India - Bihar / Vaishali by CGIAR Climate

Bihar / Vaishali India CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

Site Atlas

V.Reddy /CCAFS

CCAFS site atlas

Correct citation: Sijmons K., Kiplimo J., Förch W., Thornton P.K., Bhatta, G. and Aggarwal, P.K. (2013). CCAFS Site Atlas – Bihar / Vaishali. CCAFS site atlas series. The CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org Titles in this series aim to disseminate interim climate change, agriculture and food security research and practices and stimulate feedback from the scientific community. This document is published by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) which is a strategic partnership between CGIAR and Future Earth. CCAFS is supported by the CGIAR Fund, the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), the Australian Government Overseas Aid Program (AusAid), Irish Aid, Environment Canada, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the Netherlands, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (IICT), UK Aid, the Government of Russia, and the European Union (EU). The Program is carried out with technical support from the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Contact: CCAFS Coordinating Unit - Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 21, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Tel: +45 35331046; Email: ccafs@cgiar.org Creative Commons License

This Atlas is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution – NonCommercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. Articles appearing in this publication may be freely quoted and reproduced provided the source is acknowledged. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes. ©2013 CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). DISCLAIMER: This Atlas Series has been prepared as an output for Theme 4.2 under the CCAFS program and has not been peer reviewed. Any opinions stated herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policies or opinions of CCAFS, donor agencies, or partners. The geographic designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of CCAFS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission of the source.

Contents Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. iv Regional Map.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Topographic Map ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Satellite Map .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2: Climate and Climate Variability Annual Rainfall ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Annual Temperature ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Aridity Index ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 3: Bio-Physical Characteristics Altitude............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Soil Type ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Agro-Ecological Zones ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Landcover ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Landuse .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Length of Growing Period 2000 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Length of Growing Period 2030 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Crop Suitability ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

Livestock Production Systems ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Livestock Density ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16 Chapter 4: Socio-Economic Factors Human Population Density ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17 Market Access ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18 Poverty ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Conservations Areas....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 References and Data Sources........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21

Introduction The CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) seeks to promote a food-secure world through the provision of science-based efforts that support sustainable agriculture and enhance livelihoods while adapting to climate change and conserving natural resources and environmental services. Climate change is an unprecedented threat to the food security of hundreds of millions of people who depend on small-scale agriculture for their livelihoods. Climate change affects agriculture and food security, and likewise, agriculture and natural resource management affect the climate system. CCAFS has initially focused on three regions; East Africa (EA), West Africa (WA) and South Asia (SA) to carry out its research. The 15 CCAFS sites in these areas represent areas that are becoming both drier and wetter, and are focal locations that will generate results that can be applied and adapted to other regions worldwide. In this year, 2013, CCAFS is expanding its portfolio to additional sites in Latin America and South-East Asia. These sites serve as the initial focus of CCAFS partnership-building and long-term research activities falling within the following CCAFS Research Themes; Adaptation to Progressive Climate Change, Adaptation through Managing Climate Risk, Pro-Poor Climate Change Mitigation and Integration for Decision Making. At all 15 CCAFS sites, baseline surveys have been conducted, including three levels of data collection and analysis at household, village and organizational levels (see: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/resources/baseline-surveys). More information on CCAFS work in all the three regions can be accessed at www.ccafs.cgiar.org To better understand the CCAFS sites’ characteristics, a list of geospatial indicators for climate variability, bio-physical characteristics and socio-economic variables have been mapped into site atlases. This Atlas was developed for the CCAFS site at Bihar / Vaishali in India, in South Asia Region.

CCAFS Sites: South Asia 80ºE

90ºE

20ºN

10ºN

30ºN

70ºE

Bangladesh: Khulna (BA04) India: Bihar (IN16) India: Haryana (IN17) Nepal: Mid-Western Terrai (NE03)

70ºE

80ºE

90ºE

CCAFS Country Sites

Citation: GeoMapa (2013a)

Topography Bihar Motipur

Bu Kanti

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

( !

Amnour

Maker

Shilowri

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Nayagaon Sarai

( !

Silant

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

( !

Chirora ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

25°30'N

( !

Bikram

( !

Shahabad ( !

( !

Masaurhi

Chandhos

Nadaul

Bharatpura Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Bidupur ( !

( !

Pabhere

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

( !

85°E

River Open Water

7.5

( !

Mohiuddinagar

( !

Karauta

( !

Geruari! (

Madhopur Dih

Scale 1:750,000 15

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut ! ( !

( !

Diyawan ( !

( !

Khusropur

Rarhil

Road

Railway

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

( ! Daulatpur Reri ( ! ( ! ( Hilsa ! Chandi ( ! Saidbarhi

( !

Sarangpur

( !

Khapur ( !

( !

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

. !

( !

Paveri

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

Hasanpur

Kansari

Kevanrha

( !

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hazrat Jandaha

Kurwa

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

Kumhrar

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Hajipur

ar Mo rh

( !

Khagaul

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

Lalganj

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Fatehpur ! (

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Vaishali

( !

. !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Bakhra

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya ( !

( !

CCAFS Site IN16, Bihar / Vaishali, India

Bharwara Basghatta ( Katra ! ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

( !

Wena ( Birnawan ! Rahui

( !

Coordinates of the CCAFS Baseline Sampling frame 85.393E 85.393E 85.295E 85.295E

25.804N 25.713N 25.713N 25.804N

( !

Saksohara

Sirshi

( !

( Govindpur ! Kushahar ( ! ( Bind ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( !

85°30'E

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

26°N

85°E

Sampling frame size: 10km x 10km

45 Kilometers

1 cm = 7.5 km

River Bed

Citation: GeoMapa (2013b)

Satellite Image Vaishali 85째20'0"E

Mukundpur village

. !

( !

( Baijnathpur !

Madhopur

25째45'0"N

Bakarpur

25째45'0"N

( !

2012 2- 022 m o fr ag ery n Eye im resolutio id p a d R n u o r g at 5m eline ld B as o h e s H ou HB S= Survey ne B as eli illag e V = S y VB Surve line l Base ationa iz n a Org OB S= Survey

Road

( !

Chaksaide Village ( !

Pachain Mahesh ( !

85째20'0"E 0

Rasulpur

River

! . ! (

CCAFS VBS/OBS village CCAFS HBS villages

CCAFS Baseline Sampling Frame

Scale 1:75,000

6 Kilometers

Citation: RapidEye (2012)

Annual Rainfall

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Bharpura

( !

Digha

Sonepur

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

( !

Sherbhukka

. !

25°30'N

( !

Bikram

( !

Shahabad

( !

Masaurhi

Chandhos

Nadaul

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

( !

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

( !

Pabhere

( !

85°E

River

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

( !

Mushrigharari ! (

Halai

( !

Hariprasad ( !

( !

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

7.5

30°N

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

( !

Khusropur ( !

Karauta

( !

Diyawan

( !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour !

Geruari! (

Manik Pur

( !

Saksohara

Nehusha

( !

( ! ( ! Madhopur Dih Gonawam Sirshi ( ! ( ! Daulatpur Wena Reri ( Govindpur ! ( ! ( Birnawan ! Rahui Kushahar ( ! ( Hilsa ! ( ! ( Bind ! Chandi ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! Saidbarhi ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( ! Rarhil

Road

Open Water

Hazrat Jandaha

. !

( !

Khapur ( !

Kumar Bajidpur

INDIA

Karpurigram

( !

Railway

( !

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

( !

Kansari

Paveri

( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

Pokhraira

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( !

es ng

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! ( ( !

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

Bharatpura

( !

Loma

Patna

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Khagaul

( !

Muhuwa

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

( !

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Chaknasir

Bhagwanpur

( !

Mahmada ( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Phulhara

( !

!Siho (

Goraul

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Fatehpur ! (

( !

Vaishali

NE PA L

( !

Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra

( !

26°N

( !

Pokhraira

Kolhanta Patori

( !

Scale 1:750,000 15

1 cm = 7.5 km

85°30'E

45 Kilometers

85°E

International boundary 0

Scale 1:10,000,000

125

250

500 Kilometers

Corresponds to the map on the left

Rainfall (mm)

Vaishali MeanRainfall MonthlyDistribution Rainfall Distribution Vaishali Mean Monthly

< = 250

300

250 - 750

200

750 - 1,250 1,250 - 1,750 > = 1,750

ta fall da l Rain Annua nt re of c ur ns of olat io interp d data, e v obser ntat ive e repres - 2 00 0 0 of 1 95

250

150

100

No. of Rainy Days

Ishupur

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

CHINA

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Chakabajo

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Rainfall (mm)

Taraiya

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Rainfall (mm)

No. of Rainy Days

Citation: Jones et al (2002)

Citation: Hijmans et. al (2005)

Annual Temperature

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Silant

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

( !

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

( !

River

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

Reri

7.5

30°N

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

( !

Karauta

( !

Daulatpur

( Hilsa !

( !

Khusropur

Diyawan

Saidbarhi

Rarhil

Road

( !

Pabhere

( !

Khapur

Paveri

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

Open Water

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

Bharatpura

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

Rukanpura

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Nakta

Maner

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

( !

. !

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

ak nd

( !

Pojhi Kapoor

Fatehpur ! (

NE PA L

( !

Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

Vaishali

Kolhanta Patori

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

CHINA

( !

Madhopur Dih ( ! ( !

Chandi

Scale 1:750,000 15

1 cm = 7.5 km

( !

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

Geruari! (

Manik Pur

( !

Saksohara

Nehusha

Gonawam

( !

Wena ( Birnawan ! Rahui

( !

125

Sirshi

( !

85°30'E

Scale 1:10,000,000 250

500 Kilometers

Corresponds to the map on the left

Temperature (ºC)

Vaishali Mean Monthly TemperatureDistribution Distribution Vaishali Mean Monthly Temperature 50

< = 20

( Govindpur ! Kushahar ( ! ( Bind ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( !

45 Kilometers

85°E

International boundary

20 - 22.5 22.5 - 25 25 - 27.5 > = 30

e e ratur l Temp Annua ts a nnua l f en repres ture data o s n ra te mpe interpola ti o t cu rren rve d da ta , e of obs d for e ave rag 000 -2 1950

40 30

Temp. Max Temp. Min

Temp. Mean

10 0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Chakabajo

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Temperature (mm)

Taraiya

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation: Jones et al (2002)

Citation: Hijmans et al (2005)

Aridity Index

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

Paveri

( !

Open Water

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

Reri

7.5

30°N

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

( !

Saidbarhi ( !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

Geruari! (

( !

Daulatpur

( Hilsa !

Karauta

Madhopur Dih ( ! ( !

Chandi

Scale 1:750,000 15

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour ! Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

( !

Wena ( Birnawan ! Rahui

( !

125

Scale 1:10,000,000

Corresponds to the map on the left

Aridity Index

( !

85°E

International boundary

Hyper Arid

Saksohara

Arid

Sirshi

( !

Semi Arid

( Govindpur ! Kushahar ( ! ( Bind ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( !

Dry sub-humid

250

500 Kilometers

es indicat Index , y s it s id e r n A ry tion e l of d the lev apotranspira v e en taking unt, at a giv fall o c in c a a r into k n ow n f o n locatio

Humid

85°30'E 45 Kilometers

1 cm = 7.5 km

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Khusropur

Diyawan

Rarhil

Road

( !

Pabhere

( !

Khapur ( !

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

River

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

Bharatpura

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

NE PA L

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

Fatehpur ! (

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Vaishali

CHINA

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation:

Trabucco et al (2009)

Altitude

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Bharatpura

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

( !

Pabhere

7.5

30°N

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

( !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

Geruari! (

( !

Diyawan ( !

Karauta

Madhopur Dih

Scale 1:750,000 15

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour ! Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

Wena

( !

Sirshi

( !

Kushahar Govindpur ( Bind ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( ! ( Birnawan ! ( !

( !

Rahui

85°30'E

( !

125

Scale 1:10,000,000

Corresponds to the map on the left

Altitude (m) > = 1000

Saksohara

85°E

International boundary

750 - 1000 750 - 500

250

500 Kilometers

e ates th l e ind ic ve Altitud bove sea le a t h heig ers in met

250 - 500 > 250

45 Kilometers

1 cm = 7.5 km

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Khusropur

Rarhil

Road

Open Water

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

( ! Daulatpur Reri ( ! ( ! ( Hilsa ! Chandi ( ! Saidbarhi

( !

Khapur

Paveri

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

River

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

NE PA L

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

Fatehpur ! (

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Vaishali

CHINA

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation: Jarvis et al (2008)

Soil Type

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

Paveri

( !

Open Water

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

Reri

7.5

30°N

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

( !

Saidbarhi ( !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

Geruari! (

( !

Daulatpur

( Hilsa !

Karauta

Madhopur Dih ( ! ( !

Chandi

Scale 1:750,000 15

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour ! Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

( !

Wena ( Birnawan ! Rahui

( !

Sirshi

( !

( Govindpur ! Kushahar ( ! ( Bind ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( !

125

Scale 1:10,000,000

Corresponds to the map on the left

Soil Type * Cambisols

Saksohara

85°E

International boundary

Calcisols Fluvisols Lixisols * Legend corresponds to left map

85°30'E 45 Kilometers

1 cm = 7.5 km

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Khusropur

Diyawan

Rarhil

Road

( !

Pabhere

( !

Khapur ( !

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

River

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

Bharatpura

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

NE PA L

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

Fatehpur ! (

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Vaishali

CHINA

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation: FAO et al (2009)

250

500 Kilometers

e s oil s to th e refer p O y T A F il So t he as per oil groups group n. S o ti a arent ic class if ed b y th eir p net ic e n g fi o e h d p or are l and m ms of materia ristics in t er te and ch arac l p roperties ra d n tu a c u t s il str (sand, ll texture tent), as w e n clay co ic m atter n a g r o as t. con ten

Agro-Ecological Zones

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

( !

Open Water

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

Reri

7.5

30°N

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

( !

Saidbarhi ( !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

Geruari! (

( !

Daulatpur

( Hilsa !

Karauta

Madhopur Dih ( ! ( !

Chandi

Scale 1:750,000 15

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour ! Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

( !

Wena ( Birnawan ! Rahui

( !

125

Scale 1:10,000,000

Corresponds to the map on the left

Agro-Ecological Zones

( !

85°E

International boundary

Arid

Saksohara

Semi-Arid

Sirshi

( !

Sub-Humid

( Govindpur ! Kushahar ( ! ( Bind ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( !

Humid Temperate/Highlands

85°30'E 45 Kilometers

250

500 Kilometers

es al Zon cologic ision of E o r g A div e te the indica as that hav e r ics a t is d r n la aracte itability, h c r a d su simil to lan al related l ag ricultur ia t n pote nd ction a l prod u a t n e nm enviro t. impac

1 cm = 7.5 km

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Khusropur

Diyawan

Rarhil

Road

( !

Pabhere

( !

Khapur

Paveri

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

River

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

Bharatpura

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

NE PA L

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

Fatehpur ! (

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Vaishali

CHINA

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation:

FAO (2008)

Landcover

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

Paveri

( !

River

Reri

Rarhil

Road

( !

Pabhere

7.5

( !

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

30°N

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

Khusropur ( !

Karauta

( !

Geruari! (

( !

Madhopur Dih

( ! Daulatpur ( ! ( Hilsa ! Chandi ( ! Saidbarhi

Scale 1:750,000 15

1 cm = 7.5 km

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

( !

Diyawan ( !

( !

Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

Wena

( !

Rahui

Scale 1:10,000,000

Corresponds to the map on the left

Irrigated croplands

Saksohara

Rainfed croplands

Sirshi

Mosaic Croplands/Vegetation

( !

Mosaic Vegetation/Croplands Closed to open grassland

85°30'E

Bare areas 45 Kilometers

125

Landcover *

Kushahar Govindpur ( Bind ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( ! ( Birnawan !

85°E

International boundary

250

500 Kilometers

s the r show ysical e v o c )ph Land ed (bio observ the earth's t n of omina cover , i.e. d d use e c a f r n su tion, la tures. vegeta -made fea n a and m

Urban area * Legend corresponds to left map

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Khapur ( !

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

Open Water

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

Bharatpura

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

NE PA L

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

Fatehpur ! (

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Vaishali

CHINA

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation:

Arino et al (2009)

Landuse

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

Paveri

( !

River

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

Reri

7.5

30°N

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

( !

Saidbarhi ( !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

Geruari! (

( !

Daulatpur

( Hilsa !

Karauta

Madhopur Dih ( ! ( !

Chandi

Scale 1:750,000 15

1 cm = 7.5 km

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour ! Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

( !

Wena ( Birnawan ! Rahui

( !

85°E

International boundary 0

125

Scale 1:10,000,000 250

Corresponds to the map on the left

Landuse *

( !

Rainfed crops (Subsistence/Commercial)

Saksohara

Sirshi

Crops and high livestock density

( !

( Govindpur ! Kushahar ( ! ( Bind ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( !

Crops, large-scale irrigated, moderate or higher livestock density Agriculture large scale Irrigation Urban area

85°30'E

Open Water- inland Fisheries

45 Kilometers

500 Kilometers

ho w ti on of des crip .It involves a is d se La ndu ti liz e the lan th e u ity, i.e . n people nomic a cti v o ti a ic if o c d socio-e ent and mo en t into m em n g o a ir n v a n m le na tura ch as of the ir onment,s u e ttlements . nv ds e n le t a il s u b eld mu ltip ltural fi e remay be agri cu th , e c pla At any s , the here. e nted se land u t on e is pre s an domin

* Legend corresponds to left map

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Khusropur

Diyawan

Rarhil

Road

( !

Pabhere

( !

Khapur ( !

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

Open Water

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

Bharatpura

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

NE PA L

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

Fatehpur ! (

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Vaishali

CHINA

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation:

Natchtergaele et al (2010)

Length of Growing Period 2000

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Bharatpura

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

( !

Pabhere

7.5

30°N

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

( !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

Geruari! (

( !

Diyawan ( !

Karauta

Madhopur Dih

Scale 1:750,000 15

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour ! Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

( !

Wena ( Birnawan ! Rahui

( !

Saksohara

Sirshi

( !

125

Scale 1:10,000,000

Corresponds to the map on the left

< = 50

( Govindpur ! Kushahar ( ! ( Bind ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( !

85°30'E

Length of Growing Period (Days)

( !

85°E

International boundary

50 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200 > 200

250

500 Kilometers

ing f Gro w ngth o defined e L e h T is (LGP) ys Period umb er of da n ich e h h w t s g a in ar dur infed in a ye available ra for is upply there ture s is o m soil . ro wth plant g

45 Kilometers

1 cm = 7.5 km

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Khusropur

Rarhil

Road

Open Water

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

( ! Daulatpur Reri ( ! ( ! ( Hilsa ! Chandi ( ! Saidbarhi

( !

Khapur

Paveri

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

River

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

NE PA L

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

Fatehpur ! (

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Vaishali

CHINA

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation: Thornton et al (2006)

Length of Growing Period 2030

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

Garkha

Baragopal Manupur! (

Doriganj

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

Paveri

( !

Open Water

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

Reri

7.5

30°N

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

( !

Saidbarhi ( !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

Geruari! (

( !

Daulatpur

( Hilsa !

Karauta

Madhopur Dih ( ! ( !

Chandi

Scale 1:750,000 15

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour ! Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

( !

Wena ( Birnawan ! Rahui

( !

Sirshi

( !

125

Scale 1:10,000,000

Corresponds to the map on the left

< = 50

Saksohara

( Govindpur ! Kushahar ( ! ( Bind ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( !

85°30'E

Length of Growing Period (Days)

( !

85°E

International boundary

50 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200 > 200

45 Kilometers

250

500 Kilometers

wing of Gro ed h t g n e The L is defin (LGP) of days d io r r Pe numb e ich as the r during wh fed a in e a y r in a able is avail upply for there s oisture soil m o wth; here r g 030 . plant d for 2 mod ele

1 cm = 7.5 km

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Khusropur

Diyawan

Rarhil

Road

( !

Pabhere

( !

Khapur ( !

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

River

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

Bharatpura

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

NE PA L

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

( !

Fatehpur ! (

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Vaishali

CHINA

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation: Thornton et al (2006)

Crop Suitability

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

Paveri

( !

River

Reri

Rarhil

Road

( !

Pabhere

7.5

( !

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

30°N

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

Khusropur ( !

Karauta

( !

Geruari! (

( !

Madhopur Dih

( ! Daulatpur ( ! ( Hilsa ! Chandi ( ! Saidbarhi

Scale 1:750,000 15

1 cm = 7.5 km

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

( !

Diyawan ( !

( !

Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

Wena

( !

Sirshi

( !

Kushahar Govindpur ( Bind ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( ! ( Birnawan ! ( !

( !

Rahui

85°30'E

( !

Very low Low Medium low Medium Medium high

45 Kilometers

125

Scale 1:10,000,000

Corresponds to the map on the left

Crop Suitability Not suitable

Saksohara

85°E

International boundary

High

250

500 Kilometers

fers to ility re b a it u Crop S resource nd the la ent that l land sm s e s ultura nt s ic a r g a ers leva consid ions with re ition t d use op logical con o c e e t c pe d agro ate ex s. im t s e itie to g activ croppin

Very high

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Khapur ( !

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

Open Water

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

Bharatpura

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

NE PA L

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

Fatehpur ! (

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Vaishali

CHINA

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation: FAO and IIASA (2007)

Livestock Production Systems

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

Paveri

( !

Open Water

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

Reri

7.5

30°N

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

( !

Saidbarhi ( !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

Geruari! (

( !

Daulatpur

( Hilsa !

Karauta

Madhopur Dih ( ! ( !

Chandi

Scale 1:750,000 15

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour ! Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

( !

Wena ( Birnawan ! Rahui

( !

125

Scale 1:10,000,000 250

Corresponds to the map on the left

Mixed Rainfed

Saksohara

Sirshi

Arid /semi-arid

Humid / sub-humid

Temperate / highland

Mixed Irrigated

85°30'E

Humid and sub-Humid

Arid / semi-arid

Urban area

Humid / sub-humid

Other

Temperate / highland

45 Kilometers

Livestock only

Arid / Semi-arid Temperate / highland

( !

( Govindpur ! Kushahar ( ! ( Bind ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( !

85°E

International boundary

500 Kilometers

s as Syste m ucti on tems take d ro P ck sys Live sto gri cultural ns in to io fa condit ified in part o c ti a ss lim agro-c an d a re cla es tock v s nt accou f fe ed a nd li commoditie o y; k te rms e s; li ve stoc n te chnolog s; o on res ourc d; prod ucti tock fun cti s ; n es ce produ us e and li v phic locatio ra ct produ ered; geog ns ov tio are a c an popula um and h . rted suppo

1 cm = 7.5 km

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Khusropur

Diyawan

Rarhil

Road

( !

Pabhere

( !

Khapur ( !

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

River

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

Bharatpura

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

NE PA L

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

Fatehpur ! (

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Vaishali

CHINA

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation:

FAO (2007)

Livestock Density

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

Paveri

( !

River

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

Reri

7.5

30°N

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

( !

Saidbarhi ( !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

Geruari! (

( !

Daulatpur

( Hilsa !

Karauta

Madhopur Dih ( ! ( !

Chandi

Scale 1:750,000 15

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour ! Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

( !

Wena ( Birnawan ! Rahui

( !

Saksohara

Sirshi

( !

( Govindpur ! Kushahar ( ! ( Bind ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( !

85°30'E

125

Scale 1:10,000,000

Corresponds to the map on the left

Number per km 2

( !

85°E

International boundary

No Observations 0 - 15 15 - 30 30 - 45

250

500 Kilometers

sity is ck Den s Livesto d in number re g u in s a d e m inclu stock, nd sheep, of live a goats cattle, 2 m per k

45 - 60 > 60

45 Kilometers

1 cm = 7.5 km

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Khusropur

Diyawan

Rarhil

Road

( !

Pabhere

( !

Khapur ( !

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

Open Water

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

Bharatpura

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

NE PA L

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

Fatehpur ! (

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Vaishali

CHINA

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation: Wint et al (2007)

Human Population Density

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

Paveri

( !

Open Water

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

Reri

7.5

30°N

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

( !

Saidbarhi ( !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

Geruari! (

( !

Daulatpur

( Hilsa !

Karauta

Madhopur Dih ( ! ( !

Chandi

Scale 1:750,000 15

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour ! Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

( !

Wena ( Birnawan ! Rahui

( !

Sirshi

( !

( Govindpur ! Kushahar ( ! ( Bind ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( !

85°30'E

125

Scale 1:10,000,000

Corresponds to the map on the left

Number of persons per km 2 <= 5

Saksohara

85°E

International boundary

5 - 25 25 - 50

250

500 Kilometers

lation ed n Popu Huma is the g ridd r y pe Densit of persons r e b num2 200 5. km in

50 - 250 > 250

45 Kilometers

1 cm = 7.5 km

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Khusropur

Diyawan

Rarhil

Road

( !

2 Pabhere

( !

Khapur ( !

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

River

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

Bharatpura

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

NE PA L

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

Fatehpur ! (

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Vaishali

CHINA

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation: CIESIN (2005)

Market Access

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

Paveri

( !

Open Water

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

Reri

7.5

30°N

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

( !

Saidbarhi ( !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

Geruari! (

( !

Daulatpur

( Hilsa !

Karauta

Madhopur Dih ( ! ( !

Chandi

Scale 1:750,000 15

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour ! Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

( !

Wena ( Birnawan ! Rahui

( !

125

Scale 1:10,000,000

Corresponds to the map on the left

Travel time to nearest large town/city (Hours)

( !

0-2

Saksohara

Sirshi

( !

( Govindpur ! Kushahar ( ! ( Bind ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( !

85°30'E

85°E

International boundary

2-3 3-4 4-5 >5

45 Kilometers

250

500 Kilometers

eas ure is a m rmined e im t Travel sib ility dete ken ta es of acc hours) re, time ( urban cent e h t t in n s io e t r a la ne pu to the city of a p o ore m r r town o 0 people o ns of a 00 of 50, different me g in k a t ( n ortatio transp ount) c into ac

1 cm = 7.5 km

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Khusropur

Diyawan

Rarhil

Road

( !

Pabhere

( !

Khapur ( !

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

River

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

Bharatpura

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

NE PA L

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

Fatehpur ! (

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Vaishali

CHINA

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation: Nelson (2008)

Poverty

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

Garkha

Baragopal Manupur! (

Doriganj

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

Paveri

( !

Open Water

Reri

Rarhil

Road

( !

Pabhere

7.5

( !

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

30°N

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

Khusropur ( !

Karauta

( !

Geruari! (

( !

Madhopur Dih

( ! Daulatpur ( ! ( Hilsa ! Chandi ( ! Saidbarhi

Scale 1:750,000 15

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

( !

Diyawan ( !

( !

Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

Wena

( !

Sirshi

( !

Kushahar Govindpur ( Bind ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( ! ( Birnawan ! ( !

( !

Rahui

85°30'E

( !

125

Scale 1:10,000,000 250

Corresponds to the map on the left

Percentage of People living on less than 2 US$ per day 0 or missing value

Saksohara

85°E

International boundary

0 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 80 80 - 100

45 Kilometers

500 Kilometers

ba l ed glo s truct n at o h c t y N CIE SI s of povert es of t t a e data s ed on estim ort ality s are ba nal infant m n d ata, io tio subn a d malnut rit il th are h o c b d t an g th a y an d in iz n t g reco over s for p proxie rather th an e welfar easu res. m direct

1 cm = 7.5 km

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Khapur ( !

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

River

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

Bharatpura

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

NE PA L

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

( !

Fatehpur ! (

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Vaishali

CHINA

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation: CIESIN (2005)

Conservation Areas

Taraiya

Chakabajo

Ishupur

Bakhra

( !

Amnour

Shilowri

( !

Maker

Sonho ( ! Bheldi

( !

Chainpur

( !

Parsa

( !

Garkha

( !

Baragopal Manupur! ( ( !

( !

Lalganj

Nayagaon Sarai

Bharpura

( !

Sonepur ( !

. !

Bihta

Chiraiya Tand

Sherbhukka

Khagaul

25°30'N

Chirora ( ! ( ( ! ! ( Neva ! Parsa ( ! Ahuara ( ! Dumari ( ! Amarpura

( !

Bikram

( !

Bharatpura

Chandhos

Sigori

( !

Town

Settlement

( !

Masaurhi Nadaul

( !

Bidupur ( !

Kumhrar

Fatwah ( ! Hardas Bigha ! (

( !

Pabhere

7.5

30°N

( !

Vidyapati Nagar! (

( !

Mohiuddinagar

80°E

( !

Atmal Gola

( Harnaut !

Geruari! (

( !

Diyawan ( !

Karauta

Madhopur Dih

Scale 1:750,000 15

1 cm = 7.5 km

Pnadarakh ( ! Barh ( Billour ! Manik Pur

Nehusha

Gonawam

( !

Wena ( Birnawan ! Rahui

( !

125

Saksohara

Sirshi

( !

Conservation Area National Park / Buffer Zone National Park National Park Extension Hunting Reserve

45 Kilometers

Scale 1:10,000,000 250

500 Kilometers

Corresponds to the map on the left

Conservation Areas Sanctuary

( Govindpur ! Kushahar ( ! ( Bind ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Baghar Choti Dhamauli ! ( ! Noorsarai Kenar Kalawn ( !

85°30'E

85°E

International boundary

Nature Reserve Wildlive Reserve

Areas areas rvation Co nse t pro tected N, en s IU re p to C ic re ording ed geograph c c a t, n d tha rly defi ed, dedicate a le c are c ogniz ugh legal or re , s e spac d thro s, to anage and m ective m ean servatio n ff n e other lo ng-term c o ted e c ia o s s a ac hiev re w it h of natu m services te s y s o c e alue. ltural v and c u

UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve

River Bed

Vaishali CCAFS sampling frame

BANGLADESH

Sarangpur

( !

Khusropur

Rarhil

Road

Open Water

Morwa Bishanpur ( ! ( Patori ! Mahnar Bazar

( !

Kurwa

( ! Daulatpur Reri ( ! ( ! ( Hilsa ! Chandi ( ! Saidbarhi

( !

Khapur

Paveri

Halai

Hariprasad ( !

. !

( !

85°E

River

( !

INDIA

Karpurigram

Mushrigharari ! (

( !

Kansari

( !

Railway

Hazrat Jandaha

( Tajpur !

Samastipur ( !

Hasanpur

ar Mo rh

Kevanrha

( !

Sahdaibuzurg

( Daniawan !

Sukathiya ! (

Shahabad

( Akthiyarpur ! Laxman Pur

( !

es ng

( !

Kumar Bajidpur

( !

Hajipur

Sahar Rampur

Pathak Milki

( !

Loma

Pokhraira

( !

Muhuwa

Patna ( !

( !

Chaknasir

Kansara ( ! Chak Sikander

Desari

Dholi

( !

Belsandi ( ! Haripur ( Ghomagar ! ( ! Simari Kalyanpur ( ! ( Bisanpur !

( !

Patepur

Ghhojaul

( !

Mahmada ( !

Goraul

Bhagwanpur

( !

Digha

( !

!Siho (

( !

Phulhara

( !

. !

Silant

Kurhani

Sarai ( ! Arara ( !

Dighwara

Rukanpura

( !

NE PA L

( !

( ! ( !

Sitalpur

Nakta

Maner

( !

Jaitipur

Duryodhan Pandit

Doriganj

( !

Fatehpur ! (

ak nd

Pojhi Kapoor

Vaishali

CHINA

Kolhanta Patori Godhaila

Chainpur Bangra ( !

( !

Sharfuddinpur

( !

Pokhraira

26°N

( !

Khalilpur Turki ! (

( ! ( !

( !

Majhauli

Ladaura Shareef

( !

Dhenuki

( ! ( !

( !

Garha

Muzaffarpur ! . ! . Musahri Marwan

Saraiya

( !

25°30'N

Hardi

( !

Bharwara Basghatta Katra ( Gangia ! Chandauli ( ! ( Rampura ! ( Jila Missrouli ! ( ! Pirauchha ( !

( !

25°N

Kanti

30°N

85°E

26°N

Motipur

( !

80°E

Hathauri ! ( Madari Pur Karn ( !

da an

( !

G hi

Deoria

85°30'E

Minapur

Manpura ! ( ( ! Bururaj

25°N

85°E

Citation: UNEP and WCMC (2012)

References and Data Sources Regional Map Sijmons K. 2013a. Digital Satellite Image based on, MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ) NASA, 2009, Ground resolution : 1 Kilometer. GTOPO30, (DEM) Global Digital Elevation Model U.S Geological Survey, Ground resolution: 1 Kilometer. Topographic Features derived from: Global GIS, U.S. Geological Survey and Google Earth. Projection: Geographic, Lat/Long, WGS84 Topographic Map Sijmons K. 2013b. Relief represenation derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) 2000, Ground resolution 90 meter and ASTER GDEM, Ground resolution 30 meter, NASA. Topographic Features digitized from Google Earth Projection: Geographic, Lat/Long, WGS84

assessment. Version 1, 2002. CD-ROM and Userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Manual. CIAT, AA6713, Cali, Colombia, 87 pp. Aridity Index Trabucco, A., and Zomer, R.J. 2009. Global Aridity Index (Global-Aridity) and Global Potential Evapo-Transpiration (Global-PET) Geospatial Database. CGIAR Consortium for Spatial Information. Published online, available from the CGIAR-CSI GeoPortal at: http://www.csi.cgiar.org/ Altitude Jarvis, A., H.I. Reuter, A. Nelson, E. Guevara, 2008, Hole-ďŹ lled SRTM for the globe Version 4, available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90m Database. Available at http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org Soil Type FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC. 2009. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.1). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Satellite Image RapidEye Satellite Image, 5 meter ground resolution, Image acquisition, 17-01-2011

Agro-Ecological Zones Fischer, G., F. Nachtergaele, S. Prieler, H.T. van Velthuizen, L. Verelst, D. Wiberg, 2008. Global Agroecological Zones Assessment for Agriculture (GAEZ 2008). IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria and FAO, Rome, Italy

Annual Rainfall Hijmans, R.J., S.E. Cameron, J.L. Parra, P.G. Jones and A. Jarvis, 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25: 1965-1978.

Landcover Arino, O., Perez J. R., Kalgirou V., Defourny P., Achard F. 2009. GlobCover. Version 2.3 Global. Accessed at http://ionia1.esrin.esa.int/

Annual Rainfall Graph Jones P G, Thornton P K, Diaz W and Wilkens P W. 2002. MarkSim, a computer tool that generates simulated weather data for crop modeling and risk assessment. Version 1, 2002. CD-ROM and Users Manual. CIAT, AA6713, Cali, Colombia, 87 pp.

Landuse Natchtergaele F., Petri M., 2010. Mapping Land Use at global and Regional Scales for Land Degradation Assessment Analysis (LADA).Version 1.1. LADA Project FAO/UNEP GEF/. http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/metadata.show?id=37139&currTab=simple

Annual Temperature Hijmans, R.J., S.E. Cameron, J.L. Parra, P.G. Jones and A. Jarvis, 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25: 1965-1978.

Length of Growing Period 2000 Thornton P K, Jones P G, Owiyo T, Kruska R L, Herrero M, Kristjanson P, Notenbaert A, Bekele N and Omolo A, with contributions from Orindi V, Adwerah A, Otiende B, Bhadwal S, Anantram K, Nair S and Kumar V. 2006. Mapping climate vulnerability and poverty in Africa. Report to the Department for International Development, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 200 p.

Annual Temperature Graph Jones P G, Thornton P K, Diaz W and Wilkens P W. 2002. MarkSim, a computer tool that generates simulated weather data for crop modeling and risk

Length of Growing Period 2030 Thornton P K, Jones P G, Owiyo T, Kruska R L, Herrero M, Kristjanson P, Notenbaert A, Bekele N and Omolo A, with contributions from Orindi V, Adwerah A, Otiende B, Bhadwal S, Anantram K, Nair S.

and Kumar V. 2006. Mapping climate vulnerability and poverty in Africa. Report to the Department for International Development, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 200 p. Crop Suitability FAO-IIASA 2007. Mapping biophysical factors that inďŹ&#x201A;uence agricultural production and rural vulnerability. Food and Agriculture Organization and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Rome 2007. Livestock Production Systems FAO. 2007. Gridded livestock of the world 2007, by G.R.W. Wint and T.P. Robinson.Rome, pp 131. Livestock Density Wint W, Robinson T, 2007. Gridded Livestock of the World. FAO, 131 pp. Human Population Density Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN)/Columbia University, and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT, 2005. Gridded Population of the World, Version 3 (GPWv3): Population Density Grid, Future Estimates, Edition: 3.0. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC. Online_Linkage: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/gpw-v3-population-density-future-estimates Market Access Nelson, A. (2008) Estimated travel time to the nearest city of 50,000 or more people in year 2000. Global Environment Monitoring Unit - Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra Italy. Available at http://www-tem.jrc.it/accessibility (accessed 06/03/2004) Poverty Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, 2005. Small Area Estimates of Poverty and Inequality (SAEPI) database. Palisades, NY: CIESIN, Columbia University. Available at http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/povmap. ( Version 1.0) Available at http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/theme/poverty Conservation Areas UNEP-WCMC (2012). Data Standards for the World Database on Protected Areas. UNEPWCMC: Cambridge, UK.

June 2013

The CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) brings together the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s best researchers in agricultural science, development research, climate science and Earth System science, to identify and address the most important interactions, synergies and tradeoffs between climate change, agriculture and food security. CCAFS is a strategic partnership of CGIAR and Future Earth, led by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). For more information, visit www.ccafs.cgiar.org and www.geomapa.nl