495 km (294.21 mi) Yiannis Kouros (GRC) 6 days 1,038.851 km (645.51 mi) Yiannis Kouros (GRC)Fastest WOMEN TIME/DISTANCE NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATEKPFQQTOKNG 50 km 03:18:52 %CTQN[P*WPVGT4QYG)$4 Barry, UK 3 Mar 1996HGOCNG 100 km 07:14:06 Norimi Sakurai (JPN) 8GTQPC+VCN[ 27 Sep 2003 100 miles 13:52:07 Mami Kudo (JPN) Chinese Taipei 10 Dec 2011Ethiopia’s Genzebe Dibaba 1,000 km Eleanor Robinson (GBR) Nanango, Australia Ť/CTran the indoor mile in 1,000 miles 7 days 1:28:29 Eleanor Robinson (GBR) Nanango, Australia Ť/CT4:13.31 at the Globe Arena 6 hours 13 days 1:54:02 Norimi Sakurai (JPN) 8GTQPC+VCN[ 27 Sep 2003KPVJG5YGFKUJECRKVCNQH 12 hours 83.2 km (57.69 mi) Ann Trason (USA) *C[YCTF75# Ť#WI5VQEMJQNOQPǡ(GD 24 hours 147.6 km (91.71 mi) Mami Kudo (JPN) Chinese Taipei Ť&GE 48 hours 255.303 km (158.63 mi) Inagiki Sumie (JPN) Surgères, France Ť/C[ 6 days 397.103 km (246.75 mi) 5CPFTC$CTYKEM0< %CORDGNNVQYP#WUVTCNKC Ť0QX 883.631 km (549.06 mi) guinnessworldrecords.com 233

SPORTS REFERENCEATHLETICS & CYCLING ATHLETICS – ROAD RACE MEN TIME NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE 7VTGEJV0GVJGTNCPFU 26 Sep 2010 10 km  Leonard Patrick Komon (KEN) 0KLOGIGP0GVJGTNCPFU 21 Nov 2010 Lisbon, Portugal 21 Mar 2010 15 km  Leonard Patrick Komon (KEN) Lisbon, Portugal 21 Mar 2010 20 km 55:21 <GTUGPC[6CFGUG'4+ $GTNKP)GTOCP[ 6 May 2012 Half marathon  <GTUGPC[6CFGUG'4+ &WDCK7#' 22 Jan 2016 25 km  Dennis Kipruto Kimetto (KEN) $GTNKP)GTOCP[ 5GR 30 km* 1:27:20 Tokoro, Japan ,WP Amos Choge Kipruto (KEN) Chiba, Japan 23 Nov 2005 Edwin Kibet Koech (KEN) 5KUC[ǡ.GOOC'6* LOCATION DATE 5CP,WCP2WGTVQ4KEQ 23 Feb 2003 Marathon 2:02:57 Dennis Kipruto Kimetto (KEN) $CTEGNQPC5RCKP 15 Feb 2015 $CTEGNQPC5RCKP 15 Feb 2015 100 km 6:13:33 Takahiro Sunada (JPN) $CTEGNQPC5RCKP 15 Feb 2015 $GTNKP)GTOCP[ 9 May 2010 Road relay 1:57:06 -GP[C,QUGRJCV0FCODKTK/CTVKPǡ/CVJCVJK&CPKGN/YCPIK $GTNKP)GTOCP[ 25 Sep 2005 Mekubo Mogusu, Onesmus Nyerere, John Kariuki) .QPFQP7- 13 Apr 2003 Tokoro, Japan 25 Jun 2000 WOMEN TIME NAME & NATIONALITY $GKLKPI%JKPC (GD(CUVGUVǡMO 10 km 30:21 2CWNC4CFENKHHG)$4road race 15 km  Florence Jebet Kiplagat (KEN)While running the 2016 DubaiMarathon on 22 Jan, Amos 20 km  Florence Jebet Kiplagat (KEN)Choge Kipruto, Edwin KibetKoech (both KEN) and Sisay Half marathon 1:05:09 Florence Jebet Kiplagat (KEN)Lemma (ETH, above) allreached the 30-km point 25 km 1:19:53 Mary Jepkosgei Keitany (KEN)KPǡCǡTGEQTFVKOGQHǡJTǡOKPǡǡUGE 30 km  Mizuki Noguchi (JPN) Marathon 2:15:25 2CWNC4CFENKHHG)$4 100 km 6:33:11 Tomoe Abe (JPN) Road relay  %JKPC,KCPI$Q&QPI;CPOGK<JCQ(GPIVKPI/Cǡ<CKLKG .CPǡ.KZKP.K0C *5VKNNCYCKVKPITCVKƒECVKQPCVVJGVKOGQHIQKPIVQRTGUU ATHLETICS – RACE WALKING MEN TIME NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE $GTIGP0QTYC[ /C[ 20,000 m  $GTPCTFQ5GIWTC/': Nomi, Japan 15 Mar 2015 Cuneo, Italy 3 Oct 1992 ǡMOTQCF  ;WUWMG5W\WMK,20 4GKOU(TCPEG 12 Mar 2011 30,000 m  Maurizio Damilano (ITA) Zurich, Switzerland #WI LOCATION 50,000 m  ;QJCPP&KPK\(4# 5GCVVNG75# DATE MOTQCF  ;QJCPP&KPK\(4# $TKUDCPG#WUVTCNKC ,WN WOMEN NAME & NATIONALITY La Coruña, Spain 6 Sep 2001 TIME 6 Jun 2015 10,000 m  0CFG\JFC4[CUJMKPC7554 20,000 m  1NKORKCFC+XCPQXC475 MOTQCF  Liu Hong (CHN)Highest ATHLETICS – INDOOR FIELD EVENTSRQNGǡXCWNVHGOCNGKPFQQTU MEN DISTANCE/POINTS NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE,GPPKHGT5WJT75#KUQPN[ High jump OHVKP ,CXKGT5QVQOC[QT%7$ $WFCRGUV*WPICT[ /CT ŮǡOǡUGEthe second woman in Pole vault OHVKP 4GPCWF.CXKNNGPKG(4# &QPGVUM7MTCKPGJKUVQT[ǡCHVGT4WUUKCŨU;GNGPC Long jump OHVKP %CTN.GYKU75# 0GY;QTM%KV[75# (GD NQPILWORǡOIsinbayeva, to vault over 5 m Triple jump OHVKP 6GFF[6COIJQ(4# Paris, France UJQVOǡHVǡKP5JGFKFUQƒTUV Shot OHVKP 4CPF[$CTPGU75# .QU#PIGNGU75#KPYKVJCXCWNVQHO Heptathlon† RQKPVU #UJVQP'CVQP75# Istanbul, Turkey ,CP JKIJLWORǡOǡHVǡKP6JTGG[GCTU WOMEN DISTANCE/POINTS NAME & NATIONALITYlater, she improved her High jump OHVKP -CLUC$GTISXKUV59' 6 Mar 2011 ǡOJWTFNGUǡUGERGTUQPCNDGUVD[EOǡKP Pole vault* OHVKP ,GPPKHGT5WJT75# RQNGXCWNVǡOat the Golden Eagle Multi Long jump OHVKP *GKMG&TGEJUNGT)&4CPFǡ+PXKVCVKQPCNKP$TQEMRQTV Triple jump OHVKP 6CV[CPC.GDGFGXC475 ,CP ǡOǡOKPǡUGE0GYǡ;QTM75##UQH Shot OHVKP Helena Fibingerová (CZE)#RTǡ5WJTKUCNUQǡVJG Pentathlon†† 5,013 points 0CVCNKC&QDT[PUMC7-4 10 Mar 2012reigning Olympic champion,having won gold at London LOCATION DATE5JGYQPCUKNXGTOGFCNCVVJG1N[ORKEUUVCIGF Arnstadt, Germany (GD ŮŮOJWTFNGUǡUGEKP$GKLKPI%JKPC $TQEMRQTV75# 30 Jan 2016 JKIJLWORǡO Vienna, Austria (GD UJQVǡO234 Sports Reference $WFCRGUV*WPICT[ /CT NQPILWORǡO ǡOǡOKPǡUGE Jablonec, Czechoslovakia 19 Feb 1977 Istanbul, Turkey 9 Mar 2012 *5VKNNCYCKVKPITCVKƒECVKQPCVVJGVKOGQHIQKPIVQRTGUU

ATHLETICS – OUTDOOR FIELD EVENTSMEN DISTANCE/POINTS NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE Salamanca, SpainHigh jump OHVKP ,CXKGT5QVQOC[QT%7$ Sestriere, Italy 27 Jul 1993 ŮOǡUGE Tokyo, Japan ,WN NQPILWORǡOPole vault OHVKP 5GTIGK$WDMC7-4 Gothenburg, Sweden 30 Aug 1991 UJQVǡǡOJKIJLWOR .QU#PIGNGU75# 7 Aug 1995 ǡOǡOǡUGELong jump OHVKP /KMG2QYGNN75# Neubrandenburg, 20 May 1990 ǡOǡJWTFNGUǡUGE Germany ,WP FKUEWUǡORQNGǡXCWNVTriple jump OHVKP ,QPCVJCP'FYCTFU)$4 Stuttgart, Germany ǡOLCXGNKPǡO Jena, Germany ǡOǡOKPǡǡUGEShot OHVKP 4CPF[$CTPGU75# $GKLKPI%JKPC LOCATIONDiscus OHVKP ,ȜTIGP5EJWNV)&4 4QOG+VCN[ Zurich, SwitzerlandHammer OHVKP ;WTK[5GF[MJ7554 .GPKPITCF4WUUKC #WIJavelin OHVKP ,CPʒGNG\Pȝ%<' Gothenburg, SwedenDecathlon† RQKPVU #UJVQP'CVQP75# /QUEQY4WUUKC 25 May 1996WOMEN DISTANCE/POINTS NAME & NATIONALITY Neubrandenburg,High jump OHVKP 5VGHMC-QUVCFKPQXC$)4 Germany 29 Aug 2015Pole vault OHVKP ;GNGPC+UKPDC[GXC475 Cetniewo, PolandLong jump OHVKP )CNKPC%JKUV[CMQXC7554 Stuttgart, Germany DATETriple jump OHVKP +PGUUC-TCXGVU7-4 Seoul, South KoreaShot OHVKP 0CVCN[C.KUQXUMC[C7554 #WI ŮŮǡOJWTFNGUDiscus OHVǡKP )CDTKGNG4GKPUEJ)&4 %QNWODKC75# #WI ǡUGEJKIJLWOR ,WP ǡOUJQVǡOHammer OHVKP #PKVC9QFCTE\[M21. 10 Aug 1995 ǡOǡUGENQPI /QUVRQKPVUJavelin OHVKP LWORǡOLCXGNKP KPǡCǡFGECVJNQPHeptathlon†† 7,291 points $CTDQTCɵRQVȄMQXȄ%<' ,WP ǡOǡOǡOKP ,WN ǡUGE +P#UJVQP'CVQP75#Decathlon††† RQKPVU ,CESWGNKPG,Q[PGT-GTUGG UEQTGFǡRQKPVUVQVCMG 75# 1 Aug 2015 ŮŮŮOǡUGE VJGIQNFOGFCNCVǡVJG+##( #WUVTC5MWL[Vȴ.67 5GR NQPILWORǡO 9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKRUHQTVJG 5GR UJQVǡǡOJKIJLWOR UGEQPFVKOG*GDGVVGTGFJKU OǡOǡUGE QYPTGEQTFD[UKZǡRQKPVUKP 15 Apr 2005 ǡOJWTFNGUǡUGE CǡUVWPPKPIRGTHQTOCPEG FKUEWUǡORQNGXCWNV ǡOLCXGNKPǡO ǡOǡOKPǡUGECYCLING – ABSOLUTE TRACKMEN TIME/DISTANCE NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE 6 Dec 2013OHN[KPIUVCTV  (TCPȊQKU2GTXKU(4# #IWCUECNKGPVGU/GZKEQ 13 May 2007 5 Dec 2013OHN[KPIUVCTV  %JTKU*Q[)$4 .C2C\$QNKXKC 7 Dec 20136GCOOUVCPFKPIUVCTV  )GTOCP[,QCEJKO'KNGTU4GPȌ'PFGTU #IWCUECNKGPVGU/GZKEQ 2 Feb 2011 4QDGTV(ȘTUVGOCPP #IWCUECNKGPVGU/GZKEQ 3 Aug 2012MOUVCPFKPIUVCTV MOUVCPFKPIUVCTV  (TCPȊQKU2GTXKU(4# 7 Jun 20156GCOMOUVCPFKPIUVCTV  DATE ,CEM$QDTKFIG#75 Sydney, Australia 7 Dec 2013 )TGCV$TKVCKP'FYCTF%NCPE[2GVGT .QPFQP7- /C[ -GPPCWIJ)GTCKPVǡ6JQOCU5VGXGP$WTMG 6 Dec 2013 (GD1 hour MO $TCFNG[9KIIKPU)$4 .QPFQP7-WOMEN TIME/DISTANCE 11 May 2010OHN[KPIUVCTV NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION 19 Feb 2015OHN[KPIUVCTV OUVCPFKPIUVCTV  -TKUVKPC8QIGN&'7 #IWCUECNKGPVGU/GZKEQ 27 Feb 20166GCOOUVCPFKPIUVCTV   1NIC5VTGNVUQXC475 /QUEQY4WUUKC #PPC/GCTGU#75 #IWCUECNKGPVGU/GZKEQ %JKPC,KPLKG)QPI6KCPUJK<JQPI 5CKPV3WGPVKPGP;XGNKPGU FranceMOUVCPFKPIUVCTV  5CTCJ*COOGT75# #IWCUECNKGPVGU/GZKEQ6GCOMOUVCPFKPIUVCTV  Australia (Amy Cure, Annette Edmondson, 5CKPV3WGPVKPGP;XGNKPGU #UJNGG#PMWFKPQHH/GNKUUC*QUMKPU France1 hour MO 'XGN[P5VGXGPU75# %QNQTCFQ5RTKPIU75#(CTVJGUVǡJT (CUVGUVǡMOWPRCEGF VGCORWTUWKVUVCPFKPIUVCTV YQOGP5KT$TCFNG[9KIIKPU)$4 6JG#WUVTCNKCPVGCOQH#O[E[ENGFǡMOǡOK Cure, Annette Edmondson,at the Olympic velodrome in #UJNGG#PMWFKPQHHCPF.QPFQP7-QPǡ,WP Melissa Hoskins completed+VǡKUCOCTMQHVJGCFXCPEGU VJGǡMOVGCORWTUWKVKPǡOKPKPǡDQVJCVJNGVKEƒVPGUUCPF ǡUGEFWTKPIVJG7%+cycling technology that Track Cycling World Cup meetYJGPǡVJGTGEQTFYCUƒTUV KP5CKPV3WGPVKPGP;XGNKPGUGUVCDNKUJGFŤQP/C[ (TCPEGQPǡ(GDD[*GPTK&GUITCPIG(4#Ťthe distance achieved was guinnessworldrecords.com 235ūQPN[ŬǡMOǡOK

SPORTS REFERENCEDIVING & ICE SKATINGLongest FREEDIVING DEPTH NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATEfreedive OǡHVǡKP #NGZG[/QNEJCPQX475 Kalamata, Greece 5GR(dynamic apnea, MEN’S DEPTH DISCIPLINES 9KNNKCO6TWDTKFIG0< 6JG$CJCOCU &GEPQƒPU %QPUVCPVYGKIJVYKVJƒPU OHVKP 5VCXTQU-CUVTKPCMKU)4% Kalamata, Greece 0QX %QPUVCPVYGKIJVYKVJQWVƒPU OHV *GTDGTV0KVUEJ#76 5RGVUGU)TGGEG ,WPIn this event, the diver has to Variable weight 9KNNKCO6TWDTKFIG0< 6JG$CJCOCU #RTswim the greatest distance No limit OHVKP NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATIONWPFGTYCVGTYKVJQWVƒPUQT Free immersion OǡHVǡKP )QTCPȫQNCM*48 $GNITCFG5GTDKC DATEbreathing aids. Mateusz MEN'S DYNAMIC APNEA Mateusz Malina (POL) $TPQ%\GEJ4GRWDNKE ,WP/CNKPC21.UYCOǡO 9KVJƒPU DISTANCE NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION 0QXǡHVǡKPKP$TPQ%\GEJ 9KVJQWVƒPU $TCPMQ2GVTQXKE54$ &WDCK7#'4GRWDNKEQPǡ0QX MEN'S STATIC APNEA OHVKP NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE Duration OHVKP 0CVCNKC/QNEJCPQXC475 Kalamata, Greece 1EV WOMEN'S DEPTH DISCIPLINES 0CVCNKC/QNEJCPQXC475 &CJCD'I[RV %QPUVCPVYGKIJVYKVJƒPU TIME 0CPLCXCPFGP$TQGM0.& 5JCTOGN5JGKMJ'I[RV DATE %QPUVCPVYGKIJVYKVJQWVƒPU OKPUGE 6CP[C5VTGGVGT75# 6WTMUCPF%CKEQU+UNCPFU 5GR Variable weight 0CVCNKC/QNEJCPQXC475 Kalamata, Greece /C[ No limit DEPTH NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION 1EV Free immersion OHVKP 0CVCNKC/QNEJCPQXC475 %CINKCTK+VCN[ #WI WOMEN'S DYNAMIC APNEA OHVKP 0CVCNKC/QNEJCPQXC475 $GNITCFG5GTDKC 5GR 9KVJƒPU OHVKP NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION 9KVJQWVƒPU OHVKP 0CVCNKC/QNEJCPQXC475 $GNITCFG5GTDKC DATE WOMEN'S STATIC APNEA OHVKP 5GR Duration ,WP DISTANCE OHVKP DATE OHVKP ,WP TIME 9 min 2 sec ROWING (All events take place over a 2,000-m course) MEN TIME NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE #WI Single sculls  /CJȌ&T[UFCNG0< 2Q\PCɛ2QNCPF #WI #WI Double sculls  %TQCVKC8CNGPV5KPMQXKȦ/CTVKP5KPMQXKȦ #OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU ,WN /C[ Quadruple sculls  7MTCKPG/QTQ\QX&QXIQFMQ0CFVQMC/KMJC[ #OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU #WI #WI Coxless pairs  0GY<GCNCPF'TKE/WTTC[*COKUJ$QPF .QPFQP7- /C[ Coxless fours  )TGCV$TKVCKP4GGF,COGU6TKIIU*QFIG)TGIQT[ .WEGTPG5YKV\GTNCPF DATE #WI Coxed pairs**  0GY<GCNCPF%CNGD5JGRJGTF'TKE/WTTC[*COKUJ$QPF #OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU #WI #WI Coxed fours**  )GTOCP[7PIGOCEJ'KEJJQN\9G[TCWEJ4CDG&GFGTFKPI 8KGPPC#WUVTKC #WI #WI Eights  %CPCFC$TQYP$GTIGP/E%CDG%UKOC2TKEG)KDUQP .WEGTPG5YKV\GTNCPF #WI $[TPGUǡ%TQVJGTUǡ*QYCTF DATE LIGHTWEIGHT TIME NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION 5GR #WI Single sculls**  /CTEGNNQ/KCPK+6# #OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU #WI #WI Double sculls  5QWVJ#HTKEC,QJP5OKVJ,COGU6JQORUQP #OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU #WI ,WNFastest row in Quadruple sculls**  )TGGEG/CIFCPKU)KCPPCTQU'-QPUQNCU)-QPUQNCU #OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFUthe single sculls DATElightweight Coxless pairs** 6:22.91 5YKV\GTNCPF5KOQP0KGROCPP.WECU6TCOGT #OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU ,WPENCUUHGOCNG ,WP Coxless fours  &GPOCTM$CTU‡G,‡TIGPUGP.CTUGP9KPVJGT #OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU #WI<QG/E$TKFG0<EQORNGVGF 5GRthe women’s single sculls Eights**  )GTOCP[#NVGPC&CJNMG-QDQT5VQORQTQYUMK/GNIGU/ȇT\ /QPVTGCN%CPCFCNKIJVYGKIJVENCUUTQYKPǡOKP $WEJJGKV8QPǡ9CTDWTI-CUMCǡUGECVVJG9QTNF4QYKPI%WRTGICVVCKP8CTGUG WOMEN TIME NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION+VCN[QPǡ,WP#IGFLWUVCVVJGVKOG/E$TKFG Single sculls  4WO[CPC0G[MQXC$)4 5GXKNNG5RCKPbroke a record that was setDGHQTGUJGYCUDQTPFWTKPI Double sculls  5CNN[-GJQG1N[ORKC#NFGTUG[#75 #OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFUVJGUGOKƒPCNQHVJGTGICVVC.CVGTQPKPUJGYQP Quadruple sculls  )GTOCP[#PPGMCVTKP6JKGNG%CTKPC$ȇT,WNKC.KGT.KUC5EJOKFNC #OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFUVJGǡIQNFOGFCNCVVJG9QTNF4QYKPI%JCORKQPUJKRUKP Coxless pairs  )TGCV$TKVCKP*GNGP)NQXGT*GCVJGT5VCPPKPI #OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU#KIWGDGNGVVGNG.CE(TCPEG Coxless fours**  0GY<GCNCPF2TGPFGTICUV2TCVV)QYNGT$GXCP #OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU236 Sports Reference Eights  75#4GICP2QNM5P[FGT5KOOQPFU.WE\CM4QDDKPU .WEGTPG5YKV\GTNCPF 5EJOGVVGTNKPIǡ1RKV\ǡ.KPF LIGHTWEIGHT TIME NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION Single sculls** 7:24.46 <QG/E$TKFG0< 8CTGUG+VCN[ Double sculls  )TGCV$TKVCKP%JCTNQVVG6C[NQT-CVJGTKPG%QRGNCPF 8CTGUG+VCN[ Quadruple sculls**  0GVJGTNCPFU9QGTPGT2CWNKU-TCCKLMCOR*GCF #OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU Coxless pairs**  #WUVTCNKC'NK\C$NCKT,WUVKPG,Q[EG #KIWGDGNGVVGNG.CE(TCPEG ** Denotes non-Olympic boat classes

SPEED SKATING – LONG TRACKMEN TIME/POINTS NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE 5CNV.CMG%KV[75# 0QX500 m  2CXGN-WNK\JPKMQX475 5CNV.CMG%KV[75# Ť0QX2 x 500 m  2CXGN-WNK\JPKMQX475 %CNICT[%CPCFC Ťǡ0QX1,000 m  5JCPK&CXKU75# 5CNV.CMG%KV[75# /CT (CUVGUVǡO1,500 m  5JCPK&CXKU75# 5CNV.CMG%KV[75# &GE speed skating3,000 m  'UMKN'TXKM014 %CNICT[%CPCFC 0QX HGOCNG5,000 m  5XGP-TCOGT0.& %CNICT[%CPCFC 0QX10,000 m  6GF,CP$NQGOGP%#0D0.& 5CNV.CMG%KV[75# 0QX 1Pǡ0QX*GCVJGT500/1,000/500/1,000 m RQKPVU /KEJGN/WNFGT0.& 5CNV.CMG%KV[75# ,CP 4KEJCTFUQP$GTIUOC75#500/3,000/1,500/5,000 m RQKPVU 'TDGP9GPPGOCTU0.& %CNICT[%CPCFC Ť#WI TGEQTFGFCVKOGQHǡOKP500/5,000/1,500/10,000 m RQKPVU 5JCPK&CXKU75# %CNICT[%CPCFC Ť/CT ǡUGEKPVJGYQOGPŨUTeam pursuit (eight laps)  0GVJGTNCPFU$NQMJWKLUGP-TCOGT8GTYGKL 5CNV.CMG%KV[75# 0QX ǡOURGGFUMCVKPIWOMEN TIME/POINTS NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION EQPVGUVCVCP+575RGGF500 m .GG5CPIJYC-14 5CNV.CMG%KV[75# DATE 5MCVKPI9QTNF%WRGXGPVKP2 x 500 m  .GG5CPIJYC-14 5CNV.CMG%KV[75# 0QX 5CNV.CMG%KV[7VCJ75#1,000 m  $TKVVCP[$QYG75# 5CNV.CMG%KV[75# Ť0QX1,500 m 1:12.18 *GCVJGT4KEJCTFUQP$GTIUOC75# 5CNV.CMG%KV[75# 0QX3,000 m  %KPF[-NCUUGP%#0 %CNICT[%CPCFC 0QX5,000 m  /CTVKPC5ȄDNȐMQXȄ%<' 5CNV.CMG%KV[75# /CT500/1,000/500/1,000 m 6:42.66 *GCVJGT4KEJCTFUQP$GTIUOC75# %CNICT[%CPCFC (GD500/1,500/1,000/3,000 m RQKPVU %KPF[-NCUUGP%#0 %CNICT[%CPCFC ,CP500/3,000/1,500/5,000 m RQKPVU %KPF[-NCUUGP%#0 %CNICT[%CPCFC Ť/CTTeam pursuit (six laps) RQKPVU %CPCFC-TKUVKPC)TQXGU%JTKUVKPG0GUDKVV %CNICT[%CPCFC Ť/CT  $TKVVCP[5EJWUUNGT &GESPEED SKATING – SHORT TRACKMEN TIME NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE %CNICT[%CPCFC 1EV500 m  ,QJPū,4Ŭ%GNUMK75# Dresden, Germany ǡ(GD1,000 m  5GOKQP'NKUVTCVQX475 5JCPIJCK%JKPC &GE1,500 m  0QJ,KPM[W-14 9CTUCY2QNCPF /CT3,000 m  0QJ,KPM[W-14 %CNICT[%CPCFC 1EV5,000 m relay  %CPCFC/KEJCGN)KNFC[%JCTNGU*COGNKP (TCPȊQKU*COGNKPCPF1NKXKGT,GCP LOCATION DATE 5CNV.CMG%KV[75# 0QXWOMEN TIME NAME & NATIONALITY %CNICT[%CPCFC 1EV500 m  5CNV.CMG%KV[75# (GD1,000 m 1:26.661 (CP-GZKP%*0 *CTDKP%JKPC /CT1,500 m 2:16.729 5JKO5WMJGG-14 Kolomna, Russia 0QX3,000 m  <JQW;CPI%*03,000 m relay  ,WPI'WPLW-14 5QWVJ-QTGC2CTM5GWPIJK-KO#NCPI 5JKOǡ5WMJGG%JQ*CTKFIGURE SKATING POINTS NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE Highest score  ;W\WTW*CP[W,20 $CTEGNQPC5RCKP &GE KPǡHTGGUMCVKPIŤMEN  ;W\WTW*CP[W,20 $CTEGNQPC5RCKP &GE long programmeCombined total 219.48 ;W\WTW*CP[W,20 $CTEGNQPC5RCKP &GE HGOCNGShort programme POINTS NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATIONFree skating  Kim Yuna (KOR) 8CPEQWXGT%CPCFC DATE 'XIGPKC/GFXGFGXC475WOMEN 78.66 /CQ#UCFC,20 5CKVCOC,CRCP (GD UEQTGFCVVJG+57Combined total  'XIGPKC/GFXGFGXC475 $QUVQP75# /CT 9QTNFǡ%JCORKQPUJKRUKPShort programme $QUVQP/CUUCEJWUGVVUFree skating/ POINTS NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION #RT 75#ǡQPǡ#RT*GT.QPIǡRTQITCOOG  6CVKCPC8QNQUQ\JCT/CZKO6TCPMQX475 &GVTQKV75# QWVUVCPFKPIRGTHQTOCPEGPAIRS 84.17 6CVKCPC8QNQUQ\JCT/CZKO6TCPMQX475 5QEJK4WUUKC DATE secured her the gold medalCombined total  6CVKCPC8QNQUQ\JCT/CZKO6TCPMQX475 &GVTQKV75# 1EV CVǡVJGEQORGVKVKQPGXGPShort programme POINTS NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION (GD though she had come onlyFree skating  /GT[N&CXKU%JCTNKG9JKVG75# 5QEJK4WUUKC 1EV VJKTFǡKPVJGUJQTVRTQITCOOGICE DANCE 78.89 /GT[N&CXKU%JCTNKG9JKVG75# 5QEJK4WUUKCCombined total 118.17 )CDTKGNNC2CRCFCMKU)WKNNCWOG%K\GTQP(4# $QUVQP75# DATEShort dance (GD (GDFree dance /CT guinnessworldrecords.com 237

SPORTS REFERENCESWIMMING SWIMMING – LONG COURSE (50 M POOL) MEN TIME NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE 50 m freestyle  %ȌUCT%KGNQ(KNJQ$4# 5ȆQ2CWNQ$TC\KN &GE 100 m freestyle  %ȌUCT%KGNQ(KNJQ$4# 4QOG+VCN[ ,WN 200 m freestyle  2CWN$KGFGTOCPP&'7 4QOG+VCN[ ,WN 400 m freestyle  2CWN$KGFGTOCPP&'7 4QOG+VCN[ ,WN 800 m freestyle  <JCPI.KP%*0 4QOG+VCN[ ,WN 1,500 m freestyle  5WP;CPI%*0 .QPFQP7- #WI $GKLKPI%JKPC #WI 4 x 100 m freestyle relay  75#/KEJCGN2JGNRU)CTTGVV9GDGT)CNG%WNNGP,QPGU 4 x 200 m freestyle relay  ,CUQPǡ.G\CM 4QOG+VCN[ ,WN /CNCIC5RCKP #RT 75#/KEJCGN2JGNRU4KEM[ǡ$GTGPU&CXKFǡ9CNVGTU4[CPǡ.QEJVG 4QOG+VCN[ #WI 4QOG+VCN[ ,WN 50 m butterfly  4CHCGN/WȓQ\'52 4QOG+VCN[ #WI +PFKCPCRQNKU75# ,WN 100 m butterfly  /KEJCGN2JGNRU75# 4QOG+VCN[ ,WN -C\CP4WUUKC #WI 200 m butterfly  /KEJCGN2JGNRU75# .QPFQP7- #RT )KHW,CRCP 5GR 50 m backstroke  .KCO6CPEQEM)$4 5JCPIJCK%JKPC ,WN $GKLKPI%JKPC #WIFastest long 100 m backstroke  #CTQP2GKTUQN75# 4QOG+VCN[ #WIcourse 4 xǡOHTGGUV[NG 200 m backstroke  #CTQP2GKTUQN75# LOCATION DATETGNC[HGOCNG 4QOG+VCN[ #WI 50 m breaststroke  #FCO2GCV[)$4 4QOG+VCN[ ,WN1Pǡ,WN#WUVTCNKC 4QOG+VCN[ ,WN$TQPVG%CORDGNN%CVG 100 m breaststroke  #FCO2GCV[)$4 )QNF%QCUV#WUVTCNKC #WI%CORDGNN'OOC/E-GQP #WUVKP75# ,CPCPF/GNCPKG5EJNCPIGTYQP 200 m breaststroke  #MKJKTQ;COCIWEJK,20 -C\CP4WUUKC #WIVJGǡYQOGPŨUNQPIEQWTUG )NCUIQY7- ,WNǡZǡOHTGGUV[NGTGNC[KP 200 m medley  4[CP.QEJVG75#ǡOKPǡUGE6JGTGEQTF 4QOG+VCN[ ,WNDTGCMKPIUYKOVQQMRNCEG 400 m medley  /KEJCGN2JGNRU75# $QTȈU5YGFGP ,WNCVVJG%QOOQPYGCNVJ -C\CP4WUUKC #WI)COGUKPǡ)NCUIQY7- 4 x 100 m medley relay  75##CTQP2GKTUQN'TKE5JCPVGCW/KEJCGNǡ2JGNRU ,KPCP%JKPC 1EV#DQXG$TQPVG%CORDGNN WOMEN TIME &CXKFǡ9CNVGTU 4QOG+VCN[ ,WNITGGVUJGTUKUVGT%CVGCU 4QOG+VCN[ ,WNVJGKTǡVGCOOCVGUNQQMQP NAME & NATIONALITY .QPFQP7- #WI $CTEGNQPC5RCKP #WI 50 m freestyle  $TKVVC5VGHHGP&'7 $CTEGNQPC5RCKP ,WN $CTEGNQPC5RCKP #WI 100 m freestyle  $TKVVC5VGHHGP&'7 -C\CP4WUUKC #WI .QPFQP7- ,WN 200 m freestyle  (GFGTKEC2GNNGITKPK+6# .QPFQP7- #WI 400 m freestyle  -CVKG.GFGEM[75# 800 m freestyle  -CVKG.GFGEM[75# 1,500 m freestyle  -CVKG.GFGEM[75# 4 x 100 m freestyle relay  #WUVTCNKC$TQPVG%CORDGNN/GNCPKG5EJNCPIGT'OOC/E-GQP 4 x 200 m freestyle relay  %CVG%CORDGNN %JKPC;CPI;W<JW3KCP9GK.KWǡ,KPI2CPIǡ,KC[KPI 50 m butterfly  5CTCJ5LȘUVTȘO59' 100 m butterfly  5CTCJ5LȘUVTȘO59' 200 m butterfly  .KW<KIG%*0 50 m backstroke  <JCQ,KPI%*0 100 m backstroke  )GOOC5RQHHQTVJ)$4 200 m backstroke  /KUU[(TCPMNKP75# 50 m breaststroke  4ʀVC/GKNWV[Vȴ.67 100 m breaststroke  4ʀVC/GKNWV[Vȴ.67 200 m breaststroke  4KMMG/‡NNGT2GFGTUGP&0- 200 m medley  -CVKPMC*QUU\Ț*70 400 m medley  ;G5JKYGP%*0 4 x 100 m medley relay  75#/KUU[(TCPMNKP4GDGEEC5QPK&CPC8QNNOGT #NNKUQPǡ5EJOKVVFastest Fastest longNQPIǡEQWTUG EQWTUGǡOǡOHTGGUV[NG OGFNG[HGOCNGHGOCNG -CVKPMC*QUU\Ț*70)GTOCP[ŨU$TKVVC5VGHHGP EQORNGVGFVJGNQPIEQWTUGTGEQTFGFCVKOGQHǡUGE ǡOOGFNG[KPLWUVǡOKPKPVJGYQOGPŨUNQPIEQWTUG ǡUGEǡCVVJGVJ(+0#9QTNFOHTGGUV[NGCVVJG9QTNF 5YKOOKPI%JCORKQPUJKRUKP#SWCVKEU%JCORKQPUJKRUJGNF -C\CP4WUUKCQP#WIKP4QOG+VCN[QPǡ,WN 5JGUJCXGFQHCUGEQPF+PFQKPIUQUJGDTQMGJGT QHHVJGRTGXKQWUTGEQTFYJKEJQYPTGEQTFQHUGE YCUUGVCVVJG9QTNF#SWCVKEUUGVǡLWUVHQWTFC[UGCTNKGT %JCORKQPUJKRUKP238 Sports Reference

SWIMMING – SHORT COURSE (25 M POOL)MEN TIME NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE &GE50 m freestyle  (NQTGPV/CPCWFQW(4# &QJC3CVCT &GE 0QX100 m freestyle  #OCWT[.GXGCWZ(4# 4KLGMC%TQCVKC 0QX200 m freestyle  2CWN$KGFGTOCPP&'7 $GTNKP)GTOCP[ ,WN #WI400 m freestyle  ;CPPKEM#IPGN(4# #PIGTU(TCPEG &GE800 m freestyle  )TCPV*CEMGVV#75 /GNDQWTPG#WUVTCNKC1,500 m freestyle  )TCPV*CEMGVV#75 2GTVJ#WUVTCNKC &GE4 x 100 m freestyle relay  75#0CVJCP#FTKCP/CVV)TGXGTU)CTTGVVǡ9GDGT)CNG /CPEJGUVGT7- 0QX4 x 200 m freestyle relay  /KEJCGNǡ2JGNRU &WDCK7#' &GE 0QX 4WUUKC0KMKVC.QDKPVUGX&CPKNCǡ+\QVQX'XIGP[.CIWPQX &GE #NGZCPFGTǡ5WMJQTWMQX &GE50 m butterfly  5VGHHGP&GKDNGT&'7 $GTNKP)GTOCP[ 0QX 0QX100 m butterfly  %JCFNG%NQU<#( &QJC3CVCT 0QX #WI200 m butterfly  %JCFNG%NQU<#( 5KPICRQTG5KPICRQTG &GE50 m backstroke  (NQTGPV/CPCWFQW(4# &QJC3CVCT &GE &GE100 m backstroke  /CVV)TGXGTU75# +PFKCPCRQNKU75# &GE200 m backstroke  /KVEJ.CTMKP#75 5[FPG[#WUVTCNKC DATE #WI50 m breaststroke  %COGTQPXCPFGT$WTIJ<#( $GTNKP)GTOCP[ &GE 0QX100 m breaststroke  %COGTQPXCPFGT$WTIJ<#( $GTNKP)GTOCP[ &GE #WI200 m breaststroke  &ȄPKGN)[WTVC*70 &WDCK7#' #WI &GE100 m medley  /CTMWU&GKDNGT&'7 &QJC3CVCT &GE200 m medley  4[CP.QEJVG75# +UVCPDWN6WTMG[ &GE Fastest short EQWTUGO400 m medley  4[CP.QEJVG75# &WDCK7#' 0QX backstroke &GE4 x 100 m medley relay  4WUUKC5VCPKUNCX&QPGVU5GTIG[ǡ)G[DGN'XIGP[-QTQV[UJMKP 5V2GVGTUDWTI4WUUKC &GE /CVV)TGXGTU75#UYCOWOMEN TIME &CPKNC+\QVQX &GE VJGǡUJQTVEQWTUGǡO &GE DCEMUVTQMGKPǡUGEKP NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION &GE +PFKCPCRQNKU+PFKCPC75# QPǡ&GE)TGXGTU50 m freestyle  4CPQOK-TQOQYKFLQLQ0.& 'KPFJQXGP0GVJGTNCPFU 0QX DTQMGVJGTGEQTFFWTKPIVJG +PFKCPCRQNKU75# 1EV &WGNKPVJG2QQNEQORGVKVKQP &GE DGVYGGPVJG'WTQRGCP100 m freestyle  %CVG%CORDGNN#75 5[FPG[#WUVTCNKC &GE #NN5VCTUCPFVJG75# &GE200 m freestyle  5CTCJ5LȘUVTȘO59' &QJC3CVCT &GE &GE400 m freestyle  /KTGKC$GNOQPVG'52 $GTNKP)GTOCP[ &GE800 m freestyle  /KTGKC$GNOQPVG'52 $GTNKP)GTOCP[1,500 m freestyle  /KTGKC$GNOQPVG'52 5CDCFGNN5RCKP4 x 100 m freestyle relay  0GVJGTNCPFU(GOMG*GGOUMGTM+PIG&GMMGT &QJC3CVCT 4CPQOKǡ-TQOQYKFLQLQ/CWFXCPFGT/GGT4 x 200 m freestyle relay  0GVJGTNCPFU(GOMG*GGOUMGTM+PIG&GMMGT &QJC3CVCT 4CPQOKǡ-TQOQYKFLQLQ5JCTQPXCP4QWYGPFCCN50 m butterfly  6JGTGUG#NUJCOOCT59' 5KPICRQTG5KPICRQTG100 m butterfly  5CTCJ5LȘUVTȘO59' &QJC3CVCT200 m butterfly  /KTGKC$GNOQPVG'52 &QJC3CVCT50 m backstroke  'VKGPG/GFGKTQU$4# &QJC3CVCT100 m backstroke  -CVKPMC*QUU\Ț*70 &QJC3CVCT200 m backstroke  -CVKPMC*QUU\Ț*70 &QJC3CVCT50 m breaststroke  ,GUUKEC*CTF[75# $GTNKP)GTOCP[100 m breaststroke  4ʀVC/GKNWV[Vȴ.67 /QUEQY4WUUKC #NKC#VMKPUQP,#/ &QJC3CVCT200 m breaststroke  4GDGEEC5QPK75# /CPEJGUVGT7-100 m medley  -CVKPMC*QUU\Ț*70 &QJC3CVCT200 m medley  -CVKPMC*QUU\Ț*70 &QJC3CVCT400 m medley  /KTGKC$GNOQPVG'52 &QJC3CVCT4 x 100 m medley relay  75#%QWTVPG[$CTVJQNQOGY-CVKG/GKNK-GNUK9QTTGNN +PFKCPCRQNKU75# 5KOQPGǡ/CPWGNFastest Fastest shortUJQTVǡEQWTUG EQWTUGǡOǡOHTGGUV[NG backstrokeHGOCNG #WUVTCNKCŨU/KVEJ.CTMKP#VVJG#WUVTCNKCP5JQTV EQORNGVGFVJGUJQTVEQWTUG%QWTUGǡ%JCORKQPUJKRUKP ǡODCEMUVTQMGKPǡOKP5[FPG[QPǡ0QX%CVG ǡUGEKP5[FPG[%CORDGNN#75DTQMGVJG #WUVTCNKCQPǡ0QXǡOHTGGUV[NGTGEQTFFWTKPI .CTMKPUGVVJGTGEQTFCVCǡOGZJKDKVKQPUYKO*GT VJGǡ#WUVTCNKCP5JQTV%QWTUGURNKVVKOGCVOYCUENQEMGF %JCORKQPUJKRUCVǡUGEUGEHCUVGTVJCPVJGRTGXKQWUTGEQTF guinnessworldrecords.com 239

SPORTS REFERENCEWEIGHTLIFTING,SPORTS MARATHONS & WATERSKIING WEIGHTLIFTING MEN CATEGORY WEIGHT NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE 9W,KPIDKCQ%*0 *QWUVQP75# 0QX MI 5PCVEJ MI 1O;WP%JQN24- *QWUVQP75# 0QX *CNKN/WVNW674 5[FPG[#WUVTCNKC 5GR MI %NGCPLGTM MI -KO7P)WM24- +PEJGQP5QWVJ-QTGC 5GR 6QVCN MI .KLWP%JGP%*0 *QWUVQP75# 0QX 5PCVEJ MI .KLWP%JGP%*0 *QWUVQP75# 0QX .KCQ*WK%*0 #NOCV[-C\CMJUVCP 0QX %NGCPLGTM MI .KCQ*WK%*0 9TQECY2QNCPF 1EV 6QVCN MI .KCQ*WK%*0 #NOCV[-C\CMJUVCP 0QX .Ȝ:KCQLWP%*0 9TQECY2QNCPF 1EV MI 5PCVEJ MI 1NGI2GTGRGVEJGPQX475 6TGPȬȐP5NQXCMKC #RT .Ȝ:KCQLWP%*0 9TQE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ǡMIUPCVEJ MI 5PCVEJ MI .K2KPI%*0 )WCPI\JQW%JKPC 1EV <WNƒ[C%JKPUJCPNQ-#< #NOCV[-C\CMJUVCP 0QXThe heaviest weight lifted %NGCPLGTM MI *UW5JWEJKPI62' +PEJGQP5QWVJ-QTGC 0QXKPǡVJGOGPŨUMIUPCVEJ $Q[CPMC-QUVQXC#<' *QWUVQP75# 5GRYGKIJVNKHVKPIEQORGVKVKQPKU 6QVCN MI 3KW*QPIOGK%*0 6CKŨCP%JKPC 0QXMID[9W,KPIDKCQ%*0 $Q[CPMC-QUVQXC#<' *QWUVQP75# #RTCVVJG+9(9QTNF9GKIJVNKHVKPI MI 5PCVEJ MI 5XGVNCPC6UCTWMCGXC475 2CTKU(TCPEG 0QX%JCORKQPUJKRUKP*QWUVQP 9GK&GPI%*0 *QWUVQP75# 0QX6GZCU75#QPǡ0QX %NGCPLGTM MI .KP6\WEJK62' +PEJGQP5QWVJ-QTGC 0QX .KW%JWPJQPI%*0 $GKLKPI%JKPC 5GR *KUHGCVDTQMGC[GCT 6QVCN MI .KW%JWPJQPI%*0 $GKLKPI%JKPC #WIQNFTGEQTF6JGRTGXKQWU .KW%JWPJQPI%*0 $GKLKPI%JKPC #WIJQNFGT*CNKN/WVNW674 MI 5PCVEJ MI 0CVCN[C<CDQNQVPC[C475 $GNIQTQF4WUUKC #WIJCFNKHVGFǡMIKP#PVCN[C -KO7PLW24- +PEJGQP5QWVJ-QTGC &GE6WTMG[QP0QX %NGCPLGTM MI 0CVCN[C<CDQNQVPC[C475 $GNIQTQF4WUUKC 5GR 6CVKCPC-CUJKTKPC475 #NOCV[-C\CMJUVCP &GEǡMIVQVCN 6QVCN MI 6CVKCPC-CUJKTKPC475 #NOCV[-C\CMJUVCP 0QX 6CVKCPC-CUJKTKPC475 #NOCV[-C\CMJUVCP 0QX$Q[CPMC-QUVQXC#<' WOMEN CATEGORY WEIGHT 0QXNKHVGFǡCYGKIJVQHǡMIKPVJGǡǡMIECVGIQT[CVVJG MI 5PCVEJ MI+PVGTPCVKQPCN9GKIJVNKHVKPI(GFGTCVKQP+9(9QTNF %NGCPLGTM MI9GKIJVNKHVKPI%JCORKQPUJKRUKP*QWUVQP6GZCU75# 6QVCN MIQPǡǡ0QX MI 5PCVEJ MI 1PVJGUCOGFC[UJGCNUQTGEQTFGFVJGheaviest weight %NGCPLGTM MINKHVGFKPVJGǡMIUPCVEJECVGIQT[HGOCNGǡMI 6QVCN MI+PǡCNNPKPGTGEQTFUYGTGDTQMGPFWTKPIVJCV[GCTŨU MI 5PCVEJ MIEJCORKQPUJKRU %NGCPLGTM MI240 Sports Reference 6QVCN MI MI 5PCVEJ MI %NGCPLGTM MI 6QVCN MI MI 5PCVEJ MI %NGCPLGTM MI 6QVCN MI MI 5PCVEJ MI %NGCPLGTM MI 6QVCN MI MI 5PCVEJ MI %NGCPLGTM MI 6QVCN MI ǡMI ENGCPǡǡLGTM 9GK&GPIQH%JKPCCEJKGXGF CǡNKHVQHǡMIKPVJGYQOGPŨU ENGCPLGTMǡMIYGKIJV ENCUUCVVJG+9(9QTNF %JCORKQPUJKRUKP*QWUVQP 6GZCU75#QPǡ0QX9GK VQQMIQNFKPVJGǡMIUPCVEJ ENGCPLGTMCPFEQODKPGF GXGPVUCVVJG%JCORKQPUJKRU

LONGEST SPORTS MARATHONSSPORT TIME NAME & NATIONALITY LOCATION DATE *C[YCTFU*GCVJ7- Ť5GR#GTQDKEU JTOKP 'UVJGT(GCVJGTUVQPG7- 5CWIGV75# Ť/C[$CUGDCNN JTOKPUGE COCVGWTDCUGDCNNRNC[GTUHTQO6QO.CPIG%QORCP[CPF&KPQU.QIKUVKEU75# /CPKNC2JKNKRRKPGU Ť/CT$CUMGVDCNN JTOKPUGE 9CNCPI+YCPCP$QWPEG$CEM2*. $TKUVQN7- Ť#WI$CUMGVDCNN 5QWVJ9GUV5EQTRKQPU9JGGNEJCKT$CUMGVDCNN%NWD7-YJGGNEJCKT JTOKP 2NCPQ75# Ť,WP$QYNKPIVGPRKP 4QZDWTIJ2CTM#WUVTCNKC Ť#RT$QYNUKPFQQT JTOKP 5VGRJGP5JCPCDTQQM75# JT %CODTKFIG0GY<GCNCPF /CT$QYNUQWVFQQT .[P#VMKPUQP4QD#VMKPUQP2GVGT*CTT[.QTTCKPG/KUUKPIJCO.CWTKG/WPTQ .QWIJDQTQWIJ7- Ť,WP JTOKP CPF.K\/WPTQ#75 %QNFYCVGT%CPCFC Ť1EV 5KZOGODGTUQH%CODTKFIG$QYNKPI%NWD0< 5JGRUJGF7- $TQONG[7- Ť5GR%TKEMGV JTOKP .QWIJDQTQWIJ7PKXGTUKV[5VCHH%TKEMGV%NWD7- %CUVNGVQP75# Ť/CT .CRRGGPTCPVC(KPNCPF Ť#RT%WTNKPI JTOKPUGE 4QEMU#TQWPFVJG%NQEMŤ%QNFYCVGT&KUVTKEV%WTNKPI%NWD%#0 %JGUVGTOGTG%CPCFC Ť,WN %CNICT[%CPCFC Ť/C[&CTVUFQWDNGU JT -GXKP$T[CP/CVVJGY%QQM#FCO4QDGTVUCPF$GP4QRGT7- +UGTNQJP)GTOCP[ Ť,WP .GVJDTKFIG%CPCFC Ť(GD&CTVUUKPINGU JTOKPUGE /CTM&[GCPF9C[PG/KVEJGNN7- %CUVNGDQTQ+TGNCPF Ť#WI .CTMƒGNF7- Ť,WP&QFIGDCNN JTOKPUGE 4KIJVVQ2NC[\"%CUVNGVQP%NWD75# .CWPEGUVQP#WUVTCNKC Ť,WP #TNQP$GNIKWO(NQQTDCNN JT .CRRGGPTCPVC7PKXGTUKV[QH6GEJPQNQI[CPF7TJGKNW-QUMKOKGU6GCO(+0 %QNQTCFQ5RTKPIU75# Ť,WN 6JTGFDQ#WUVTCNKC Ť5GR*QEMG[KEG JTOKPUGE 6JG1KN[ORKEU%#0 $CF-NGKPMKTEJJGKO#WUVTKC Ť&GE 'FKPDWTIJ7- Ť5GR*QEMG[KPFQQT JT (NQQT*QEMG[HQT$NCMG%#0 9KTTCN7- +PPUDTWEM#WUVTKC Ť,CP*QEMG[KPNKPGTQNNGT JT +*5COWTCK+UGTNQJP&'7 5CETCOGPVQ75# Ť,WN %JGTT[*KNN75#*QEMG[UVTGGV JTOKP /QNUQP%CPCFKCPCPF%CPCFKCP6KTGVGCOU%#0 <WKFNCTGP0GVJGTNCPFU ,WNŤ#WI $CTIVGJGKFG)GTOCP[ #WIŤ5GR*WTNKPI JTOKPUGE %NQWIJDCYP)##%NWD+4. )ȘTNKV\)GTOCP[ #OUVGNXGGP0GVJGTNCPFU Ť#RT-QTHDCNN JTOKP -KPIƒUJGT-QTHDCNN%NWD7- /GFHQTF75# Ť#WI Ť#WI0GVDCNN JTOKP )GPGTCVKQP0GVDCNN%NWD#75 Ť,WN2ȌVCPSWGDQWNGU JT )KNNGUFG$Ũ*GKPUEJ$'. Ť,WN Ť&GE2QQNUKPINGU JT &CXKF/KNGU-GKVJ2WNNG[&TGY4KGEMCPF5JCYP6GTTGNN75# Ť#WI5MKKPI JTOKP 0KEM9KNNG[#755PQYDQCTFKPI JTOKP $GTPJCTF/CKT#765QEEGT JT %TCKI)QYCPU/GOQTKCN(WPF7-5QEEGTƒXGCUKFG JTOKP .GG-PKIJV(QWPFCVKQP7-6CDNGUQEEGT JTOKP #NGZCPFGT-WGP/CPWGN.CTEJGT$GTPF0GWTWTGTCPF&KGVOCT0GWTWTGT#766CDNGVGPPKUFQWDNGU JTOKPUGE .CPEG/CTMCPF2JKN9CTTGP$KNN9GKT75#6CDNGVGPPKUUKPINGU JTOKP 4CPF[0WPGUCPF&CPP[2TKEG75#6GPPKUFQWDNGU JTOKPUGE 5KRMGFG*QQR4QD*COGTUOC9KEJCTF*GKFGMCORCPF#PFTG2QGN0.&6GPPKUUKPINGU JTOKPUGE &GPPKU)TQKUUNCPF0KMNCU,CJP&'78QNNG[DCNNDGCEJ JTOKP /CVGWU\$CEC9QLEKGEJ-WTE\[ɛUMK5GDCUVKCP.Ȝ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 ,CTGV.NGYGNN[P%#0 %GFCT4KFIG.CMG75# DATE 2GTVJ#WUVTCNKC ,WPWOMEN RECORD NAME & NATIONALITY %T[UVCN2QKPV75# 1EV /WNYCNC#WUVTCNKC /C[5NCNQO DWQ[^ONKPG^MOJ 4GIKPC,CSWGUU75# )TQXGNCPF75# /CT (CTVJGUV /WNYCNC#WUVTCNKC /C[ FKUVCPEG$CTGHQQVUNCNQO ETQUUKPIUQHYCMGKPUGE #UJNGKIJ5VGDDKPIU#75 2KPG/QWPVCKP75# /CT YCVGTUMKHN[KPI )TQXGNCPF75# /C[6TKEMU RQKPVU 'TKMC.CPI75# /C[ (TGFF[-TWGIGT75#EQXGTGF ǡHVǡOKP)TCPF$CTGHQQVVTKEMU RQKPVU #UJNGKIJ5VGDDKPIU#75 4CRKFU/KEJKICP75#QP ǡ#WI1Pǡ/C[,WOR OHVKP ,CEKPVC%CTTQNN#75 JGJCFOCFGVJGHCTVJGUV YCVGTUMKLWORǡHVǡO$CTGHQQVLWOR OHVKP #UJNGKIJ5VGDDKPIU#755MKHN[ OHVKP 'NGPC/KNCMQXC4751XGTCNN RQKPVU 0CVCNKC$GTFPKMQXC$.4* [email protected] m, 10,730 tricks, 71.7 m jump ** [email protected] m, 9,740 tricks, 58.0 m jump guinnessworldrecords.com 241

CONBTOESNNPETUCISAL JAMIE BESTWICK Most consecutive gold medals at the Summer X Games ,COKG$GUVYKEM7-YQPPKPG$/: 8GTVIQNFOGFCNUKPCTQYCVVJG 5WOOGT:)COGUDGVYGGP CPF6YQ:)COGUYGTGJGNFKP JGPEGVJGTGCUQPJGYQPPKPG5O5RK+[PWHQQǡQEOKTRVWGGWŨOUŨT:NGC:GǡTVTCKTEǡVHG:[GVOGN)UNVTGGJRCPG[COTEQKY1XGGWCPNUŨ[KNXGPOMHGFQKUERECTMMKQC[EYGOVQF)KKWPPGCQPIVVOGHIQHT$GUVVE/UJJRQCGQJ:WVTCTPV[KUUUVIGGMJJHCTKCCVKRTPPFRCICUNTCCPŨVQCEF[VTGHYQKUHŲVWGQPUPEQ[KIVYOGKGQCOOTPTCUUQGPDFNCF6KKNCVJGGVGGT EQPUGEWVKXGIQNFOGFCNUKPCPGKIJV [GCTURCP+P,WP$GUVYKEMŨU TGEQTFDTGCMKPITWPƒPCNN[ECOGVQ CPǡGPFYJGPJGƒPKUJGFUGEQPFVQ 8KPEG$[TQP#75ŤD[QPGRQKPV $OOLQGLYLGXDOVDUHb86$ TOM SCHAARunless otherwise stated. PIERRE-LUC GAGNON Youngest person to win a Summer X Games gold medal Most men’s X Games Skateboard Vert wins 6QO5EJCCTDǡ5GRYCULWUV[GCTUǡFC[UQNF2KGTTG.WE)CIPQP%#0YQPUGXGP5MCVGDQCTF YJGPJGYQPVJG/KPK/GICECVGIQT[CVVJG:ǡ)COGU8GTVEQORGVKVKQPUCVVJG5WOOGT:)COGUHTQO #UKCKP5JCPIJCK%JKPCQPǡ#RT*GCNUQJQNFUVJGVQ1PGQHVJGCNNVKOGUMCVKPIITGCVUJG TGEQTFHQTVJGƒTUVRGTUQPVQRGTHQTOCVJTGGHWNNJCUYQP:)COGUOGFCNUKPENWFKPIPKPGǡIQNFU TQVCVKQPUYJKNGCKTDQTPGYJKEJJGUGVCV9QQFYCTF9GUVCETQUUǡHQWTǡFKUEKRNKPGU KPǡ6GJCEJCRK%CNKHQTPKCQPǡ/CT Largest attendance at the Summer X Games 5WOOGT:)COGU8JGNFKP5CP(TCPEKUEQ %CNKHQTPKCYCUCVVGPFGFD[XKUKVQTUQXGT KVUǡPKPGFC[FWTCVKQPHTQO,WPVQ,WN242 X Games

TUCKER HIBBERTMost consecutive gold medals at the Winter X Games6WEMGT*KDDGTVJCURKEMGFWRǡIQNF SHAUN WHITEOGFCNUKPVJG9KPVGT:)COGU5PQYOQDKNG5PQ%TQUUGXGPVŤQPG Most gold medals won in combinedKPCPFPKPGEQPUGEWVKXGN[HTQO Winter and Summer X Games (career)VQ*GCNUQRKEMGFWRVJTGGUKNXGTUCPFQPGDTQP\G6JGTGYCUPQ 5JCWP9JKVGJCUYQPUPQYDQCTFKPI5NQRGUV[NG5PQ%TQUUGXGPVCVVJGICOGU CPF5WRGT2KRGIQNFOGFCNUCVVJG9KPVGT:ǡ)COGUKP #URGP%QNQTCFQKPŤCPFŤ*GJCUCNUQ RKEMGFWRVYQ8GTVUMCVGDQCTFKPIIQNFOGFCNUCVVJG 5WOOGT:)COGUKP.QU#PIGNGU%CNKHQTPKCKP CPF6JKURWVUJKOQPGCJGCFQH&CXG/KTTCYJQ YQPǡIQNFOGFCNUCNNCVVJG5WOOGT:)COGU KELLY SILDARU LINDSEY JACOBELLIS Youngest person to win a Winter Most gold medals won at the Winter X Games gold medal X Games (female)1P,CP-GNN[5KNFCTW'56D(GD 0QHGOCNG9KPVGT:)COGUCVJNGVGJCUYQPOQTGVQQMIQNFKPVJGYQOGPŨU5MK5NQRGUV[NGƒPCNUCV IQNFOGFCNUVJCP.KPFUG[,CEQDGNNKU*GTǡYKPUŤVJGǡ9KPVGT:)COGUCIGFLWUVǡ[GCTUǡFC[U CNNKP5PQYDQCTFGT:ŤJCXGEQOGCVXCTKQWU9KPVGT6JGǡEQORGVKVKQPVQQMRNCEGCV$WVVGTOKNM/QWPVCKP :)COGUCNNJGNFKP#URGP%QNQTCFQDGVYGGPKPǡ#URGP%QNQTCFQ6JKUYCUCNUQVJGƒTUVIQNFCV ,CPǡCPF,CPǡVJG9KPVGT:)COGUHQT5KNFCTWŨU'UVQPKC

CONBTOESNNPETUCISAL IttITh’ps0KtoeXrh1$eGsce2s#peC5ebolVŤeniyJrgbtteNVgGraotJaehVrfQGtssebUeUtisaGrtiUismhnsIQkeciKOpseCeletaPlGbDaccVVantUrtJildJlooKPm–KannPImaaotUVhrefQQpkisrsOaMebNsmGcGitarGoiotEmiRrshsCdmedVtU-JabGoeitGyrUlrheO,eigtc(aNhUiUKtknVGreSGiaiNnfTAXlGylCgGy,WiNUnbNpc[R.gloƒБaCnVosyAYcKefpPNeJrotsie)VQrvJatiŨefXnsGrmdGoveYetmOsdonKpiPtCttoeVohFGrdreGtTss. MOST WINS IN AN NBA #NNVGCOUCPFKPFKXKFWCNUCTG SEASON 75#WPNGUUQVJGTYKUGUVCVGF The best-ever regular- season record by an NBA team is 73 wins and 9 losses by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015/16 season, between 27 Oct 2015 and 13 Apr 2016. • Best season start: ǡEQPUGEWVKXGYKPUD[ VJG9CTTKQTUCVVJGUVCTV QHVJGUGCUQP • Consecutively: D[ VJG.#.CMGTUKP MOST THREE-POINT FIELD GOALS IN AN NBA SEASON By the end of 2015/16, Stephen Curry – aka Wardell Stephen “Steph” Curry II – had clocked up a remarkable 402 three-pointers during the season – his third consecutive season breaking this record. With this achievement, Curry became the only player to hit 300 three-pointers in a single season. Last year, he broke the previous record with 286 three-pointers. • In a career:D[4C[#NNGP • In a half:D[%JCPFNGT2CTUQPU,CP • In a quarter:D[-NC[6JQORUQP,CP YOUNGEST PLAYER IN THE NBA MOST GAMES PLAYED IN AN On 2 Nov 2005, Andrew Bynum (b. 27 Oct 1987) 0$#ǡ%#4''4 entered a game for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Denver Nuggets at the age of just 18 years 6 days. Robert Parish played 1,611 regular-season ̀7RVWDUWDJDPH-QDG$T[CPVD#WICIGF games from 1976 to ǡ[GCTUǡFC[U 1997. “The Chief” played for the Golden State • To score 50 points in a match: $TCPFQP,GPPKPIU Warriors (1976–80), Dǡǡ5GRCIGFǡ[GCTUǡFC[U Boston Celtics (1980– 94), Charlotte Hornets (1994–96) and Chicago Bulls (1996–97). • Most minutes played LQDbFDUHHUD[ -CTGGOǡ#DFWN,CDDCT • Most minutes played LQbDVHDVRQ D[9KNVǡ%JCODGTNCKP  • Most minutes played LQbDbJDPHD[&CNG 'NNKUǡ0QX. BASKETBALL TIMELINE 1891 “Basket Ball” 1896 1902 *CTT[ū$WEM[Ŭ 1940 (QTFJCO 1949 6JG0$# KPXGPVGFD[&Tǡ,COGU )LUVWbJDPHRIFROOHJH .GYNGHVDGEQOGUVJG XU7PKXGTUKV[QH KUHQTOGFYJGP ͧUVW$IULFDQ$PHULFDQ 2KVVUDWTIJDGEQOGU 0CKUOKVJWUKPIUQEEGT EDVNHWEDOORNC[GF WRbSOD\SUREDVNHWEDOO VJGͧUVWEDVNHWEDOO VJGǡ$CUMGVDCNN JDPHDLUHGRQ79 DCNNUCPFRGCEJ DGVYGGPVJG YJGPJGǡUKIPUHQT #UUQEKCVKQPQH 2CYVWEMGVXKNNG#VJNGVKE QPǡǡ(GD baskets; ͧUVWJDPH 7PKXGTUKVKGUQH %NWDǡKP.QYGNN/# #OGTKECCPF 0CVKQPCN$CUMGVDCNN RIbEDVNHWEDOO played +QYCǡCPF%JKECIQ .GCIWGOGTIG KP5RTKPIƒGNF/# 244 125th Anniversary of Basketball

MOST REBOUNDS +0#%#4''4 Wilt Chamberlain logged 23,924 rebounds in 1,045 games between 1959 and 1973, playing for the Philadelphia Warriors, San Francisco Warriors, Philadelphia 76ers and LA Lakers. ̀,QDJDPHD[ 9KNVǡ%JCODGTNCKP ǡ0QX • In a season:  D[ǡ9KNV%JCODGTNCKP /156/82#9#4&5+00$#(+0#.5Michael Jordan, playing for the Chicago Bulls (1991–93and 1996–98), won six Most Valuable Player awards.̀0 RVWYRWHVIRUUHJXODUVHDVRQ093QWVQHC RQUUKDNGƒTUVRNCEGXQVGUHQT5VGRJGP%WTT[KP ŤVJGǡͧUVWXQDQLPRXVYRWHIRUDQ093*+)*'56(+'.&)1#.2'4%'06#)' MOST TRIPLE-$;ǡ#0ǡ+0&+8+&7#.+0#%#4''4 DOUBLES IN #ǡ%#4''47KH1%$UHJXODUVHDVRQUHFRUGIRUKLJKHVW̧HOGJRDOpercentage is .582 by Shaquille O’Neal. While playing Oscar Robertsonfor the Orlando Magic, LA Lakers, Miami Heat, Phoenix achieved 181 triple-Suns, Cleveland Cavaliers and Boston Celtics from doubles from 1960 to1992/93 to 2010/11, O’Neal converted 11,330 of 1974. He’s also the only19,457 attempts. player to average a triple- double for a season (1961/62): 30.8 points, /15621+0655%14'&+0#00$#ǡ%#4''4 12.5 rebounds and 11.4 assists. Between 1969 and 1989, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (b. Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor Jr) scored an incredible • Consecutively: D[ 38,387 points – an average of 24.6 points per game. 9KNVǡ%JCODGTNCKP Ťǡ/CT • In a season:D[9KNV%JCODGTNCKP ̀,QDJDPHD[9KNV%JCODGTNCKP/CT ̀< RXQJHVW.G$TQP ̀,QDͧQDOJDPHD[-QDG$T[CPV#RT ,COGUCIGF[GCTU FC[U • Oldest:-CTN/CNQPG CIGF[GCTUFC[U 1951 6JGORQJHVW 1951 6JGƒTUV#NN5VCT 1992 6JGǡ75 1998 2016JDPHRIEDVNHWEDOO is )COGKUUVCIGFCV$QUVQP OGPŨU1N[ORKE 1Pǡǡ/CTVJGOCVEJ 6JGǡ)QNFGP5VCVGRNC[GFQPǡ,CPYJGP )CTFGPQPǡ/CTVJG'CUV DCUMGVDCNNū&TGCO DGVYGGPVJG%JKECIQ 9CTTKQTUTGEQTFVJG+PFKCPCRQNKU1N[ORKCPU VGCOFGHGCVUVJG9GUV 6GCOŬNGHVDGEQOGU PRVWZLQVLQDQ1%$DGCV4QEJGUVGT4Q[CNU D[ǡǡRQKPVUYKVJ'F $WNNUCPF#VNCPVC VHDVRQXKEVQTKGUŤKPǡOKPYKVJ /CECWNG[PCOGFCU VJGƒTUV1N[ORKE *CYMUFTCYUVJGVJGP CPFFGHGCVUUGG NCTIGUVCVVGPFCPEGCVUKZQXGTVKOGU ƒTUVǡ#NN5VCT/82 VGCOVQǡHGCVWTG CP0$#ICOG QRRQUKVGRCIG OQUVN[ǡ0$#ǡRNC[GTU guinnessworldrecords.com 245

INDEXBold entries in the index “around the moon” tricks DCNNUDQYNKPIDCNNU detective novels 144; cast-iron domes 160 comets 122; orbits of 205indicate a main entry on 103, 122 juggling 124; medicine history books 69; castles 90; LEGO® 152; comic books 135;a topic; BOLD CAPITALS DCNNU5YKUUDCNNU labyrinth installationindicate an entire chapter. ūCTQWPFVJGYQTNFŬVTKEMU 127, UGGCNUQ golf balls; RTKPVGF sieges 114; theme parks collections 92; cosplay 103, 122 soccer balls; tennis balls Shakespeare’s plays 176;  963D Earth map 201 toppling 146 catches: blindfolded 121; communications distance3D printing 194–195; CTTGUVUTQDQVU bananas 120 botanical gardens 111 DQYNKPIDCNNU 24, 202 CTTQYJWOCP bands: band members 76; DQVVNGIQWTFU EJCKPUCYUFKCDQNQ composers 125 extraterrestrial material art: lessons 95; private boules 241 123; frisbee/flying disc computer classes 9 205; implants 74 YouTube subscribers bounces: basketball 123; 122; paper aircraft 124; computers 179; 3D-printed collections 175; sales UGGCNUQ /WUKE ping-pong balls 125; ping-pong balls 103; laptop 195; analogueA ŤUVQNGPCTVYQTMU DCPFYKFVJ tennis balls 123 spears 137; tennis balls 75; desktop 199; movie- 163; Stone Age 40, banks: heists 221; piggy DQYNKPIDCNNU YCVGTDCNNQQPU OCMKPIABBA impersonators 9 UGGǡCNUQ sculpture banks 99 DQYNKPIETKEMGV 122 CONCACAF Gold Cup 225abseiling 76 Art Sales 174–175 $CTDKGFQNNU DQYNU cats 93; big cats 52–53 EQPETGVGFCOUabundant species: arteries 70 DCTTKGTTGGHUŤ DQZQHƒEG %CVUFQIU 64–65 cones 122 #465/'&+# 170–189; Baseball 211; home runs CPKOCVGF cattle 66 confectionery brand sales 91 OQPMG[UǡQYNU OWUKEŤ OCTCVJQPU ƒNOU ECVYCNMOQFGNNKPI %QPUVTWEVKQPVQ[U 152–153aces (tennis) 223 Shakespeare 176–177; DCUKN boxes of chocolate 90, 91 ECWNKHNQYGTU %QPUWOGTVGEJ 196–197Acknowledgements 250–251 68ŤXKFGQ Basketball 123, 212; $QZKPI 214, 215; earnings caves 37 %QPVTKDWVQTUŤ#EVKQPƒIWTGUFQNNU ŤUGGCNUQ art; DNKPFHQNFGF HGOCNGDQZGTU ECXKV[YCNNKPUWNCVKQP cookery lessons 95 Movies bounces 123; earnings RC[RGTXKGY EGNGDTKV[EQWRNGU Copa América 225 148–149 assassinations 113 MPGGNKPI brains, prosthesis 74–75 EGNGT[ coprolites 63, 92#EVKQP/CP #UUCUUKPŨU%TGGF$TQVJGTJQQF UJQVUDCEMYCTFU brand names 196 cellular phones 192, 200 EQTCNCVQNNUFKGQHHactors & actresses: movies 155 marathons 241; robots breakfast in bed 94 EGPVGPCTKCPUUKDNKPIU TGGHUŤ #UUCUUKPŨU%TGGF4GXGNCVKQPU 199; slam dunks 102; DTGCUVUVTQMG supercentenarians 76, 77 EQTMUETGYU  155 spinning 102, 123; DTGYGTKGU ceratopsians 63 corn (maize) mazes 164, 165 theatre 176, 177 #UUCUUKPŨU%TGGF++ 155 three-pointers 102, 212 bricks: plastic see LEGO®; Chain reactions 146–147 correspondence chess 144adoptees 79 assembly lines 165 DCVQPVYKTNKPI toppling 146 EJCKPUCYU EQUOQUadoptive parents 79 astronauts 77; Buzz Aldrin batteries 74, 200 bridges 64; natural 37; EJCKTUHQNFKPITQEMKPI %QURNC[ 96–97Adventurers Grand Slam 112 Ť%JTKU*CFƒGNF DCVVNGUPCXCN URCPUUWURGPUKQP 100 EQVVQPaerobics 241 12–13, 22; female 22, DCVVNGUJKRU DTKFIGUVWPPGNVQ EJGGUGUEWNRVWTG country codes 253Africa Cup of Nations 225 URCEGYCNMU beach soccer 225 VWPPGNDTKFIG EJGGUGUNKEGTU EQWTIGVVGUCHTQJCKTUV[NG 22–23 beach volleyball 231 $TQCFYC[RNC[U EJGHUTQDQVU68EJGHU EQYUage, combined: mother- athletes: earnings 207, DGCPDCIU $TQCFYC[UJQYU  crackers: cream crackers FCWIJVGTRCTGPV ŤHCVJGTUQP DGCPU DTQEEQNK chemistry lessons 95 TKEGETCEMGTU EJKNFǡUKDNKPIU RNC[GTEQCEJYKVJ DGCTFU brooding periods 50–51 EJGTTKGU crashes, plane 55AIBA World Boxing 214 impairments 226; see beehive hairstyles 94 DWDDNGYTCRRQRRKPI Chess 144–145 craters 21, 22, 37; methaneCKTETCHVETCUJGUǡ CNUQKPFKXKFWCNURQTVU DGGTDTGYGTKGU buildings: domes 160–161; chess sets 144, 145 craters 29, 37 helicopters 112, 114; CVJNGVKEUKPFQQTƒGNF beer-bottle opening 136 JGKIJVŤ chickens 93 cream crackers 120 microlights 112; events 234; indoor track DGGVTQQV 225; palaces 104; EJKNNKGU cremated remains 20 model 142; paper 124; GXGPVUQWVFQQTƒGNF bells, chocolate 91 RQYGTUVCVKQPU Chocolate 90–91; drinks 90; Cricket 216, 241 parachute jumps 164; events 235; outdoor track Big cats 47, 52–53; skyscrapers 100, 149, YJKVG crime: 3D printing RKNQVURWNNGF GXGPVUTCEGYCNMKPI J[DTKFUǡ ŤYCNNUŤ %JQRUVKEMUGCVKPIYKVJ conviction 195; 137; Red Bull Air Race 234; road races 234 $KI/CEU UGGCNUQ castles; UQTVKPIOQXKPIYKVJ assassinations 113; %JCORKQPUJKR #VJNGVKEUE[ENKPI 234–235 $KIUVWHH 98–99, 100–101 churches EJTQOQUQOGU bank heists 221; Bond UQNCTRQYGTGF #VJNGVKEUVTCEMWNVTC bioluminescence 51 DWNNGVCPVU churches, monolithic 96 XKNNCKPUOWTFGTGTU UGGǡCNUQ flight 232–233 biomes 40, 41 bulls 66 circumnavigation: aerial TQDQVUUVQNGPairships 175 Atlantic Ocean crossings 76, bionic body parts 74–75 Bundesliga 224 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, CTVYQTMUalbums & album charts 77, 109, 111, 112, 113, 115, birds: egg clutches 56; bungee jumping 133, 134 117; by balloon 113; crochet hooks 100  116, 117, 167 RTGJKUVQTKEYGKIJV bunny hops 123 cycling 116; driving 111; Crocodiles 54–55, 93Aldrin, Buzz (astronaut) CVQNNUCTEJKRGNCIQU YKPIURCPU DWTIGTU$KI/CEU on foot 110; human- crocodilians 52, 53 10–11 39; reefs 39 57; UGGCNUQKPFKXKFWCN buses 130 RQYGTGFTQYKPI croquet 230algal blooms 43 ATP (Association of Tennis KPFGZGPVTKGU DWVVGTHN[UVTQMG UCKNKPI ETQUUDQYUAll-Star Games 212, 213 Professionals) 223 DKTVJSWCFTWRNGVU via both Poles 110 ETQUUYQTFRW\\NGUŤalligators 54 auctions: art 174–175; UKDNKPIDKTVJYGKIJVU C circuses 126 ETQYFCVVGPFCPEGUURQTVUCNRJCDGVU books 176; chocolate ”test-tube dogs” 65 EKVKGUYCNNGF matches 222, UGGCNUQAlpine Ski World Cup 230 bars 90; internet DKVGHQTEGCPVUDKIECVU ECDDCIGU clean sheets (soccer) 224, Mass participationCNVKVWFGNCUGTRQYGTGF auctions 174; vinyl 52; crocodiles 55 caber tossing 94 225 ETQYFHWPFKPI craft 202; predators 52; TGEQTFU $K\CTTGIGQNQI[ 36–37 ECEVK ENKHHUFKXKPI ETQYPHNCUJGU spiders 61 Australian Open 223 candles 9, 92 LWORKPI crushing, eggs 120COCTCPVJWU authors 177 Black holes 26–27 cannon 201 climbing: mountains 76, cryovolcanism 21, 25Amazon River 116 #WVQURQTVU 220 blind mountain climbers 112 cannonball concretions 36 109, 110, 111, 114, 116, ET[RVKEETQUUYQTFUAmerican football 210; autographs 54 blindfolded: assembling canoeing: slalom 229; sprint URGGFENKODKPI EWEWODGTU earnings 209 autopsies 99  EWRECMGOQUCKEUamphitheatres 169 CXQECFQU Mr Potato Head 124; 229; transatlantic 117 ENKODKPIYCNNU curling 241ancestors, man’s 25 CYCTFU')16YKPPGTU DCUMGVDCNNUJQVU canopy rafts 40 clocks 60; faces 169; EWTVCKPYCNNUandroids 109, 193, 'OO[#YCTFU catching things 121, ECPVCNQWRGOGNQPU RGPFWNWOENQEMU %WVVKPIGFIGUEKGPEG UGGǡCNUQǡRobots .CWTGPEG1NKXKGT#YCTFU 123; chess games 145; canyons 20, 37 clogs 100 204–205#PINQ5CZQPVTGCUWTG 177; Nickelodeon Kids’ juggling 124; Rubik’s car production factories clones 192, 216 %[ENKPI 221; BMX bikingANIMALS 44–67; animal %JQKEG#YCTFU Cube 124, 142; tightrope %NQWFU 34–35 219; circumnavigation trails 24; captive 52, 53, Nobel prizes 154; Oscars YCNMKPI TQDQVUŤ 116; exercise bikes 127; 54, 66; clones 192, 216; 8KUWCN'HHGEVU DNWGYJCNGU caravans, LEGO® 153 %NWDUQEEGT 224 mountain biking 221; collections 93; common 5QEKGV[#YCTFU BMX biking 219 carnivores 47; dinosaurs 63; EQDYGDU races 204, 221, 235; names 53; fantastic UGGCNUQ medals board games: chess code-breaking 139 team pursuits 235; beasts 66–67; LEGO® 144–145; Monopoly 143; feline 47 coins 125; chocolate 91 Tour de France 204, 153; man-killers 52–53, B 5ETCDDNG6YKUVGT carnivorous plants 42–43 EQNGWU WPFGTYCVGT 54; pantomime animals boats & ships: 3D printed ECTTQVU EQNNCTFU unicycles 95, 111, 113; 94; sculpture 201; DCDQQPU CTVKƒEKCNTGGHU cars: 3D printed 194; car Collections 92–93 unpaced standing start venomous 45, 49; zoos backflips: bicycle 219; DCVVNGUJKRU collections & memorabilia: 235 134; UGGCNUQKPFKXKFWCN UJKRYTGEMU8KMKPI EJCUGUECTUCNGU cyclones 33 KPFGZGPVTKGU OKETQUEQQVGTYJKNG YCVGTUMKGTVQYKPI 206; circumnavigation #EVKQP/CP$CTDKG cypress trees 57CPKOCVGFOQXKGUŤ UYQTFUYCNNQYKPI 134, UGGCNUQTQYKPI FTKXGPQPVYQYJGGNU dolls 149; &CTM'[G 92;Annapurna 109 backstroke 229 sailing 130; driverless 193; jet- dioramas 149; &QEVQT Danti-lasers 203 DCEMYCTFUDCUMGVDCNN bobble hats 9 RQYGTGFNCPFURGGF 9JQ 92; .WRKPVJG6JKTFAnts 48–49 shots 102; motorcycle $QF[GZVTGOGU 80–81 records 191; loop-the- 92; 5M[NCPFGTU 93; 5VCT FCHHQFKNUCRRNGU riding 131 loops 131; model cars 9CTU5YCOR Daleks 96CRRU baked beans 121 $QF[OQFKƒGTU 72–73 142, 143, 201; in movies 6JKPIVQ[UQNFKGTU FCOUCSWCVKECPVU DCNCPEKPIEJCKPUCYU body painting 94 RWNNGF colonies, ants 49 dance: line dancing 9;CSWGFWEVU eggs 120; ice-cream $QF[RCTVU 70–71 restrained 130; rolling EQNQWTKPIDQQMUarcade cabinets 154 UEQQRUUQEEGTDCNNU DQF[RKGTEKPIU UVGCORQYGTGF columns, ants 49 zumba 95archery 230 122; spoons 120; sugar body slides 166 stunts 130, 131; valuable comebacks: golf 217; rugby dancing mania 103arches, rock 36, 37 cubes 120 bodybuilders 77 YJGGNKGU 222 FCPFGNKQPUarchipelagos 39 Ball skills 102–103 DQIUPQTMGNNKPI UGGCNUQ driving EQOGFKCPU &CTM'[G 92arms: dinosaurs 63; ballooning 113 bones 70, 71; broken 131; ECTVQQPUCYCTFU EQOGF[UJQYU darts 230, 241 octopuses 51; balloons: popping 122, 202, cartoon character ;QW6WDGǡ Darvaza Crater 29 TQDQVKEǡǡ YCVGTDCNNQQPU implants 74; tattoos 73 VCVVQQU68 books: auctions 176; ECUJGYVTGGU ETQUUYQTFDQQMU246 Index

deaths: animal attacks &,UHGOCNG (CEVQITCRJKEŤ2KEVWTGVJKUБ frogs 93 Harry Potter 96 J 52, 54; assassinations pop stars 179; gamers HTWKVU hatchlings 54 113; earthquakes 112; IQNHGTU 84–85 HWEJUKC head spins 9 jade 92 hanging judges 121; killer 217; movie actors 172, HWNNDQF[DWTPUŤ heading balls 102, 103 jaguars 52 robots 192; murders VGPPKURNC[GTU (CEVQITCRJKEŤ5EKƒXU heart transplants 195 ,COGU$QPFOQXKGU TQCFVTCHƒE 68UGGCNUQ 132 hedge mazes 164 LCXGNKPVJTQYKPI Shakespeare plays 177; DQZǡQHƒEGYGCNVJ science 192–193 fungi 43 JGKIJVCPKOCNU jelly babies 120 terrorist acts 219 GCTUGCTJCKTHNGUJ jelly beans 120 tunnels 72; pulling Factographic – Sport’s big G DWKNFKPIUŤ Jenga 125, 152decathlons 227, 235 YGKIJVUYKVJ 225; domino structure jet engines, 3D-printed 195deep notes 27 '#46* 28–43; 3D Earth map hitters 208–209 galaxies 205; galactic 146; mountains 106; LKIUCYRW\\NGUdeep-sea creatures 51 201; distant images of ū(CKNXKFGQŬEJCPPGN collisions 27 RGQRNGRNCPVU John O’Groats to Land’sdeforestation 41 214; Earth-like planets families: adoptees 79; helicopters 112, 114detective novels 144 19; farthest humans gaming: consoles 196; heptathlon 234, 235 'PFdiabolo 123 from 197; geology EQODKPGFCIGU controllers 196; JGTDKXQTQWUOQPMG[U ,1740';5 104–117;diamond dust 34 36–37; images from HCOKN[DWUKPGUUGU interactive gaming toys herbivorous spiders 60–61Diamond Race 227 space 24; impacts leap-year generations 6YKVEJXKFGQU hexagons 24 /KPGETCHV 155, UGGCNUQdiamonds 157 on 161; penetrations NKXKPIIGPGTCVKQPU UGGCNUQKPFKXKFWCN hexapus 51 circumnavigation; polardigital storage 205 of Earth’s crust 210; UKDNKPIUUGGCNUQ KPFGZGPVTKGUHQTICOGU *KIIUDQUQP expeditions&KPQUCWTU62–63 YGCVJGTŤ married couples JKPFNGIYCNMKPIFQIU judo 215dioramas 149 earthquakes 226; death (COKN[XCNWGU 78–79 gamma-ray bursts 26–27 horses 67 juggling: balls 124; diabolodiscus 235 tolls 112 gape 69 history books 69 ƒTGENWDURKPIdismissals (cricket) 216 Easter eggs 91 Fantastic beasts 66–67 garbage clear-ups 106 hockey 231, 241; lessons 95, pong balls 103; soccer&KUPG[Ť eating: baked beans 121; feathered dinosaurs 63 )CTFGPIKCPVU 88–89 UGGCNUQ +EGJQEMG[ balls 103, 122FKXKPIENKHHFKXKPI $KIǡ/CEUETGCO HGCVWTGƒNOU gardens: botanical gardens *QNN[YQQF9CNMQH(COG LWORKPICETQUUDGVYGGP crackers 120; Ferrero fecundity 50 JQOGTWPUDCUGDCNN 5YKUUDCNNUCPVU competitive 229, Rocher 121; lemons FedEx Cup 217 111; fruit & vegetables 211 49; bungee jumping 133, 236; FINA World 121; M&Ms/Smarties HGGVDGGTDQVVNGQRGPKPI ŤITGGPYCNNU homelessness 33 134; cats 64; cliff jumps Championships 229; 120; onions 121; pasta mazes 164, 165 hominids 33, 37; footprints JKIJLWOR HTGGFKXKPIKPVQƒTG 121; peas 121; rice 121; TQVCVKQP ICTNKE 36 llamas 67; long jump 133; scuba diving 135; UYGGVEQTP Ferrero Rocher 121 ICUYCTHCTG horns: cattle 66; goats 66; 234, 235; parachute UJCNNQYFKXKPI Ebola 204, 229 FIFA Beach Soccer World genus: ants 49; crocodiles human 73, 130; sheep 66 jumps 164, 227; pogo WPFGTKEGYCVGTHCNN 'FKVQTŨUNGVVGT 4–5 54; octopuses 50; horses 93, 132; dressage stick 122; ramp jumps diving 134 education, mass 95 Cup 225 QYNU JKPFNGIYCNMKPI 130, 131; triple jump 234,&KXKPIKEGUMCVKPI egg clutches 56 FIFA marathons 154 geodesic domes 160 67; hybrids 66; rocking YCVGTUMKLWORU 236–237 eggs 120; crocodilians 54; FIFA Women’s World Cup 225 geology 36–37 horses 143divorce 205 dinosaurs 63; Easter FIFA World Cup 207, 225 geysers, nitrogen 25 JQTUGUJQGU K&,U eggs 91 ƒIU G.I. Joe 149 JQVFQIUDNA diagnostic machines ')16YKPPGTU ƒIWTGUMCVKPI giraffes 93 JQWUGUFQNNUŨJQWUGU MCNG 200 elements 30 ƒNOUsee Movies glaciers 21 geodesic 160; LEGO® karate 215&164;6*+5#6*1/' elephants 93 FINA World Championships glass dome hotel rooms DTKEMURWNNGF MCVCDCVKEYKPFU 118–127 GOCKNU 160 hula hoops 9, 122 MGVEJWR&QVT[VJKUCVJQOGKP[QWT 'OO[#YCTFU  INCUUURQPIGTGGHU Hulk, the 97 kettlebells 127 DCEM[CTF 122–123 empires 67, 77 ƒPIGTPCKNU glass-block labyrinths 165 JWOCPRQYGTGFXGJKENGU Kickstarter pledges 196, 197&QVT[VJKUCVJQOGKP[QWT 'PIKPGGTKPI 158–159 ƒTGŤECPFNGU INWVGPHTGGRK\\CU (HPVs) 221 Killer plants 42–43 bedroom 124–125 '0)+0''4+0) goals: basketball 212; ice *7/#05 68–81; 3D-printed King Lear 176&QVT[VJKUCVJQOGKP[QWT #4%*+6'%674' 156–169; diving into 133; full-body hockey 213; netball 231; CTVKƒEKCNDQF[ MKVGUWTƒPI I[O 126–127 domes 160–161; mazes DWTPŤ soccer 224, 225 GZVTGOGUŤDQF[ kneeling basketball shots&QVT[VJKUCVJQOGKP[QWT ŤYCNNUŤ hoops 133; long-burning goats 66 OQFKƒECVKQPUŤ kitchen 120–121 YCVGTRCTMUŤsee UWTƒPIYJKNGQP gold 30 body parts 70–71; 102&QEVQT9JQ 92 CNUQ buildings ƒTGVQTEJGU )QNH 217GCTPKPIU HCOKNKGUŤJQOKPKFU K’Nex sculpture 152doctorates 132 engineering truss YCNNQHƒTG 217; street golf 219; 33, 36; medical miracles knitting needles 100dodgeball 241 HTCOGYQTM ƒTGENWDU YQOGPŨU 74–75 Komodo dragons 44–45FQIUUEQQVKPI English Channel 76 ƒTGYKEMU golf balls 124; autographed hurdles 232, 233 korfball 241 UMCVGDQCTFKPI 'RKEGPIKPGGTKPI 168–169 ƒTGDTGCVJKPI 92; hits on a golf club hurling 230, 241 YCVGTTGVTKGXKPI espresso machines 104 ƒTGRTQQHRNCPVU 102 hurricanes 33 LFQNNU Everest see /QWPV'XGTGUV ƒUJTQDQVU golf tees 100 hybrid animals 52, 53, 66FQNNUŨJQWUGU excrement, dinosaurs 63 flags, national 117 González, David Liaño La Liga 224Domes 160–161 exercise bikes 127 flapping 9 (mountain climber) 107 I labyrinths 164, 165domino effect 146–147 'ZRNQTCVKQPŤ flared slopes 36 IQQUGDGTTKGU lacrosse 230dominoes 146, 147 Explorers Grand Slam 113 flesh tunnels 72 Grand Prix 220 IAAF Athletics Golden land-speed records 155,&10Ũ664;6*+5#6*1/' explosions: methane 37; flight: circumnavigation Grand Slam (tennis) 223 League 227 128–137 OQXKGUVWPVU 109, 111, 112, 113, 117; Grand Tours (cycling) 221 &QPŨVVT[VJKUCVJQOG 'ZVTCUQNCTRNCPGVU 18–19 GCTN[ grandmasters 144 IAAF Athletics World NCPIWCIGUCNRJCDGVU ƒTGǡ132–133 'ZVTGOGURQTVU 218 NCUGTRQYGTGFQXGT ITCRGHTWKVU Championships 226&QPŨVVT[VJKUCVJQOG G[GUQEMGVUNKHVKPIYGKIJVU Everest 172; reduced- grapes 9 YTKVVGP performers 136–137 136 ITCXKV[HNKIJV ITCXKVCVKQPCNYCXGU KEGDCTGHQQVTCEKPIQP laptops, 3D-printed 195&QPŨVVT[VJKUCVJQOG G[GDTQYJCKT transatlantic 167; zero- ITCXKV[ITCXKV[FCOU diving under 135; ice Lasers 202–203; X-ray free- vehicles 130–131 eyes: bionic 75; eyeball gravity flight 76–77, see TGFWEGFQT\GTQ UYKOOKPITWPPKPI&QPŨVVT[VJKUCVJQOG RTQVTWUKQPURKFGTU CNUQ aircraft; spaceflight Great Ball Contraption QPUYKOOKPIWPFGT electron lasers 205 water 134–135 flips: bicycles 219; (GBC) 146 135; tardigrade survival .CWTGPEG1NKXKGT#YCTFU&QY,QPGU+PFWUVTKCN F micro scooters 123; Great Wall of China 162 YJGGNKGUQPKEG Le Mans 24-hour race 220 Average 223 trampolines 123 green flash mirage 32 leap-year generations 79&TCIQP$CNN 96 F1 races 220 floorball 241 ITGGPYCNNU ice ages 20 leapfrog 9dragons 92 fabrics, 3D-printed 195 HNQYGTU IWPUVQ[RKUVQNƒIJVU +EGJQEMG[ 213; NGGMUdressage 230 face: facial piercings 72; HNQYTKFKPIYCXGU 143 .GIGPFQH<GNFC6JG154FTGUUKPIWRŤ fluorescence 42 )94&C[ 8–9 marathons 241 LEGO® 125, 140–141, cosplay 96–97 flesh tunnels 72 flybys 25 ice plumes 25drinking: ketchup 121; Facebook 42; likes 179 fog buildings 169 H ice storms 33 Ť/KPKƒIWTGU mustard 121 Factographic – Animals Food 86–87; crops 42; fruit KEGUYKOOKPI driving: circumnavigation XGIGVCDNGUŤ *CFƒGNF%JTKUCUVTQPCWV KEGETGCOUEQQRU NGOQPU 111; driverless cars 46–47 UWTXKXCNYKVJQWVsee 12–13, 22 +/#: leopards 52, 53 193; parallel parking 9; (CEVQITCRJKEŤ$QF[RCTVU CNUQ eating CPFKPFKXKFWCN implants 74 lessons 9, 95 stunts 130, UGGCNUQ cars; KPFGZGPVTKGU JCKTDGCTFUGCT KPXKVTQ fertilization 65 life-saving 65 motorsport 70–71 foosball 143 JCKTG[GDTQYJCKT Indian Ocean crossings ligers 52drones 220 (CEVQITCRJKEŤ'CTVJ 30–31 football: table football OQWUVCEJGU light bulbs 147drought-resistant animals (CEVQITCRJKEŤ'PIKPGGTKPI 143, UGGCNUQ American 112, 115 light pulses 204  football; soccer hamburgers 93 Indianapolis 500 220 lightning rods 124dumbbells 126 158–159 footprints 36 Hamlet 176 KPUGEVUCPVUŤUVKPIU lightning, volcanic 32 (CEVQITCRJKEŤ'XGTGUV forests: rainforests 40–41; JCOOGTVJTQYU Ligue 1 224E reserves 40; ”stone VCVVQQU NKOGU 106–107 forests” 36 videogames 155 internal combustion line dancing 9earnings: artists 174; (CEVQITCRJKEŤ.')1QNQI[ HQTVYCNNU hamsters 66 lions 52, 53 CVJNGVGUŤ HQTYCTFHNKRU hand, holding in one, tennis engines 155 lip plates 72 EGNGDTKV[EQWRNGU 140–141 HQUUKNUEQDYGDU internal decapitation 75 lipstick sculpture 9 EJGHUEQOGFKCPU Factographic – The Moon coprolites 63; spiders 60 balls 123 International soccer 225 NK\CTFU franchises, movie 173 handball 230 internet auctions 174 llamas 67 16–17 freefall parachute jumping JCPFURTQUVJGVKE KPVGTXKGYUOKFOCVEJ loop-the-loops 131, 142 (CEVQITCRJKEŤ/QXKGOQPG[ 227 ion collisions 205 love songs 59 HTGGUV[NGUYKOOKPI rotating balls on back KUNCPFUCTVKƒEKCNCVQNNU LPGA Championship 217 172–173 229 of 103 NWPEJDQZGU French City Pro Tour 219 JCPIINKFKPI  .WRKPVJG6JKTF 92 fringing reefs 39 hanging judges 121 NWRKPU frisbee/flying disc 122 haptic devices 197 guinnessworldrecords.com 247

INDEXM Monopoly boards 143 VJGOGUQPIUUKPINGU paper money 92 possums 66–67 Robin Hood 96 OQPQYJGGNU UKPINGUEJCTVU parachute jumps 164; posters 99 Robots 198–199; 3D-printedM&Ms 120 OQPUVGTVTWEMU UVTGCOKPI RQVCVQGUmacroscopic organisms 21 179; videos 12, 13, 179, freefall 227 pottery kilns 45 194; androids 109, 193;OCIC\KPGU 130, 212  RCTCINKFKPI RQYGTUVCVKQPU CTTGUVGFEJGHUmagic 95 monuments 169 OWUKEXKFGQU parallel parking 9 RQYGTVQQNU industrial productionmailboxes 101 The Moon 16–17; landings in space 12, 13 Paralympics 226 prayer mazes 164 TQDQVUŤMKNNGTmammals 46 musical instruments: parliaments 91 predators 52 robots 192; quadrupedsmammoths 153 10, 77, 109, 196 prehistoric 39, 44; parrots 67 RTGFCVQT[UVTKMGU 4WDKMŨU%WDGman-killing animals: big moons 20, 24, 25 WMWNGNGU RCTUNG[ prehistoric life: art 40; birds solving by 142, 199; moonscape paintings 174 OWUKECNU RCTUPKRU UPCMGUUQEKCNKP cats 52–53; crocodiles mortar and pestle 99 mustard 121 particle colliders 205 FKPQUCWTU URCEGYCNMKPI 54 OQUCKEUEWRECMGU passes: American football 62–63; food crops 42; rockets 16, 95; 3D-printedman-made objects in space N footprints 36; hominids parts 195; landings 204 112, 177 M&Ms 120 UQEEGT5YKUU 33, 36, 37; musical rocking chairs 100manatees 66 MotoGP 220 NASCAR 220 ball 127 instruments 39, 44 rocking horses 143OCPIQGU motorcycles: 3D-printed National Baseball Hall of pasta 121 Premier League 224 Rodin, Auguste (sculptor)mangrove forests 40 patents 153 Presidents Cup 217 175mantles 50 195; long-distance Fame 211 RC[RGTXKGY primates 59 4QOCPYCNNUmaps: 3D Earth map 201; journeys 111; natural disasters 226 peace treaties 62, 102 prime numbers 204 TQUGU extrasolar planets 19 OQPQYJGGNU PCXCNDCVVNGU RGCEJGU prosthetics 74–75 Rosie the Riveter 96marathons: chess 144; quarterpipes 130; riding necks, dinosaurs 62 RGCTU RWDNKECVKQPUOCIC\KPGU rotations, hula hoops 122 exercise bikes 127; DCEMYCTFUVKIJVTQRG netball 230, 231; marathons peas 121 PGYURCRGTRTKPVTWPU TQYKPIEKTEWOPCXKICVKQP HCOKNKGU(+(# 154; crossing 136; tunnels pedal boats 112 150; periodicals 119, 109; competitive 229, RWPEJDCIUTQYKPI QHƒTGYJGGNKGU 241 peeling: bananas 120; UGGǡCNUQ books 236; mother-daughter machines 126; running 130, 131 PGVYQTMKPIEJGUU lemons 121; onions 121 pull-ups 9 team 113; ocean 234; sports 233, 234, motorsport 220; earnings RGPFWNWOENQEMU RWNNGFRQTM crossings 76, 109, 112, 241; table football 143; 209; motor-racing computers 144; social penguins 9, 93 pumas 52, 53 113, 115, 117 YCNMKPI circuits 9; sibling PGVYQTMUsee6YKVEJ pentathlon 234 RWORMKPU TQYKPIOCEJKPGUmargin of victory (soccer) competitors 79 6YKVVGT8KPG9GKDQ RGRRGTU punchbags 127 Rube Goldberg machines 224 Mount Everest 30, 76, neutral buoyancy pools 23 periodicals 119 RWRRGVOQXKGU 147marine reserves 39 106–107, 109, 110, 112, 0GY9QTNFEKXKNK\CVKQPU pétanque 241 push-ups 127 Rubik’s Cube 124, 142;/CTKQ5QPKECVVJG1N[ORKE  0GY9QTNFOQPMG[U Peter Pan 97 puzzle-solving: code- robotic solution 142, 199 )COGU 155 mountain biking 221 PGYURCRGTRTKPVTWPU RGVWPKCU DTGCMKPIETQUUYQTF 4WID[ 222; siblingOCTOQUGVU mountain climbing 76, 107, NFL (National Football PGA Championship 217 puzzles 150–151; competitors 79married couples: 109, 110, 111, 114, 116, League) 210 pharaohs 56 4WDKMŨU%WDGYQTNF 4WPPKPIQPCNNHQWTU CIITGICVGCIGDQF[ DNKPFENKODGTU Niagara Falls 142 pharmacology 40 championships 151 marathons 234; mile OQFKƒECVKQPUFKXQTEG 112 Nickelodeon Kids’ Choice photographs 136; green 2W\\NGU 150–151 TQCFTCEGU 205; polar expeditions mountains: Annapurna 109; #YCTFU HNCUJOKTCIGUGNƒGU pyramids 55, 169; coins treadmills 126, UGGCNUQ 113; siblings 79 Everest 30, 76, 106–107, PKIJVOQPMG[U 11, 12, 137, 196, 197 125; dominoes 147; sprintingmarsupials 66–67 109, 110, 112, 117, 171, Nobel prizes 154 RJQVQU[PVJGUKU YCVGTUMKKPIR[TCOKFU 4WPUDCUGDCNN RNCPGVCT[TCPIGU 0QKUGOQPMG[UTQCTU 2KEVWTGVJKUБ 84–85 134 cricket 216Martial arts 215 5GXGP5WOOKVU 53, 55; shouting 119; RKGTEKPIUmaser 203 110, 111, 112, 114, UKTGPUURKFGTU piggy banks 99 Q SMass participationŤ 116, 117; Triple Seven XQNECPKEGTWRVKQPU pigs 93 Summits 117 North Pole 110, 111, 112, pills, 3D-printed 194–195 qasars 27 sabre-toothed cats 52 94–95; cosplay 96–97; mousers 64 113, 162 pilots 76 quad bikes 132 sailing: circumnavigation FTGUUKPIWRŤ mousetraps: released on PQUGURTKOCVGU RKPGDQCTFUDTGCMKPI SWCFTWRNGVU human domino line 146; tongue 147; triggering spinning balls on 102 ping-pong balls 103, 125 quantum entanglement 204 URGGF UGNƒGTGNC[EJCKPsee 147 NRL (National Rugby pinnipeds 47 quarterpipes 130, 219 transatlantic 111, 115 CNUQETQYFCVVGPFCPEGU moustache clouds 35 League) 222 RKTCVGFOQXKGU “sailing stones” 36matchsticks 9 OQWUVCEJGU PWENGCTRQYGTGFURCEGETCHV RKTCVGF68UJQYU R UCNVYCVGTETQEQFKNGUmaths lessons 95 mouth: gape 69; juggling 24 pitcher plants 43 sand angels 94 RKPIRQPIDCNNUYKVJ number problems 150 pitchforks 100 rabbits 67, 93; chocolate 91 UCPFYKEJGUMazes 164–165 OQWVJECVEJKPIYKVJRKPI numbers, prime 204 RK\\CUINWVGPHTGG radar experiments 21 Santa Claus: chocolate 90;Meccano 153 pong balls 125 planets 15; density 30; radio patents 153 cosplay 97mechanical puzzles 150 mouth, holding in the: O GZVTCUQNCTŤ radio-controlled toys 142, UCVGNNKVGUmedals: AIBA World apples 136; candles 9; planetary missions 20, UCWUCIGU grapes 9 ocean crossings: aerial 167; RNCPGVCT[TKPIU 196 scalp transplants 74 Boxing Championships OQXKGCEVQTUGCTPKPIU by boat 76, 109, 112, 113, 24; Pluto 20–21, UGGCNUQ TCFKUJGU 5EJOKFV5VKPI2CKP+PFGZ 214; FINA World GZRGPUKXGN[FTGUUGF ŬYCNMKPIŬ '#46* TCKNVWPPGNU 5EKƒXUUEKGPEG 192–193 %JCORKQPUJKRU YQTMKPIVKGU 111 plants: carnivorous 42–43; rainfall 33; red rain 32 5%+'0%'6'%*01.1); 229; IAAF Athletics /QXKGOQPG[ 172–173 HNQYGTUHTWKV Rainforests 40–41 190–205; 3D printing World Championships Movies 182–185; animations oceans 36; coral reefs XGIGVCDNGUŤ rallies (tennis) 102 194–195; consumer 226; Summer X Games ŤDNCEMJQNGU ŤOCPPGFFGUEGPVU ITGGPYCNNUJGKIJV ramp jumps 130, 131 technology 196–197; 219; UCI Track World portrayal of 26; box  QTEJKFU raptors 63 lasers 202–203, UGGCNUQ Championships 221, see QHƒEG pharmacological 40; rats 93 Robots CNUQCYCTFU ECT 1EVQRWUGU 50–51 poisonous 42, 43; roses reading 9 UEKGPEGƒEVKQPOQXKGUmedical devices, 3D-printed EJCUGUEQORWVKPI oils 19 UGGCNUQ trees reading glasses 105 scissors 201 194 RQYGTWUCIG 1NF/CUVGTFTCYKPIU plastic bricks: sculpture 4'%14&1.1); 82–103 UEQQVKPImedical diagnostic digital visual effects 1NF9QTNFOQPMG[U 152, UGGCNUQ LEGO® Red Bull Air Race Scrabble 150 machines 200 &KUPG[Ť 1NFGUV 76–77 plastics 143 scuba diving 135 GCTN[HGCVWTGƒNOU Olympic Games 65 playing cards 125 %JCORKQPUJKR sculpture: animal 201;Medical miracles 74–75 160; franchises 173; One-Day International (ODI) 2NC[OQDKNƒIWTGU Red Bull Cliff Diving World art sales 175; cheesemedicine balls 127 +/#:UETGGPKPIU plays 176–177 UEWNRVWTGEJQEQNCVGmedicines, 3D-printed ,COGU$QPFOQXKGU series 216 RNC[YTKIJVU 5GTKGU 90, 91; human 200; K’Nex 1UECTURKTCVGF QPKQPU plesiosaurs 62 red rain 32 152; life-size statues 73; 194–195 RTQƒVCDKNKV[RTQNKƒE QTDYGCXGTURKFGTU RNWOU Reefs 38–39CTVKƒEKCN lipstick 9; microscopicOGNQPU RTQFWEVKQPTGXKGYU orbits: of comets 205; 2NWVQ 15, 20–21 relay races: running 234; 201; modelling balloonsOGOQTKCNYCNNU UEKGPEGƒEVKQP pogo sticks 122 152, 153; plastic bricksmeteoroids 161 Shakespeare movies RNCPGVUUCVGNNKVGU poison: animals 45, 49, 60; sprinting 226, 232, 233; 152; tyre sculpture 101methane craters 29, 37 177; silent movies  plants 43; spiders 60; UYKOOKPI UGCYCNNUmice 93 UQWPFVTCEMU QTEJKFU trees 42 Rembrandt 175 seas, dry 34micro scooters 123 UVWPVUVTCKNGTU organs, bodily 70, 71; polar expeditions: North remote-controlled model 5GIYC[microlights 112 XKFGQU8KUWCN donors 74; transplants Pole 110, 111, 112, 113, vehicles 142, 196 UGNƒGUTGNC[EJCKPUmimicry 50 'HHGEVU5QEKGV[#YCTFU 74, 75, 195 114, 162; South Pole 109, reserves: forest 40; UGNƒGUVKEMU/KPGETCHV  1UECTU 111, 112, 113, 115, 116; OCTKPGǡ KPǡURCEGminerals 30 Mr Potato Head 124 ostrich dinosaurs 62 Three Poles Challenge restaurants 123 senior citizens: bodyMLB (Major League MRI machines 200 overcontact binaries 27 112, 114 TGXKGYUOQXKGU RKGTEKPIU murals 162 Owls 56–57, 93 pole positions 220 rice 121 EGPVGPCTKCPU Baseball) 211 murderers 116, UGGCNUQ pole vault 234 TKEGETCEMGTU tattoos 72, 77, UGGCNUQMLS (Major League Soccer) assassinations P RQNGUKVVKPI rings, planetary 24 1NFGUV muscles 70, 71 pool 241 rivers 41; river basins Serie A 224 224 /WUKE 178–181; albums & 2#%/CP maze 165 popes 120 40–41; tributaries 41 sesamoid bones 71moas 153 CNDWOEJCTVU 2CEKƒE1EGCPETQUUKPIU portable toilets 147 TQCFYCNMKPI Seven Summits 110, 111,model vehicles 142, 143, EQORQUGTU roads: Pan-American 112, 114, 116, 117 HGUVKXCNUOQXKG 112, 115 *KIJYC[TQCFVTCHƒE 201 paintings 174–175 deaths 145modelling balloons: palaces 104 roars: big cats 53; 2CP#OGTKECP*KIJYC[ crocodilians 55 LEGO®/KPKƒIWTGU pandemics 101 sculpture 152, 153 pantomime animal races 94money: coins 125; paper 92; RCRC[CVTGGU piggy banks 99 paper aircraft 124/QPMG[U 58–59, 93248 Index

Shakespeare 176–177 South Pole 109, 111, 112, stock market: collapses theatres 66; domes 161; VYGTMKPI 9CVGTURQTVU 229, UGGCNUQUJCTGRTKEGU 113, 114, 115, 116 213; indexes 223; share Shakespeare plays 6YKUVGTICOG ECPQGKPIFKXKPITQYKPIshearing 67 RTKEGU 176–177 6YKVEJ UWTƒPISwimmingUJGGRJQTPUYQQN 52#%' 14–27; black holes 6YKVVGTHQNNQYGTUships see boats & ships 26–27; civilians in 190; stolen objects 163 VJGOGRCTMU YCVGTHCNNU0KCICTCUJKRYTGEMU cumulative time in 192; ”stone forests” 36 thermometers 200  (CNNUYCVGTHCNNUJQRRKPIOCNNU espresso machines in UVQPGVQQNU thermotolerance 49 tyres 140; tyre sculpture 101 diving 134shot 234, 235 104; geological features Stop press 254–255 VJKUVNGUshouting 119 seen from 36; isolated storm surges 32 Three Poles Challenge U YCVGTOGNQPUUKDNKPIUDKTVJYGKIJV humans 192; man-made straitjackets 136 YCVGTUMKKPIR[TCOKFU objects in 177; music stratus clouds 34 112, 114 UCI Track World EGPVGPCTKCPU XKFGQUUGNƒGU UVTCYDGTTKGU VJTQYKPIEJCKPUCYU Championships 221 VQYKPIYCVGTUMKGTU EQODKPGFCIGU 11, UGGCNUQ Moon; UVTCYUFTKPMKPIVJTQWIJ 134 sibling marriage 79; planets; spaceflight; frisbee/flying disc 122; UEFA Champions League YCXGRQQNU sports competitors 79 121; moving jelly beans YCVGTDCNNQQPU 224 YCXGNGPIVJUNCUGTsieges 114 Spacewalks YKVJ 6KFFN[YKPMU YCXGUHNQYTKFKPIYCXGUsilent movies 169 space hoppers 122 UVTGCOKPI VKIJVTQRGYCNMKPI UEFA Europa League 224 167; gravitational 204silk, spider 61 space probes 24 Street sports 219 blindfolded 136 UEFA European YGCNVJCVJNGVGUVGCOUUKPINGUUKPINGUEJCTVU space stations 12 street golf 219 timekeeping devices 50, 209; cats 64; dogs 65; YQTFEQPVGPV spacecraft 16; 8Q[CIGT and UVTGPIVJ  Championships 225 sports teams 209, see  structures see buildings; VQOCVQGU WMWNGNGU CNUQ earningsUKTGPU 8Q[CIGT 24–25 '0)+0''4+0) VQPIWGUNGPIVJ Ultimate Fighting YGCVJGTŤUMCVGDQCTFKPIFQIU spaceflight: flybys 25; #4%*+6'%674' mousetraps released on YGDU long-distance 115 stunts: cars 130, 131; 136; piercings 72 Championship (UFC) 215 YGDUKVGUUMCVKPIƒIWTGUMCVKPI OCPPGF GZRNQUKQPUOQXKGU VQQNUUVQPG umbrellas 99 9GKDQ 237; speed skating 237 planetary missions 19,  toothpicks 9 WPFGTYCVGTE[ENKPI Weight: birds 35, 47;skeleton costumes 94–95 URCEGETCHV UWDYC[VWPPGNU toppling: books 146; bricks dinosaurs 63; fruit & vegskiing 230; marathons 241; 16, 24–25, UGGCNUQ sudoku 150, 151 146; dominoes 146, 147; spear catching 137; RGQRNG polar expeditions 113; astronauts UWICTECPG portable toilets 147 straitjacket escapes YGKIJVNKHVKPID[G[G YCVGTUMKKPI sugar cubes 120 tornadoes 33 XKGYKPIFQOGU sockets 136; dumbbellsskin, bionic 74 Spacewalks 22–23 suits of armour 110 tortellini 121 YCNMKPI 126; kettlebells 127; onskipping 122, 123 spears 137 UWOQYTGUVNKPI VQWEJFQYPU#OGTKECP unicycles 95, 111, 113, 137 5YKUUDCNNUskull: implants 74; speeches 176 UWPFGYU football) 210 units of measurement 201 9GKIJVNKHVKPI5RQTVU transplants 74 speed: ants 49; cats 64; UWPHNQYGTU Tour de France 204, 221 universe: distant objects in /CTCVJQPU9CVGTUMKKPI5M[NCPFGTU 93, 142 sunglasses 92 Tour de Suisse 221 205, UGGCNUQ 52#%' 240–241skyscrapers 100, 149, ENKODKPIETQEQFKNGU 5WRGT$QYN VQYGTU,GPIC.')1® WPKXGTUKVKGU YGNFKPI Ť 55; freefall 227; human- 5WRGT5OCUJ$TQU$TCYN 155 125; playing cards 125; Utility Terrain Vehicles 9GUV'PFUJQYUUM[YCNMU RQYGTGFXGJKENGU*28U supercentenarians 76, 77 sugar cubes 120 (UTVs) 130 YJGGNDCTTQYUTCEKPIslacklines: soccer ball 221; land-speed records superheroes 96–97; movie VQ[RKUVQNƒIJVU YJGGNEJCKTDCUMGVDCNN control on 103, UGGCNUQ  VTCKNGTU 6Q[UDQCTFICOGU 142–143 V YJGGNKGU VKIJVTQRGYCNMKPI 217; model aircraft 142; surfboards 94 61;5)#/'5 138–155; YJGGNUslam dunks 102 monster trucks 130; UWTƒPIQPƒTGMKVG CEVKQPƒIWTGUFQNNU vaccination 129; Ebola 204 9JGTGŨU9CNN[!ŤUNKEKPINKOGUQPKQPU remote-controlled model UWTƒPITKXGTDQTG ŤEQPUVTWEVKQP Valentine’s Day 90 YJKVGEJQEQNCVGSlinkys 143 vehicles 142; sailing 135; 135; spinning basketballs toys 152–153; interactive XGIGVCDNGUŤUVGYU YJKVGNKIGTUslip and slides 166 videogame completion YJKNG gaming toys 142; venom glands 61 YJKVGNKQPUslot canyons 37 ŤYJGGNKGU surgery: patients 76; puzzles 150–151; radio- venomous animals 45, YKEMGVUETKEMGV5OCNNUVWHH 200–201 speed skating 237 transplants 74, 75, 195; controlled toys 142, 196; YKFQYURKFGTU URKFGTYGDU VTGRCPCVKQP videogames 154–155; 49, 60 YKHHNGDCNN5OCNNVQYPDKIUVWHH 100–101 Spider-Man 96 UWURGPUKQPDTKFIGU YouTube unboxing vertebrates 25 YKNFECVUSmarties 120 Spiders 60–61 5YCOR6JKPI 93 EJCPPGNUUGGCNUQ 8'81 9KNFYGCVJGT 32–33UPCMGUTQDQVUPCMGU spinnerets 60 UYGCVKPITQDQV KPFKXKFWCNKPFGZGPVTKGU Video 188–189; educational YKPFEJKOGUsnooker 230 spinning: basketballs 102, UYGFGU YKPFUMCVCDCVKEUPQYDCTGHQQVTCEKPIQP ƒTGJQQRUJGCF UYGGVRQVCVQGU 6TCEMƒGNF 226 ICOKPIOQXKGU planetary 19, 25 spinning and texting 9; UYGGVEQTP VTCKNGTUCRRUOQXKGU OWUKE YKPFUWTƒPI  hula hoops 122; soccer Swimming 228, 238–239; VTCKNGTUsee YKPIUFKPQUCWTUUPQYNGQRCTFU balls 122 EQORGVKVKXGŤ  CNUQ YouTube YKPIURCPUUPQYDQCTFKPI splits 133 cross-Channel 76; ice trampolines 122, 123 videogame consoles 196 YKPPKPIUVTGCMUUPQYOQDKNGU URQPIGU UYKOOKPIQRGP VTCPUCVNCPVKEECDNGU videogame controllers 196 YQQFRCPGNOC\GUsoccer 224–225; beach spoons 120 YCVGTU[PEJTQPK\GF transfer fees 224 Videogames 154–155; brain YQQN URQTVUVCEMKPI 229; under ice 135 Transformers 149 function 151; collections YQTFUGCTEJRW\\NGU soccer 225; club soccer Sports 206–241; extreme 5YKUUDCNNU transplants 74, 75, 195 93; cosplay 97; earnings YQTMGTCPVU GCTPKPIU URQTVUŤHCVJGT UYQTFUYCNNQYKPI VTCXGNIWKFGU 154; hand-held 202; World Cup (rugby) 222 FIFA World Cup 207, and son team-mates synagogues 76 treadmills 126 LEGO® games 152; World Cup Skateboarding ƒXGCUKFG 222; lessons 9; UGGCNUQ U[PEJTQPK\GFUYKOOKPI VTGCUWTGJQCTFU ;QW6WDGEJCPPGNU 219 international soccer 225; KPFKXKFWCNKPFGZGPVTKGU trees: cypress trees 57; 8KMKPIDQCVU World Puzzle Championship lessons 95; marathons T 8KPG 150 241; passes 122; table Sport’s big hitters 208–209 mazes 165; poisonous XKP[NTGEQTFU World Rally Championship soccer 241; transfer table football 143 42; rainforest trees 41; Visual Effects Society 220 fees 224 5RQTVUTQWPFWR 230–231 table tennis 199, 241 tree-cover loss 41 #YCTFU YTKVVGPNCPIWCIGsoccer balls: “around the 5RQVKH[ tails: dinosaurs 62; dogs 65; VTGRCPCVKQP volcanoes: cryovolcanoes moon” tricks 103, 122; sprinting 77, 224, 226, 232, tribal peoples, uncontacted 21, 25; eruptions 79, X ŬCTQWPFVJGYQTNFŬVTKEMU spikes 62 41 GZVTCVGTTGUVTKCN 103, 122; balanced on 233 tardigrades 205 tributaries 41 21, 24, 25; lightning 32; X Games 219 shin 103; control at stacking: coins 125; tattoos 52, 72–73, 77 tricks: cats 64; dogs 65, volcanic rocks 14 X-rays 27; X-ray free- height 102; control on a tea glass holders 93 UGGǡCNUQ stunts volleyball 241; beach slackline 103; full-volley dominoes 146; Ferrero teapots 201 tries (rugby) 222 volleyball 231 electron lasers 205 rebounds 103; headers Rocher 121; golf balls teeth: dinosaurs 62; Triple Seven Summits 117 8Q[CIGT 24–25 102, 103; juggled 103, URQTVUVCEMKPI trophies, sports 230 Y 122; rolls around the 125; sugar cubes 120, see ƒTGVQTEJVGGVJKPI tropical forest reserves 40 W face 103; spinning 122; CNUQVQYGTU pulling vehicles 130 VTWEMUOQPUVGT yo-yos 101, 124 YCNMKPIYKVJDCNNQP stadiums 169; domes 161 telephones: calls 146; 212; racing 219; ramp YCNMKPIEKTEWOPCXKICVKQP yoga 95 head 103 stair-climbing, dogs 65 cellular phones 192, 200; jumps 130, 131 JKPFNGIYCNMKPI YouTube: band videossociability: big cats 53; 5VCT6TGM 96 VTCPUCVNCPVKEECDNGU truffles, chocolate 91 NQPIFKUVCPEG octopuses 50 5VCT9CTU VGNGUEQRGU VWDGOCVYCVGTUNKFGU 110, 116; marathons HCUJKQPDGCWV[UQEKCNOGFKC6YKVEJ UVCTUCTVKƒEKCN temperate rainforests 40 tunnel-to-tunnel bridges 233; polar expeditions EJCPPGNUNKMGU 6YKVVGT stargazing 95 Tennis 223; aces 223;  111, 112, 113, 115; race OWUKEEJCPPGNU 8KPG9GKDQ Starship 'PVGTRTKUG 201 GCTPKPIU VWPPGNUQHƒTGHNGUJ YCNMKPI 179; music videos 179,UQNCTRQYGT statues: life-size 73; Statue marathons 241; rallies tunnels 72; rail tunnels WPFGTYCVGTQP UWDUETKDGTUSolar System 20, 24, 25 of Liberty 201 102 UWDYC[VWPPGNU YCVGT 68UJQYUUQNFKGTUVQ[ steam engines 127 VGPPKUDCNNU VWTPKRU WPDQZKPIEJCPPGNUSolheim Cup 217 steam locomotives 166, 176 tennis rackets 93 TV 186–187CYCTFU 9CNNU 162–163 video channels 139;soliloquies 176 steeplechase 232 VGPRKPDQYNKPI ECTVQQPUEQOGF[ YCTUFTQPGUICU XKFGQICOGUsoliton clouds 35 steers 66 terrorism 219 UJQYURKTCVGFsomersaults 123 stegosaurs 62 Test matches 216 UJQYUUGTKGU YCTHCTGOGOQTKCN Zsound barrier 227 step boards 127 ”test-tube dogs” 65 UJQYETGCVQTU YCNNUPCXCNDCVVNGUUQWPFVTCEMU Stern, Dr Alan (NASA texting 9 ;QW6WDGXKFGQU RGCEGVTGCVKGU ziggurats 63 scientist) 21 TV remote controls 99 102; sieges 114 zombies 97 stickbombs 146 6YGPV[6 YCVGTŤRNCPGVCT[ zoos 134 UVKEM[TKEGECMGU International 216 230; treading 102 zorbing 94 UVKPIUKPUGEVURNCPVU YCVGTDCNNQQPU zumba 95 stock exchanges 115 YCVGTEQCUVGTU 9CVGTRCTMU 166–167 YCVGTRQNQ YCVGTUNKFGU guinnessworldrecords.com 249

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS© 2016 GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS LIMITEDNo part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, chemical, mechanical, including photography,or used in any information storage or retrieval system without a licence or other permission in writing from the copyright owners.Editor-in-Chief Head of Pictures & Design VP Publishing Cover DevelopmentCraig Glenday Michael Whitty Jenny Heller Paul DeaconSenior Managing Editor Deputy Picture Editor Director of Procurement Cover ProductionStephen Fall Fran Morales Patricia Magill Spectratek Technologies, Inc (Terry Conway and Mike Foster), API LaminatesLayout Editors Picture Researchers Publishing Manager Ltd (Steven Emsley), GT ProduktionRob Dimery, Alice Peebles Saffron Fradley, Wilf Matos Jane Boatfield (Bernd Salewski)Project Editors Talent Researchers Production Assistant ReprographicsBen Hollingum, Adam Millward Jenny Langridge, Victoria Tweedy Thomas McCurdy Res Kahraman at Born GroupGaming Editor Design Production Consultants Original PhotographyStephen Daultrey Christian Gilliham (CGcreate), Roger Hawkins, Dennis Thon Richard Bradbury, Al Diaz, James Ellerker, Paul Wylie-Deacon, Richard Page Carley Garantziotis, Paul Michael Hughes,Proofreading/fact-checking at 55design.co.uk Printing & Binding Ranald Mackechnie, Kevin Scott RamosBen Way, Matthew White MOHN Media Mohndruck GmbH, Artworkers Gütersloh, GermanyIndexer Billy Waqar, Sue Michniewicz,Marie Lorimer Jim Howard, Robin Stannard British Library Cataloguing-in-publication CORPORATE OFFICE #VVTCEVKQPU&GXGNQROGPV/CPCIGT *GCFQH%NKGPV5GTXKEGU data:CECVCNQIWGTGEQTFǡHQTVJKUDQQMKU Global President: #NKUVCKT4KEJCTFU .QWKUGǡ6QOU #OCPFCǡ/QEJCP CXCKNCDNGǡHTQOVJG$TKVKUJ.KDTCT[ 24&KTGEVQT,CMMK.GYKU #EEQWPV/CPCIGTU#NGZ#PIGTV Professional Services 5GPKQT24/CPCIGT&QWIǡ/CNG .KPFUC[ǡ&QTCP.KUC6QDKC)KQXCPPKǡ$TWPC UK: 978-1-910561-3-24 %JKGH(KPCPEKCN1HƒEGT#NKUQPǡ1\CPPG Senior Publicist: /CFCN[Pǡ$KGNHGNF 2TQLGEV/CPCIGT%CUG[&G5CPVKU US 10: 1-910561-33-9 Financial Controller: #PFTGYǡ9QQF $$24/CPCIGT/GNCPKGǡ&G(TKGU 24/CPCIGT-TKUVGP1VV US 13: 978-1-910561-33-1 #EEQWPVU4GEGKXCDNG/CPCIGT.KUCǡ)KDDU ,WNKGVǡ&CYUQP 24%QQTFKPCVQT5QƒC4QEJGT Middle East: 978-1-910561-51-5 Assistant Accountant: ,GUU$NCMG 7-+PVGTPCVKQPCN2TGUU1HƒEGT $$/CTMGVKPI'ZGEWVKXG6CXKCǡ.GX[ Canada: 978-1-897553-48-0 Accounts Payable Assistant: #ODGT)GQTIKPCǡ)KNN 2WDNKUJKPI5CNGU/CPCIGT.KUCǡ%QTTCFQ 8KEVQTKCǡ#YGJ *GCFQH/CTMGVKPI,WUVKPGǡ6QOOG[ 4GEQTFU/CPCIGTU/KEJCGNǡ(WTPCTK 6JKUDQQMKUFGFKECVGFVQVJGOGOQT[QHǡ-GPPGVJ (KPCPEG/CPCIGTU5JCDCPCǡ<CHHCT $$/CTMGVKPI/CPCIGT/CYCǡ4QFTKIWG\ *CPPCJǡ1TVOCP-CKVNKP*QNN4CSWGNǡ#UUKU %TWVEJNQYHQWPFGTQHVJG1EGCPǡ4QYKPI5QEKGV[ &CPKGNǡ4CNRJ $%/CTMGVKPI/CPCIGT%JTKUVGNNGǡ$GVTQPI 5CTCJǡ%CUUQP 6TCFKPI#PCN[UKU/CPCIGT'NK\CDGVJǡ$KUJQR %QPVGPV/CTMGVKPI'ZGEWVKXG *41HƒEG/CPCIGT-GNNKGǡ(GTTKEM 4GEQTFUCTGOCFGVQDGDTQMGPŤKPFGGFKVKUQPGQH *GCFQH.GICN$WUKPGUU#HHCKTU +OGNFCǡ0IQWCNC 1HƒEKCN#FLWFKECVQTU VJGMG[ETKVGTKCHQTCTGEQTFECVGIQT[ŤUQKH[QWƒPF 4C[OQPFǡ/CTUJCNN *GCFQH2WDNKUJKPI5CNGU,QJPǡ2KNNG[ %JTKUVKPCǡ(NQWPFGTUǡ%QPNQP CTGEQTFVJCV[QWVJKPM[QWECPDGCVVGNNWUCDQWVKV .GICN$WUKPGUU#HHCKTU/CPCIGT 5CNGU&KUVTKDWVKQP/CPCIGT 'XGN[Pǡ%CTTGTC,KOO[ǡ%QIIKPU D[OCMKPICTGEQTFENCKO#NYC[UEQPVCEVWUDGHQTG 6GTGPEGǡ6UCPI 4KEJCTFǡ5VGPPKPI /KEJCGNǡ'ORTKE OCMKPICTGEQTFCVVGORV .GICN$WUKPGUU#HHCKTU'ZGEWVKXG .KEGPUKPI/CPCIGT2WDNKUJKPI :KCPI[WP4CDNGP 'OOCǡ&CXKGU JAPAN %JGEMYYYIWKPPGUUYQTNFTGEQTFUEQOTGIWNCTN[HQT *GCFQH*4(CTTGNNC4[CP%QMGT *GCFQH%QOOGTEKCN#EEQWPVU 82,CRCP'TKMCǡ1ICYC TGEQTFDTGCMKPIPGYURNWUXKFGQHQQVCIGQHTGEQTF *4#UUKUVCPV/GJTGGP5CGGF .KEGPUKPI5COǡ2TQUUGT 1HƒEG/CPCIGT(WOKMQ-KVCICYC CVVGORVU;QWECPCNUQLQKPCPFKPVGTCEVYKVJVJG 1HƒEG/CPCIGT,CEMKG#PIWU %QOOGTEKCN#EEQWPV/CPCIGTU &KTGEVQTQH4/6-CQTW+UJKMCYC )WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFUQPNKPGEQOOWPKV[ Director of IT: 4QD*QYG .WEKGǡ2GUUGTGCW,GUUKECǡ4CG 2TQLGEV/CPCIGT#[C/E/KNNCP +6&GXGNQROGPV/CPCIGT,COGUǡ'FYCTFU +PICǡ4CUOWUUGP5CFKGǡ5OKVJ 4GEQTFU/CPCIGTU/CTKMQ-QKMG Sustainability &GXGNQRGT%GPM5GNKO %QOOGTEKCN#EEQWPV'ZGEWVKXG ;QMQǡ(WTW[C 6JGRCRGTWUGFHQTVJKUGFKVKQPKUOCPWHCEVWTGFD[ ,WPKQT&GXGNQRGT.GYKU#[GTU (C[ǡ'FYCTFU &GUKIPGT/QOQMQ%WPPGGP 72/2NCVVNKPI)GTOCP[6JGǡRTQFWEVKQPUKVGJCU &GUMVQR#FOKPKUVTCVQT#KPWNǡ#JOGF %QOOGTEKCN4GRTGUGPVCVKXG+PFKC 5GPKQT245CNGU2TQOQVKQP/CPCIGT HQTGUVEGTVKƒECVKQPCPF KVUQRGTCVKQPUJCXGDQVJ #NRJC5GTTCPV&GHQG 0KMJKNǡ5JWMNC -C\COKǡ-COKQMC +51GPXKTQPOGPVCNOCPCIGOGPVU[UVGO 5824GEQTFU/CTEQ(TKICVVK %QWPVT[/CPCIGT/'0#6CNCN1OCT 24/CPCIGT5CYCMQ9CUCFC CPF'/#5EGTVKƒECVKQPVQGPUWTGUWUVCKPCDNG *GCFQH%CVGIQT[/CPCIGOGPV *GCFQH4/6/'0#5COGT-JCNNQWH &KIKVCN2WDNKUJKPI%QPVGPV/CPCIGT RTQFWEVKQP ,CESWKǡ5JGTNQEM5JCPVJCǡ%JKPPKCJ $$/CTMGVKPI/CPCIGT/'0# 6CMCHWOK5W\WMK 72/2CRGTUCTGVTWG$KQHQTGRTQFWEVURTQFWEGF +PHQTOCVKQP4GUGCTEJ/CPCIGT .GKNCǡ+UUC %QOOGTEKCN5CNGU/CTMGVKPI&KTGEVQT HTQOTGPGYCDNGCPFTGE[ENCDNGOCVGTKCNU %CTKOǡ8CNGTKQ %QOOGTEKCN#EEQWPV/CPCIGT/'0# 8KJCI-WNUJTGUVJC 4GEQTFU/CPCIGTU#FCOǡ$TQYP -JCNKFǡ;CUUKPG 5GPKQT/CTMGVKPI'ZGEWVKXG#UWOKǡ(WPCVUW )WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFU.KOKVGFJCUCXGT[ %QTTKPPGǡ$WTPU5COǡ)QNKP *GCFQH4GEQTFU/CPCIGOGPV'WTQRG #EEQWPV/CPCIGT6CMWTQǡ/CTW[COC VJQTQWIJCEETGFKVCVKQPU[UVGOHQTTGEQTFU 8KEVQTKCǡ6YGGF[6TKRR;GQOCP APAC: $GP$CEMJQWUG 5GPKQT#EEQWPV'ZGEWVKXG XGTKƒECVKQP*QYGXGTYJKNGGXGT[GHHQTVKUOCFGVQ 4GEQTFU%QPUWNVCPVU5COǡ/CUQP 4GEQTFU/CPCIGTU/CTM/E-KPNG[ &CKUWMGǡ-CVC[COC GPUWTGCEEWTCE[)WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFU.KOKVGF 6QOǡ+DKUQP %JTKUVQRJGT.[PEJ/CVKNFC*CIPG #EEQWPV'ZGEWVKXG'XGPV%QQTFKPCVQT ECPPQVDGJGNFTGURQPUKDNGHQTCP[GTTQTUEQPVCKPGF #PVQPKQǡ)TCEKC&CPKGN-KFCPG /KPCOKǡ+VQ KPVJKUYQTM(GGFDCEMHTQOQWTTGCFGTUQPCP[RQKPV Global Brand Strategy %WUVQOGT5GTXKEG/CPCIGTU 1HƒEKCN#FLWFKECVQTU,WUVKPǡ2CVVGTUQP QHCEEWTCE[KUCNYC[UYGNEQOGF 582)NQDCN$TCPF5VTCVGI[5COCPVJCǡ(C[ .QWKUGǡ/E.CTGP,CPGV%TCHHG[ /CKǡ/E/KNNCP4GK+YCUJKVC)WNPC\ǡ7MCUUQXC )WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFU.KOKVGFWUGUDQVJOGVTKE 5GPKQT2TQLGEV/CPCIGT#NCP2KZUNG[ CPFKORGTKCNOGCUWTGOGPVU6JGUQNGGZEGRVKQPUCTG Global Product Marketing 2TQLGEV/CPCIGTU2CWN9KIIKPU GREATER CHINA HQTUQOGUEKGPVKƒEFCVCYJGTGOGVTKEOGCUWTGOGPVU 82)NQDCN2TQFWEV/CTMGVKPI-CVKGǡ(QTFG 2CWNKPCǡ5CRKPUMC President: 4QYCP5KOQPU QPN[CTGWPKXGTUCNN[CEEGRVGFCPFHQTUQOGURQTVU &KTGEVQTQH)NQDCN68%QPVGPV5CNGU 1HƒEKCN#FLWFKECVQTU Commercial Director: $N[VJG(KV\YKNKCO FCVC9JGTGCURGEKƒEFCVGKUIKXGPVJGGZEJCPIG 4QD/QNNQ[ #JOGFǡ)COCNǡ)CDT#PPCǡ1THQTF 5GPKQT#EEQWPV/CPCIGT%CVJGTKPGǡ)CQ TCVGKUECNEWNCVGFCEEQTFKPIVQVJGEWTTGPE[XCNWGU 5GPKQT68&KUVTKDWVKQP/CPCIGT2CWNǡ)N[PP )NGPPǡ2QNNCTF,CEMǡ$TQEMDCPM .GUUKǡ.K VJCVYGTGKPQRGTCVKQPCVVJGVKOG9JGTGQPN[C[GCT 5GPKQT68%QPVGPV'ZGEWVKXG -KODGTNG[ǡ&GPPKU.GPCǡ-WJNOCPP #EEQWPV/CPCIGT%JNQG.KW FCVGKUIKXGPVJGGZEJCPIGTCVGKUECNEWNCVGFHTQO ,QPCVJCPǡ9JKVVQP .QTGP\Qǡ8GNVTK.WEKCǡ5KPKICINKGUK &KIKVCN$WUKPGUU/CPCIGT,CEM[;WCP ǡ&GEQHVJCV[GCTū1PGDKNNKQPŬKUVCMGPVQOGCP &KIKVCN2TQFWEV/CTMGVKPI/CPCIGT 2GVGǡ(CKTDCKTP2TCXKPǡ2CVGN4KUJKǡ0CVJ *GCFQH4/6%JCTNGU9JCTVQP QPGVJQWUCPFOKNNKQP 8GTQPKECǡ+TQPU ɱG[FCǡ5WDCɲŠǡ)GOKEK5QƒCǡ)TGGPCETG 4GEQTFU/CPCIGT#NKEKC<JCQ #RRTQRTKCVGCFXKEGUJQWNFCNYC[UDGVCMGPYJGP Online Editor: -GXKP.[PEJ 5QNXGLǡ/CNQWH5YCRPKNǡ&CPICTKMCT 4GEQTFU%QPUWNVCPV.KUCǡ*QHHOCP CVVGORVKPIVQDTGCMQTUGVTGEQTFU2CTVKEKRCPVU 5QEKCN/GFKC/CPCIGT&CP6JQTPG 'ZVGTPCN4GNCVKQPU/CPCIGT&QPIǡ%JGPI WPFGTVCMGTGEQTFUGPVKTGN[CVVJGKTQYPTKUM &KIKVCN8KFGQ2TQFWEGT/CVV/WUUQP AMERICAS 4GEQTFU/CPCIGT2TQLGEV%QQTFKPCVQT )WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFU.KOKVGFJCUEQORNGVG Online Writer: 4CEJGN5YCVOCP SVP Americas: 2GVGT*CTRGT (C[ǡ,KCPI FKUETGVKQPQXGTYJGVJGTQTPQVVQKPENWFGCP[ $TCPF%QPUWOGT2TQFWEV/CTMGVKPI 82/CTMGVKPI%QOOGTEKCN5CNGU *41HƒEG/CPCIGT6KPC5JK RCTVKEWNCTTGEQTFCVVGORVUKPCP[QHKVURWDNKECVKQPU /CPCIGT.WE[#EƒGNF -GKVJǡ)TGGP 1HƒEG#UUKUVCPV-CVG9CPI $GKPIC)WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFUTGEQTFJQNFGTFQGU &GUKIPGT4GDGEEC$WEJCPCP5OKVJ Director of Latin America: *GCFQH/CTMGVKPI9GPF[9CPI PQVIWCTCPVGG[QWCRNCEGKPCP[)WKPPGUU9QTNF ,WPKQT&GUKIPGT'FYCTF&KNNQP %CTNQUǡ/CTVKPG\ $$/CTMGVKPI/CPCIGT+TKU*QW 4GEQTFURWDNKECVKQP 2TQFWEV/CTMGVKPI#UUKUVCPV8KEVQTǡ(GPGU *GCFQH4/6Ť0QTVJ#OGTKEC /CTMGVKPI'ZGEWVKXG6TCE[%WK -KODGTN[ǡ2CTVTKEM Content Director: #PIGNC9W250 Acknowledgements EMEA & APAC 5GPKQT#EEQWPV/CPCIGTU 1HƒEKCN#FLWFKECVQTU$TKVVCP[&WPP SVP EMEA APAC: 0CFKPG%CWUG[ 0KEQNGǡ2CPFQ4CNRJǡ*CPPCJ ,QCPPG$TGPV,QJP)CTNCPF 82%TGCVKXGPaul O’Neill

Guinness World Records /GVGQTQNQIKECN1TICPKUCVKQP #NGZKC*CPPCJ#O[%GEKNKC*CPPCJ #NGZCPFGT&QOKPKECPF*GPTKGVVC 6QTG5CPF5WUCPPG5EJȘFGNwould like to thank the -CVKG%NCTM2TQH,QJP%QNNKGT *CXGP*QNKFC[U.WE[$CTIGPV5VGXG /CIKNN%JTKUVKCPFG/CTNKCXG 5GETGVCT[)GPGTCN(#+(ȌFȌTCVKQPfollowing for their help %GPVTCN.CUGT(CEKNKV[%TGCVKXG &QPPGNN[CPF&CPP[*KEMUQP$QD %JTKU/CTVKP/KUU[/CVKNFC&CXG #ȌTQPCWVKSWG+PVGTPCVKQPCNGin compiling this edition: 7TDCP2TQLGEVU+PE0GFTC *GCFNCPF6JG*KOCNC[CP&CVCDCUG /E#NGGT2TQH,QJP/QPVGTXGTFK /KNGPC5EJQGV\GT6GCO#UUKUVCPV &CTNKPI$WTGCWQH+PFKCP#HHCKTU 6COUKP*QNOCP/CTUJC-*QQXGT 5CP(TCPEKUEQ5VCVG7PKXGTUKV[ (#+(ȌFȌTCVKQP#ȌTQPCWVKSWG2TQHGUUQT)TGIQT[#DNCXUM[ /TUǡ/ǡ'ǡ&KOGT[/CTEWU&QTUG[ #NCP*QYCTF&QTC*QYCTF6KNN[ 5VGXGP/WPCVQPGU1RGP9CVGT +PVGTPCVKQPCNG&Tǡ0CPE[ǡ5GICN5VCPHQTF.CY5EJQQN*CPU ,QUJWC&QYNKPI4QIGT'FYCTFU *QYCTF%QNKP*WIJGU+PVGITCVGF 5QWTEG)NGP1Ũ*CTC1CMNGKIJ2CTM 0CVCUJC5JGNFQP$KNN5NC[OCMGTǭMGTUVGFV8KEG2TGUKFGPV 01##'TFGP'TWȊ'WTQRGCP %QNQWT'FKVKQPU'WTQRG4QIGT 5EJQQNQH5YKOOKPIGURGEKCNN[ )NGPPǡ5RGGT$KNN5RKPFNGT5RQVKH[$CNNQQPKPI%QOOKUUKQP%+# 5RCEG#IGPE[,WNGU)TCPFUKTG *CYMKPU5WUKG*CYMKPU+PXKUKDNG ,COKG/CVVCPF2QNN[1-)Q #NKUQP$QPP[CPF/CTVKP8CEJGT(#+(ȌFȌTCVKQP#ȌTQPCWVKSWG #NGUUCPFTC8CNNQ$GPLCOKPǡ(CNN /GCPU/CPCIGOGPV&CXKF4QUU $QDDKG)CNG4QDGTV2GCTNOCP 5V%JCFU%'8#2TKOCT[5EJQQN+PVGTPCVKQPCNG&Tǡ$W\\#NFTKP 4GDGEECǡ(CNN,QPCVJCPFG(GTTCPVK 4GU-CJTCOCP*CTT[-KMUVTC EQNNGEV52#%'EQO6GFFK2GPNCPF 4C[5VGXGPUQP5[P%CTFKC5[UVGOU#PFTGC$ȄPƒ1NKXGT$GCVUQP (,6.QIKUVKEU.VF4C[*CTRGT %JTKUVKPC-QTR/GICP-TGPV\ $WTGCWQH+PFKCP#HHCKTU4CEJCGN +PE&QP+UCCE/CTV[P6QXG[$GEJCNNGPIGF#WUVTCNKC6QO )CXKP*GPPGUU[(QTPEGVV5V2GVGT 9JKVG9CVGT&GPKUG.CNQPFG 2GVGTUGP4GUGCTEJ#PCN[UV ,WNKCP6QYPUGPF5VGXGP6TKO$5E$GEMGTNGIIG#MGPCDCJ$GIC[ %'8#2TKOCT[5EJQQN(KNQOGPC -TKUVKPC.CPIGPDWEJ1TNC.CPIVQP 9QTNF4GUQWTEGU+PUVKVWVG2NC[ %$KQN/45$8GPQOVGEJ.KOKVGF75%GPUWU$WTGCW,CESWGU )CNNQ/CTUJCNN)GTQOGVVC5CO 6JGC.CPIVQP(TGFGTKEM*QTCEG 9KVJǡ#ǡ2WTRQUG75#%CTOGP $QP8GTYGKL%NGOGPU8QKIV4KEJ$GTNQ$K\ITQWR7#'%CUG[ )KDDGU)+54GUGCTEJ#UUQEKCVG .C\GNN.')1®.')1$+10+%.'CPF #NHQP\Q2QTVKNNQ9KPVGTǡ&2TQUCRKQ 9CNMGT9GPUWO,WPKQT5EJQQN$NQUUQO.')1$NWGJCV)TQWR 9QTNF4GUQWTEGU+PUVKVWVG&COKGP VJG.')1/KPKƒIWTGCTGVTCFGOCTMU 5EJNKVVGTDCJP9CVGTRCTMUCPF 5GXIKCPF.CTC9JKVG9JKVG9CVGT(KQPC%TCXGP$TCPFQP$QCVƒGNF )KNFGC,QTFCP)TGGPYQQF8KEVQTKC QHVJG.')1)TQWRWUGFJGTG 4GUQTVU,COGU2TQWF4QDGTV 9GUV+PFWUVTKGU.VF/GICP-TGPV\,QUGRJ$QCVƒGNF.WMG$QCVƒGNF )TKOUGNN%JTKU*CFƒGNF%JGT[N D[RGTOKUUKQP9QNHICPI.KPVN 2WNNCT/CTV[P4KEJCTFU2GTT[ $GXGTNG[9KNNKCOU9-(5CTC4[CP$QCVƒGNF%JCTNKG$QNFGP #PP*QTTQEMU,WNKC1UVTQYUMK 2TGUKFGPV/KETQNKIJVCPF2CTCOQVQT 4KIIU0CXCLQ0CVKQP9CUJKPIVQP 9QNHH9QTNF2W\\NG(GFGTCVKQP0#5#$TKIJQWUG*KIJ5EJQQN /CTMWU*CIIGPG[5RQTVUCPF %QOOKUUKQP%+/#(#+(ȌFȌTCVKQP 1HƒEG4KRNG['PVGTVCKPOGPV2J[NNKU *CPC-QWFGNMQXC5VGRJGP4KEM$TQCFJGCF5CWN$TQYPG#NGZ /CTMGVKPI&KTGEVQT(#+(ȌFȌTCVKQP #ȌTQPCWVKSWG+PVGTPCVKQPCNG %CNNQYC[,QJP%QTEQTCP.[FKC 9TKING[/CFGNGKPG9WUEJGEJ$WTTQY&T4CPFCNN%GTXGP[9QTNF #ȌTQPCWVKSWG+PVGTPCVKQPCNG5QRJKG 4ȜFKIGT.QTGP\$TWPQǡ/CE&QPCNF &CNG$TKCP)CTPGT'TKE5CMQYUMK )CTTGVVǡ9[DTQYPICTURE CREDITS 'TKEUQP%CNKHQTPKC#ECFGO[QH5EKGPEGU $TCFDWT[)94-GXKP5EQVV4COQU 143ǡ#NCO[144ǡ#NCO[4KEJCTF$TCFDWT[ 5JWVVGTUVQEM193ǡ4GWVGTU#NCO[-QDCN #NCO[5EKGPEG2JQVQ.KDTCT[<CEJ )9486ǡ4KEJCTF$TCFDWT[)9487ǡ.WKU )94145ǡ#22#146ǡ;QW6WDG/CTE 195ǡ)CT[/CTUJCNN196ǡ#RRNG*2(KVDKV4 (UK),QCPPG&CXKFUQP,WUVKP .KGDGTOCP%CNKHQTPKC#ECFGO[QH /KTCPFC&TCIQU6QCFGT88ǡ#NCO[ ,CESWGOKP147ǡ2WTFWG0GYU5GTXKEG 5COUWPI)CTOKP5COUWPI197ǡ+CP&QYPKPI/CVV(TQUV4 (US) Carol 5EKGPEGU49ǡ4QDGTV*CTFKPI%QTDKU 89ǡ-GXKP(QTVG[4GZ90ǡ%JTKUVKGŨU 148ǡ%JTKUVKGŨU#NCO[8GEVKU#WEVKQPU )CXCP-14(:5COUWPI#OC\QP-CGNUQPǡ%#0ǡ#NCO[ǡ#75)GVV[ 0CVWTG2.)GQHH)CNNKEG5EKGPEG2JQVQ #NCO[91ǡ#NCO[5KNXKC/QTCTC)94 149ǡ4CPCNF/CEMGEJPKG)94#NCO[ #RRNG.).GPQXQ198ǡ.:KPIFW#2&QOKPKE.QPGTCICPǡ#4#$&CPP[ .KDTCT[50ǡ#NCO[$02551ǡ0CVWTG2. #NCO[92ǡ#Nǡ&KC\)9493ǡ#Nǡ&KC\)94 152ǡ0KEM)KNNQVV#NCO[153ǡ#NCO[ 2#200ǡ%CNVGEJ202ǡ0#5#203ǡ.CWTKG'KFǡ7-ǡ#NCO[$KNN5NC[OCMGT0#5# #NCO[(.2#52ǡ#NCO[%QTDKU,COGU 94ǡ&CPP[/QNQUJQM,CTQUNCY0QICN #PFTGY6QYG2CTMYC[2JQVQITCRJ[4GZ *CVEJ)GVV[/CVV(TQUV204ǡ4GWVGTU.KCO#TVJWT0QTTKUǡ75#NCO[$KNN 'NNGTMGT)9453ǡ#NCO[54ǡ#NCO[2# 95ǡ4GWVGTU96ǡ#NKUQP6CIICTV$CTQPG 2CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU)94154ǡ4[CP 5GCP*CYMG[.+)1205ǡ#NCO[/GIWOW5NC[OCMGT0#5#ǡ#75#NCO[$KNN 55ǡ#NCO[#TFGC4GZ56ǡ-PWF#PFTGCU 97ǡ%QTDKU)NGPP/WTRJ[2CWN%NCTMG 5EJWFG)94-GXKP5EQVV4COQU)94 6UWLKOQVQ0+24%'40206ǡ#NCO[5NC[OCMGT0#5#ǡ#4#$#NCO[$KNN #NCO[57ǡ#NCO[58ǡ#NCO[0CVWTG 98ǡ-GXKP5EQVV4COQU)9499ǡ4KEJCTF 2CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU)94155ǡ2CWN 207ǡ4GWVGTU208ǡ)GVV[#NCO[4GWVGTU5NC[OCMGT0#5#ǡ75#4QDGTV$KPFGT 2.59ǡ%QTDKU#NCO[60ǡ#TFGC(.2# $TCFDWT[)94,COGU'NNGTMGT)94 /KEJCGN*WIJGU)94,COGU'NNGTMGT #NCO[5JWVVGTUVQEM209ǡ#NCO[)GVV[ǡ#754GZǡ7-#22#%JTKUVQRJGT 5JWVVGTUVQEM61ǡ%QTDKU#TFGC/CVLCʓ 100ǡ-GXKP5EQVV4COQU)94101ǡ#NCO[ )944[CP5EJWFG)94156ǡ4KEJCTF #NCO[5JWVVGTUVQEM210ǡ)GVV[#NCO[#FQNRJǡ%#0#NCO[$KNN5NC[OCMGT -WPVPGT2JQVQUJQV0CVWTG2.62ǡ#NCO[ 4CPCNF/CEMGEJPKG)94102ǡ5WUCP $TCFDWT[)94158ǡK5VQEM)GVV[#NCO[ 4GWVGTU211ǡ#NCO[)GVV[212ǡ4GWVGTU0#5#ǡ#4#$4CPCNF/CEMGEJPKG 0QDWOKEJK6COWTC63ǡ6JG,WFKVJ4KXGT 9CTPGT103ǡ4KEJCTF$TCFDWT[)94 159ǡ#NCO[5JWVVGTUVQEM160ǡ#NCO[ 2JQVQUJQV213ǡ#NCO[)GVV[)948ǡ4CWN5KHWGPVGU9ǡ/CVV#NGZCPFGT (QWPFCVKQP7PKXGTUKV[QH%QNQTCFQ 104ǡ0#5#106ǡ4QD%CUUGTNG[4GWVGTU 161ǡ-GXKP5JGC#NCO[162ǡ#NCO[ 214ǡ4GWVGTU)GVV[215ǡ)GVV[216ǡ#NCO[10ǡ4CPCNF/CEMGEJPKG)940#5# $QWNFGT5EKGPEG2JQVQ.KDTCT[#NCO[ #NCO[)GVV[K5VQEM107ǡ,COGU'NNGTMGT 163ǡ#NCO[164ǡ#NCO[2CWN/KEJCGN #22#217ǡ)GVV[#NCO[218ǡ4GF$WNN11ǡ0#5#0CVKQPCN)GQITCRJKE0#5# 64ǡ%CTNG[)CTCPV\KQVKU)94,COGU )94#NCO[5JWVVGTUVQEM)GCT2CVTQN *WIJGU)94166ǡ#NCO[167ǡ#NCO[ 4GWVGTU%JTKUVKCPǡ,5VGYCTV#NCO[12ǡ0#5#/CEOKNNCP13ǡ0#5#;QW6WDG 'NNGTMGT)942CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU)94 108ǡ#NCO[109ǡ#NCO[#NCO[)GVV[ /KMKG(CTKCU168ǡ#NCO[4GWVGTU 219ǡ'520/KMG$NCDCE220ǡ#NCO[14ǡ0#5#16ǡ#NCO[0#5#17ǡ0#5# 65ǡ#Nǡ&KC\)944KEJCTF$TCFDWT[)94 0#5##22#110ǡ#NCO[)GVV[0CVKQPCN 169ǡ)GVV[4GZ#NCO[170ǡ.WECUƒNO 4GWVGTU#NCO[#22#221ǡ#NCO[5EKGPEG2JQVQ.KDTCT[+CP$WNN18ǡ'51 2CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU)9466ǡ#Nǡ&KC\ )GQITCRJKE111ǡ#NCO[)GVV[#22# 172ǡ5JWVVGTUVQEM768.WECUƒNO 4GWVGTU222ǡ#NCO[)GVV[223ǡ#NCO[0#5#19ǡ5M[JCYM920#5#20ǡ#2 )944KEJCTF$TCFDWT[)9467ǡ%CVGTU 112ǡ#22#0#5#)GVV[#NCO[113ǡ#2 9CTPGT$TQU#NCO[)GVV[#NCO[ )GVV[2#4GWVGTU224ǡ)GVV[225ǡ#NCO[2#,*7#2.0#5##NCO[21ǡ0#5# 2CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU)9468ǡ4KEJCTF 2#4GWVGTU)GVV[114ǡ4GWVGTU4[CP 173ǡ#NCO[/)/-QDCN.WECUƒNO 4GWVGTU226ǡ#NCO[)GVV[227ǡ#NCO[#22#22ǡ)GVV[#NCO[0#5#$KNN $TCFDWT[)9470ǡ5EKGPEG2JQVQ.KDTCT[ 5EJWFG)94115ǡ5JKPUWMG-COKQMC &KUPG[#NCO[5WOOKV'PVGTVCKPOGPV 4GWVGTU#NCO[228ǡ#NCO[229ǡ#NCO[5NC[OCMGT23ǡ0#5#24ǡ0#5#25ǡ0#5# #NCO[71ǡ#NCO[72ǡ#Nǡ&KC\)942CWN )94)GVV[4GWVGTU116ǡ#22# #NCO[&TGCOYQTMU#NCO[4( )GVV[230ǡ4GWVGTU#NCO[)GVV[26ǡ2CTCOQWPV+PUVKVWVQFG#UVTQHȐUKEC /KEJCGN*WIJGU)944KEJCTF$TCFDWT[ 117ǡ#NCO[2CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU)94 174ǡ#NCO[)GVV[175ǡ#NCO[#22# 231ǡ4GWVGTU#NCO[)GVV[232ǡ#NCO[FG%CPCTKCU#NCO[27ǡ01#10#5# )9473ǡ,CXKGT2KGTKPK)942CWN/KEJCGN #NCO[6GF/CTVKP118ǡ4KEJCTF$TCFDWT[ 176ǡ2JQVQUVCIG2CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU 4GWVGTU233ǡ#NCO[234ǡ#NCO['5128ǡ4GZ(GCVWTGU29ǡ%CVGTU *WIJGU)944CPCNF/CEMGEJPKG )94Ťǡ2CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU )94,GUUKG%JCROCP177ǡ#NCO[ 235ǡ#NCO[)GVV[236ǡ&CCP8GTJQGXGP30ǡ#NCO[0#5#31ǡ#NCO[32ǡ)GVV[ )9474ǡ#22#75ǡ)GVV[#22#76ǡ&XKT )94Ťǡ4KEJCTF$TCFDWT[ 2JQVQUVCIG#NCO[#NCO[6JG4QUG #NCO[237ǡ)GVV[238ǡ#NCO[239ǡ#22##NCO[33ǡ#22#)GVV[#NCO[4GWVGTU 4QUGP)942JKNKR4QDGTVUQP77ǡ5905 )94131ǡ4KEJCTF$TCFDWT[)94 6JGCVTG178ǡ)GVV[-CKA<A(GPI#NCUFCKT )GVV[240ǡ#NCO[241ǡ'520ǡ7-34ǡ#NCO[35ǡ01##/KEM2GVTQHH /KVEJGNN*GTDGN0#5#78ǡ;QW6WDG 5JWVVGTUVQEM132ǡ/KEJGN$GIC4KEJCTF /E.GNNCP180ǡ#NGZ-KT\JPGT)GVV[ 2CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU)945VWCTV#NCO[36ǡ#NCO[)WPVGT9GN\)GVV[ )GTT[2GPP[79ǡ#22#80ǡ4CPCNF $TCFDWT[)94133ǡ4GF$WNN134ǡ,QJP 181ǡ%CTUVGP9KPFJQTUV)GVV[182ǡ-QDCN 9KNUQPǡ75#NCO['520ǡ7-37ǡ#NCO[)GVV[38ǡ#NCO[39ǡ#NCO[ /CEMGEJPKG)94-GXKP5EQVV4COQU 9TKIJV)94135ǡ4KEJCTF$TCFDWT[ #NCO[.WECUƒNO183ǡ.WECUƒNO-QDCN 5VGXG*C[YQQF&KCPC5CPVCOCTKC2CWN750CX[40ǡ1RGTCVKQP%CPQRȌGŤ )942CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU)94,QJP )94.WECU5CPVWEEK136ǡ2CWN/KEJCGN /)/5VWFKQU184ǡ#NCO[185ǡ#NCO[ /KEJCGN*WIJGU)94ǡ75'520(TGPEJ)W[CPC96#NCO[41ǡ#NCO[ 9TKIJV)941YGG5CNXC)9481ǡ2CWN *WIJGU)945CO%JTKUVOCU)94 &KUPG[186ǡ4GZ#NCO[)GVV[187ǡ)GVV[ 244ǡ7-,QJP9TKIJV)94#NCO[5WTXKXCN+PVGTPCVKQPCN42ǡ&WGUGPVTKGD /KEJCGN*WIJGU)94,COGU'NNGTMGT 5JWVVGTUVQEM137ǡ2CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU 0KEMGNQFGQP#/%*$1188ǡ;QW6WDG ǡ75)GVV[#NCO[5JWVVGTUVQEM4CLCPK-WTWR#NCO[43ǡ#NCO[)KPC )942CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU)94 )94(TCPM2CEMGT138 2CWN/KEJCGN #NCO[#NCO[189ǡ+PUVCITCO;QW6WDG ǡ7-4CPCNF/CEMGEJPKG)942CWN*COKNVQP#NCO[44ǡ#PFTG[)WFMQX 84ǡ4KEJCTF$TCFDWT[)94&TGY)CTFPGT *WIJGU)94140ǡ0#5#141ǡ#22# #NCO[190ǡ/KEJCGNǡ,ǡ2*CNN192ǡ#NCO[ /KEJCGN*WIJGU)94,QJP9TKIJV)9446ǡ#NCO[5JWVVGTUVQEM47ǡ'2##NCO[ )944KEJCTF$TCFDWT[)94#NCO[ #NCO[G$C[142ǡ4CPCNF/CEJGEJPKG #22##NCO[#FXCPEGF%GNN6GEJPQNQI[ 4CWN5KHWGPVGUǡ75#NCO[6JG5JWVVGTUVQEM5JWVVGTUVQEM48ǡ9KNN 85ǡ#NCO[4[CP5EJWFG)944KEJCTF )945EWNRVWTG5VWFKQU#NCO[ 6YGPVKGVJ%GPVWT[(QZ#RRNG 5RQTVKPI0GYU#TEJKXGU)GVV[ENDPAPERS /QUVHNQYGTURKEMGFWRYKVJ .CTIGUVJCPFMPKVVGFLWORGT VJGDQF[YJKNGNC[KPIQPCDGF 6CNNGUVUVCEMQHRCPECMGU .QPIGUVLQWTPG[QPCIQNH VJGOQWVJKPCEQPVQTVKQP UYGCVGT QHPCKNUVYQOKPWVGU .CTIGUVOCUEQVTCEG DWII[(TQPVTQY DCEMDGPFKPQPGOKPWVG .CTIGUVCGTKCNCETQDCVKE /QUVRGQRNGDQWPEKPIVGPPKU.CTIGUVICVJGTKPIQHRGQRNG (CUVGUVOQPTQNNGTUMCVGU FKURNC[ /QUVƒTGVQTEJGUNKVCPF .CTIGUVICVJGTKPIQHRKTCVGU YKVJCHQQVDCNNDCNCPEGFQP .QPIGUVWUCDNGIQNHENWD DCNNUQPVGPPKUTCEMGVU GZVKPIWKUJGFKPǡUGEQPFU FTGUUGFKP6TCEJVFTGUU VJGJGCF .QPIGUVUVCPFWR.CTIGUVECOGNTCEG (TQPVTQY RCFFNGDQCTF572TKFGQP $CEMTQY 6CNNGUVFKEGEQNWOPVQ.CTIGUVDCNNDCVJ .CTIGUVƒTGYQTMFKURNC[ /QUVUJCMGTEWRULWIINGF CTKXGTDQTGD[CJWOCPFQI .CTIGUVWODTGNNC RGTHQTOCRKUVQNUSWCVQP/QUVLGYGNUQPCIWKVCT &TKXKPIVQJKIJGUVCNVKVWFG 5VCKTENKODKPID[DKE[ENGŤ pair /QUVEQPUGEWVKXGRKPM[.CTIGUVICVJGTKPIQHDTKFGU /QUVDTKFGUOCKFUVQCDTKFG $CEMTQY/QUVUMKRUQHCTQRGYGCTKPI OQVQTE[ENG OQUVUVGRU .QYGUVNKODQUMCVKPIQXGT RWNNWRU .CTIGUVRKII[DCPM .CTIGUVHTGGHNQCVKPIUQCR O *KIJGUVLWORQPCJ[FTQHQKN .QPIGUVUSWCUJOCTCVJQP UYKOƒPUKPƒXGOKPWVGU (TQPVTQY .QPIGUVVCPFGO#68UKFG(CUVGUVVKOGVQUVCEMCUGVQH DWDDNGKPFQQTU (KTUVHCVJGTCPFFCWIJVGTVQ $CEMTQY UKPINGU .CTIGUVFTWOGPUGODNG .QPIGUVWPFGTYCVGTYCNMYKVJ YJGGNKG .QPIGUVYGFFKPIFTGUUVTCKP FQOKPQGUVGCOQHVYQ .CTIGUVEQNNGEVKQPQH5EQQD[ UWOOKV'XGTGUV /QUVEQPUGEWVKXGDWPP[JQRU /QUVEQODKPGJCTXGUVGTU .CTIGUVHNCOKPIKOCIGWUKPI QPGDTGCVJ(TQPVTQY &QQOGOQTCDKNKC 6CNNGUVJQWUGQHECTFUKP QPCDKE[ENG YQTMKPIUKOWNVCPGQWUN[/QUVVCPFGORCTCEJWVG .CTIGUVUQEMOQPMG[ VQTEJGU .QPIGUVHQQVDCNNUECTH UKPINGƒGNF 6CNNGUVTWID[WPKQPRQUVU /QUVEGTGCNDQZGUVQRRNGF JQWTU .QPIGUVDKE[ENG .CTIGUVICVJGTKPIQHRGQRNG LWORUKPJQWTU /QUVPGEMVKGUYQTPCVQPEG .QPIGUVVKOGEQPVTQNNKPIC FTGUUGFCUNGRTGEJCWPU.QPIGUVFWTCVKQPJQRRKPIQP (TQPVTQY .QPIGUVFWTCVKQPURKPPKPI $CEMTQY .QPIGUVPQPUVQRVJTGGTQRG HQQVDCNNYKVJVJGUQNGUYJKNG /QUVRGQRNGQPWPKE[ENGU (QTOQTGFGVCKNUQP CVTGCFOKNN CǡDCUMGVDCNNQPCVQQVJDTWUJ QPVJGTQQHQHCOQXKPIECT .CTIGUVTKEGETCEMGT VJGUGǡTGEQTFUUGG.CTIGUVETWUVCEGCPUEWNRVWTG cable car /QUVRGQRNGUKVVKPIQPQPG /QUVUKOWNVCPGQWU5ETCDDNG YYYIWKPPGUUYQTNFTGEQTFU(CUVGUVMODCTGHQQV .CTIGUVEQNNGEVKQPQHNKRDCNOU $CEMTQY EJCKT KPUKFGEQXGT.CTIGUVICVJGTKPIQHRGQRNG .CTIGUVICVJGTKPIQHRGQRNG .CTIGUVEJGGUGUEWNRVWTG QRRQPGPVU /QUVOQVQTE[ENGUFTKXGPQXGT .CTIGUVRTQLGEVGFKOCIG FTGUUGFCURTKPEGUUGU FTGUUGFCU#NDGTV'KPUVGKP guinnessworldrecords.com 251

CONTRIBUTORS Dr Mark Aston Mike Flynn RNC[U5VWCTVCNUQUGTXGUCUVJG QH#UKC*GJCUFGXGNQRGFVJG FRAS; CPhys; /KMGKUVJG )GPGTCN'FKVQTQHVJGDQQMUGTKGU U[UVGOQHū'NGXCVKQP'SWCNKV[Ŭ MInstP; Hon CWVJQTǡQHCPWODGT 5JCMGURGCTGǡKP2TCEVKEG and ŤCWPKXGTUCNOGVJQFVQENCUUKH[ Research Fellow QHDGUVUGNNKPI HTGSWGPVN[IKXGUNGEVWTGUCPFYTKVGU OQWPVCKPTCPIGUCPFRGCMUŤ QHǡ7PKXGTUKV[ DQQMUCYCTF CTVKENGUCDQWVVJG$CTFQH#XQP CPFǡJKUYGDUKVGYYYGTUEQO College, London YKPPKPIYGDUKVGU JCUDGEQOGVJGRTKOCT[UQWTEG /CTMJCUUGTXGFCUǡC5EKGPEG CPFITQWPFDTGCMKPIGZJKDKVKQPU 4CNRJ*CPPCJ QHUVCVKUVKEUHQTCNVKVWFGKPVJG 6GEJPQNQI[EQPUWNVCPVHQTGWR #HQTOGTEWTCVQTCVVJG5EKGPEG (CUEKPCVGFD[ *KOCNC[CCPF-CTCMQTWOTCPIGU UKPEG*GDTKPIUPGCTN[ /WUGWOKP.QPFQP7-/KMGJCU URQTVUCPFUVCVU 'DGTJCTFKUCNUQǡVJGEQCWVJQTQH [GCTUQHGZRGTKGPEGQHJKIJ RWDNKUJGFYKFGN[KPVJGƒGNFUQH UKPEGEJKNFJQQF Herausforderung 8000erŤTGICTFGF VGEJPQNQI[UEKGPEGCPFGPIKPGGTKPI UEKGPEGVGEJPQNQI[OCVJGOCVKEU 4CNRJEQODKPGU CUVJGFGƒPKVKXGIWKFGVQVJGYQTNFŨU VQVJGVCUMQHGPUWTKPIVJCVEWVVKPI JKUVQT[RQRWNCTEWNVWTGCPFOWUKE DQVJKPJKUTQNGCU ǡOQWPVCKPUQXGTO GFIGTGEQTFUWDOKUUKQPUCTGEQTTGEV *KUYQTMCUCYTKVGTHQTICNNGTKGU QPGQHGWRŨUURQTVUEQPUWNVCPVU CPFKPVGTGUVKPI/CTMŨUGZRGTKGPEGQH CPFǡOWUGWOUECPEWTTGPVN[DG #ǡ)WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFUXGVGTCPQH Rohan Mehra YQTMKPIDQVJKPCECFGOKCCPFYKVJ XKGYGFCETQUUVJTGGEQPVKPGPVU PKPG[GCTUYJGPPQVEQPVTKDWVKPIVQ $5E*QPUKP RTQHGUUKQPCNEQORCPKGUJCUNGFVQC VJGDQQMJGJGNRUITQYVJGEQORCP[ŨU %[DGTPGVKEUCPF NKXGN[ECTGGTKPQRVKEUFGXGNQROGPVŤ Justin RTGUGPEGKP.CVKP#OGTKEC4CNRJ %QORWVGT5EKGPEG CƒGNFKPYJKEJJGKUTGURQPUKDNGHQT Garvanovic NKXGUKP.WSWG2CTCIWC[YKVJJKU /5EKP5EKGPEG CǡPWODGTQHRCVGPVGFKPXGPVKQPU *CXKPIEQHQWPFGF YKHGCPFVYQFCWIJVGTU*KUHCXQWTKVG %QOOWPKECVKQP 6JG4QNNGT TGEQTFKUVJGlongest unbeaten run $[JKUQYPCFOKUUKQP4QJCPKU Professor %QCUVGT%NWDQH in the Premier LeagueŤICOGUŤ GCUKN[GZEKVGFD[PGYHGCVUǡQH +CKPǡ$QTFGP )TGCV$TKVCKPKP JGNFD[JKUDGNQXGF#TUGPCN(% UEKGPEGCPFVGEJPQNQI[ŤUQ BA; MA; MSc; PhD; ,WUVKPYGPVQPVQETGCVGVJG EQXGTKPICTCPIGQHEWVVKPIGFIG Hon FRIBA OCIC\KPG(KTUV&TQRHQTTQNNGTEQCUVGT &CXG*CYMUGVV UEKGPEGUVQTKGUHQT)WKPPGUU9QTNF +CKPKU2TQHGUUQT HCPU+PJGHQWPFGF6JG (QT[GCTU RecordsKUCFTGCOEQOGVTWGБ#U QH#TEJKVGEVWTG 'WTQRGCP%QCUVGT%NWDCPQVHQT &CXGǡJCUDGGPQWT JGJCUGZVGPUKXGMPQYNGFIGQH 7TDCP%WNVWTGCPF8KEG&GCP RTQƒVQTICPK\CVKQPVJCVRTQOQVGUVJG RTKPEKRCNUEKGPEG KPPQXCVKQPUVJCVGORNQ[&ǡRTKPVKPI 'FWECVKQPCV6JG$CTVNGVV GPLQ[OGPVQHTKFKPITQNNGTEQCUVGTU EQPUWNVCPVCPF 4QJCPEQXGTGFVJGVQRKEHQTVJKU 7PKXGTUKV[%QNNGIG.QPFQP#PCEVKXG *GJCUDGGPKPXQNXGFKPVJGFGUKIPU EQPVTKDWVQT*GJCU [GCTŨUGFKVKQPQHGWR*GKUC UMCVGDQCTFGTRJQVQITCRJGTƒNO QHUGXGTCNTQNNGTEQCUVGTUCPFVCMGU CDCEMITQWPFKPCUVTQRJ[UKEUCPF UEKGPEGLQWTPCNKUVCPFGPLQ[U YCVEJGTCPFWTDCPYCPFGTGTJGJCU RJQVQITCRJUQHVJGOHQTCPWODGT RNCPGVCT[UEKGPEGCPFKURCUUKQPCVG YTKVKPICDQWVRJ[UKEUGPIKPGGTKPI YTKVVGPOQTGVJCPDQQMUCPF QHǡRCTMUCPFTKFGOCPWHCEVWTGTU CDQWVEQOOWPKECVKPIUEKGPVKƒE CPFPCVWTG*GCNUQEQXGTUUEKGPEG CTVKENGUDQVJQPVJGUGUWDLGEVUCPF KUUWGUVQYKFGCWFKGPEGU*GJCU KPǡVJGǡFGXGNQRKPIYQTNF QPCTEJKVGEVUDWKNFKPIUCPFEKVKGU $GP*CIICT CNUQYQTMGFKPVGNGXKUKQPGFWECVKQP #HQTOGTTGUKFGPVQH1ZHQTFCPF $GPJCUCTKEJ IQXGTPOGPVRQNKE[CPFVJG $TWEG0CUJ .QUǡ#PIGNGUJGPQYNKXGUKP.QPFQP HCOKN[DCEMITQWPF EQOOGTEKCNURCEGUGEVQT&CXGKU 6JG0WODGTU KPVJGƒNO HQWPFGTQHVJG7-2NCPGVCT[(QTWO $TWEGTWPU Dick Fiddy KPFWUVT[GZVGPFKPI 0CUJǡ+PHQTOCVKQP &KEMKUCYTKVGT DCEMOQTG ,QJP*GPFGTUQP 5GTXKEGUǡ..% CPFTGUGCTEJGT VJCPǡ[GCTU*KUITGCVITGCV -PQYPXCTKQWUN[VQ YJKEJKU URGEKCNK\KPIKP ITCPFHCVJGTYCUCRKQPGGTQHUKNGPV VJQUGJGVQTOGPVU TGICTFGFCUVJGǡNGCFKPIRTQXKFGTQH VJGǡƒGNFQHCTEJKXG ƒNOKP9CNGU$GPŨUQYPNQXGQHƒNO CU'PKIOCVKUV OQXKGKPFWUVT[FCVCCPFǡTGUGCTEJ CPFEQPVGORQTCT[ DGICPCVVJGCIGQHVJTGGYJGPJG 0KOTQF'NICTCPF UGTXKEGU6JGEQORCP[QRGTCVGU VGNGXKUKQP*CXKPIYQTMGFHQT saw 6JGǡ,WPING$QQMKPJKUHCVJGTŨU +Q,QJPKUPGCTKPI VJGYGDUKVGU6JG0WODGTUYYY CRGTKQFQHVKOGCUCVGNGXKUKQP EKPGOC6QFC[JGEQPVKPWGUVQ VJGGPFQHJKUHQWTVJFGECFGQH VJGPWODGTUEQOCPF1RWU&CVC EQOGF[UETKRVYTKVGT&KEMǡJCU URGPFCUOWEJVKOGCUJGECP EQORKNKPIETQUUYQTFUHQTVJG7- KPCFFKVKQPVQǡRTQXKFKPITGUGCTEJ UWDUGSWGPVN[IQPGQPVQUGTXGCU KOOGTUGFKPOQXKGUYJGVJGT PCVKQPCNRTGUU#UYGNNCUGFKVKPI UGTXKEGUVQCǡTCPIGQHVJGDKIIGUV CEQPUWNVCPVVQQTICPK\CVKQPUVJCV NGCTPKPICDQWVYTKVKPICDQWVQTŤ VJGǡYGGMN[ū+PSWKUKVQTŬETQUUYQTF ŤCPFǡUOCNNGUVŤƒNOUVWFKQU KPENWFGVJG$$%CPFVJG$TKVKUJ OQUVKORQTVCPVN[ŤYCVEJKPIVJGO JGǡYTKVGUDGURQMGETQUUYQTFUHQT CPFǡRTQFWEVKQPEQORCPKGU (KNOǡ+PUVKVWVG$(+ $GPEWTTGPVN[NKXGUKP.QPFQP7- URGEKCNQEECUKQPUCPFJCULQKPGF YKVJJKUYKHGCPFVYQECVUCPFECP VJGǡSWGUVKQPYTKVKPIVGCOHQT$$% Ocean David Fischer IGPGTCNN[DGHQWPFQDUGUUKPIQXGT 68ŨUOnly Connect*GǡJCUPQVYQP 4QYKPIǡ5QEKGV[ 5KPEG UQOGQDUEWTGCURGEVQH'WTQRGCP VJG6KOGU%TQUUYQTF%JCORKQPUJKR International &CXKFJCUCEVGF ,CRCPGUG$TKVKUJQT/GZKECPEKPGOC QPSWKVGCUOCP[QEECUKQPUCU/CTM 145+PV CUCUGPKQT75 YJGPJGMPQYUJGǡTGCNN[UJQWNFDG )QQFNKHHGDWVFQGUDQCUVVJG 6JG1EGCP4QYKPI URQTVUEQPUWNVCPV FQKPIUQOGVJKPIǡOQTGWUGHWN %JCORKQPUJKRTGEQTFQHJCXKPI 5QEKGV[YCU HQT)WKPPGUU UQNXGFC6KOGUETQUUYQTFKPC GUVCDNKUJGFKPD[-GPPGVJǡ( World Records*GJCUYTKVVGPHQT 5VWCTV*CORVQP VKOGǡQHOKPǡUGE %TWVEJNQYCPF2GVGT$KTFNCVGT The 0GYǡ;QTM6KOGU and Sports Reeves LQKPGFD[6QO.[PEJCPF6CVKCPC +NNWUVTCVGFHQT-KFUCPFJCUYQTMGF 5VWCTVKU2TQHGUUQT Eberhard 4G\XC[C%TWVEJNQY+VMGGRUCTGEQTF CVSports Illustrated0CVKQPCN5RQTVU QH5JCMGURGCTG Jurgalski QHCNNCVVGORVUVQTQYVJGQEGCPU &CKN[CPF0$%5RQTVU&CXKFKUVJG 5VWFKGUCVVJG Eberhard has CPFOCLQTDQFKGUQHYCVGTUWEJCU CWVJQTQH6JG5WRGT$QYN6JG(KTUV 7PKXGTUKV[QH DGGPǡHCUEKPCVGF VJG6CUOCP5GCCPF%CTKDDGCP5GC (KHV[;GCTUQH#OGTKECŨU)TGCVGUV %GPVTCN.CPECUJKTGCPF*GCFQHVJG D[ǡOQWPVCKPUUKPEG CUYGNNCUTQYKPIGZRGFKVKQPUCTQWPF )COGCPF&GTGM,GVGT $TKVKUJ5JCMGURGCTG#UUQEKCVKQP GCTN[EJKNFJQQF )TGCV$TKVCKP6JGUQEKGV[CNUQ 6JCPMUHQTVJG/GOQTKGU *GJCUYTKVVGPUGXGTCNDQQMU CPFKPJGDGICPHQTOCNN[ ENCUUKƒGUXGTKƒGUCPFCFLWFKECVGU *GǡYCUCNUQVJGGFKVQTQH(CEKPI QP5JCMGURGCTGKPRGTHQTOCPEG EJTQPKENKPIVJGJKIJOQWPVCKPU QEGCPTQYKPICEJKGXGOGPVU /CTKCPQ4KXGTC CPFQPǡ5JCMGURGCTGŨUJKUVQT[252 Contributors

FAST FACTS The first edition of The Guinness Book of Records had just two contributors: twins Norris and Ross McWhirter • In 1954, Norris was track announcer when his friend Roger Bannister (UK) became the first person to run a mile in under four minutes Dr Paul Parsons &T-CTN20 COUNTRY CODES &2JKNKP6JGQTGVKECN 5JWMGT %QUOQNQI[ $5E*QPUKP ABW Aruba GMB Gambia PCN Pitcairn Islands 2CWNPQYJCU <QQNQI[HTQOVJG AFG Afghanistan GNB Guinea-Bissau PER Peru CNOQUVǡ[GCTUŨ 7PKXGTUKV[QH.GGFU AGO Angola GNQ Equatorial Guinea PHL Philippines GZRGTKGPEGCUC 2J&KP<QQNQI[CPF AIA Anguilla GRC Greece PLW PalauUEKGPEGYTKVGTCPFLQWTPCNKUV*G %QORCTCVKXG2J[UKQNQI[HTQOVJG ALB Albania GRD Grenada PNG Papua New GuineaKUCHQTOGTGFKVQTQHVJGRQRWNCT 7PKXGTUKV[QH$KTOKPIJCO5EKGPVKƒE AND Andorra GRL Greenland POL Poland$$%ǡUEKGPEGOCIC\KPGFocusCPFKU (GNNQYQHVJG<QQNQIKECN5QEKGV[ ANT Netherlands GTM Guatemala PRI Puerto RicoCWVJQTQH6JG5EKGPEGQH&QEVQT9JQ QHǡ.QPFQP(GNNQYQHVJG4Q[CN GUF French Guiana PRK Korea, DPRO9JGPPQVYTKVKPIJGGPLQ[U 'PVQOQNQIKECN5QEKGV[/GODGT Antilles GUM Guam PRT PortugalCRRN[KPIVJGNCYUQHOCVJGOCVKEU QHǡVJGǡ5QEKGV[QH#WVJQTU ARG Argentina GUY Guyana PRY ParaguayCPFUVCVKUVKEUVQUQNXGVJGITGCVGUV -CTNYQTMUCUCHTGGNCPEG\QQNQIKUV ARM Armenia HKG Hong Kong PYF French PolynesiaRW\\NGQHCNNJQTUGTCEKPI CPFOGFKCEQPUWNVCPV*GKUCNUQ ASM American Samoa HMD Heard and QAT Qatar VJGǡCWVJQTQHǡDQQMUCPFOCP[ ATA Antarctica REU Réunion Dr Clara JWPFTGFUQHCTVKENGUEQXGTKPICNN ATF French Southern McDonald Islands ROM Romania Piccirillo CURGEVUǡQHPCVWTCNJKUVQT[-CTNŨU HND Honduras RUS Russian Federation 2J&KP YQTMJCUCǡRCTVKEWNCTGORJCUKUQP Territories HRV Croatia (Hrvatska) RWA Rwanda /CVGTKCNUǡ5EKGPEG CPQOCNQWUǡCPKOCNUŤKPENWFKPIPGY ATG Antigua and HTI Haiti SAU Saudi Arabia %NCTCJCUDGGP TGFKUEQXGTGFCPFWPTGEQIPK\GF HUN Hungary SDN Sudan YQTMKPIKPTGUGCTEJ URGEKGUUWRGTNCVKXGTGEQTF Barbuda IDN Indonesia SEN SenegalHQTOQTGVJCP[GCTU*GTOCKP DTGCMKPICPKOCNUCPFVJGDGCUVU AUS Australia IND India SGP SingaporeƒGNFUQHGZRGTVKUGCTGOCVGTKCNU QHǡO[VJQNQI[HQNMNQTGCPFNGIGPF AUT Austria IOT British Indian Ocean SGS South Georgia andDKQVGEJPQNQI[CPFGPXKTQPOGPV AZE AzerbaijanUWUVCKPCDNGFGXGNQROGPV5JGKU /CVVJGY9JKVG BDI Burundi Territory South SSCNUQITGCVN[KPVGTGUVGFKPVJG )WKPPGUU9QTNF BEL Belgium IRL Ireland SHN Saint HelenaEQOOWPKECVKQPQHUEKGPEGVQ RecordsŨOWUKE BEN Benin IRN Iran SJM Svalbard and JanVJGǡIGPGTCNRWDNKECPFVQVJCVGPF ETKEMGVCPFVGPPKU BFA Burkina Faso IRQ IraqYTKVGUHQTCYGDUKVGFGFKECVGF EQPUWNVCPVJCU BGD Bangladesh ISL Iceland Mayen IslandsVQǡUEKGPEGFKUUGOKPCVKQPYYY RQTGFQXGTCP BGR Bulgaria ISR Israel SLB Solomon IslandsFGEQFGFUEKGPEGQTICWVJQT GUVKOCVGFRWDNKUJGFTGEQTFU BHR Bahrain ITA Italy SLE Sierra LeoneENCTCRKEEKTKNNQ5JGJCUEQNNCDQTCVGF CURTQQHTGCFGTFWTKPIVJGEQWTUG BHS The Bahamas JAM Jamaica SLV El SalvadorYKVJGWRHQTCTQWPFHQWTǡ[GCTU QHǡPKPGGFKVKQPUŤQH BIH Bosnia and JOR Jordan SMR San Marino VJGǡYQTNFŨUbest-selling annual JPN Japan SOM Somalia ,COGU2TCVV publication#YJKUVNGUVQRVQWTQH Herzegovina KAZ Kazakhstan SPM Saint Pierre and #ǡNKHGNQPIEJGUU /CVVJGYŨUQYPHCXQWTKVGTGEQTFU BLR Belarus KEN Kenya RNC[GT,COGUYCU YQWNFKPENWFGVJGOKPFDQIINKPI BLZ Belize KGZ Kyrgyzstan Miquelon $TKVCKPŨU[QWPIGUV largest island in a lake on an island BMU Bermuda KHM Cambodia SRB Serbia EJGUULQWTPCNKUV in a lake on an island6CCN.CMGKP BOL Bolivia KIR Kiribati SSD South Sudan KPǡ*GJCU VJG2JKNKRRKPGU5V5KOGQPVJG BRA Brazil KNA Saint Kitts and STP São Tomé andDGGPǡVJGGFKVQTQHOCIC\KPGU 5V[NKVGŨUlongest pole-sitting vigil BRB BarbadosKPENWFKPI6JGǡ%JGUU2CTTQVCPFVJG CPǡGZVTCQTFKPCT[ǡ[GCTUCPFCP[ BRN Brunei Darussalam Nevis Príncipe$TKVKUJ%JGUU/CIC\KPG*GNKXGUYKVJ TGEQTFHGCVWTKPIVJGDNWFIGQPKPI BTN Bhutan KOR Korea, Republic of SUR SurinameǡEJGUUDQQMUKP$CUKPIUVQMG7- DNCFGQH9GUV+PFKCPETKEMGVGT BVT Bouvet Island KWT Kuwait SVK Slovakia %JTKUǡ)C[NG0QYVQƒPFCRWDSWK\ BWA Botswana LAO Laos SVN Slovenia 9KNN5JQTV\ YJGTGǡUWEJTCPFQOMPQYNGFIG CAF Central African LBN Lebanon SWE Sweden 9KNNKUVJG ECPǡDGWVKNK\GF LBR Liberia SWZ Swaziland ETQUUYQTF Republic LBY Libyan Arab SYC Seychelles GFKVQTQHThe Robert D Young CAN Canada SYR Syrian Arab 0GY;QTM6KOGU /#KP)GTQPVQNQI[ CCK Cocos (Keeling) Jamahiriya RW\\NGOCUVGTHQT /#KP*KUVQT[ LCA Saint Lucia Republic0CVKQPCN2WDNKE4CFKQ024CPF 4QDGTVUGTXGUCU Islands LIE Liechtenstein TCA Turks and CaicosHQWPFGTFKTGEVQTQHVJG#OGTKECP )WKPPGUU9QTNF CHE Switzerland LKA Sri Lanka%TQUUYQTF2W\\NG6QWTPCOGPV RecordsŨUGPKQT CHL Chile LSO Lesotho Islands*GHQWPFGFVJG9QTNF2W\\NG EQPUWNVCPVHQTIGTQPVQNQI[VJGUVWF[ CHN China LTU Lithuania TCD Chad%JCORKQPUJKRKPCPFKU QHXCTKQWUCURGEVUQHCIGKPI*G CIV Côte d’Ivoire LUX Luxembourg TGO TogoEJCKTOCPQHVJG9QTNF2W\\NG JCUǡOCKPVCKPGFNKUVUQHVJGYQTNFŨU CMR Cameroon LVA Latvia THA Thailand(GFGTCVKQPYJKEJQXGTUGGUVJG QNFGUVRGQRNGHQTVJG)GTQPVQNQI[ COD Congo, DR of the MAC Macau TJK TajikistanEJCORKQPUJKR*GJQNFUVJGYQTNFŨU 4GUGCTEJ)TQWR)4)UKPEG COG Congo MAR Morocco TKL TokelauQPN[EQNNGIGFGITGGKP'PKIOCVQNQI[ CPFJCUYQTMGFYKVJVJG/CZ2NCPEM COK Cook Islands MCO Monaco TKM TurkmenistanŤVJGUVWF[QHRW\\NGUŤYJKEJJG +PUVKVWVGHQT&GOQITCRJKE4GUGCTEJ COL Colombia MDA Moldova TMP East TimorGCTPGFKPCUGNHFGUKIPGFRTQITCOOG CPFVJG+PVGTPCVKQPCN&CVCDCUGQP COM Comoros MDG Madagascar TON TongaCV+PFKCPC7PKXGTUKV[KP .QPIGXKV[4QDGTVDGECOG&KTGEVQT CPV Cape Verde MDV Maldives TPE Chinese Taipei9KNNǡKUVJGCWVJQTQTGFKVQTQHOQTG QHVJG5WRGTEGPVGPCTKCP4GUGCTEJ CRI Costa Rica MEX Mexico TTO Trinidad and TobagoVJCPRW\\NGDQQMUKPENWFKPI CPF&CVCDCUG&KXKUKQPHQTVJG CUB Cuba MHL Marshall Islands TUN Tunisia$TCKP)COGU6JG2W\\NGOCUVGT )GTQPVQNQI[4GUGCTEJ)TQWRKP CXR Christmas Island MKD Macedonia TUR TurkeyPresentsCPFPWOGTQWUDGUVUGNNKPI *GKUCNUQVJGCWVJQTQH CYM Cayman Islands MLI Mali TUV TuvaluXQNWOGUǡQHǡUWFQMW #HTKECP#OGTKECP.QPIGXKV[ CYP Cyprus MLT Malta TZA Tanzania #FXCPVCIG/[VJQT4GCNKV[! CZE Czech Republic MMR Myanmar (Burma) UAE United Arab DEU Germany MNE Montenegro DJI Djibouti MNG Mongolia Emirates DMA Dominica MNP Northern Mariana UGA Uganda DNK Denmark UK United Kingdom DOM Dominican Republic Islands UKR Ukraine DZA Algeria MOZ Mozambique UMI US Minor Islands ECU Ecuador MRT Mauritania URY Uruguay EGY Egypt MSR Montserrat USA United States of ERI Eritrea MTQ Martinique ESH Western Sahara MUS Mauritius America ESP Spain MWI Malawi UZB Uzbekistan EST Estonia MYS Malaysia VAT Holy See ETH Ethiopia MYT Mayotte FIN Finland NAM Namibia (Vatican City) FJI Fiji NCL New Caledonia VCT Saint Vincent and FLK Falkland Islands NER Niger NFK Norfolk Island the Grenadines (Malvinas) NGA Nigeria VEN Venezuela FRA France NIC Nicaragua VGB Virgin Islands FRG West Germany NIU Niue FRO Faroe Islands NLD Netherlands (British) FSM Micronesia, NOR Norway VIR Virgin Islands (US) NPL Nepal VNM Vietnam Federated States of NRU Nauru VUT Vanuatu FXX France, NZ New Zealand WLF Wallis and Futuna OMN Oman Metropolitan PAK Pakistan Islands GAB Gabon PAN Panama WSM Samoa GEO Georgia YEM Yemen GHA Ghana ZAF South Africa GIB Gibraltar ZMB Zambia GIN Guinea ZWE Zimbabwe GLP Guadeloupe guinnessworldrecords.com 253

STOP PRESSThe following new entries Most slender tower /QUVRNC[GTUKPC /QUVLGYGNUQPCIWKVCT Fastest time towere approved and added to The British Airways i360 is PGVDCNNǡGZJKDKVKQPOCVEJ Aaron Shum Jewelry Ltd RWORǡWRǡCǡDKE[ENGV[TGour records database after 160.47 m tall by 3.9 m wide England Netball (UK) (HKG) set 16,033 jewels On 20 Mar 2016, in London,VJGQHƒEKCNENQUKPIFCVGHQT (526 ft 5 in x 12 ft 9 in) – a assembled 1,322 netball on a Fender Jazz Bass, UK, Steven Smith (UK) tookthis year’s submissions. slenderness ratio of 41.15 players for an exhibition DVYHULͤHGLQ%DVHO MXVWVHFWRLQͥDWHWKH WR̰DVYHULͤHGRQ-DQ match in London, UK, on Switzerland, on 11 Mar 2016. inner tube of a bicycle tyreMost people showering 2016 in Brighton, UK. 15 Feb 2016. with a hand pump.CVǡQPEGUKPINGXGPWG Largest women’s marathonA group of 331 individuals 1NFGUVEQEMCVKGN Largest handball lesson In all, 19,607 runners took (CUVGUVǡZǡOshowered simultaneously At 32 years old, Sunshine Ravindra Gaikwad (IND) part in the Nagoya Women’s WPKE[ENGǡJWTFNGTGNC[in an event held by was the world’s oldest organized a handball lesson Marathon in Nagoya, Aichi, On 20 Mar 2016, “VoodooDelta Faucet (USA) in cockatiel as of 27 Jan 2016. with 678 players in Solapur, Japan, on 13 Mar 2016. Unicycles”, aka Jason Auld,Crawfordsville, Indiana, He lives in Albuquerque, Maharashtra, India, on Simon Berry, Mike TaylorUSA, on 27 Jun 2015. New Mexico, USA, with 28 Feb 2016. Largest beer tasting and Rob Terry (all UK), his owner, Vickie Aranda On 15 Mar 2016, The ͤQLVKHGD[PXQLF\FOH/QUVUJCTMCVVCEMU (USA), who acquired him in Longest Publican Awards (UK) saw hurdle relay in 1 minKPǡQPGǡ[GCT Colorado in 1983. Sunshine OQVQTE[ENGǡDWTPQWV 1,236 individuals gather to 33.49 sec in London, UK.According to the has been moving around Joe Dryden (USA) achieved taste beer in London, UK.International Shark Attack with Vickie ever since. a 2.22-mi (3.58-km) burn- .CTIGUVEQPHGVVKOQUCKEFile (ISAF), the year 2015 out on a 2017 Victory /QUVRGQRNGƒNNKPIQWV Kurobe Internationalsaw 98 unprovoked shark Largest snow dome igloo Octane at Orlando Speed CǡURQTVUVQWTPCOGPV Cultural Center (JPN)attacks against humans, Sponsored by Volvo (SWE), World Dragway in Florida, DTCEMGVUKOWNVCPGQWUN[ created a confetti mosaicfrom a total of 164 reported the 18-person-strong USA, on 29 Feb 2016. On 15 Mar 2016, a total measuring 32.16 m²incidents. The ISAF is Iglu-Dorf building crew RISHRSOHͤOOHGRXWD (346.16 sq ft) at the Kurobecompiled annually by the (CHE) constructed a snow Longest zip wire sports tournament bracket International Cultural CenterFlorida Museum of Natural dome igloo with an internal The Monster is a zip wire – a tree diagram showing (JPN) in Toyama, JapanHistory at the University diameter of 12.9 m (42 ft at Toro Verde Adventure the progression of games on 21 Mar 2016.of Florida, USA, under the 4 in) in Zermatt, Switzerland, Park in Orocovis, Puerto in a knockout tournament –auspices of the American on 30 Jan 2016. Rico, with a single unbroken concurrently. The event was .QPIGUVRCRGTEJCKPOCFGElasmobranch Society. span of 2.205 km (1.37 mi) arranged by Bing (USA) in KPQPGJQWTD[CVGCO Longest marathon hosting – longer than 20 American Bellevue, Washington, USA. A team from the Hong/QUVFTKPMECPURNCEGF CǡTCFKQVCNMUJQYVGCO IRRWEDOOͤHOGV,WZDV Kong Jockey Club (HKG)QPǡVJGJGCFWUKPICKTUWEVKQP From 2 to 4 Feb 2016, opened on 2 Mar 2016. (CUVGUVVKOGVQEQORNGVG produced a 3.74-km-longJamie Keeton (USA) Jessy Abu Faysal (LBN) and the Iditarod Trail (2.32-mi) paper chain“suctioned” eight drink Amjad Hijazin (JOR) hosted /QUVTWID[RCUUGU 'DOODV6HDYH\86$ͤQLVKHG during the Riding Highcans to his head on the a radio talk show for 60 hr KPǡCǡOKPWVGRCKT the Iditarod Trail sled-dog Together Festival at Sha Tinset of CCTV – Guinness 52 min 8 sec at Sawt El Ghad Drew Mitchell and Matt race in 8 days 11 hr 20 min Racecourse in Hong Kong,World Records Special in studios in Amman, Jordan. Giteau (both AUS) made 16 sec in Nome, Alaska, China, on 26 Mar 2016.Beijing, China, on 11 Jan a total of 98 rugby passes USA, on 15 Mar 2016.2016. Jamie appears to /QUVEJKPWRUKPJQWTU in 60 sec for Sky Sports Longest rail grind skihave a rare skin condition On 6–7 Feb 2016, Joonas Rugby in Toulon, France, 6CNNGUVJQWUGQHECTFU On 27 Mar 2016, Tomthat makes his skin pores Mäkipelto (FIN) performed on 3 Mar 2016. DWKNVǡKPJQWTU Wallisch (USA) performed afunction like suction cups. 5,050 chin-ups at Ideapark LG Electronics (KOR) 422-ft 1-in-long (128.65-m) shopping centre in On the same day, and and Bryan Berg (USA) rail grind on skis at the.CTIGUVUQNCTQXGP Lempäälä, Finland. at the same location, collaborated to raise a Seven Springs MountainEQQMKPIǡENCUU Mitchell ran the fastest 48-level house of cards in Resort in Seven Springs,A group of 4,780 people, 6CNNGUVUVCEMQHRCPECMGU 100 m in clogs in a time 12 hr in Seoul, South Korea, Pennsylvania, USA.each equipped with their On 8 Feb 2016, Center of just 14.43 sec. on 15–16 Mar 2016.own solar oven, assembled Parcs Sherwood Forest (UK) *KIJGUVDKE[ENGURGGFfor a cooking class in raised a 1.01-m-tall (3-ft .CTIGUVECOGNTCEG ;QWPIGUVDKNNKQPCKTG QPǡCǡ9CNNQH&GCVJan event organized by 4-in) stack of pancakes in On 7 Mar 2016, a total of EWTTGPV Shanaze Reade (UK) cycled6LPSOLͤHG7HFKQRORJLHV Rufford, Newark, UK. James 1,108 people completed As of 16 Mar 2016, Norway’s at 42.94 km/h (26.68 mph)for Life and Chamber of Haywood and Dave Nicholls a camel race organized Alexandra Andresen had an around a Wall of Death onMarathwada Industries (both UK) made and stacked by the Administrative estimated wealth of $1.18 bn the set of Channel 4’s Guy& Agriculture (both IND) the 213 pancakes. 2ͦFHRIWKH*RYHUQRURI (£829,800,000), according Martin’s Wall of Death: Livein Aurangabad, India, Ömnögovi Aimag (MNG) to Forbes. She was 19 years (North One TV, UK) in Louth,on 12 Jan 2016. Longest in Dalanzadgad, Mongolia. old at the time. UK, on 28 Mar 2016. EQPVKPWQWUǡXQECNǡPQVG.CTIGUVEQNNGEVKQPQH $OSDVODQ'XUPXġ785KHOG /QUVRWNNWRUKP .CTIGUVFCPEGƒVPGUUENCUU On the same date, and/LWWOHb0HUPDLGmemorabilia a note for 1 min 52 sec at QPGǡJQWTǡHGOCNG Balanga City (PHL) set up at the same location, GuyJacqueline Granda (ECU) WKH.LSGDġ0¾KHQGLVOLN Eva Clarke (AUS) performed DGDQFHͤWQHVVFODVVIRU Martin (UK) achieved theowns 874 items relating HQJLQHHULQJRͦFH,VWDQEXO 725 pull-ups in one hour at 16,218 people in Bataan, highest speed on a Wallto The Little Mermaid (USA, Turkey, on 8 Feb 2016. Al Wahda Mall in Abu Dhabi, Philippines, on 18 Mar 2016. of Death – 125.77 km/hDVYHULͤHGLQ4XLWR UAE, on 10 Mar 2016. (78.15 mph) on a self-builtEcuador, on 16 Jan 2016. /QUVRNC[GTUKPCP Most people dressed as “bitsa” motorcycle with a KEGǡJQEMG[GZJKDKVKQPOCVEJ .QPIGUVRKEPKEVCDNG 'RFWRU:KREJCTCEVGTU BSA engine. He experienced(CUVGUVOTQRGǡUMKRRKPI Loblaw Companies Ltd On 11 Mar 2016, Flags for On 19 Mar 2016, TV channel forces of 5.2 g on his ride.Rohollah Doshmanziari (CAN) staged an exhibition Managing and Organizing Syfy Latinoamérica (MEX)(IRN) skipped 100 m in a match with 433 players at Exhibitions and Conferences assembled 491 people .QPIGUVNKPGQHRQUVECTFUtime of 14.43 sec in Iran’s Richcraft Sensplex (Ottawa (KWT) unveiled a 194.7-m dressed as Doctor Who The Shanghai Town &Shahid Beheshti Stadium in East) in Ottawa, Ontario, (638-ft 9-in) picnic table characters at La Mole Country Club (CHN) linedBushehr on 21 Jan 2016. Canada, on 9 Feb 2016. at Kuwait Shooting Club Comic-Con in Mexico City. up 11,863 postcards in in Kuwait City. Shanghai on 19 Apr 2016.254 Stop Press

Answer FAST FACTSVQǡRW\\NGQPǡR The most starts for a Premier League football (soccer) player is 572 and was achieved by Gareth Barry (UK) playing for Aston Villa, Manchester City and Everton between 2 May 1998 and 11 May 2016/QUVICOGUJQYURTQFWEGF in New York City, USA, on ball on a golf club in 30 sec Beach in California, USA, (CUVGUVǡOYCNMKPIQPHarry Friedman (USA) had 12 Apr 2016. in Jamaica, New York City, made s’mores – a roasted JCPFUYKVJCUQEEGTDCNNproduced 11,128 game USA, on 16 Apr 2016. marshmallow and layer between the legsshows in Los Angeles, (CUVGUVJQNGQHIQNH of chocolate between two Zhang Shuang (CHN)California, USA, as of VGCOǡQHHQWT .CTIGUVRTQƒVGTQNG crackers. The event was covered 50 m (164 ft) while31 Mar 2016. Raphaël Jacquelin, Alex Associazione Cons.erva, sponsored by Hollister inverted and clenching a Lévy, Grégory Havret and in collaboration with Etica and SeriousFun Children’s soccer ball between his legs.CTIGUVHNQTCNEJCPFGNKGT Romain Wattel (all FRA) took Del Gusto, Despar, Uova Network (both USA). in 26.09 sec. He attemptedNational Parks Board (SGP) just 34.87 sec to play the Pascolo Fantoni and Crespi the record at the ChinaFUHDWHGDͥRUDOFKDQGHOLHU 4th hole of the Valderrama (all ITA), unveiled a 150-kg .CTIGUVYCXGUWTHGF West Normal University in16.84 m (55 ft 2.8 in) long Golf Course in Sotogrande, OER]SURͤWHUROHDW RCFFNGKP Nanchong, Sichuan, China,by 10.29 m (33 ft 9 in) wide Spain, on 12 Apr 2016. Gemona del Friuli in Udine, The tallest wave surfed on 30 Apr 2016.and 8.16 m (26 ft 9.3 in) Italy, on 17 Apr 2016. without a tow was 19.2 mtall. Consisting of 60,000 *GCXKGUVXGJKENGRWNNGF (63 ft) from trough to crest /QUVEQPEWTTGPVCNDWOUͥRZHUVLWZDVFUDIWHG YKVJǡCPCTOYTGUVNKPIOQXG /QUVRGQRNGRNC[KPI and was ridden by Aaron KPǡVJG756QRin Marina Square Atrium, Kevin Fast (CAN) pulled DQQOYJCEMGTU Gold (USA) off Maui in On the Billboard 200 albumsSingapore, on 1 Apr 2016. a 31,900-lb (14,470-kg) A boomwhacker is a hollow Hawaii, USA, on 15 Jan 2016. chart of 14 May 2016, Prince ͤUHWUXFNPRUHWKDQLQ plastic tube tuned to a 7KHIHDWZDVFRQͤUPHG (b. Prince Rogers Nelson,.CTIGUVJWOCPƒPIGTRTKPV (30.4 cm) with his arm – musical pitch; tubes of at the 2016 World Surf 86$KDGͤYHSRVWKXPRXVStorebrand Livsforsikring while resting his elbow on various length are struck in League Big Wave Awards entries in the Top 10: The(NOR) arranged 313 people an arm-wrestling table – in order to produce melodies. gala at the Grove Theater Very Best of Prince (No.2),into the whorled shape of Cobourg, Ontario, Canada, P&G European Planning in Anaheim, California, USA, Purple Rain (No.3), The Hits/DͤQJHUSULQWLQ)RUQHEX on 13 Apr 2016. Service Center (POL) on 24 Apr 2016. The B-Sides (No.4), UltimateNorway, on 2 Apr 2016. staged an event in which (No.6) and 1999 (No.7). /QUVNKVECPFNGUQPCECMG 661 individuals played the First twins born in During the week of 21–281NFGUVECVNKXKPI On 13 Apr 2016, Mike’s song “Eye of the Tiger” on FKHHGTGPVǡEQWPVTKGU Apr 2016, Prince’s backScooter (b. 26 Mar 1986) Hard Lemonade (USA) lit boomwhackers in Serock, Katherine Joanne Baines catalogue (including albumswas 30 years 13 days old as 50,151 candles on a cake in Poland, on 18 Apr 2016. (née Roberts) and Heidi and individual tracks) soldof 8 Apr 2016. He lives with Los Angeles, California, USA. Hilane Gannon (both UK) a total of 4.41 million unitshis owner, Gail Floyd (USA), Largest naan bread were born on 23 Sep 1976. in the USA following theLQ0DQVͤHOG7H[DV86$ .CTIGUVEJQEQNCVGǡDCT Loblaw Companies Ltd Heidi arrived at 9:05 a.m. news that the star had died ÎRNRODGQLFD&XNUÏHN691 (CAN) produced a naan at Welshpool Hospital at his Paisley Park home inLargest bobblehead prepared a 142.32-m² bread weighing 32 kg (70 lb in Wales; Jo followed Minnesota, USA, on 21 AprA 4.69-m-tall (15-ft 4.75-in) (1,531.9-sq-ft) bar of 8.76 oz) in Toronto, Ontario, at 10:45 a.m. after their 2016. He was aged 57.bobblehead of a St Bernard chocolate, which was Canada, on 19 Apr 2016. mother had been moveddog was unveiled on 8 Apr measured in Radovljica, The naan measured 4.96 m to the Royal Shrewsbury .CTIGUVTKUGKPRQUKVKQPHQTC2016 in Orlando, Florida, Slovenia, on 15 Apr 2016. (16 ft 3.27 in) long and Hospital in England, 2TGOKGT.GCIWGUQEEGTVGCOUSA. It was created by 1.26 m (4 ft 1.6 in) wide. owing to complications. In KPEQPUGEWVKXGUGCUQPUscenic prop shop Dino .CTIGUVOGTGPIWGNGUUQP Apr 2016, Dr Nancy Segal, Leicester City FC (UK)Rentos Studios for the The merengue is a Oldest message in a bottle Professor of Psychology ͤQLVKHGWKLQWKHApplied Underwriters Dominican dance. Osteo It was announced on 20 Apr and Director at the Twin Premier League season. OnLQVXUDQFHͤUPERWK86$ Bi-Flex (USA) organized an 2016 that a message in Studies Center in California 2 May 2016, however, “The event in which 252 people a bottle found at Amrum 6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\FRQͤUPHG )R[HV̹ZHUHFRQͤUPHGDVMost people sewing took part in a merengue Island, Germany, on 17 Apr that the twins were identical. FKDPSLRQVͤQLVKLQJUKOWNVCPGQWUN[ lesson at the Fremont 2015 was the oldest ever places higher up the table.On 9 Apr 2016, a group Street Experience in Las discovered. It had been at .CTIGUVTQDQVEQORGVKVKQPof 606 people gathered to Vegas, Nevada, USA, on sea for 108 years 138 days, VEX Worlds (USA) attracted /QUV6QP[#YCTFsew in an event organized 15 Apr 2016. having been set adrift 1,075 teams to its annual PQOKPCVKQPUHQTCOWUKECNby Mostwell Sdn Bhd (MYS) in the North Sea by the robot contest in Louisville, Lin-Manuel Miranda’sat the Auditorium Cempaka Largest spring mattress UK’s Marine Biological Kentucky, USA, held from (USA) biographicalSari in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Lijun Hou and his team Association (MBA) on 20 to 23 Apr 2016. Hailing musical Hamilton, about (all CHN) have built a spring 20 Nov 1906. Inside was a from 30 countries, the the life and death of US.CTIGUVXGICPECMG mattress 20 m x 18.18 m SRVWFDUGDVNLQJWKHͤQGHU teams comprised students Founding Father AlexanderEssentis Biohotel Berlin (65 ft 7.4 in x 59 ft 7.75 in) to list where and when the from primary school to Hamilton, received 16 Tony(DEU) made a 388.9-kg in size. It was measured in bottle was found and post university level. nominations on 3 May 2016,(857-lb 6-oz) vegan cake in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China, the card back to the MBA. including Best Musical.Berlin, Germany, on 9 Apr on 15 Apr 2016. (CUVGUVVKOGVQTWPVJG2016. It took 31 people (KTUVRGTUQPVQENKOD .QPFQP/CTCVJQPOCNG 1NFGUVNKXKPIRGTUQP26 hr to complete it. .CTIGUVUKOWNVCPGQWUHN[KPI VJGǡ5GXGP5WOOKVUCPF Eliud Kipchoge (KEN) On the day we went to FKUEVJTQY ETQUUVJG5GXGP5GCU ͤQLVKHGWKH9LUJLQ press (12 May 2016),.QPIGUVWUCDNGIQNHENWD On 16 Apr 2016, a group Martin Frey (USA) climbed Money London Marathon in Susannah Mushatt JonesOn 9 Apr 2016, a 7.65-m- of 958 participants let the highest mountain on 2 hr 3 min 5 sec in London, (b. 6 Jul 1899) – the lastlong (25-ft 1-in) golf club ORRVHWKHLUͥ\LQJGLVFVLQ each continent from 21 Aug UK, on 24 Apr 2016. 19th-century American –made by Ashrita Furman Miura, Kanagawa, Japan. 2005 to 5 Dec 2012 and passed away at the age of(USA) was measured and The event was arranged by crossed the Seven Seas by 1NFGUVEQPVKPWQWUN[ 116 years 311 days. The titledemonstrated in Jamaica, Miura Beach 900 Challenge sailboat between 25 Feb QRGTCVKPIEKPGOC is currently being researchedNew York City, USA. Executive Committee (JPN). 2013 and 17 Apr 2016. The State Theatre in by consultant Robert Washington, Iowa, USA, Young but is most likelyLongest marathon /QUVJKVUQHCIQNHDCNNQP Most people making opened on 14 May 1897. to be Italy’s Emma MoranoYCVEJKPIǡVGNGXKUKQP CǡIQNHENWDKPUGEQPFU UŨOQTGUUKOWNVCPGQWUN[ It had been in operation Martinuzzi (b. 29 Nov 1899),Alejandro “AJ” Fragoso Ashrita Furman (USA) On 21 Apr 2016, a group of for 118 years 348 days, aged 116 years 165 days(USA) watched TV for 94 hr achieved 94 hits of a golf 423 people on Huntington as of 26 Apr 2016. as of 12 May. guinnessworldrecords.com 255

0RVWGLɝFXOWOHYHOcreated in SuperMario MakerAlex Tan 0RVWYLHZVIRUD 0LQHFUDIW YLGHR channel Dan the Diamond Minecart Most popular IHPDOHRQ7ZLWFK Sonja Reid Facebook.com/ Twitter.com/GWR YouTube.com/ Google.com/ Instagram.com/GuinnessWorldRecords GuinnessWorldRecords +GuinnessWorldRecords GuinnessWorldRecordsWWW.GUINNESSWORLDRECORDS.COM/2017