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- 1. Pampanga: A Chronicle of Subversion and Subservience
- 2. History of the Province of Pampanga During the epoch of native polities, Pampanga’s territorial bounds encompassed sectors that today are under the provincial jurisdiction of Tarlac, Bataan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija and Bulacan. When Spain established its hegemony across the archipelago, Pampanga was reclassified as a province of the colony. For governance to be effectively administered and taxation be carried out free of strain and hassle, authorities compartmentalized the region into pueblos, which were further partitioned into barrios and encomiendas. Pampanga, which stretches roughly about 850 square miles (2,200 km2) in area and inhabited by over 1.5 million citizens, had its present borders determined in 1873. Through the majority of the regime’s reign, the province gained distinction as amongst the most affluent.
- 3. Pampanga Revolt of 1585 Otherwise known as the First Pampanga Revolt, this episode of unrest was amongst the earliest of popular uprisings against nascent Spanish suzerainty. Don Juan de Manila, a principalia hailing from Pampanga, penned a letter to the Royal Audiencia of Manila, conveying the disgruntled sentiments of the Kapampangans in full view of the grossly contemptible deeds committed by the encomenderos. His appeals for intervention fell upon deaf ears. As such, he, along with Don Nicolas Managuete, assembled a sizeable combat force constituted of roughly a hundred natives.
- 4. Pampanga Revolt of 1585 Two crucial factors played against the conspirators’ schemes. First was the sacking of the native garrison amidst preparations, the second being a whistleblower. Governor General Santiago de Vera dispatched Spanish troops as well as Filipino auxiliaries to confront the rebel elements. Don Managuete surrendered following a relentless siege, later on Don Juan de Manila was killed as he attempted to flee, marking the revolt’s conclusion with a bloody exclamation point.
- 5. Maniago Revolt (1660) The Maniago Revolt was an uprising that transpired in Pampanga during the 1660s. Francisco Maniago, primary architect of the insurrection, was keenly aggrieved by the iniquitous treatment of locals by Spanish authority. Responding to the prevalent affairs of exploitation, Maniago mustered his fellow natives (as well as allies in Pangasinan and Ilocos who were emboldened by his audacious dissent) under his cause and imposed a blockade of rivers and tributaries leading to and from Manila in order to starve the Spanish into acceding to their terms. However, upon discovering that a Kapampangan chief pledged cooperation with the occupying colonizers, Maniago and his forces convened with Governor-General Sabiniano Manrique de Lara to whom they presented stipulations to finally lift the embargo. With both parties reaching a satisfactory consensus, the hostilities were put to rest.
- 6. The Revolution of 1896 Unlike the prevalent sentiment of hatred and indignation in Tagalog-speaking regions, the natives of Pampanga harbored virtually no enmity towards the Spanish occupiers. As such, cooperative ventures were commonplace. Appreciating this firm fealty, the administration merited Kapampangans with the privilege of enjoying the company of Spanish peerage, attaining education in universities both in Manila and Spain, and unrestricted ascension in military rank. Since relations between the two peoples were flourishing, and opportunities for wealth further blossoming, the denizens of the province realized there was little to no gains in inciting rebellion.
- 7. The Revolution of 1896 At the outset of the revolution in and around the vicinity of the capital, Manila, Governor General Ramon Blanco promptly imposed Martial Law in eight provinces. Following in the example of their forebearers, Kapampangans enlisted to render their service under the flag of Spain. For much of 1896 and 1897, collaboration between the Spaniards and the Kapampangans resulted in the series of Katipunan defeats. By August of 1897, however, Katipuneros were met with success in infiltrating Guagua and clandestinely inaugurated a chapter there, endeavoring zealously to sway public opinion towards joining the uprising.
- 8. The Revolution of 1896 Katipunan reactionaries attempted to assault Candaba in December, however their efforts were thwarted by the local loyal militia. Around the same time, Macabebe infantrymen repelled rebels and emerged triumphant in a skirmish near Mount Arayat. Terror operations undertaken by the Katipuneros grew in frequency and intensity in the subsequent months. Come March of 1898, under the command of General Francisco Macabulos, several agents attempted to assassinate Don Martin Gosun, a wealthy aristocrat with close collaborative ties with Spanish authority. Later that same month, a Dr. Santa María of Guagua and his immediate relatives as well as all other Spaniards of Guagua, fell victim to the aggrieved wrath of Katipunero infiltrators.
- 9. Collapse of Spanish authority When the Spanish armada positioned in Manila Bay was vanquished by the superior American flotilla, troops of the old regime were quick to realize that the momentum had decisively shifted, with their faction relegated to the spectrum of defeat, and thus they had resigned themselves to seek refuge in Macabebe. The majority of of the province, however, rapidly fell to the revolutionaries’ hand of havoc. Parish priests were summarily executed in full view of their Kapampangan parishioners in Mabalacat and San Fernando. Soldiers of the revolutionary government committed reprisal acts by laying waste to establishments that catered to Spanish interests. Following these, General José Alejandrino of the Philippine Republican Army, assumed the role of provincial overseer and subsequently issued an edict of forceful enlistment into the army. Puppet mayors demanded forced taxation and tribute to pay for the Republic's expenses.
- 10. Philippine-American War Sooner rather than later did it become apparent that the United States, a nation venerated by the Filipinos for the support it provided in the struggle against Spain, was not the heroic icon of liberty it proclaimed itself to be. Instead, it was a deceitful entity with a budding ambition to become an empire with grand designs no less different from the decrepit colonizer it helped depose. Hostilities were quick to arise between the newly ordained Republic and the American forces stationed in the Philippines, thus escalating uneasy tensions into a bona fide armed conflict.
- 11. Philippine-American War In the ensuing armed strife, the planes in and around the vicinity of Pampanga were once more flooded by an incessant crimson tide and ravaged by razing flames as large-scale campaigns were mounted both by Philippine Republic and the American Military Government outside Manila. One of these engagements was the Battle of Santo Tomas which was fought on the 4th of May 1899. It was during this confrontation that General Antonio Luna was wounded due to brazenly assuming the vanguard and subsequently charging the American lines. Regardless of the valorous and fearless deed, his forces were routed. Following this a few months later were a skirmish in San Fernando and the Battle of Angeles. Both encounters saw the Filipinos lose territory to the invading armed forces.
- 12. Macabebe Scouts Seeking to avenge their losses inflicted by the Katipuneros and associated groups, the disgraced Kapampangans did not hesitate to offer their manpower to the American occupiers. “Macabebe Scouts” was the name assigned to them, in spite of the fact that its members hailed from different localities of the province. They rallied under the command of General Henry Ware Lawton, and, after authorization by General Elwell Otis. The Macabebes proved themselves adroit and thus reliable over the course of two months. Lieutenant Matthew A. Batson, impressed by their prowess and tenacity, formed five companies of 128 men each; all veterans of service in the Spanish Army militia. In retaliation, Aguinaldo's forces under the command of Col. Agapito Bonzon razed the town of Macabebe and mercilessly massacred 300 of its residents on June 26, 1898.
- 13. Macabebe Scouts Batson's Macabebe companies saw combat against Aguinaldo's forces beginning in October 1899, after which they were reorganized into "The Squadron of Philippine Cavalry, U.S. Volunteers" on June 1, 1900 and enlisted as irregulars. The Macabebes gained lasting notability among their American peers (and notoriety in Philippine History) in the operation under General Frederick Funston on the 23rd of March, 1901 that resulted in the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo. Roughly a month later, Aguinaldo resigned to reality of American superiority and resolved to pledge allegiance to the United States, thus formally dissolving the First Republic and recognizing the authority of America over the Philippines.
- 14. References Agoncillo, T. A., & Alfonso, O. M. (1969). History of the Filipino people. Malaya Books. Alegado, D. T. (1992). Philippine Chronology Up To 1946. The Age ofDiscovery: Impact on Philippine Culture and Society, 34. Zaide, G. F. (1968). The Philippine Revolution. Modern Book Company. Mateo, J. E. B. (2013). Contextualizing the Pampangos (and Gagayano) soldiers in the Spanish fortress in Taiwan (1626-1642). Anuario de estudios americanos, 70(2), 581. Sanchez, J. N. (2019). 15 A Prismatic Glance at One Century of Threats on the Philippine Colony 343. In The Representation of External Threats (pp. 343-365). Brill.