Field Guidebook On The Native Trees Within The Quirino Forest Landscape

Field Guidebook on
Native Trees within the

Quirino Forest Landscape
Elizabeth Tomas-Carig
Field Guidebook on
Elizabeth Tomas-Carig
Field Guidebook on
Elizabeth Tomas-Carig, Ph.D.
Researchers
Irene D. Dimmangna, RF
Liwliwa F. Mamaoag, RF
Joel G. Carig, MSF
Forest Assessment Team

Ryan P. Manuel, Ph.D.
Joel G. Carig, MSF
Romnick L. Pascua, MSF
Franklin C. Dulnuan, RF
Genita L. Pasion, RF
Photographers and Lay-out Artists

Irene D. Dimmangna, RF
Liwliwa F. Mamaoag, RF
Gerlyn B. Orpiano, RF
Maps
Anjo Mar P. Tuazon, RF
Support Staff
Jesa Jane F. Sales
Virgilio B. Pumacsao
Copyright © 2020
by Elizabeth T. Carig
QSU Compound, Andres Bonifacio, Diffun, Quirino
Email: elizabeth.carig@qsu.edu.ph
ISBN 978-971-014-693-2
All rights reserved.

This publication is produced for the project “Multi-
Stakeholders Collaboration for the Sustainable Management of
Quirino Forest Landscape”.
Published and Printed by:
Seed/seedling of White Lauan
I
Field Guidebook on Native
Trees within the Quirino
Forest Landscape
ELIZABETH T. CARIG
Published, Copyrighted 2020, and distributed by

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II
Callophylum blancoi Planch. & Triana.
Suggested citation for referencing this book is:
Carig, Elizabeth T. Guidebook on Native Trees within the

Quirino Forest Landscape. Plaridel, Bulacan, St. Andrew Publishing House. 2020
Content
Inside Cover
Copyright Page II
Acronyms III
Glossary IV
Message Atty. Jose Andres A. Canivel,
Executive Director, Forest Foundation VI
Philippines
Dr. Hermenegildo F. Samoy Jr.
VII
President, Quirino State University
Acknowledgment
VII
Foreword IX
Part I. Introduction 1
Table of Content
Part II. Featured Native Tree Species 10
Alim Melanolepis multiglandulosa 11
A Almaciga Agathis philippensis 13
Amamali Leea aculata 15
Amugis Koordersiodendron pinnatum 17
Anabiong Trema orientalis 19
Antipolo Artocarpus blancoi 21
Anubing Artocapus ovatus 23
Bagalunga Melia dubia 25

B Bahai Ormosia calavensis 27
Balinghasai Buchania arborescens 29
Balobo Diplodiscus paniculatus 31
Banaba Lagerstroemia speciosa 33
Banato Mallotus philippensis 35
Bangkal Nauclea orientalis 37
Bignai Antidesma bunius 39
Binayuyo Antidesma ghaesembilla 41
Binuang Octomeles sumatrana 43
Bolong-eta Diospyros pilosanthera 45
Dao Dracontomelon dao 47

D Dita Alstonia scholaris 49
Duhat Syzygium cumini 52
Dungon-late Heretiera littoralis 53
Guijo Shorea guiso

G 56
Featured Tree Species
Hairy Leafed Apitong Dipterocarpus alatus 57

H 59
Himbabao Broussonetia luzonica
I Ipil Intsia bijuga 61
Kalantas Toona calantas 63

K Kalios Sterblus asper 65
Kalubkob Syzygium calubkob 67
Kalumpit Terminalia edulis 69
Kamagong Diospyros discolorlis 71
Kapulasan Nephelium ramboutan-ake 73
Katmon Dillenia philippinensis 75
Katong-matsing Chisocheton pentandrus 77

Kupang Parkia roxburghii 79
81
M Magabuyo Celtis luzonica
Malak-malak Palaquim philippense 83
Malapapaya Polyscias nodosa 85
Manalu Semecarpus longifolius 87
Mayapis Shorea palosapis 89
Molave Vitex Parviflora 91
93
N Narra Pterocarpus indicus
Panglomboien Syzygium simile 95

P Piling-liitan Canarium luzonicum 97
Rarang Erythrina subumbrans 99

R Rimas Artocarpus altilis 101
103
S Salinggogon Cratoxylum formosum
Tagotoi Palaquim foxworthyii 105

T Tanguile Shorea polysperma 107
Tuai Bischofia javanica 109
White Lauan Shorea contorta 111

W
References 116
Acronym
BSF Bachelor of Science in Forestry
CENRO Community Environment and Natural Resources Office
COVID Corona Virus Disease

DAO Department Administrative Order
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DILG Department of Interior and Local Government

DOST-FPRDI Department of Science and Technology - Forest Products Research and
Development Institute.
IoT Internet of Things
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature
JMC Joint Memorandum Circular

LGU Local Government Unit
MENRO Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office
QFLP Quirino Forest Landscape Project
QSU Quirino State University

SERD Sustainable Environment for Rural Development Association Inc.
III
Glossary
Common name Refers to the adopted name of a species as is widely used in the country;
may be based on English or other foreign name, or Tagalog name, or
when no local or vernacular name is available is derived from the
meaning of its scientific name.
Conservation Means preservation and sustainable utilization of wildlife, and/or

maintenance, restoration and enhancement of the habitat;
Critically Endangered When used in the context of the IUCN Red List, a taxon is classified as
(CR) ‘Critically Endangered’ when there is an extremely high risk of extinction
in the wild in the immediate future (IUCN, 2001).
Refers to a species or subspecies facing extremely high risk of extinction in

the wild in the immediate future. This shall include varieties, formae or
other intraspecific categories (DAO No. 2007-01).
DAO No. 2007-01 A Department Administrative Order establishing the national list of
threatened Philippine Plants and their categories, and the list of other
wildlife species
Dipterocarp forest Forest dominated by trees of the dipterocarp species, such as red lauan,
tanguile, tiaong, white lauan, almon, bagtikan and mayapis of the
Philippine mahogany group, apitong and the yakals.
Endangered (EN) When used in the context of the IUCN Red List, a taxon is classified as
‘Endangered’ when there is very high risk of extinction in the wild in the
immediate future (IUCN, 2001).
Refers to a species or subspecies that is not critically endangered but

whose survival in the wild is unlikely if the causal factors continue
operating (DAO No. 2007-01).
Forest Canopy A structurally complex and ecologically important subsystem of the
forest. It is also defined as “the aggregate of all crowns in a stand of
vegetation, which is the combination of all foliage, twigs, fine
branches, epiphytes as well as the interstices (air) in a forest”.
Forest lands Include the public forest, the permanent forest or forest reserves, and
forest reservations.
Forests Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and
a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these
thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under
agricultural or urban land use.
IUCN Red List of The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the world's most
Threatened Species comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and
animal species. It uses a set of quantitative criteria to evaluate the
extinction risk of thousands of species. These criteria are relevant to most
species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, The
IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status
of biological diversity.
IV
Glossary
Lesser-used species Also called Lesser-Known Species, are species that are commercially less
accepted species left in the forest after a logging operation. These are
species that are not being put to best advantage (although many
commercial species are not being put to best advantage either).
Native trees Trees that are living, growing, and reproducing naturally in a particular
region. The focus in using native trees should be on trees that are native to
the region and that are well-adapted to the specific site where they will be
planted.
Premium Species Refers to tree species, the wood of which has special characteristics such as
strength, durability, beauty, scarcity or rarity, or is used for special
purposes, and included in the list of such species embodied in DAO No. 78,
Series of 1987 and other species that may hereafter be classified as such.
Secondary forest A rainforest that has been disturbed in some way, naturally or unnaturally,
created in a number of ways, from degraded forest recovering from
selective logging, to areas cleared by slash-and-burn agriculture that have
been reclaimed by forest. It is characterized (depending on its level of
degradation) by a less developed canopy structure, smaller trees, and less
diversity. Due to the lack of a full canopy, more light will reach the floor,
supporting vigorous ground vegetation. "Jungle" is the term often applied
to secondary forest with dense ground growth, but it is also applied to
some tropical moist forests where seasonal variations permit thick ground
growth.
Species Refers to the smallest population which is permanently distinct and

distinguishable from all others. It is a primary taxonomic unit;
Threatened Species A general term to denote species or subspecies that is considered as
critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable or other accepted categories
of wildlife whose populations are at risk of extinction (DAO No. 2007-01).
Tropical This forest type is characterized by little or no seasonal water shortage and
Evergreen Lowland rather uniform warm and humid conditions. It is structurally complex
Forest showing multiple layers along its vertical length. Scientists recognize 3 to 4
vegetative or structural layers each of which constitutes habitat for a tightly
packed community of vertebrate and invertebrates
Undergrowth Low growth on the floor of a forest including seedlings and saplings,
species shrubs, and herbs
Vulnerable (VU) When used in the context of the IUCN Red List, a taxon is classified as
‘Vulnerable’ when facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the
immediate future (IUCN, 2001). Refers to a species or subspecies that is not
critically endangered nor endangered but is under threat from adverse
factors throughout its range and is likely to move to the endangered
category in the future (DAO No. 2007-01).
Watershed An area of land that feeds water to a river, draining through the landscape
into tributaries and main river channels. Also called catchments, drainage
basins or river basins.
Wood The hard-fibrous substance consisting basically of xylem that makes up the
greater part of the stems, branches, and roots of trees or shrubs beneath the
bark and is found to a limited extent in herbaceous plants
V
Message
Forests give us life. Not only does it give us essential products, like food and medicines, but
forests also provide critical ecosystem services, like water catchment and air purification.
Forests are also home to diverse plants and animals, including indigenous peoples. Without
forests, we clearly won’t survive. In the last decades, however, there has been a steady
decline in the Philippine forests. From the original 27 million hectares of forest cover, it has
decreased to 7.3 million hectares in 2015.
In 2002, under two bilateral agreements between the governments of the United States of
America and the Philippines, the Forest Foundation Philippines, formerly known as
Philippine Tropical Forest Conservation Foundation, was established to provide grants to
organizations that empower the people to protect the forests. The Foundation currently
focuses its support to the landscapes of Palawan, Samar and Leyte, Bukidnon and Misamis
Oriental, and the backbone of Luzon, Sierra Madre.
Sierra Madre, the longest mountain range in the Philippines, runs from the provinces of
Cagayan in the north to Quezon in the south. It has a land area of approximately 1.4 million
hectares, which is embraced by ten provinces, including Quirino. Out of the 22% forest cover
left in the country, 40% of which can be found in the Sierra Madre. It provides habitat for
growth and development of diverse flora and fauna, which is among the most unique and
richest on a per area basis. Its biological importance is not only due to its remaining intact
forest, but also due to its high plant diversity, with more than 3,500 species recorded in the
area. This represents about 45% of species recorded in the country. In fact, the highest
number of endemic plant species is found in Sierra Madre, having 58% endemism. Clearly,
there is a need to share the importance of these native species to more people so we can all
work together to protect and conserve them.
Thankfully, we have this field guidebook on native trees in Quirino. We are grateful to the
Sustainable Environment for Rural Development Association, Inc (SERD) for their hard work
in producing this valuable resource material. Hopefully, through this book, we will be able to
empower more people to become advocates of forest protection and conservation. We look
forward to partnering with them in the future.
Thank you.
Atty. JOSE ANDRES A. CANIVEL

Executive Director
Forest Foundation Philippines
VI
Message
Like other living things, trees have places of origin. Each species has found its niche in nature
having adapted to the conditions set by the biotic and abiotic components of its original home
and evolved to its present state. Native trees are vital in the survival of other organisms that co-
evolved with them and in the preservation of biodiversity.
Quirino, nestled at the slopes of the Sierra Madre Range, is blessed with a variety of native tree
species that need to be sustained and protected for their importance in the environmental and in
various ecological services and economic activities in the area. They make up the vast forest
cover which supplies drinking water to the people, provides irrigation system for agriculture,
serves as a dwelling place for the endangered animal species indigenous to the province, and
protects the area from flood and other extreme weather disturbances brought about by the
climate change.
Concerns about native trees have gained new significance in peoples’ environmental awareness
and conservation initiatives. Because native trees are adapted to the locality’s soils,
temperature, amount of sunlight and rainfall, they can be propagated and managed with ease.
Native trees are resistant to pests, diseases and can withstand weather conditions that the zone
experiences such as typhoons and monsoons.
The growing population of Quirino should be more informed and educated about the
province’s natural resources such as the native trees and how these resources are preserved.
Educating the people, young and old alike, will make them more aware about the environment
and value the natural landscape for biodiversity and aesthetic beauty. This education can come
from seeing trees in schools, arboretums, parks, wildlife areas and forested zones;
understanding how these trees, the environment and living organisms including humans are
interrelated; and appreciating how these trees provide clean air, filtered water, shade, food and
soil that all residents depend on.
The book Field Guidebook on Native Trees within Quirino Forest Landscape documents
important characteristics of the native trees such as habit of mature trees, fruit appearances,
profile of mature/immature inflorescence, fruit clusters, leaf arrangement, timber classification,
conservation status, distribution, other notable features, uses and even the vernacular name of
each featured native tree. As an invaluable resource, the guidebook provides students
informative and engaging experience about the indigenous trees. Populated with photos and
interesting facts, it builds interest and fun among the users. Students’ engagement with the
guidebook will help them appreciate native trees and eventually become good stewards on the
preservation of the environment, in general, and the native trees, in particular.
“Trees do not preach learning and precepts. They preach, undeterred by particulars, the ancient
law of life (Herman Hesse).” Like the trees, let us be deeply rooted with our mission and let us
aspire to grow and flourish. Let us disperse the seeds of knowledge and understanding so that
others may live. For in doing so, we find life’s meaning.
HERMENEGILDO F. SAMOY, JR., Ph.D.

University President
VII
Acknowledgement
This publication is an effort to present the Philippine native trees found within the Quirino Forest
Landscape Project area, covering the barangays of Don Mariano Perez, Ifugao Village and Baguio
Village, municipality of Diffun; barangays of Calaocan, Eden, Dibibi and Dingasan, municipality of
Cabarroguis; barangays Diodol, San Manuel and Victoria, municipality of Aglipay; and Jose Ancheta
and Balligui, municipality of Maddela.
The completion of this book could not have been possible without the assistance and supervision of so
many people. I would like to extend my gratitude and appreciation to the following PO Presidents and
their respective members for their support and assistance during their field activities: Mr. Lito
Bannagao (Don Mariano Perez), Alben C. Rodolfo (Baguio Village), Vicente B. Balajo (Ifugao Village),
Cresencio G. Cadingan (Dibibi), Mauricio L. Ojascastro (Eden), Abel M. Decoran (Dingasan), Basanio C.
Lobyo (Calaocan), Manuel T. Ngabit Jr. (San Manuel), Norma T. Mangili (Victoria), John M. Lub-e
(Diodol), Arnold N. Pugong (Jose Ancheta), and Florencio P. Madiwo (Balligui).
To the different Punong Barangays, their Council members and their Barangay Tanods, for ensuring
the security and safety of the Forest Assessment Team during their field activities;
To the MENRO personnel of Diffun, Cabarroguis, Aglipay and Maddela and personnel from CENROs
Diffun and Nagtipunan for their active participation during the conduct of field inventory/assessment;
To the BS Forestry students of QSU, Princess, Ruth, Jaime and Ivy, who preferred to stay with SERD for
their field practice and for actively participating during the field activities;
To the members of the Forest Assessment Team, Dr. Ryan P. Manuel, For. Romnick L. Pascua, For. Joel
G. Carig, For. Franklin Dulnuan and For. Genita L. Pasion, for their knowledge, skills, patience and
commitment in completing the field work;
To Dr. Dyanika Nolasco and Mr. Ronie Guillermo, for patiently editing the book;
To Dr. Dante M. Aquino, for patiently reviewing the book and giving his honest opinion to further
improve it;
To Dr. Samuel O. Benigno and Dr. Hermenegildo F. Samoy Jr., the former and current University
Presidents of Quirino State University, who are both plant enthusiasts, for their support to the project
team starting from the conduct of field activities up to the book’s publication;
To Irene and Liwliwa, my photographers, my lay-out artists, my dendrologists and my researchers, for
their patience of going back to the field to get photos of the different native tree species, especially
during the flowering and fruiting stages; and for putting ’millennial’ touch on this book, my endless
gratitude to you both...
To the Forest Foundation Philippines for funding this endeavor;
And to all the persons whose names were not mentioned here; my heartfelt gratitude;
Above all, to the Almighty God, the giver of great knowledge and wisdom; for strengthening us to
withstand all the difficulties along the way.
ELIZABETH T. CARIG
June 2019
VIII
Foreword
The Philippine forest is one among those recognized with the highest biodiversity in the world.
However, there is a great unknown among the variety of biological materials that comprise this
diversity. It is lamentable to note that only few experts deal on the nomenclature of the diverse
plants and animals that comprise the forest ecosystem, hence a dearth on publications in these
fields of study. There are a number of publications on birds with beautiful colored pictures but
with limited circulation and patronized only by ornithologists. But for plants, although most
were already identified, there is a dearth of references available on their detailed botanical
descriptions. Even for trees - the large plants in the forest that are supposedly more readily
identifiable and easily describable - there are no ready reference materials that are in circulation.
The available publication at present is the Lexicon of Philippines trees (revised) (Rojo, Justo P. Los
Baños: DOST-FPRDI, 1999) which is a "collation of information mostly from revision of plant
groups in botanical/ taxonomic journals and books dealing with plants in the tropics
particularly in the Malesian Region and surrounding areas". Just like the first edition (Salvosa
Felipe M. A foresty lexicon of Philippine trees. College: FPRI, 1960) , the 1999 Lexicon presents
complete and detailed taxonomic descriptions of each species included.
With the advent of technology, i.e. the internet of things (IOT) and in the social media, there are
many accessible blogs and links online that provide information on many botanical species
available on their databases (many on ornamental plants, some on trees). With good WiFi
connection, some of these are instantly accessible online in many blogs, others as e-books in pdf
formats usually available through officially registered libraries that may require registration or
membership. Some are with commercial motives, others into business adverts. It is obviously
noticeable that their websites are user-friendly and attractively dynamic that banner beautiful
and colorful pictures of the plant species they feature. The eye-catching images cater to
everybody of all walks of life, regardless of personal inclinations or field of interest. For the
science-inclined women and men who are more interested into the technical details of plant
description and characterization, much more is desired. More in-depth descriptions (botanical,
taxonomic, systematics) are preferred by biologists, botanists, foresters, and plants enthusiasts.
Being able to go back and review reference materials is usually done, so the availability of a
readily accessible hardcopy (a book, for example) is much preferable. The nomenclature and
identity of a plant species encountered may be ascertained if referred to and compared with the
reference material.
It is in this regard that this book focused on native tree species will be very useful not only in the
academe - for professors and students alike - but also to the field women and men involved in
botany, forestry, or environmental science. Although quite limited in scope, geographical- and
material- (50 species to be exact) wise, the details of known relevant features given for each
species and the pertinent physical characters clearly shown in the colored pictures capture the
pertinent characters of the tree that defines the doubtless identity of that particular species. It is
worthy to mention that writing a book of this kind is a way of conserving the native tree species
included in the book. With many of them under various categories of endangerment (critically
endangered, vulnerable, threatened, etc.), these trees are permanently preserved in hardcopy
(and electronic copy as well when the e-book form shall have been uploaded) readily available
as published.
The author and her team deserve commendation in coming up with this book in a coffee table
book format that is attractive and readable.
DANTE M. AQUINO
Retired Professor VI
ISU College of Forestry and Environmental Management
IX
Part I. Introduction
The Author found her heart amongst the native trees which caused her to get
interested in them. Why native trees? Because native trees are very important in the
web of life. They are the foundation of our natural ecosystems (Lantican, 2015).
They provide food and shelter to wildlife much better than introduce tree species.
Native trees also adapt naturally to its local surrounding; thus, are more resilient
than any other tree species (Tarriela, 2018). They also possess the natural ability to
recover from damage caused by pests and diseases and even turbulent weather
conditions (Lantican, 2015).
In recent decades, there had been a sharp decline in the population of native trees
because of extractive and destructive human activities. Deforestation, replacement
by invasive alien species, and establishment of monocrop plantations that only
propagate commercially popular varieties of trees have been the major contributors
to population drop (Green Convergence, 2012). Compounding the problem is the
effect of rapid global climate change on plant phenology (Corlett & Lafrankie, 1998)
which have been affecting the flowering and fruiting of many native tree species.
The province of Quirino is part of the Central Sierra Madre which is identified as
one of the last frontier of natural forests in the country. The author has been
working in the province for almost 18 years now and through those period, she has
been an eyewitness of how forest cover declined and continue to decline due to
expansion of agricultural production, especially corn farming, in forest land areas.
With this, as a forester, the author has been involved in implementing extension
projects geared towards sustainable forest management and in conducting
researches which uncover information about the remaining forests in the province.
In 2016, the first leg of biodiversity inventories was conducted in the barangays of
Eden and Dibibi in the municipality of Cabarroguis, the capital town of Quirino.
The research activity focused on the assessment of the diversity and functions of
secondary forests by undertaking physiognomy (structure) evaluation of the
forests, biological diversity measurement of canopy trees and undergrowth species,
and functional descriptions of the forests and the species. At that time, the author
and her researcher assistants hoped that the output could be used as basis in
crafting the management and protection plan for the two barangays.
Results of the inventory conducted revealed that the forests of Eden and Dibibi
hold considerable advantage for both ecological and economic use. Many of the
plants found thereat have ecological and other potentials. Diversity, structure and
function of forests studied were in the early stages of self-restoration. The forests
contain diversified assemblage of early successional and climax species. Moreover,
the density of canopy and the undergrowth layers provide a fully stocked and
diverse forest in the future. It was projected, therefore, that the forests in the said
barangays can potentially become a major carbon sink of the province in the time
ahead.
However, almost all of the sampled canopy and undergrowth species revealed very
few individual trees. Only few species (e.g., Shorea contorta) are expected to
“endure” individual extirpation because of their abundance in the two sites. It was
concluded that in terms of land use, mix of economically viable and lesser-used/
lesser known species may lead to two “lose-lose” scenarios if not properly
managed: people continuously replacing economically unimportant species with
“money trees”, like Gmelina and Mahogany, and people becoming more aggressive
Pterocarpus indicus
in harvesting economically important individuals to “edge out” competitors over
land resources.
1
In 2018, another rapid tree diversity and timber resources assessment was
conducted in 12 barangays located in areas categorized as “forest landscape.”
These barangays include Ifugao Village, Baguio Village and Don Mariano Perez
in the municipality of Diffun, barangays of Calaocan and Dingasan in the
municipality of Cabarroguis, barangays of San Manuel, Victoria, and Diodol in
the municipality of Aglipay, and barangays of Balligui and Jose Ancheta in the
municipality of Maddela. These barangays are the project site of the Forest-
Foundation funded project titled “Multi-stakeholders Collaboration for the
Sustainable Management of Quirino Forest Landscape” (QFLP).
In this research undertaking, biological, ecological, economic, social and

governance attributes of the area, particularly forest area and forest
characteristics, biodiversity and conservation values, forest disturbances, forest
area production, and protective functions and ecosystem services were assessed.
The study sites are generally termed as “Tropical Evergreen Lowland Forest” or
“Dipterocarp Forest” following the classifications of Fernando et al (2004) and
Tamesis (1948). Dominant species in low-lying open forests, like that of Eden
and Dibibi, include Dungon (Heritiera sylvatica); Magabuyo and Banato (Mallotus
philippinensis), were widespread in closed ridges while Binuang (Octomeles
sumatrana) stands were found prevalent in upper slopes of Dingasan.
The highlight of the research results in terms of general diversity and

conservation values of tree species revealed a total of 125 tree species within
sampled plots. Diversity is very high (Shannon H’’ = 3.90), and highly
heterogeneous (Shannon E = 0.81). Dominance is shared by about 16% of total
species (Simpson’s Reciprocal Index = 20.03). Given the tree assemblage within
the plots, possible maximum diversity in surrounding areas exceeds normal
Shannon-Weiner Index values, implying very complex tree diversity (H’max =
4.83).
The forest assessment team recorded that three out of five most frequent species
in the sampled sites are dipterocarps, to include White lauan (Shorea contorta),
Tanguile (Shorea polysperma), and Mayapis (Shorea palosapis) while the other two
most abundant species are Narra (Pterocarpus indicus), and Magabuyo (Celtis
philippinensis). These are all considered “climax” trees since mature individuals
of such dictate the canopy, structure, recruitment, and general functioning of the
forest.
Other notable trees sighted and reported by locales include Red Lauan (Shorea
negrosensis), Hagakhak (Dipterocarpus validus), Binuang (Octomeles sumatrana),
Balobo (Diplodiscus paniculatus), Nato (Palaquium luzoniense), Tuai (Bischofia
javanica), Lamio (Dracontomelon edule) and Mountain Tapinag (Sterculia montana).
In terms of conservation values, as per International Union for the Conservation

of Nature (IUCN) Red List and DENR Administrative Order 2007-01,
approximately a third (33.60%) of sampled canopy trees (43 species total) require
conservation effort. Species listed as Critically Endangered (Red List) are: Guijo
(Shorea guiso), White and Red Lauans (Shorea contorta, S. negrosensis) and Narra
(Pterocarpus indicus). In consideration of endemism and level of endangerment,
White Lauan (Shorea contorta) is the most critical species.
Using Department Administrative Order (DAO) 2007-01, other critically

endangered species encountered within the forest landscape includes
Kamagong (Diospyros blancoi), Malinoag (D. brideliifolia) and Dalingdingan
(Hopea foxworthyi); vulnerable species include Dao (Dracontomelon dao), Molave Pterocarpus indicus
(Vitex parviflora), Tanguile (Shorea polysperma), Balakat-Gubat (Balakata luzonica),
2
White Lauan (Shorea contorta), Kalingag (Cinnamomum mercadoi), Red Nato
(Palaquium luzoniense) and Malak-Malak (Palaquium philippense); and other
threatened species include Bitongol (Flacourtia rukam), and Malakatmon
(Tetracera scandens).
With all facts gathered regarding the state of remaining forests within the “forest
landscape” project area, advocacy and other activities leading to the
development, management and protection of remaining natural forests were
done from 2016 to present. Orientation on various environmental laws to the
members of the different barangay local government units were undertaken and
the response of the different BLGUs was overwhelming. Technical assistance in
crafting and enacting barangay ordinances declaring remaining forests as
“community watersheds” were accomplished. The identification of community
watershed for each of the barangays is important since these areas “sources of
water supply for specific local communities” (DENR-DILG JMC NO. 98-01). An
aggregate area of 6,916.24 hectares was declared as community watersheds
(digitized declared community watershed in the twelve barangays shown in
Figure 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D) through barangay ordinances. These barangay
ordinances provide guidance to the BLGUs on what are the allowable and
prohibited acts inside the declared community watersheds including penalties
for activities that may be committed thereat.
Since a lot of the forest trees identified during the conduct of inventory are
native trees, local leaders and BLGU officials were consulted as to their
willingness to identify and declare premium species of native trees as “mother
trees”. “Mother trees” will be the sources of seeds and seedlings for future
reforestation/rehabilitation activities of concerned entities in the area and in
other parts of the province. Once identified as mother trees, these will be
marked and geotagged as well as protected from any form of cutting or
harvesting. The acceptance was tremendous that eventually led to the
identification, marking and geotagging of 305 native mother trees within the
twelve barangays. Signages were prepared and installed in each of the identified
mother trees to prevent cutting. Most of these mother trees are featured in this
book. A map showing the relative location of these mother trees is shown in
Figure 2A and Figure 2B.
Aside from joint undertaking with local communities, a 24-hectare arboretum

located in Maria Clara, Diffun was established and maintained. This 24-hectare
arboretum is found within a 30-hectare co-management area of Quirino State
University (QSU) with DENR. Assorted native trees comprising successional
and climax species were planted in the area with strong involvement of
students. This arboretum is already utilized as forest laboratory of BS Forestry
students of the University.
From just being an eyewitness of forest cover decline and being involved in
conducting inventory and restoring forest cover and various undertakings
completed in between, the author is coming up with this Field Guidebook on
Native Trees found within the Quirino Forest Landscape. This book is an
offshoot of the research studies and extension projects conducted by the author
and her research team. Originally, the book is intended only to showcase tree
diversity within selected areas of Quirino, but eventually expanded to be used
as basis for future planning and policy formulation by LGU concerned and to
serve as reference book for BS Forestry students especially those taking
Dendrology. Copyright and book number were obtained from the National
Library. Copies of this book shall eventually be distributed to the different local
government units in the province, as well as, in the library of the university to Pterocarpus indicus
serve as reference.
3
The difficult task of going back to the field and finding the different native trees
in their natural habitat within the almost 7,000 hectares declared community
watershed was started late 2018. It was a long process and tedious work not
only in getting photos but also monitoring their flowering and fruiting stage,
and in researching crucial information about these trees. Despite the hardship
and difficulties, coming up with this book is all worth it.
The publication of this book is timely considering the current situation of

learning as a result of COVID-19 pandemic. With restrictions on face-to-face
learning and group activities, this book will generally help BSF students become
familiar with native trees in the province, as well as, relevant tree information
such as: habit of mature trees, fruit appearances, profile of mature/immature
inflorescence, fruit clusters, phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement, timber classification,
conservation status, distribution, notable features, uses and even the vernacular
name of each featured native tree.
The author hopes that students will be able to appreciate native trees and their
roles in ecological balance and would also become advocates for its sustainable
management and protection.
Pterocarpus indicus
4
Figure 1A. Map of Declared Community Watersheds in the municipality of Diffun
Figure 1B. Map of Declared Community Watersheds in the municipality of Cabarroguis
5
Figure 1C. Map of Declared Community Watersheds in the municipality of Aglipay
Figure 1D. Map of Declared Community Watersheds in the municipality of Maddela
6
Figure 2A. Relative Location of Native Trees within the
Quirino Forest Landscape Project area
7
Figure 2B. Relative Location of Native Trees within the
Quirino Forest Landscape Project area
8
Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe
9
Part II
NATIVE
TREES
10
Alim
Melanolepis multiglandulosa W (Reinw. Ex Blume) Rchb.f. & Zoll.
11
26
Alim
Trema orientalis (Reinw. Ex Blume) Rchb.f. & Zoll Euphorbiaceae (Spurge family)
B
B
AA CC DD
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Fruit. C. Profile of leaf. D. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement.
Year first Described 1857 Timber Lesser Used Species (LUS)

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Alok (Bicol, Bisaya); Alom, Alok Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD

(Pangasinan, Zambales); Alum Status
(Ayangan); Bihnung (Iloko) Not threatened
Distribution Evenly distributed throughout the Propagation Seed
landscape.
Notable features: Evergreen shrub or a tree that grows to 4-10 m high; Bark is smooth to shallowly
fissured with minutely lenticels and flaky; Latex is milky and sticky; Leaves are large,
orbicular-ovate, with a heart-shaped base, pointed at the tip, and often deeply three-
to five-lobed, with coarsely toothed margins; Flowers are greenish yellow; Fruit is a
capsule, about millimeters each way, smooth and consisting of 2 or 3 parts.
Uses: Wood (light and durable) for shoes and firewood; Bark for cough; Crushed, dried
leaves, mixed with cold water, are drunk to treat constipation, chest complaints and
tuberculosis.
Where to find: Common in thickets and secondary forests at low and medium altitudes.
12
Almaciga
Agathis philippinensis Warb.
13
28
Almaciga
Agathis philippinensis Warb. Araucariaceae (Auracaria family)
A C D
A
A. Leaf arrangement.
Year first Described 1900 Timber Premium species

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Philippine Agathi (English); Conservation CR VU NT

EN CD LC DD
Manila copal and Kauri (Trade Status
name); Almaciga (General)
Endangered (IUCN 2.3)
Baguio Village, Don Mariano
Distribution Propagation Seed, cuttings
Perez, Jose Ancheta
Notable features: A large evergreen tree with pyramidal crown and whorled branches (50-60 m tall); Bark
light gray to reddish exuding resin, smooth; Leaves are entire and leathery; simple, opposite
or nearly so oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate and obtuse.
Uses: Wood (high quality timber) for boat-building, decorative plywood, paneling and furniture;
Resin for varnishes, lacquer, soap, paint, printing inks, linoleum, floor wax, plastic, water
proofing material and the like; Almaciga resin traded as Manila copal.
Where to find: In primary forests, at medium and higher altitudes, 200 to 2000 meters above sea level.
14
Amamali
Leea aculeata Blume ex Spreng
15
30
Amamali
Leea aculeata Blume ex Spreng Vitaceae (Grape family))
AA B
C C
D
A. Profile of immature inflorescence. B. Fruit cluster. C. Leaf arrangement.
Year first Described 1824 Timber n/a

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Mali-mali (Pampanga, Tagalog); Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Anga-ang (Ayangan) Status

Data Deficient
Distribution Evenly distributed throughout the Propagation Seed, cuttings, and air layering
landscape
Notable features: Spiny shrub or small tree (8-10 m tall); Leaves are smooth and trifoliate or pinnate com
pound, prominently toothed along all margins except the base; Trunk and main branches
are spiny; Flowers are white-yellow-pink, and borne on corymb; Fruit is red, somewhat
rounded, about 1 cm in diameter.
Uses: Leaves are reported to be used for purifying blood.
Where to find: Common in thickets and second-growth forests, especially along streams; at low and
medium elevations, sometimes ascending to 1,300 meters.
16
Amugis
Koordersiodendron pinnatum (Blanco) Merr.
17
32
Amugis
Koordersiodendron pinnatum (Blanco) Merr. Anacardiaceae (Cashew family)
A A C
B D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement.
Year first Described 1903 Timber Furniture/Construction Hardwood

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Taligaan (Ilocos Norte), Bankasi Conservation
(Ilocano), Mugis, Ambugis Status CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
(Bulacan), Tirong, Oris, Urisan

(Cagayan) Vulnerable (DENR DAO 2007-01)
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Don Mariano Perez, Propagation Seed

Ifugao Village, Calaocan
Notable features: A large evergreen tree (25-50 m in height); Leaves are spirally arranged, crowded at the ends
of twigs, with six to 16 pairs of leaflets; Leaflets are oblong, with an equilateral obtuse base and
acuminate apex; Bark is dark brown or black, shallowly or deeply fissured; Flowers are white or
yellowish green.
Uses: Wood (light and durable) for flooring, furniture, general house construction;
Exude gums (local medicine).
Where to find: In undisturbed forests up to 800-meter altitude, but usually below 500 meters. In secondary
forests, it is usually present as a pre-disturbance remnant. It is widely distributed throughout the
Philippines.
18
Anabiong
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
19
34
Anabiong
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Cannabaceae (Hemp family)
B
B
A C D
C
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Profile of immature inflorescence. C. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement.
Year first Described 1856 Timber Pulpwood and Matchwood Species

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Gunpowder tree (English); Conservation
CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Anardung (Mt. Province); Status
Anadong(Pangasinan); Analdong Least Concern (IUCN 2.3)
(Tuwali); Anachong (Ayangan);
Pangarandungen (Iloko)
Distribution Evenly distributed throughout the Propagation Seed, Stump cuttings
landscape.
Notable features: Small to mid-sized evergreen tree (5-18 m tall); Bark light gray to brown, smooth, finely-
fissured and thin when fully mature; Leaf hairy, ashy green; alternately arranged in two
rows, narrowly ovate and with finely serrated margin.
Uses: Wood (light and durable) for charcoal, pulp and paper, fireworks;
Bark for dyeing and roughening fishing lines;
Young shoots and Fruits for consumption.
Where to find: In clearings and second growth low– to mid-montane forests/areas
20
Antipolo
Leea aculeata (Elmer) Merr.
21
36
Antipolo
Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. Moraceae (Breadfruit family)
B
B
A C D
A. Profile of young leaf. B. Immature fruit. C. Habit of mature tree.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Pakak (Batanes, Cagayan, Pan- Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
gasinan); Pakak-bakia, Tuyop Status

Vulnerable (IUCN 2013)
(Zambales); Kamansi (Bataan,
Iloilo); Razara (Palawan); Pa-akh
(Ayangan)
landscape.
Notable features: A large evergreen tree, growing up to 30 m tall; Leaves are simple, spirally arranged, with
one to three pairs of lobes; Hairy petioles are about 8 centimeters long; Leaf characteristics
are similar to Artocarpus altilis (Rimas).
Uses: Wood (soft) for light construction, pulp and paper;

Bark for cordage (carabao yoke); Fruit for cooking (vegetable)
Where to find: In dry low– to mid-elevation thickets and forests, at low and medium altitudes.
22
Anubing
Artocarpus ovatus Blanco
23
38
Anubing
Artocarpus ovatus Blanco Moraceae (Breadfruit family)
A
A C
C D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Profile of leaf. C. Fruit. D. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement .

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Kubi (Tayabas, Mindoro, Sorsoga- Conservation
on, Samar , Cagayan); Tagap Status
(Baler); Tumolubo (Isabela); Bili Not threatened
(Tuwali); Tufah (Ayangan)
Caloocan, Dibibi
Notable features A deciduous tree reaching a height of 30 meters and a diameter of about 100 centimeters;
Leaves are oblong or subelliptic, hairy, pointed or slightly heart-shaped at the base; Fruit is
about 10 centimeters long, irregularly rounded with the anthocarp extending into brownish,
hairy appendages or tails, green when young, yellow to brown into maturity; Seeds are
ellipsoid, and embedded in whitish, more or less gummy meat.
Uses Wood is a source of keledang timber, which is traded; houses posts and poles; Latex with
potential for use as a chewing gum base is obtained from the tree.
Where to find Lowland forests and thickets, at elevation up to 750 m.
24
Bagalunga
Melia dubia Cav.
25
40
Bagalunga
Melia dubia Cav. Meliaceae (Mahogany family)
A
A C D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Profile of juvenile leaf. C. Fruit. D. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Agalunga (Central Visayas); Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Balanggago, gango, lantana, mali- Status

ba, sili-sili (Tagalog) Not threatened
landscape.
Notable features A large deciduous tree reaching 15 m tall; Leaves are compound with toothed leaflets;
Bark is grey, longitudinally fissured and flaky; Flowers are small, greenish-yellow in much
branched inflorcences; Fruits are green, ellipsoidal with a single seed covered by hard
portion (as in a mango fruit) and surrounded by fleshy pulp outside.
Uses Wood for cigar boxes, ceiling planks, building purposes, agricultural implements, pencils,
match boxes, and splints; Bark to cure skin diseases and open wounds; Leaves, when dried
and burned, drive away mosquitoes.
Where to find Commonly found in the hills at elevations ranging from 600 – 1800m.
26
Bahai
Ormosia calavensis Blanco
27
42
Bahai
Ormosia calavensis Blanco Fabaceae (Legume family)
A A C DB
A. Mature fruit. B. Leaf arrangement.
Year first Described 1845 (Flora de Filipinas) Timber Lesser Used Species (LUS)
Classification
Vernacular Name/s Bangate, tindalog-aso, horse-eye Conservation CR VU NT
EN CD LC DD
beans; Magallayaw (Ifugao) Status
Not threatened
Distribution Jose Ancheta Propagation Seed
Notable features A small sub-canopy, evergreen tree (20 m tall); Bark is gray or dark brown and rough;
It has no sap and the terminal buds are not enclosed by leaves; Fruits are infrutescence
arranged on branched axis, brown to black color, not spiny, non-fleshy, simple, dehiscent,
legume.
Uses Wood for furniture, cabinet work, interior finish, and general construction.; Leaves for
stomach aches; The brightly colored seeds are used for making necklaces.
Where to find This tree is found scattered in dipterocarp forests, particularly in forests at low and medium
altitudes.
28
Balinghasai
Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume
29
44
Balinghasai
Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume Anacardiaceae (Cashew family)
A
A C D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Profile of juvenile leaf. C. Immature inflorescence. D. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement .
Year first Described 1850 Timber Furniture, Construction Hardwood

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Little Gooseberry, Sparrow’s Man- Conservation
go (English, India); mango-gong, Status
marangguub, salingagon Not threatened
(Palawan); Mampat (Malay)
Distribution Calaocan Propagation Seed
Notable features Evergreen tree up to 35 m tall; Leaves are spirally alternately arranged and tend to be
clustered towards the ends of the branches, smooth, leathery, elongated oblong, and
simple; Flowers are very small with cream to yellowish white color; Fruits are edible,
globular, small (1 cm long) and reddish to purple-black in color.
Uses Wood for light constructions, interior works, veneer, plywood, furnitures and novelties;
Tannin from Bark is used for toughening fishing nets.
Where to find It grows in lowland secondary forests, along riverbanks, near beaches, peat swamps, and on
hills, up to 500 m altitude.
30
Balobo
Diplodiscus paniculatus Turcz.
31
46
Balobo
Diplodiscus paniculatus Turcz. Malvaceae (Mallow family)
A
A CC D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Leaf arrangement. C. Profile of leaf.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Burubu (Cagayan); Bagobo (Ilocos Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Norte); Manaring (Isabela); Balogo Status

Vulnerable A1cd (IUCN 2.3)
(Pangasinan); Maramani (Iloko);
Pamulinaw (Ifugao)
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Baguio Village, Propagation Seed, cleft grafting, and marcotting
Dibibi, Dingasan, Don Mariano
Perez, Victoria, San Manuel
Notable features: A medium-sized tree (20 m tall) with an irregular bole and buttressed base; Bark is rough,
dirty brown, flaky-scaly, flaking and at times sloughing into small irregular shaped sheets,
leaving flat scars on the surface of the bole; Leaves are simple which are alternate, elliptic or
oblong elliptic, glossy above with obtuse to rounded, or slightly inequilaterally base.
Uses: Wood (light and durable) for light construction and household utensils;
Bark for making ropes; Seeds are edible which can be roasted or boiled.
Where to find: The species can be found in primary and secondary forests at low and medium altitude often
on flat lands, seldom on sloping areas.
32
Banaba
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L) Pers.
33
48
Banaba
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L) Pers. Lythraceae (Loosestrife family)
A
A CC D
D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Flower. C. Fruit. D. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Queen of flower (English); Conservation
Nabulong, Tabangau (Cagayan); Status CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Aropag, Makabolo (Pangasinan);

Mitla (Tarlac) Not threatened
Distribution Evenly distributed throughout the Propagation Seed, Stump cuttings

province.
Notable features: A deciduous tropical flowering tree (5-20 m tall); Bark is smooth, gray to cream-colored,
and peels off in irregular flakes; Leaves are smooth, large, spatulate, oblong to elliptic-ovate;
Flowers are 6-parted, purplish lilac or mauve-pink, rarely pink.
Uses: Wood (hard and durable) for paneling, paddles, agricultural tools and handicraft;
Bark for treating diarrhoea and abdominal pain;
Leaves and dried fruits traditionally made into herbal tea (Banaba tea).
Where to find: Relatively open sites like secondary or disturbed forests, grassland, and especially along rivers.
34
Banato
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull.Arg.
35
50
Banato
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull. Arg. Euphorbiaceae (Spurge family)
A
A C D
D
A. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. B. Fruit. C. Profile of leaf. D. Fruit cluster.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Buas (Ilokano); kamala (English); Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Darandang (Tagalog) Status
Abundant
province.
Notable features Evergreen tree growing up to 4-10 m, with the branchlets, young leaves and inflorescence
covered with brown hairs; Leaves are alternate, oblong-ovate, with a pointed tip and
rounded base with toothed or entire margins; Fruit is somewhat spherical, covered with
red or crimson powder.
Uses Kamala powder, obtained from the skins of the fruits, is used as a preservative for
vegetable oils and dairy products; Fruits contain a pigment that is the source of kamala
dye, which is used for dyeing wool and silk bright orange; Wood for rafters, tool handles,
matchboxes, and house-posts.
Where to find Common in evergreen forest, especially in secondary forest, and sometimes even dominant
in the undergrowth. It also occurs in scrubby vegetation and on open rocky ground.
36
Bangkal
Nauclea orientalis (L.) L.
37
52
Bangkal
Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. Rubiaceae (Madder family)
A B
B
B
A C D
C
A. Profile of leaf. B. Flower/Seed. C. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement .

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Leichhardt Pine (English); Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Balikakak, kabag, and mabalot Status
(Bisaya); Alantap (Ayangan); Not threatened
Analtap (Tuwali)
Distribution Evenly distributed throughout the Propagation Seed, cuttings
landscape.
Notable features A small to fairly large tree up to 35 m tall; Bark surface is smooth to irregularly fissured
and cracking sometimes scaly grayish-brown to reddish-brown; Leaves are large and dark
glossy green with prominent yellow venation; Flowers are small with orange-yellow petals
and protruding white stamens, and stick out collectively from a central point, giving the
inflorescence the look of small spiky balls; Seed is ovoid to ellipsoid, sometimes slightly
bilaterally compressed, not winged.
Uses Wood for light framing, interior joinery, flooring, furniture, cabinet work, moldings, veneer
and plywood; Also used for house construction and the wood is considered suitable for
making a good pulp for paper production.
Where to find Found in secondary forests lowland and hill forests sometime up to 1,100 m altitude, often
along streams, and also in swampy locations.
38
Bignai
Antidesma bunius (Blanco) J.F. Macbr.
39
54
Bignai
Antidesma bunius (Blanco) J.F. Macbr. Phyllantaceae (Phyllanthus family)
B
B
A C D
A. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. B. Profile of juvenile leaf. C. Profile of mature leaf. D. Cluster of fruit.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Bugnay (Ilocos Sur, Abra, Cagayan, Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Nueva Ecija, Camarines, Mindoro. Status
Bunei (Bontoc); Bunnai (Isabela); Not threatened
Pagiruga (Cagayan); Bunneh
(Tuwali); Fugnay (Ayangan)
Distribution Evenly distributed throughout the Propagation Seed, cuttings, air layering, and
landscape. grafting
Notable features A small tree 4-10 m in height; Flowers are small and green; Leaves are small, shiny,
somewhat oval in shape, pointed at the tip, rounded or pointed at the base, and 8-20 cm
long; Fruit is ovoid, red, about 8mm long, fleshy, acid and edible; It contains a single
seed.
Uses Wood for fence posts, tool handles and walking sticks; Bark yields a strong fiber for rope
and cordage; Fruits are edible and made into jam and jelly; Young shoots are edible, eaten
raw in salads, or stewed with rice; also source of blue dye.
Where to find Common and widely distributed in open places and second-growth forests. It is rarely
cultivated. It is one of the commonest trees in the first stages of the invasion of grassland by
second-growth forests.
40
Binayuyu
Antidesma ghaesambilla Gaertn.
41
56
Binayuyu
Antidesma ghaesambilla Gaertn. Phyllantaceae (Phyllanthus family)
A C
B C
D
A. Leaf arrangement. B. Fruit. C. Profile of leaves and shoot.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Arosep (Ilokano); tubo-tubo Conservation
(Bikolano); kakapal (Bisaya); Status
Pod-pod (Ifugao) Least concern
landscape
Notable features A small deciduous tree which can grow up to 16 m tall with light grey bark; Leaves are
papery to thinly leathery, covered with fine hairs, oblong in shape (sometimes ovate or
drop shaped); Flowers are tiny yellow-green to yellow-red flowers are borne on branched
axillary or terminal inflorescences axillary and terminal; Fruits are fleshy ellipsoid drupes
that are somewhat flattened, ripening red.
Uses Wood is red, hard and used for small constructions; Fruits are eaten raw and prepared
into jams, etc; Young shoots are used as a vegetable and as a spice; Leaves are used in
traditional medicine against fever.
Where to find Grows in gallery forest, monsoon forest and closed forest often on heavy soils subject to
water–logging during the wet season. Altitudinal range from near sea level to 600 m.
42
Binuang
Octomeles sumatrana Miq.
43
58
Binuang
Octomeles sumatrana Miq. Tetramelaceae (Datiscaceae family)
A A C B
D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Bilus (Tagalog); Sanew (Cagayan); Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Baring (Nueva ecija); Samak Status

(Tarlac); Binua (Zambales);
Banuang (Zambaonga); Least Concern (IUCN 2.3)
Tabanwang (Iloko and Ifugao)
landscape.
Notable features: A colossal, dioecious evergreen tree (60-75 m tall) with a semi-globular crown with a
pagoda-like branching habit; Bark surface fissured or irregularly cracked, often pustular,
grey to grey-brown.
Uses: Wood (soft and light) for match boxes, concrete molds, pallets and pulps; Bark for dye;
Leave is used as a relief from stomach pains; Young leaves can be cooked and eaten as
vegetables.
Where to find: It grows in lowland evergreen rain forest, up to 1000 m altitude. It is especially common in
natural secondary and seral riverine alluvial forest.
44
Bolong-eta
Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco
45
60
Bolong-eta
Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco Ebenaceae (Ebony family)
B B
A
CA C D D
E
A. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. B. Fruit. C. Bark D. Mature leaves E. Profile of immature inflorescence.
Year first Described 1837 Timber Premium

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Balatinau (Tagalog); Ebony tree Conservation
(English); Malatalang (Pangasinan); Status CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Dalandong (Bikol); Hog-hog

(Ayangan) Endangered (DENR-DAO 2007-01)
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Gabriella Silang, Propagation Seed, stump cuttings

Victoria, Baguio Village, Don
Mariano Perez
Notable features: A medium-sized tree growing (27 m tall); Bark is blackish, cracked and fissured; Leaves are
numerous, alternate, leathery, smooth when old, oblong or oblong-ovate, with pointed tip
and usually rounded base; Flowers are dioecious, white in color; Fruit is berry, sub ellipsoid,
about 2 centimeters across, and subtended by an enlarged persistent woody calyx.
Uses: Wood for furniture, cabinet work, and woodworks; Bark has medicinal value (cough).
Where to find: In secondary forests usually present as a pre-disturbance remnant tree or in undisturbed
mixed dipterocarp forests at elevation up to 1,600 m.
46
Dao
Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe
47
62
Dao
Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe Anacardiaceae (Cashew family)
A C D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Leaf arrangement. C. Profile of bark. D. Fruit cluster (ripe).

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Paldao (Tagalog), Pacific walnut Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
(English); Kamarag (Iloko); Status

Challigan (Ayangan) Vulnerable (DENR AO 2007-01)
Distribution Baguio Village, Jose Ancheta Propagation Seed, Clones
Notable features Large evergreen tree (3-6 m tall); Bark smooth greyish-brown (outside) and pink (inside);
exudes sap that turns golden when aerated; Leaf compound-pinnate, spirally arranged
around the twigs; with flanging buttress; common canopy tree.
Uses Wood (soft and lightweight) for furniture, paneling and boxes; Bark for brown colored dye;
Fruit for consumption (raw), other medicinal purposes.
Where to find Moist primary rainforests, especially along riverbanks and in swampy sites, occasionally
flooded for short periods.
48
Dita
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.
49
64
Dita
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Apocynaceae (Dogbane family)
B B
A A C C D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Profile of mature leaf. C. Bark
Year first Described 1810 Timber Pulpwood and Matchwood species

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Andaragan (Isabela, Cagayan); Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Dirita (Bataan); Dita (Tagalog, Status
Bikol); Manakat (Quezon); Pollay Least concern
(Ayangan); Po-leh (Tuwali);
Dalipawen (Iloko)
Distribution Eden, Jose Ancheta, Baguio Village, Propagation Seed, hardwood cutting
Don Mariano Perez, Calaocan,
San Manuel
Notable features A medium to large tree, to about 40 m high with a somewhat tessellated corky grey to grey
white bark; Boles of larger trees are strongly fluted to 10 m; Outer blaze is cream to yellowish
in color with abundant, milky latex that flows rapidly when cut.
Uses Wood for furniture, paneling and boxes; Bark for brown colored dye; Fruit for consumption
(raw), other medicinal purposes; Bark contains bitter sap that has many medicinal uses such
as astringent tonic, for fever and as cure for malaria, dysentery and chronic diarrhea.
Where to find In evergreen, deciduous or mixed forest, on forest margin and sometimes cultivated as
ornamental flowers.
50
Duhat
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
51
66
Duhat
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae (Myrtle family)
A
A C D
D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Fruit cluster (ripe). C. Profile of juvenile leaf. D. Profile of mature leaf.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Jambolan, black plum (English); Conservation
Lomboy (Ilocano, Tagalog); Status
Duat (Pampanga) Least concern
landscape.
Notable features A smooth tree (8-15 m) high with white branches and reddish young shoots; Bark is rough,
cracked, flaking and discolored on the lower part of the trunk; Leaves have a turpentine smell,
and are opposite, oblong-oval or elliptic, pinkish when young, becoming leathery, dark-green
above, lighter beneath; Flowers are fragrant and appear in clusters, white at first, becoming
rose-pink; Fruit appear in clusters of just a few or 10–40, are round or oblong, turning from
green to light-magenta, then dark purple or nearly black.
Uses Wood for construction, boat building, plywood, tool handles, firewood and charcoal;
Bark produced tannin and brown dye used in coloring and preserving fishnets.
Where to find It is commonly cultivated and thus found in and around homesteads and agricultural land.
52
Dungon-late
Heritiera littoralis Aiton
53
68
Dungon-late
Heritiera littoralis Aiton Malvaceae (Mallow family)
A A C
B C
D
A. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. B. Profile of mature leaf. C. Profile of juvenile leaf.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Mala-dungon (Tagalog); Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Palungapoi (Ilokano); Status

Dungon-dagat (Bikolano) Least concern (IUCN 3.1)
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Baguio village, Propagation Seed
Dingasan, Eden, Dibibi
Notable features Evergreen tree up to 5-15 m tall or more; Bark is grayish, fissured, and scaly; Leaves are
oblong-ovate, leathery dark green above and silvery white below; Flowers are numerous,
yellowish-greenish, bell-shaped; Fruit are egg-shaped, woody with a ridge along the center
of one side so that they resemble boats with a sail, pale green ripening to glossy brown or
purple in color.
Uses Wood (heavy to very hard) for piling, posts, foundation, ship building, joists, rafters, and
handle tools; Wood pulp is suitable for the production of wrapping, writing and printing
paper; Bark tannin for toughening fishnets.
Where to find Occurs on the landward side of mangroves, where fresh water mixes with sea water or pre-
dominates (estuary); also found on rocky shores, and more often on the banks of tidal
rivers.
54
Guijo
Shorea guiso (Blanco) Blume
55
70
Guijo
Shorea guiso (Blanco) Blume Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarp family)
A
A C D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Profile of leaf and shoot. C. Profile of mature leaf. D. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement.
Year first Described 1852 Timber Guijo Group

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Guijo (Tagalog), Red Balau Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
(English); Kuriwet (Iloko); Poliguet Status

(Ayangan); Kuliwet (Tuwali) Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Diodol, San Manuel, Propagation Seed
Calaocan, Dibibi, Dingasan, Baguio
Village, Ifugao Village, Balligui,
Don Mariano Perez
Notable features A large, medium-sized tree (50-60 m tall); It has a strongly buttressed hole at the lower
portion of the trunk; Leaves are alternate, simple, entire, and ovate-oblong, with a rounded
base and tapering tip; Flowers are short-stalked, developing into winged fruits which are
expanded at the base.
Uses Wood (hard to moderately heavy) for light construction and furniture;
Dammar resin for making varnishes and paints.
Where to find In undisturbed forests up to 400 m altitude. Usually on ridges with sandy and limestone
soils. Scattered in lowland forest on red soils, most common in slightly seasonal climates.
56
Hairy-leafed apitong
Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G. Don
57
72
Hairy-leafed apitong
Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G. Don Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarp family)
A CC D
A. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. B. Profile of leaf. C. Visible hair on leaves and stem (Hirsute).
Year first Described 1831 Timber Apitong Group

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Apinau (Tagalog); Ayamban Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
(Iloko); Choko (Ayangan) Status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Don Mariano Perez, Propagation Seed, cuttings

Baguio Village. Ifugao Village,
Calaocan
Notable features A medium-sized to large, resinous tree (45-65 m tall) with an umbrella-shaped canopy
straight, cylindrical trunk that can be up to 150 cm in diameter; Bark surface orange-brown
to greyish; Leaves are alternate, simple, leathery and rarely thin.
Uses Wood for medium to heavy constructions, plywoods and waterproofing;

Resin used to produce paint varnish, lacquer and for torches.
Where to find Found in lowland tropics with an elevation up to 500 meters. Typically on alluvial soils
along the banks of large fresh water streams, along the bottom of ridges, in valleys and in
moist and swampy areas.
58
Himbabao
Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) Bureau
59
74
Himbabao
Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) Bureau Moraceae (Breadfruit family)
B
B
A C D
C
A. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. B. Fruit. C. Profile of leaf.
Year first Described 1873 Timber Pulp and Matchwood Species

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Alokon (Tagalog); Balong-kadios; Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
(Bisaya); Baeg and Alukon Status

(Ilokano); Birch flower (English); Potentially threatened
Ame (Isinai)
landscape.
Notable features A medium-sized deciduous tree growing to a height of 15 meters; Bark is grey and smooth;
Leaves are alternate with a pointed apex and rounded base. Lower leaf surface is hairy;
Flowers are very small, borne on long, slender, spike-like flowering branches; Fruit is
spherical, lumpy and green.
Uses Wood for paneling, furniture and musical instruments; Bark fiber is used to make
high quality paper and making rope; Young leaves and flowers for raw or cooked and
eaten as vegetable.
Where to find In thickets and second growth forests, at low and medium altitudes.
60
Ipil
Instia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze
61
76
Ipil
Instia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze Fabaceae (Legume family)
A A B C C
D
A. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. B. Flower. C. Profile of leaf.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Ipil-ilog, Ipil-talao (Mindoro); Conservation
Tagal-tugas (Palawan); Status
Ipil-nangka (Sulu) Endangered (DENR AO 07-01)
Vulnerable (IUCN 2.1)
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Dingasan, San Propagation Seed, cuttings
Manuel, Dibibi, Don Mariano
Perez, Calaocan
Notable features A medium-sized, evergreen tree with a spreading crown; It can grow up to 40 m tall; Bark is
gray in color with an orange tinge; Leaves are alternate and simply compound with usually
two pairs of leaflets; Flowers are fragrant, white or reddish in color.
Uses Wood (hard to heavy) for house building, posts, beams, furniture and carving;
Bark is source of tannin; seeds are edible when soaked in salt water for 3 - 4 days and then
boiled
Where to find Found on sand and coral beaches, but also features in periodically inundated localities further
inland. It also occurs in dryland mangroves which are the final stage of mangrove forest
succession and the transition to inland forests. forests.
62
Kalantas
Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe
63
78
Kalantas
Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Meliaceae (Mahogany family)
A C D
A. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. B. Profile of leaf. C. Profile of juvenile leaf. D. Fruit cluster.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Lanipga (Bicol, Cebu); Bantinan Conservation
(Cagayan, Mt. Province); Status
Philippine cedar (English); DENR (AO 07-01)
Fangtinon (Ayangan); Bangtinon Endangered (IUCN 2.3)
(Tuwali)
Balligui, Baguio village
Notable features A deciduous tree growing up to 25-35 m tall; Trunk is terete and straight; Bark is yellowish
to dark brown; Leaves are compound, alternate oblong/broadly lanceolate; Fruits are
ellipsoid capsule; Seeds are distinctly but unequally winged at each side.
Uses Wood (soft and lightweight) for furniture, boxes, and plywood; Bark for brown colored dye;
Fruit for consumption (raw), other medicinal purposes.
Where to find Generally scattered in the forest hills and in primary forests at low and medium altitudes.
It prefers deep, well-drained soils.
64
Kalios
Sterblus asper Lour
65
80
Kalios
Sterblus asper Lour. Moraceae (Breadfruit family)
A
A C B C
D
A. Habit of tree. B. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. C. Profile of leaf.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Ampas (Pampanga); sandpaper Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
tree (English); audig (Ilokano); Status

kakadli (Tagalog); Upla (Tuwali); Not threatened
Apla (Ayangan);
landscape
Notable features A small, evergreen rigid and densely branched tree (4-15 m) high; Bark is rough grey to
greenish in color; Leaves are simple, alternate, rhomboid, elliptic, acute or acuminate more or
less crenate-scabrid on both surfaces; Flowers are in roundish heads, short-peduncle, greenish-
yellow or nearly white; Fruits are yellow when ripe and single seeded; Seeds are smooth,
round, greenish-white in color and light in weight.
Uses Bark for an antidote in snake poisoning, treats leprosy, diarrhea and anti-malaria defense;
Fiber from the plant is used for making paper; Leaves (rough and course) use for sandpaper
for smoothing and polishing wood;
Where to find It is found in the surroundings of villages, open areas, borders of rice fields and secondary
forest at elevations from sea-level to 1,000 m.
66
Kalubkob
Syzygium calubcob (C.B.Rob.) Merr.
67
82
Kalubkob
Syzygium calubcob (C.B.Rob.) Merr. Myrtaceae (Myrtle family)
B
B
A A C D
C
A. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. B. Profile of juvenile leaf. C. Profile of mature leaf.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Balanga (Bisaya); barabak (Ilokano) Conservation
Status
Distribution Diodol, Dingasan, Jose Ancheta Propagation Seed
Notable features A small to medium-sized tree (25-30 m tall); Bark surface is greyish to dark red; Leaves
are elliptical-oblong to lanceolate, with distinct secondary vein; Flowers are subsessile or
shortly pedicelled, in inflorescences from below the leaves or terminal, white, with 4 large
sub-persistent lobes; Fruit is subglobose berry, 3-5 cm in diameter with a large flat
calyx rim, yellow-green.
Uses Wood (heavy to moderately hard) for cigar boxes, furniture, and plywood;
Fruit is edible and tasty.
Where to find Widely distributed and common in thickets and forest at low and medium altitudes.
68
Kalumpit
Terminalia microcarpa Decne.
69
84
Kalumpit
Terminalia microcarpa Decne. Combretaceae (Terminalia family)
AA
A C B
DB
A. Habit of seedling. B. Habit of sapling and Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement
Year first Described 1834 Timber Timber/Construction Hardwood

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Alupi, kalupi, kalusit (Cagayan); Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Ambobok, ambobonat (Isabela); Status
Alutek (Ayangan) Limited distribution
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Eden, Dingasan, Propagation Seed
Dibibi, Victoria, San manuel,
Baguio Village, Eden, Calaocan
Notable features A semi-deciduous tree growing to a height of 25 meters and a diameter of 1 meter; Bark is
black, hard, and fissured; Leaves are smooth, and pointed at both ends; Flowers are small,
yellowish-white, on slender spikes growing from the axil of the leaves; Fruit is about 3
centimeters wide, smooth, and dark red when ripe, fleshy and sour.
Uses Wood for light construction; Fruits are edible, commonly used to make jam and preserves;
also used to sweeten and age lambanog (coconut liquer), a local wine; Bark tannin for
making tannin extract or for leather tannery.
Where to find Primary forests at low elevations; also drier types of rainforest; rainforest margins and
banks of large streams.
70
Kamagong/Mabolo
Diospyros blancoi A. DC
71
86
Kamagong / Mabolo
Diospyros blancoi A. DC Ebenaceae (Ebony family)
B
B
A C
C D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Visible trichomes (small hair). C. Fruit. D. Leaf and shoot.
Year first Described 1844 syn. D. philippinensis A. DC. Timber Premium

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Mabolo, Kamagong, Talang Conservation
(Tagalog); Velvet apple (English) Status CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Critically endangered
(DENR DAO 07-01)
Endangered (IUCN 2.3)
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Don Mariano Perez, Propagation Seed, cuttings
Dingasan, Ifugao Village, Calaocan,
Victoria, Dibibi
Notable features Evergreen tree (7-15 m) tall; Leaves in the upper surface is dark-green and shiny, while the
lower surface is silvery and hairy; Young leaves are pinkish in color; Fruits are fleshy berries
with a reddish brown velvet skin and creamy white to yellow flesh that is sweet and aromatic;
Fruits are said to emit a strong odor that resembles cheese.
Uses Wood for house construction, furniture and tool handles; Leaves for treating itchy skin;
Bark for treating coughs, fevers, dysentery and diarrhea; Fruit is edible when ripe.
Where to find It is very common and widely distributed in primary and secondary forests at low and medium
altitudes.
72
Kapulasan
Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh
73
88
Kapulasan
Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh Sapindaceae (Soapberry family)
A C D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Immature fruit C. Profile of young shoot. D. Mature fruit (ripe).

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Bulala, panungayan (Tagalog); Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Sugod-sugod (Tuwali) Status

Limited distribution
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Calaocan, Dingasan, Propagation Seed, grafts, air layers
San Manuel, Diodol, Balligui,
Victoria
Notable features Evergreen tree (10- 24 m) tall; Leaves are alternate and pinnately compound, each with
2-5 pairs of leaflets, which are a glossy dark green on top with short silky hairs on the
underside; Flowers are greenish, each having 4-5 hairy sepals but no petals; Fruits
are broadly ovoid, crimson to dark purple in color with short blunt spines.
Uses Wood for general construction but rarely used; Fruit is edible with economic potential;
Seeds are edible when roasted with oil extract.
Where to find In undisturbed to slightly disturbed (open sites) mixed dipterocarp and sub-montane
forests up to 1300 m altitude. Usually on alluvial sites and along rivers and streams, but
also on ridges. On sandy to clay soils. In secondary forests usually present as a pre-
disturbance remnant.
74
Katmon
Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe
75
90
Katmon
Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe Dilleniaceae (Simpoh family)
B
B
A C D
D
A. Profile of leaf. B. Fruit. C. Flower D. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Philippine catmon (English); Conservation
Katmon (Tagalog, Bisaya, Status
Pampanga); Ukkapon (Ayangan); Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3)
Uppakon (Tuwali); Kusikus (Iloko) Vulnerable (DENR DAO 07-01)
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Balligui, Dingasan, Propagation Seed, grafts, air layers
Victoria
Notable features A small, evergreen tree (6-15 m) tall; Bark is shallowly fissured and greyish-brown to
reddish-brown; Leaves are green elliptic to oblong-ovate, simple and alternate arrangement,
margins serrate, and venation prominent; Flowers are white, large, soft, and showy; Fruits
are rounded, with large fleshy sepals tightly enclosing the true fruit.
Uses Wood for general construction, furniture, plywood and wooden articles; Fruit is edible and
use for making sauces and jams; Bark yields red dye.
Where to find Primary forests and also in the more open, secondary formations, growing at low and medium
elevations, rarely found above 1,000 m.
76
Katong matsing
Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr.
77
92
Katong matsing
Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. Meliaceae (Mahogany family)
B
B
A A C CD
A. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement B. Fruit. C. Profile of leaf.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Ibo (Bisaya); Bagolayak, Kurabdab Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
(Bikolano); Widawid (Ilokano); Status

Ta-ang (Ayangan) Least concern (IUCN 3.1)
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Dingasan Propagation Seed
Notable features Small to medium-sized tree (18-40 m tall) with a trunk diameter of up to 60 centime
tres; Bark is greenish grey; Flowers are fragrant and cream colored; Fruits are round or
beaked, dull red, minutely tomentose, pericarp containing white latex.
Uses Wood for light construction;

Oil obtained from the seed is use as a hair oil.
Where to find In undisturbed mixed dipterocarp forests up to 400 m altitude. Usually on hillsides and ridges
with sandy soils, but also on limestone.
78
Kupang
Parkia roxburghii G. Don
79
94
Kupang
Parkia roxburghii G. Don Fabaceae (Legume family)
A A C B BD
A. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. B. leaf arrangement

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Amarang (Palawan); Cupang or Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
kupang (Luzon-tagalog); Tee bean Status

(English); Agigid (Ayangan) Not threatened
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Eden, Bagui Village, Propagation Seed
Calaocan, San Manuel
Notable features A medium-sized tree (25-40 m tall); Bark is grayish-brown; Leaves are evenly
bipinnate; Leaflets are linear-oblong, close-set, shining above, and pointed at the tip;
Flowers are white, about 1 centimeter long; Pods are 25 to 30 centimeters long, rather
thick, pendulous, black and shining when mature, containing 15 to 20 seeds.
Uses Wood (Poor quality timber) for temporary light construction, matches, crates,
disposable chopsticks; Fruit peel yields a brown or black dye used for dyeing cotton
and silk.
Where to find Occurs mainly at lower elevations of the lowland and hill forests, evergreen
rainforests, moist-mixed deciduous forests and dry evergreen forests usually between
0 and 600 m elevation.
80
Magabuyo
Celtis luzonica Warb.
81
96
Magabuyo
Celtis luzonica Warb. Cannabaceae (Hemp family)
A
A C D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Profile of mature leaf. C. Fruit. D. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement .

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Mala-ikmo (Southern tagalog); Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Hapi-hapi (Ayangan); Maragawed Status

(Iloko) Vulnerable A1cd (IUCN 2.3)
Notable features A large evergreen tree (25-30 m tall); Bole has prominent buttresses, and can be up to 90
cm in diameter; Bark is smooth yellowish-grey; Leaves are broad elliptic to elliptic-oblong;
Flowers are pale white in color, elongate with hairy edges at the base; Fruit is globose,
glabrous, and reddish-brown in color when ripe.
Uses Wood for general construction , furniture, cabinet work, tool handles, posts and pulp for
paper; Bark contains yellow dye.
Where to find In thickets and mid-elevation forests.
82
Malak-Malak
Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob.
83
98
Malak-Malak
Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob. Sapotaceae (Sapodilla family)
B
B
A C D
C
A. phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. B. White sticky sap. C. Profile of mature leaf.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Dalakan (Iloko); manogtalisai Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
(Panay Bisaya); Arako (Cagayan); Status

Chalaan (Ayangan); Dalakan Vulnerable A1cd (IUCN 2.3)
(Tuwali)
Notable features A medium-sized evergreen tree up to 25 m tall; Leaves are clustered at tip of twigs, obovate,
narrowly obovate to spatulate, with inconspicuous transverse tertiary venation, densely
yellowish-brown hairy beneath; Flowers are clustered, greenish-yellow or greenish-white
in color;
Uses Wood (moderately hard and durable) for high class furniture, cigar boxes and cabinet making;
Seeds yield limpid, odorous oil which is employed in food as an illuminant or for cooking.
Where to find Primary forests at low and medium altitudes.
84
Malapapaya
Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem.
85
100
Malapapaya
Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Araliaceae (Ginseng family)
A C
C D
D
A. Profile of wilding stem. B. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. C. Profile of young leaf. D. Profile of mature leaf.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Bongliw (Camarines Sur); Bias-bias Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
(Tagalog); Panalatang (Pangasinan) Status

Chachalit (Ayangan) Not threatened
landscape.
Notable features A small to medium-sized evergreen tree (25-30 m) tall; Bark surface with vertical lines, pale
grey to brown in color; Crown sparsely branched, branches slender and rather flexuous,
crowned with large leaves; Leaves are arranged spirally, crowded at the end of branches;
Flowers are attached directly to a branch; Petals are broadly oblong, valvate, acute, yellowish
green in color; Fruits are subglobose, ridged and yellowish red when dry.
Uses Wood for fancy woodwork, wooden shoes, matchsticks, pencil slats, plywood, boxes and
crates; Leaves are use for purpuric fever and as a contraceptive, also as a fish poison.
Where to find Found scattered in open thickets and second growth forests at low and medium altitudes.
It also grows in moist areas along gullies and creeks.
86
Manalu
Semecarpus longifolius Blume
87
102
Manalu
Semecarpus longifolius Blume Anacardiaceae (Cashew family)
A
A B
C C
D
A. Leaf arrangement. B. Fruit cluster showing the accessory fruit (orange/red) and exposed seed. C. Fruit cluster.
Year first Described 1850 Timber Lesser Known Species (LKS)

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Manalu (Bisaya, Filipino); Anagas, Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
anagas-babae (Tagalog); Libas Status

(Bikol); Chollocho (Ayangan) Not assessed
Distribution Don Mariano Perez Propagation Seed
Notable features Small to medium-sized evergreen tree (~30 m tall); Trunk erect and tapering with large
butresses; Leaf (abaxially) greenish, (adaxially) green, elliptic to oblong; Sap and nuts
contain irritants; Manalu has the largest leaf among Anacardiaceae species in the Philippines.
Uses Wood (moderately hard and durable) for lightweight fencing;

Fruit are edible.
Where to find Lowland forest, sometimes at elevations up to 300 m.
88
Mayapis
Shorea palosapis (Blanco) Merr.
89
104
Mayapis
Shorea palosapis (Blanco) Merr. Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarp family)
A
A C D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Seed. C. Profile of shoot. D. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement.
Year first Described 1918 Timber Philippine Mahogany group

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Mayapis, tabak (Tagalog); Pura Conservation CR VU NT
EN CD LC DD
(Bicol); Apnit (Tuwali); Fuju-an Status
(Ayangan) Critically Endangered (IUCN 2.3)
Distribution Don Mariano Perez, Calaocan, Propagation Seed, cuttings
Baguio Village, Jose Ancheta, Eden,
Ifugao Village, Balligui, Victoria,
Dibibi
]
Notable features A large evergreen tree up to 50 m tall; Bark is light brown, smooth when young, finely
ridged to fissured when mature; Leaves are simple, alternate, oblong to leathery, blade
smooth on the surface, covered with minute pubescence underneath; Flowers are in terminal
or axillary panicles; Petals are creamish or light yellowish in color; Fruits with three
prominent long wings.
Uses Wood for furniture and interior work, veneer and plywood, musical instruments, boat
planking and for numerous other purposes; Wood extractives are tumor inhibiting.
Where to find Widespread, often abundant, in lowland, evergreen, mixed Dipterocarp forest on fertile
well drained soils; at elevations below 300 meters.
90
Molave
Vitex parviflora Juss
91
106
Molave
Vitex parviflora Juss Verbenaceae (Flowering Plant Family)
B
B
A C C D
D
A. Profile of shoot. B. Habit of wildlings C. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. D. Bark.
Year first Described 1806 Timber High-grade timber

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Mulawin, Tugas, Sagat Conservation VU NT
CR EN CD LC DD
Mulawin (Tagalog) Murauin, Status
Salingkapa (Bisaya) Sagad Vulnerable (IUCN A1cd)
(Ilokano)
Distribution Baguio Village, Ifugao Village, Jose Propagation Seeds and stem cuttings
Ancheta, Eden, Balligui, Victoria,
Dibibi, Dingasan
Notable features Tree with very hard wood, reaching a height of from 8 to 15 m, glabrous or nearly so,
or the inflorescence puberulent. Leaflets 3, petioled, ovate to lanceolate, 7 to 18 cm
long, shining, quite glabrous. Inflorescence terminal, paniculate, ample, up to 20 cm
long, usually somewhat pyramidal, many-flowered. Flowers blue, 6 to 8 mm long,
usually the corolla pubescent outside. Fruit globose or subglobose, 5 to 6 mm in
diameter.
Uses Antimicrobial and antifungal properties have been reported, considered carminative,
anthelmintic, digestive; antioxidant, larvicidal, antibacterial, wound healing, anti-
inflammatory, anti-ulcer, antispasmodic, wound healing properties.
Where to find Well-drained limestone soils in monsoon forest at low elevations and along sea coasts.
Common in both secondary and open primary forests at elevations up to 700 metres .
92
Narra
Pterocarpus indicus Willd.
93
108
Narra
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Fabaceae (Legume family)
B
B
A C D
A. Phyllotaxy or Leaf arrangement. B. Profile of leaf. C. Flower. D. Fruit.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Rosewood and Philippine Conservation
mahogany (English); Laga, Nala Status CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
(Cagayan); Ujaw (Narra); Udyo Endangered (IUCN 2.3)

(Tuwali) Critically Endangered (DAO 07-01)
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Balligui, Baguio Propagation Seed, wildlings, cuttings
Village, Don Mariano Perez, Ifugao
Village, Calaocan, Eden, Dibibi,
Dingasan, Victoria, San Manuel,
Diodol
Notable features Large deciduous tree (~40 m tall); Trunk and Bark leaning, smooth to pimply when young;
scaly to fissured, erect, tapering and buttressed when mature; Leaf hairy, round to oblong
and alternately compound; the prickly form (P. indicus forma echinatus) has more prominent
apex than the smooth form (P. indicus forma indicus); Fruit winged, papery but hard disc
pods; the prickly form has spines at center; Flower are numerous, yellow, and faintly fragra
Uses Wood (moderately hard and heavy) for cabinetry, cart wheels, carving, construction,
furniture, and musical instruments; Young leaves and flowers are said to be eaten; Red
latex is used in folk remedies for tumors, the plant for cancers, especially of the mouth.
Where to find In lowland primary and some secondary forest, mainly along tidal creeks and rocky shores at
elevations up to 750 meters.
94
Panglomboien
Syzygium simile (Merr.) Merr
95
110
Panglomboien
Syzygium simile (Merr.) Merr Myrtaceae (Myrtle family)
B
B
A
A C D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Flower. C. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. D. Profile of Leaf.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Panglongboien (Iloko); Malaruhat Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
(Tagalog); Arang (Mangyan); Status

Muning (Bisaya); Futik (Ayangan); Abundant
Butik (Tuwali); Maralumboy
(Iloko)
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Calaocan Propagation Seed
Notable features A small evergreen tree up to 15 m tall; Leaves are opposite, shiny green, elliptical-ovate to
oblong-ovate, with pairs of fairly indistinct secondary veins; Flowers are pink-white, in small
clusters of 3, 4-5 petals; Fruit is subglobose berry, purplish to black in color.
Uses Wood for house and ship building and for implements; Pulp is eaten raw.
Where to find Forests at low to medium elevations. Broad-leaved evergreen forests, hillsides 100-400 m.
96
Piling liitan
Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A. Gray
97
112
Piling liitan
Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A. Gray Burseraceae (Torchwood family)
A A C B
D
A. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. B. Wildlings.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Manila elemi (English); Sahing Conservation
(Tagalog); Pili (Tagalog, Bikolano, Status
Bisaya); Antong (Ayangan) Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3)
Threatened (DENR DAO 07-01)
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Don Mariano Perez, Propagation Seed, budding, grafting
Baguio Village, Dibibi, Eden
Notable features A large semi-dioecious tree up to 35 m in height; Bark surface smooth to flaky, often
greyish with strong resinous odor and clear sticky or oily exudate; Leaves are arranged
spirally, opposite and often toothed leaflets; Flowers are clustered and borne on large
compounded inflorescences, creamy white in color, with inflexed tips; Fruit is drupe,
hairy or glabrous, ripening blue-black, glaucous at first, very wrinkled when dry.
Uses Oleoresin called elemi has a wide range of uses in food, medicine, and industrial
applications; Seeds can be consumed raw or cooked; Nuts are sweet and have a delicious
flavor; Fruit pulp is cooked while young shoots can be eaten raw.
Where to find Occurs in primary and secondary rain forest, generally up to 500 m altitude, but
occasionally up to 1800 m.
98
Rarang
Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr.
99
114
Rarang
Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. Fabaceae (Legume family)
B
B
A C C
D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. mature influorescence. C. Leaf arrangement.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s December tree (English); Bagbag Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
(Iloko); Gabgab (Tuwali); Kabkab Status

Not threatened
(Ayangan)
Distribution Jose Ancheta, Baguio Village, Propagation Seed, cuttings
Calaocan
Notable features: A deciduous tree (20-35 m tall) with trunk and branches with spines; Bark is grey or
grey-green, smooth, soft, often with spine on twigs and trunk; Leaves are trifoliolate, with
3 primary basal veins. Leaflets are broadly ovate, pointed, base rounded, margin entire;
Flowers are large, pea-flower-shaped, and orange-color.
Uses: Wood used to manufacture wooden shoes; Leaves are used as a treatment for coughs;
Dried male flowers can be burned to repel mosquitoes and other flying insects.
Where to find: Moist valleys, near streams, in open locations and secondary forest at low and medium
elevations.
100
Rimas
Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg
101
116
Rimas
Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg Moraceae (Breadfruit family)
A C D
A
A. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Breadfruit (English); Tubak Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
(Tuwali); Tufah (Ayangan) Status

Not assessed
Distribution Balligui Propagation Seed, cuttings
Notable features A large evergreen tree (15-20 m tall); Bark is smooth, light colored; Leaves are thick,
leathery, dark green, often glossy, underside dull with an elevated midrib and main veins,
sometimes smooth but often with few to many pale to reddish hairs, especially on the mid
rib and veins; Fruits are large and green or yellowish, with a lumpy or spiny surface.
Uses Wood (light and soft) for construction of houses and canoes; Fruit can be eaten raw or
cooked; Seed are very nutritious, with a flavor somewhat reminiscent of chestnuts; Sticky
white latex is used as a chewing gum and as an adhesive.
Where to find In humid tropics, growing best in lowland areas below 650 meters, though also succeeding
at elevations up to 1,550 meters.
102
Salingogon
Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer
103
118
Salingogon
Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer Clusiaceae (Garcinia family)
A
A C D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Profile of flower. C. Immature inflorescence. D. Profile of base / leaf attachment.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Salinggogon (Tagalog); Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Mango-gong, Marangguub, Status

Least Concern (IUCN 2.3)
Salingagon (Palawan); Galiwgiwon
(Tuwali);
Distribution Dingasan, Calaocan, Jose Ancheta, Propagation Seed, hardwood cutting
Balligui
Notable features: A medium-sized to large deciduous tree up to 45 m tall; Bark surface papery scaly,
grey-brown to red-brown or purplish in color; Leaves are elliptical or lanceolate to ovate
or obovate; pale-green, powdery, with soft superficial gland; Flowers has white or pink to
red or rarely purplish petals, with an entire nectary scale at base; Fruits are dark-brow in
color.
Uses: Wood (very hard and durable) for indoor construction, charcoal;
Bark for brown colored dye; Young shoots for cooking (vegetable).
Where to find: In undisturbed mixed dipterocarp to secondary forest, keranga, (peat)-swamp, mangrove
and coastal forests up to 600(-1200) m altitude. Mostly on alluvial sites, but also on hillsides
and ridges. On sandy to ultrabasic soils. Also in forest edges.
104
Tagotoi
Palaquium foxworthyi Merr.
105
120
Tagotoi
Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Sapotaceae (Sapodilla family)
A C D
A. Profile of mature leaf. B. Profile of bark (trunk). C. Fruit. D. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Tagotoi (Tagalog); Bulon (Tuwali); Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Fulon, Falluha (Ayangan) Status

Not assessed
Distribution Don Mariano Perez, Dingasan, Jose Propagation Seed
Ancheta
Notable features Evergreen tree that can grow up to 45 m tall; Leaves are typically spirally arranged and
often clustered near twig ends; Flowers are mostly bisexual, though some unisexual
instances are known; Fruits are one or two-seeded with rare instances of several seeds.
Uses Wood (soft to moderately hard) for furniture and cabinet making, panelling, flooring,
light carpentry, moulding and veneer; Tree is harvested from the wild for its wood, which
is used locally and also traded under the name 'Nyatoh'.
Where to find: In coastal, lowland mixed dipterocarp, swamp and montane forests.
What’s in a name? / Palaquium species have latex in sufficient amounts to make them commercially important
Trivia in gutta-percha trade.
106
Tanguile
Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr.
107
122
Tanguile
Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarp family)
A C D
D
A. Profile of bark (trunk). B. Profile of juvenile. C. Profile of leaf and shoot. D. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement .

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Tangile (General); Fuhi (Ayangan) Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Status
Critically Endangered (IUCN 2.3)
Vulnerable (DENR DAO 07-01)
Distribution Dingasan, Baguio village, Jose Propagation Seed
Ancheta, Victoria, Eden, Don
Mariano Perez San Manuel,
Balligui
Notable features Evergreen tree growing up to 50 m and above; Bark is almost flaking with deep cylindrical
fissures and gray in color; Leaves are simple, alternate, ovate-lanceolate, shiny, upper sur
face dark green, lower surface light green and base is rounded; Flowers are small and
yellowish in color.
Uses Wood for furniture, cabinet work, carpentry, flooring, stairs, boxes and crates, veneer,
plywood, planking and decking.
Where to find Occurs in hilly country in evergreen mixed dipterocarp forest up to 1500 m altitude.
108
Tuai
Bischofia javanica Blume
109
124
Tuai
Bischofia javanica Blume Phyllanthaceae (Phyllanthus family)
A
A B
C C
D
A. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. B. Profile of leaf. C. wildlings.

Classification
Vernacular Name/s Bishopwood, Java cedar (English); Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Tuai (Tagalog); Tuwwo (Ayangna); Status

Not threatened
Tuwwol (Tuwali)
Distribution Evenly distributed throughout the Propagation Seed, wildling, stem cuttings
landscape.
Notable features: A medium to fairly large, deciduous tree (30-50 m) tall; Bark fissured and scaly with small,
thick shaggy scales, reddish-brown to purplish-brown in color; Leaves are arranged spirally,
margin finely crenate-serrate, pinnately veined, and shiny above; Flowers are showy,
greenish- yellow with no petals; Fruit is a globose drupe and bluish-black in color.
Uses: Wood for general construction, beams, posts, decking, flooring, veneer, and plywood;
Young soft leaves are cooked and eaten as a vegetable; Tree is a potential source of long
fibers for pulp and paper production.
Where to find: Scattered in primary and old secondary dry and deciduous forest or monsoon forest but also
in evergreen forest, swamp and teak forest, sometimes in more open places like savannah
tracts, especially on riverbanks and shady ravines .
110
White lauan
Shorea contorta S. Vidal
111
126
White lauan
Shorea contorta S. Vidal Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarp family)
B D
A
A C E
D
A. Habit of mature tree. B. Profile of young leaves. C. Profile of mature leaf. D. Profile of seed E. Seedling.

Classification
Vernacular/ Local Hagnit (Bicol); Anas, Apait, Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD
Name/s Kakulau, (Iloko); Bayukan Status

Critically Endangered (IUCN 2.3)
(Tuwali); Fuju-an (Ayangan
Vulnerable (DENR DAO 07-01)
Distribution Don Mariano Perez, Eden, Propagation Seed, wildlings, cuttings
Dingasan, Jose Ancheta, Victoria,
Ifugao Village, Calaocan, San
Manuel
Notable features: A large evergreen tree (~50 m tall); Trunk erect, cylindrical and buttressed when mature;
Bark is grey, fissured and flaky outside; pinkish inside; Leaves are leathery, whitish-green,
with faint spots.
Uses: Wood is great material for plywood, veneer, furniture, light and heavy construction;
Yield resin used as illuminant and for caulking boats.
Where to find: Found in the ever-decreasing lowland seasonal semi-evergreen dipterocarp forest at
elevation up to 700 m.
112
Participatory Forest Assessment Team
113
On-the-Job Training of the
Participatory Forest Assessment Team
114
Field Activity
115
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Field Guidebook On The Native Trees Within The Quirino Forest Landscape

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Carig, Elizabeth T. Guidebook on Native Trees within the

Bagalunga Melia dubia 25

Dao Dracontomelon dao 47

Guijo Shorea guiso

Hairy Leafed Apitong Dipterocarpus alatus 57

I Ipil Intsia bijuga 61

Kalantas Toona calantas 63

Katong-matsing Chisocheton pentandrus 77

Panglomboien Syzygium simile 95

Rarang Erythrina subumbrans 99

Tagotoi Palaquim foxworthyii 105

White Lauan Shorea contorta 111

COVID Corona Virus Disease

DILG Department of Interior and Local Government

JMC Joint Memorandum Circular

QFLP Quirino Forest Landscape Project

QSU Quirino State University

Conservation Means preservation and sustainable utilization of wildlife, and/or

Refers to a species or subspecies facing extremely high risk of extinction in

Refers to a species or subspecies that is not critically endangered but

Species Refers to the smallest population which is permanently distinct and

Atty. JOSE ANDRES A. CANIVEL

HERMENEGILDO F. SAMOY, JR., Ph.D.

To the Forest Foundation Philippines for funding this endeavor;

In this research undertaking, biological, ecological, economic, social and

The highlight of the research results in terms of general diversity and

In terms of conservation values, as per International Union for the Conservation

Using Department Administrative Order (DAO) 2007-01, other critically

Aside from joint undertaking with local communities, a 24-hectare arboretum

The publication of this book is timely considering the current situation of

Figure 1B. Map of Declared Community Watersheds in the municipality of Cabarroguis

Figure 1D. Map of Declared Community Watersheds in the municipality of Maddela

A. Habit of mature tree. B. Fruit. C. Profile of leaf. D. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement.

Year first Described 1857 Timber Lesser Used Species (LUS)

Vernacular Name/s Alok (Bicol, Bisaya); Alom, Alok Conservation CR EN VU CD NT LC DD

Year first Described 1900 Timber Premium species

Vernacular Name/s Philippine Agathi (English); Conservation CR VU NT

A. Profile of immature inflorescence. B. Fruit cluster. C. Leaf arrangement.

Year first Described 1824 Timber n/a

Anga-ang (Ayangan) Status

Uses: Leaves are reported to be used for purifying blood.

A. Habit of mature tree. B. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement.

Year first Described 1903 Timber Furniture/Construction Hardwood

(Bulacan), Tirong, Oris, Urisan

Distribution Jose Ancheta, Don Mariano Perez, Propagation Seed

A. Habit of mature tree. B. Profile of immature inflorescence. C. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement.

Year first Described 1856 Timber Pulpwood and Matchwood Species

Where to find: In clearings and second growth low– to mid-montane forests/areas

A. Profile of young leaf. B. Immature fruit. C. Habit of mature tree.

Year first Described 1923 Timber Furniture/Construction Hardwood

gasinan); Pakak-bakia, Tuyop Status

Uses: Wood (soft) for light construction, pulp and paper;

A. Habit of mature tree. B. Profile of leaf. C. Fruit. D. Phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement .