LEAH'S LEYLAND - Lancashire County Council

Leah’s Leyland 

Leyland and District in 

Victorian times: 

A compendium of resources 

for schools, and others, 

showing the range of primary 

sources available to explore 

the history of Leyland. 

Published by 

Lancashire County Library and Information Service 

© 2005 

Updated and published on the internet 2008 

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CONTENTS 

Page 

Introduction 3 

Maps 3 

Census 8 

Population 16 

Church Records 17 

Religion 20 

Education 24 

Housing 33 

Transport 38 

Agriculture 44 

Trade and Industry 50 

Health and Safety 70 

Welfare 77 

Law enforcement 80 

Leisure 82 

Festivals and celebrations 89 

Time-line 93 

Bibliography 94 

Acknowledgements and Contacts 97 

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INTRODUCTION 

LEAH’S LEYLAND 

Over a hundred years ago, Leah Dawber lived in Leyland with her 

parents, brothers and sisters in a house in Turpin Green Lane. 

She was born at the end of the Victorian era, Queen Victoria having 

reigned from 1837 until her death in 1901. 

In 1900 Leah was 11 years old, and had attended school from the age of 

5. But what was it like going to school then? What could she do after 

school? There were no televisions or computers, and very few toys. 

We are going to use various sources of information, including maps and 

photographs, newspapers and directories, church records and census 

returns, to find out what Leyland was like, and what Leah’s life was like, 

all those years ago. We will also try and put all this information ‘in 

context’ to help understand why things occurred as they did. 

MAPS 

To start with we will look in the next few pages at some maps from 

different dates: 

> What do you think are the most noticeable features on the first 

Ordnance Survey map of 1844? 

> Comparing it with the later maps, what changes and 

developments happened over the years? 

> And can you spot the lane where Leah lived? 

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MAPS 

Extract from the First Edition Ordnance Survey map of Leyland 

from 1844, at 6 inches to 1 mile (Sheet 69). 

Courtesy of Lancashire Record Office. 

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MAPS 

A larger scale extract at 25 inch to 1 mile, 

Ordnance Survey map of Leyland in 1911 (Sheet 69/14). 


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MAPS 

And 20 years later, this extract is from the 1931 (25 inch to 1 mile) 

Ordnance Survey map of Leyland (Sheet 69/14). 


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This copy from a 2005 

Ordnance Survey map 

provides a comparison with the 

earlier editions of maps of this 

area on the previous pages. 

MAPS 

Extract from current (2005) Ordnance Survey map. 

See Lancashire County Council’s MARIO website for online 

current and historic maps - http://mario.lancashire.gov.uk/ 

Courtesy of Lancashire County Council, 

Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100023320 

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CENSUS 

From 1801 the government has carried out a population census every 

ten years. The first three censuses just counted the population, but from 

1841 they recorded details of names, ages, occupations etc. 

These census returns were used to compile data to help with planning 

for the future; the personal information collected remains unpublished 

and confidential for 100 years. 

After this time, however, this information is made available to the public. 

The census returns are a very important source for researching 

national, local, and family history. 

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CENSUS 

An extract from the 1841 census for Turpin Green. 

Note the predominance of weaving as an occupation. 

(HO/107/526/13 folio 51) 

Courtesy of The National Archives. 

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CENSUS 

Page from the 1901 census returns which shows Leah and her family. 

(The central section is enlarged on the next page). 

( RG13/3931 page 20, folio 108). Courtesy of The National Archives. 

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CENSUS 

Thomas Dawber and his family in 1901. 

(RG 13/3931 Folio 108). 

Courtesy of The National Archives. 

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CENSUS 

> As you can see, the 1841 census did not collect as much personal 

information as later ones. What extra information was collected in 

1901 that wasn’t collected in 1841? 

> How accurately do you think people’s ages are recorded in the 

1841 census? 

Using the 1901 census: 

> What were Leah’s parents called? 

> What was her father’s occupation? 

> What were her brothers and sisters called, and how old were they? 

> Did any brothers and sisters have jobs? 

From the 1901 census, it is possible to work out how old Leah’s father 

was at the time of the previous censuses. In 1871 for example he must 

have been just 9 years old. 

On the next page we have a copy from 1871 which shows that nine year 

old Thomas’ father was also called Thomas, that he was 44 years old, 

and that he also was a manager at the gas works. Young Thomas not 

only came to work in the same industry as his father, but came to occupy 

exactly the same management position. 

Note also that young Thomas had a 17 year old sister, Mary Ann, who 

worked as a ‘gold wire drawer’, and that the family had two visitors 

staying with them: Elizabeth Wood - also a gold wire drawer- aged 21, 

and John Wood, aged 6. It is interesting to speculate on their 

relationship to the family; they are not listed as ‘lodgers’ – so is there 

some relationship other than their occupation? 

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CENSUS 

Extract from the 1871 census for Towngate, showing Leah’s 

Grandfather Thomas Dawber, and her father Thomas (age 9). 

(RG 10/4194 page 24, folio 65). Courtesy of The National Archives. 

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CENSUS 

This page from the 1871 census returns shows that Leah’s 

Grandfather Thomas Dawber was employed as an enumerator. 

The actual census took place on 2 April, the information gathered 

being copied by the census enumerators into books or ‘returns’. 

Each enumeration district included up to 200 houses. 

The district Thomas Dawber was responsible for included 

Chapel Brow and Golden Hill. 

(RG 10/4194 folio 50). Courtesy of The National Archives. 

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Name Relation Marital 

Status 

CENSUS 

THE FARINGTON FAMILY 

Sex Age Birthplace Occupation 

Susan M ffarington Head U F 72 Leyland Land owner 

Mary H ffarington Sister U F 66 Leyland Land owner 

Susan Barkett Servant U F 62 Lincoln Housekeeper 

Sarah Williams Servant U F 39 Flint Lady’s maid 

Jane Nichols Servant U F 44 Westmorland Lady’s maid 

John Peckitt Servant U M 33 York Butler 

Robert Pool Servant U M 23 York Footman 

Jane Goodsin Servant U F 42 Knowsley Laundry maid 

Jane Chamberlain Servant W F 39 Chester Dairy maid 

Alice Dickinson Servant U F 30 Barton House maid 

Jane Thomas Servant U F 30 Shropshire House maid 

Clara Ayses Servant U F 22 Oxford Kitchen maid 

Lavinia Richards Servant U F 18 Shropshire Scullery maid 

Robert Chippett Servant U M 21 Lincoln Groom 

Information from the 1881 census returns for Worden Hall, Leyland. 

National Archives Reference RG11/4215 folio 25 

At the top end of Leyland’s ‘social ladder’ were the ffarington family, 

land-owners for generations, and very influential. Whilst there are 12 

‘live-in’ servants listed at Worden Hall, there would also be others, such 

as gardeners, gamekeepers and labourers living in various out-buildings 

on the estate. 

What sort of lives do you think all the different people living 

and working at Worden Hall would have led? 

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POPULATION 

The information collected at each census 

shows the dramatic rise in Leyland’s 

population. The growth of the textile 

industry, from handloom weaving cottages to 

the large textile mills, drove much of this 

increase. But many other industries 

developed as well. The rubber industry, in 

which Leyland had an early lead, became an 

increasingly important employer, and 

Leyland Motors developed into a very large 

complex of factories with a large workforce. 

The building of the railways helped Leyland 

to develop as they allowed the delivery of 

bulk raw materials and the transport of 

finished goods. 

Population 

35000 

30000 

25000 

20000 

15000 

10000 

5000 

0 

1801 

1811 

1821 

1831 

1841 

Leyland Population 

1851 

1861 

1871 

1881 

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1891 

1901 

Date 

1911 

1921 

1931 

1951 

Population 

1801 2088 

1811 2646 

1821 3173 

1831 3404 

1841 3569 

1851 3617 

1861 3755 

1871 3839 

1881 4961 

1891 5972 

1901 6865 

1911 8088 

1921 9031 

1931 10571 

1951 14719 

1961 19413 

1971 23401 

1981 26507 

1991 29490 

2001 29693 

1961 

1971 

1981 

1991 

2001

CHURCH RECORDS 

Churches keep records, known as parish registers, of all the 

baptisms, marriages and funerals that take place there. 

Can you find when Leah was baptised in this copy from the 

Leyland St. Andrews parish register? 

Lancashire Record Office reference PR 3158/1/1 page 225. 

Courtesy of the Vicar of St. Andrew’s Church, Leyland. 

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As well as ‘official’ church records, parish magazines can often be 

used to find out about births, marriages and deaths – as well as 

general information about church services and educational or social 

activities in which the church played a role. These extracts are from 

The Leyland Parish Magazine, March 1889. 

Notices for the Month 

SERVICES AT THE PARISH CHURCH 

Sundays.- March 3 rd , Quinquagesima, Holy Com., Mid-day; Litany and 

Catechizing, 2-30 p.m.: Hymns, M. 314, 242; A. 337,343; E. 248, 195 

March 10 th , 1st Sunday in Lent, Holy Com. 8-15 a.m.; Baptisms, 3-0 p.m.; 

Hymns, M. 84, 87; E. 94, 95 

March 17 th , 2 nd Sunday in Lent, Holy Com. Mid-day; Litany, 3-0p.m.; 

Hymns, M. 318, 283; E. 89, 187. 

March 24 th , 3 rd Sunday in Lent, Holy Com. 8-15 a.m.; Baptisms, 3-0 p.m.; 

Hymns, M. 90, 91; E. 88, 186. 

Holy Days, - March 6 th , ASH-WEDNESDAY, Litany and Commination Service 

at 11-0; Evening prayer, 7-30; Hymns, 92, 22. 

March 25 th , Annunciation of B.V. Mary; Hymns, E. 409, 280. 

There will be service each Thursday during Lent, beginning March 14 th . 

The Sacrament of Holy Baptism is administered in this Church on the 2 nd and 4 th 

Sundays in the month at 3-0 p.m.; also on each Friday morning at 12-0. 

(Churchings at the same hours). 

The Sacrament of Holy Communion is administered at this Church on every 

Sunday in the year, and on the Special Festivals of our Lord’s Nativity 

(Christmas) and of His Ascension. On the 1 st and 3 rd Sundays in the Month the 

celebration is at Midday; on all other Sundays it is at 8-15 a.m., unless special 

notice be given for an earlier hour. 

Marriages.- Notice of intended marriage should be given to the Curates or Parish 

Clerk two days previously. 

Burials.- The appointed hour is 3 o’clock. If desired at any other hour, application 

must be made to the Vicar or Curates. 

Communicants’ Union.- Meetings in Union Rooms on Wednesdays at 7-30 p.m. 

Members on March 13 th ; Associates on March 20 th ; Probationers on March 27 th . 

The Instruction Class for Boys on March 11 th and March 25 th . 

Choir Practices on Fridays, at 8 o’clock, in the Church. 

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Parish magazine cont. 

A meeting of the inhabitants was called by the Vicar on January 

31 st , for the consideration of an intimation which had been received from 

the Education Department that there exists a necessity for an additional 

Infant School somewhere in the Leyland Lane District. Various opinions 

were expressed on the subject, but there was a strong disposition to 

question the correctness of the data upon which the decision of the 

Department has been based. A Committee was therefore appointed to 

make all necessary enquiries, and to submit a Memorial embodying these 

for the approval of a future meeting. The corresponding Manager and the 

Schoolmaster of each School (with J. Stanning, Esq., as chairman) 

composed this Committee. Wednesday, Feb.27 th , was the day on which 

the Ratepayers gathered for the reconsideration of this most important 

question. The Memorial which had been prepared was read to the meeting 

by the Chairman, who explained that, although this appeared to be of 

sufficient force as against the alleged necessity of a school for children 

from 5 to 7 years of age, he was afraid the Education Department required 

proof that less than 40 children from 3-5 years resided in the district, or a 

school would have to be provided for their accommodation. 

BAPTISMS 

1889 “By one Spirit we are all baptized into one Body” 

Feb.10. John, son of John and Alice Parker, of Leyland [received]. 

10. Annie, daughter of Robert and Elizabeth Ellen Haydock, of 

Leyland. 

10. John, son of Richard and Ellen Wilkins, of Leyland. 

15. William, son of Robert and Isabella Bamber, of Leyland. 

21. Edward, son of Edward Nicholls and Rachel Prince, of Leyland 

(P.B.). 

22. Thomas, son of Thomas and Mary Riding of Farington. 

24. Eleanor Elizabeth, daughter of Henry and Margaret Elizabeth 

Hamer, of Leyland. 

24. Robert, son of Richard and Mary Crook, of Leyland. 

24. Annie, daughter of William and Ann Sumner, of Leyland. 

24. Leah, daughter of Thomas and Barbara Ince Dawber, of Leyland. 

24. Hugh, son of William and Ellen Bamber, of Euxton. 

Extract from The Leyland Parish Magazine, March 1889. 

Price One Penny. Published by John Threlfall, Bookseller, 

Stationer, and Newsagent, Caxton House, Towngate, Leyland. 

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RELIGION 

The 1901 directory “Barrett’s general and commercial directory of 

Preston….” lists the following churches in Leyland: 

St Andrew’s Church, with a family chapel for the ffaringtons of Worden. 

It had its origins circa 1090AD, with re-building and enlargement in 1819, 

and restoration work in 1876. 

St James’ Church was built in 1855 by the ffarington family. 

St Ambrose Church was built to serve a growing population in north-east 

Leyland in 1885. 

A Roman Catholic mission was established in 1845, and a church built in 

1854. This was replaced by the new St Mary’s Church in 1964. 

The Wesleyan Methodists had a chapel in Golden Hill Lane in 1814, and 

moved to a new church in Turpin Green Lane in 1876. 

The Primitive Methodists opened a chapel in Leyland Lane in 1829, and 

moved into their present church in 1869. 

A Congregational Church was built in Hough Lane in 1877. Much later 

this became the United Reformed Church. 

Religion played a much more important role in people’s lives in Victorian 

times than it does today. Apart from the regular religious services, 

churches played an important part in providing education, leisure and 

recreation. They provided Sunday schools and day schools, organised 

festivals and walking days, arranged sports events and outings, and 

formed drama and music societies. 

The closely affiliated boy scout movement, founded by Robert Baden- 

Powell, dates from 1907, and the Girl Guides Association from 1909. 

In the following sections of this compendium the influence of the church 

in society can be clearly seen. 

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RELIGION 

St Andrew’s Parish Church 

Dating from about a thousand years ago, the church and 

Leyland Cross are the oldest structures in Leyland. 

There was considerable rebuilding and enlargement of the 

church in Victorian times. These views date from about 1900. 

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RELIGION 

St Mary’s Roman Catholic Church – old and new 

Benedictine monks arrived in Leyland in 1845, and used temporary chapels 

until building the church in Worden Lane in 1854 (upper photograph). There 

were probably less than a hundred Catholics in Leyland at the time, this figure 

growing to about 500 by the year 1900. The new St Mary’s, Leyland’s most 

interesting ‘modern’ building, was built in 1964 for a growing congegation. 

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RELIGION 

St James’ Church walking day 

Wesleyan Church football team 

Congregational Church garden party 

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EDUCATION 

Barrett’s 

“General and Commercial Directory…” of 1901 lists several 

schools in Leyland: 

Catholic 

School, Towngate 

Golden Hill Endowed School, 

High School for Girls, Towngate 

National School, Union Street (Fox 

Lane) 

St James’ Church School, Moss Side 

St John’s School, Leyland Lane 

Wesleyan Methodist School, Turpin 

Green Lane 

The 

first free schools to be established were run by churches and 

charities. For a long time Leyland Grammar School was the only school 

in Leyland. Originally established in the Parish Church in 1524, the old 

gammar school itself dates from c.1600 and was originally funded by Sir 

Henry Farington. The fabric of the building was poorly maintained by the 

church wardens, however, and the school eventually closed in 1874. The 

Golden Hill School was founded in 1784 by Richard Balshaw, the rent 

from various estates being used to finance the running of the school. In 

1851 there were 114 boys and 103 girls attending the school. The 

school’s aims and role changed over time as legislation to provide free 

education for all children progressed. 

In 1870 an Act of Parliament was passed which said that all children 

aged from 5 to 10 should attend school. To achieve this new schools, 

called ‘Board Schools’ were built. At first parents had to pay to send 

their children to school. They eventually became free in 1891. Later, the 

school leaving age was raised to 12, and then 13, though children older 

than 10 were allowed to work part-time because many families relied on 

the extra income that the children could earn. 

At 

Leyland Petty Sessions in 1880, William Ashcroft, Henry Forshaw, and 

George Socket were each fined 1/- and costs for neglecting to send their 

children to school. 

Lessons 

concentrated mainly on reading, writing and arithmetic. 

Young children would learn words by writing with chalk on a slate. 

Older 

children would use paper and a pen and ink, and copy writing from a 

black-board. 

The 

Methodist School in Turpin Green Lane opened in January 1871, 

and 39 children attended on the first morning. A new building was 

opened in 1892 to accommodate the increasing number of pupils. 

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EDUCATION 

A labour certificate that children had to obtain from school to show 

employers they were old enough to be employed. 

- 25 -

EDUCATION 

This photograph shows a class of infants from the 

Methodist School in 1913 

Pupils at St James Church of England School, 1905 

- 26 -

EDUCATION 

This 

extract is from the Parish Magazine of January 1896: 

OUR SCHOOLS 

At last we have H.M.Inspector’s Report of the condition and 

efficiency of our Schools. The delay has been occasioned by our unhappy 

balance sheet. While H.M.Inspector has little but praise for the efficiency 

of the teachers, he has little but blame for the inadequate support our 

schools receive… 

MIXED 

SCHOOL – The discipline is good. The written exercises as 

a whole 

are good, those of the fifth standard being very praiseworthy; the 

handwriting, however needs greater care. The reading and recitation both 

show improvement, though there is still some weakness in the fourth 

standard. Both class subjects in the first standard, and the geography in 

the 

third standard, are good, but elsewhere a greater number of children should 

show a more intelligent knowledge of the work. The needlework is fair, the 

singing fairly good, the drill very good. The present condition of the 

School merits serious attention… 

INFANTS’ 

SCHOOL – The children presented in the first standard 

passed a highly-creditable examination. The first and second classes of 

infants also did decidedly well in all their subjects. In the third class the 

object-lesson was of little value; the other lessons and the occupations 

were satisfactory. The order and tone of the School are good and pleasant. 

I am to request your particular attention to H.M.Inspector’s remarks 

on the premises. My Lords desire to be informed of the managers’ 

intentions at an early date… 

- 27 -

B 

EDUCATION 

ALSHAW’S SCHOOL, Leyland. 

HEAD MASTER: JAMES D. WILDE, M.A., 

Medallist of the Royal Geographical Society; 

THE SCHOOL is pleasantly situated in a healthy country district, about twenty-seven miles 

from Manchester and Liverpool, about four from Preston and a half mile from Leyland Station 

on the L. & N.W. Railway Company’s main line from London to Scotland, and on the L. & Y. 

Railway from South East Lancashire and Yorkshire to Preston. 

Boys are prepared for University and Professional Examinations 

and for Commercial 

Life. No boy is admitted under eight years of age, or allowed to remain, except by special 

permission, after he has reached the age of sixteen. 

The course of instruction includes English History, 

Grammar, Composition and 

Literature, Geography, Shorthand, mathematics, Natural Science, Latin, German, French, 

Drawing and Vocal Music. Religious instruction is given in accordance with the tenets of the 

Church of England. Exemption is allowed in case of conscientious objection. 

Greek, Instrumental Music and Woodwork may be taken in addition. 

The Athletic Exercises and Games enjoy the advantage of the hearty support 

and 

sympathetic interest of a distinguished member of the Lancashire County Cricket Club. 

Spacious fields for cricket and football adjoin the school buildings, and a new gymnasium and 

fives court are in the course of erection. The sanitary arrangements are thoroughly efficient and 

up to date, and the water supply is abundant and of excellent quality. 

The School year begins in September, and consists of three terms 

of about fourteen 

weeks each; the Vacations being six weeks in the summer, three in the winter and two in spring. 

The fees are payable in advance, at the beginning of each term, and are:- 

(1) For day boys £2.2s. per term. (2) For boarders £16.16s. per term. 

A s um of £75 per annum is distributed in Scholarships to be competed for by boys who have 

been for three years previously at a public elementary school in Leyland, Withnell, Clayton-le- 

Woods, Cuerden, Euxton, Heapey, Hoghton,Wheelton, or Whittle-le-Woods. 

This information is taken from a brochure for Balshaw’s School c.1900 

> What does it tell you about the sort of education available, and the 

boys it is aimed at? 

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EDUCATION 

ADULT CLASSES 

This advertisement, from th e parish magazine of October 1892, shows 

an example of a course arranged for adults: 

A COURSE OF TEN AFTERNOON AND TEN EVENING 

LECTURES IN LAUNDRY WORK 

(By MISS AINSWORTH, of the Liverpool Training School), 

Will be held in the GRAMMAR SCHOOL, on successive Wednesdays, commencing WEDNESDAY, 

5 TH OCTOBER NEXT, In the Afternoons at 2-30p.m.; in the evenings at 7-30 p.m. 

FEE FOR EITHER COURSE, 2s.; FEE FOR A SINGLE LECTURE, 

3d. 

The tickets 

will be transferable, and will entitle the holders to attend Ten Lectures. 

As the number of tickets must be limited to 50 for each course, early application is requested. 

Tickets may be obtained at the Grammar School on Friday, 30 

y ballot for the practice work. 

ite, coloured, and Jaeger; Woollen and Cotton 

ts, making Hot Starch, Setting and Reviving Colours, Washing 

shing Body Linen. 

inen; Washing Table Linen, Removing 

SON, - Ironing Table Linen, making Cold Starch, Ironing and Polishing Cuffs and 

ON, - Washing of Silks, Laces, and Muslin, white and coloured. 

ng. 

ctice getting up Cuffs, Collars, and Shirts. 

th September, for the Afternoon 

classes, from 3 to 4 p.m.; for the Evening classes, 7 to 8 p.m. 

From the 50 ticket holders, for each class, 14 will be selected b 

The lessons will be of two hours each; ¾ of an hour demonstration by Miss Ainsworth; 

1¼ hours work by the selected pupils. 

1 ST LESSON.- Washing of flannels, wh 

Stockings, black and coloured. 

2 ND LESSON, - Washing of Prin 

and Ironing Pocket Handerchiefs. 

3 RD LESSON, - Ironing Prints, Wa 

4 TH LESSON, - Damping, Folding, and Ironing Body L 

Stains. 

5 TH LES 

Collars. 

6 TH LESS 

7 TH LESSON, - Paraffin Washing, Bath Towels, Gentlemen’s Ties, Gofferi 

8 TH LESSON, - Ironing, Polishing, and Folding of Shirts. 

9 TH LESSON, - Art Work, Cretonne Crewel Work. 

10 TH LESSON, - No Demonstration. Two hours’ pra 

And 

this extract is from the November 1899 issue: 

LEYLAND LITERARY SOCIETY 

Our first monthly lectu ll, on ‘Church 

as a 

, 

r 

lantern views, on Thursday, November 9 th re was given by the Rev. E.G.Marsha 

bells’, in the Top School-room, on Thursday evening, October 19 

… 

th . There w 

good attendance, and 13s.8d. was taken at the door. Mr Marshall treated his 

subject in an exhaustive manner, historically from Jubal Cain, of Mesopotamia 

to John Taylor, of Loughborough, from the ringing anvil of Tubal to Great Paul, 

of London. He also cast in a workmanlike manner a bell, which, like somebody’s 

bullets, was ‘made of lead’. Aided by our new magic-lantern, we had views of 

many of the great bells of antiquity and of modern times, their varied shapes, 

frames, and inscriptions, and the whole was listened to with deep interest. Ou 

next lecture will be given by the Rev. A.A.Dallman, on ‘China’, with magic- 

- 29 -

EDUCATION 

LIBRARIES 

The public library movement began in the 1850s, 

its proponents arguing 

for 

the educational benefits libraries would bring for everybody. Whilst 

many better-off Victorians loved reading – the Victorian age produced 

some of the finest novels in the English language, as well as popular 

books on history, self-improvement, travel, etc – most working-class 

people did not have access to books.An Act of Parliament in 1850 

allowed towns to raise money from rates to provide free public libraries 

for all. 

Manchester 

was the first to provide a free public library, but to start with 

most 

towns were reluctant to impose the taxation needed to fund them. 

An important supporter, and benefactor of, free public libraries was 

Andrew 

Carnegie. He was a Scotsman who went to America where he 

gained a fortune working in the iron and steel industry. He was influential 

in persuading many local authorities to provide public libraries by 

offering generous donations to build libraries if the authorities provided 

the funds to run and maintain them. This generated much debate 

between people who didn’t want to pay an extra tax, and those who saw 

the benefits of helping people to educate themselves. When Carnegie 

offered £1800 for the construction of a library in Leyland, articles were 

written in the Parish Magazine, and public meetings arranged, to rally 

support. 

Despite many 

passionate arguments and much support by influential 

people, 

the ‘Leyland Ratepayers’, a group whose principal object was to 

maintain cheap rates, won the day, and the council rejected the offer. 

RATE AND RENTS. SHALL WE HAVE A FREE LIBRARY? 

For Leyland, a Library, nonsense and stuff! 

To buy books for our Town were a pity, 

When our tips and our turf news are reading enough, 

We want nothing wise, learned or witty. 

We won’t have a free Library; other towns may, 

And boast they are highly successful, - 

But never in Leyland, though people will say, 

With an Offer like this “tis disgraceful! ” 

Let them say so, and welcome:-We do not care what 

May be said, or be written, or thought of it, 

We’ll have none in Leyland: You ask us why not? 

RATES and RENTS! that’s the long and the 

short of it. 

- 30 -

EDUCATION 

A BAKER’S DOZEN ; 

Or thirteen reasons why every town should have 

a public library. 

1. Because a public library is as necessary for the mental and moral health 

of the citizens as good sanitary arrangements and water supply are for the 

physical health and comfort of the people. 

2. Because the rate for the support is slight, and the boon immense. 

3. Because it is the property of all, and is the university of the working 

classes. 

4. Because it is an educational institution; and education deepens the sense 

of the duties 

and privileges of citizenship. 

5. Because the newsroom attached to the public library affords a place of 

recreation and improvement. 

6. Because for young people of both sexes a public library affords some 

place to which they can go, instead 

of loitering aimlessly about the public 

streets. 

7. Because a public library is one of the best investments a district can make 

for the welfare 

of its citizens. 

8. Because there is no rate for which there is such an immediate and 

tangible benefit as the penny rate 

for the support of a public library. 

9. Because it brings the vast stores of our noble English literature within 

the 

reach of all. 

10. Because it cultivates habits of reading, and reading brightens life and 

makes the home 

more cheerful and attractive. 

11. Because the great usefulness of public libraries in towns where 

they have been established has been proved beyond 

doubt. No district has 

ever wanted to give up the library when once established. 

12. Because it is ridiculous to spend hundreds of thousands of pounds on 

teaching people to read, and not to spend a little in providing 

them with 

books, and opportunities in reading. 

13. Because it is said that the workmen of America are better educated than 

ours, and Englishmen are determined that 

this shall not be so; and as one 

forward step in this direction every district ought to have a public library. 

(December 

1904 issue of Leyland Parish magazine) 

- 31 -

EDUCATION 

Whereas 

Preston had a free public library from 1879, and Chorley 

from 1899, a public library service was not available in Leyland until 

1926, in a room in the basement of the old Civic Hall. This ‘library 

centre’ was provided by the county council, which was endeavouring to 

provide a public library service across rural Lancashire, and in urban 

areas where the local district councils hadn’t adopted the public 

libraries act. 

By 1926 the county 

council had opened 144 centres in places such as 

Longridge, Chipping, Ormskirk, Brindle, etc. As time went by, ‘branch 

libraries’ replaced the library centres in the larger urban areas. The old 

police station on Towngate became the Leyland Branch Library before 

the present building was constructed in 1974. 

Leyland’s Library Centre in 1926 

> How old was Leah before she could have borrowed 

books from a public library in Leyland? 

> How important is it to be able to read, and to have access 

to lots of books and information? 

> Can you name any well-known Victorian 

writers? 

- 32 -

HOUSING 

These photographs show the types of houses that Leah would have been 

familiar with. In pre-Victorian times Leyland was a village consisting 

mainly of cottages and farms, with some of the more wealthy residents 

living in larger houses or halls. 

In Victorian times a new class of wealthy industrialists emerged who, 

with 

the proceeds from their mills and factories, could afford to build 

themselves large homes and employ many servants. Sometimes they 

would also build rows of terraced houses next to their factories to 

provide homes for their employees. 

A cottage, thought to have been in Cocker Lane. Note the 

thatched rather than slate roof. At this time thatch was a cheap 

a nd plentiful roofing material compared with slates and tiles. 

- 33 -

HOUSING 

These hand-loom weavers’ cottages were in Water 

Street (now Towngate). The cool and damp conditions 

in the cellars made working with the cotton easier. 

Purpose-built housing for the mill-workers of Bashall’s 

new Farington - 34 - Mill.

HOUSING 

The ffarington almshouses in Fox Lane 

Worden Hall, the home of the ffarington family. It was 

severely damaged by fire in 1941, and the grounds 

eventually were given 

- 

to 

35 

the 

- 

people of Leyland.

HOUSING 

A view Leah would have been very familiar with: 

Turpin Green Lane 

- 36 - 

A cottage in Turpin 

Green Lane. 

Note the use of 

corrugated iron 

sheets as roofing 

material.

HOUSING 

Broadfield House, the home of John Stanning who owned 

the bleachworks. It was built in 1898 in a period when the 

cotton and bleaching industries were at their height. 

In Victorian times, looking after a house took a lot of time and effort. For 

washing and laundry, water would have to be heated on a range. Bath 

night was probably once a week using a tin bath brought into a warm 

room. In winter, washing could take a long time to dry when it couldn’t 

be hung out. Fires had to be lit to keep warm; handling both the coal and 

then disposing of the ashes both being dirty jobs. Smoke from fires and 

oil-lamps meant lots of cleaning -dusting, mopping, scrubbing and 

polishing. Most meals had to be prepared and cooked from basic 

ingredients. Large houses would employ lots of servants to do all these 

jobs, and more. 

Toilets were usually in an outhouse, consisting of a wooden seat over a 

hole in the ground. After using it you would pour in some soil or ash to 

disguise the smell. These toilets, or ‘privies’ would be emptied each 

week by the ‘night soil men’. 

When ‘water closets’ were invented, only rich people could afford them, 

but by the 1870s it was realised how unhealthy the dry closets were and 

how they could spread disease and infections. Water systems and 

sewage pipes and works were built, and gradually all the dry closets 

were replaced by flushing toilets. 

- 37 -

TRANSPORT 

Before 

railways were built, people travelled either on foot, on horse, or 

by horse-drawn vehicle. The poor state of most roads and tracks meant 

that journeys took a very long time and could be very uncomfortable. 

A large network of canals was built during the early industrial revolution, 

linking major industrial centres and ports. For transporting goods over 

large distances they were far preferable to using roads. However, the 

speed of transporting goods was still limited to the speed with which a 

horse could pull a barge. 

The 

development of the railways brought about a massive change to 

society. They boosted the economy, provided employment, encouraged 

the growth of towns (from industrial towns to seaside resorts), speeded 

up trade, and opened up a new world of travel for millions of people. 

Most 

of Britain’s railways were built during the 1840s and 1850s, 

following the success of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The 

North Union Railway connecting Preston and Wigan opened in 1838, and 

eventually amalgamated with other companies to form the London and 

North Western railway. The first passenger trains could be very 

uncomfortable, with hard seats in unheated carriages. But gradually 

conditions improved, with upholstered seats and steam heating. 

To 

get around larger towns and cities, horse-drawn buses or tram-cars 

came into use in the Victorian era. Tram-cars became electrically 

powered – the first ones appearing in Blackpool in 1885. Motor-buses 

started to be operated in the early 1900s. As the Victorian era was the 

age of steam power, so the twentieth century became the era of the 

internal combustion engine. 

- 38 - 

Waiting for a 

train at an early 

Victorian 

railway station

TRANSPORT 

PRESTON AND WIGAN RAILWAY 

Recent investigation has shewn that amongst the Railways now forming, and for 

which the powers of Parliament have been obtained, the line by which it is proposed to 

connect Preston, through the Railways already in operation, with Liverpool and 

Manchester, (and which would ultimately become a link in the great chain from the 

Metropolis to the north,) may fairly be expected to become a prosperous undertaking. 

To substantiate this fact, little more will be required than a submission to the public of 

the subjoined statement of the Cost of the necessary works, and estimated income to 

arise therefrom. It may be proper to observe, that these estimates have been made under 

the scrutinizing eye of gentlemen who have had the best experience in the working of 

the Liverpool and Manchester Road; and it will be perceived, the calculations of the 

revenue are formed without any reference to the prospective advantage which may 

reasonably be expected to arise, on the completion of the great line from London, 

through Birmingham and Staffordshire, to the north; the works upon which are already 

commenced. And to give the public some idea of the value of this connection, it may be 

proper to state here, that the point of the junction between the Preston and Wigan 

Railway, and the Liverpool and Manchester line, is exactly where the Grand Junction 

Road enters the same line. From this point of meeting, the distance to Liverpool and 

Manchester respectively, is 15 miles, and to Preston it would be not quite 22 miles, so 

that Preston would be brought by Railway communication as near to London, within 

less than seven miles, as either Manchester or Liverpool. 

At a meeting of the Proprietors of the Preston and Wigan Road, held in 

Liverpool, on the 17 th April last, it was unanimously resolved to be in the highest 

degree desirable that this Company should form a junction with the Proprietors of the 

Wigan Branch Railway; and so much progress has been made towards effecting this 

object, that no impediment is likely to present itself. What is now, therefore, mainly 

wanted , is to have the affair taken up with becoming spirit by the Inhabitants of 

Preston and the neighbourhood, who, independently of the benefits to arise from a 

profitable investment of money, may look for great collateral advantages in the 

facilities of communication which the Railway will enable them to possess. 

It is necessary to state, that promptitude of action is essential at the present 

moment. The capitalists in Liverpool have subscribed largely; and are now anxious to 

bring the question to a close, whether the work is to proceed or be abandoned. It rests, 

therefore, with the people of Preston and its vicinity, to give that turn to the scale which 

may decide whether they will partake of the advantages offered to them, or be left, 

perhaps for many years, without the enjoyment of those benefits which the principal 

towns in this county will immediately possess. 

A public Meeting was held in Preston, on Saturday the 6 th instant, when a 

Committee was appointed to collect subscriptions. This Committee now submit the 

original list of subscribers in Preston and the neighbourhood, together with the 

additions made subsequently to the meeting, in the hope of stimulating others to follow 

example, and thus secure the completion of this important undertaking. 

PRESTON, JULY 9 TH , 1833 

From the Prospectus of the Preston and Wigan Railway 

- 39 -

TRANSPORT 

Travelling by train as described in ‘letters to the editor’ : 

Having frequently to go to Preston on business and return on the 

same day, and being very poor, I cannot afford to pay either for the first or 

second class carriages; I am therefore compelled (there being no other way 

of getting to Preston) to go in a stand up carriage - carriage did I say? A 

stand up box I ought to say - for which I have to pay 2s.6d for going 

twenty miles, and cannot possibly sit down except on the floor, and if I 

were to do so I should stand a good chance of being trodden upon. When 

the carriages have to stop we all go jostling together. 

(Lancaster Guardian, 1843) 

Sir, - Did you ever ride in a No.1 ( a third class carriage ) from 

Preston to Lancaster, belonging to the North Union? If you never did, just 

make a trial – the finest exercise in the world. The workings and jerkings 

of Lord Brougham are nothing to it. You may have seen a jockey partaking 

of the elongation and contraction of the animal; such is exactly the motion 

produced in this carriage. No giving it up for twenty miles of a stretch. 

Fine exercise for the sedentary, shake every bone in his skin – and give 

him a glorious appetite into the bargain. Never devoured a mutton chop 

with half the zest I did on Monday last, after the infliction. 

(Preston Guardian, March 1847) 

Sir, - Having travelled on all the railways in England, Scotland and 

Ireland now open, permit me to state that the filthiest and shabbiest 

carriage I ever was in are on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. The 

manager seems to have much more to do than he can properly attend to. 

(Preston Guardian, November 1869) 

- 40 -

TRANSPORT 

This early Victorian locomotive was photographed at Preston in 

1863 by Robert Pateson. Note the lack of protection for the crew 

from the weather. 

Courtesy of Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston. 

- 41 -

A country run 

TRANSPORT 

- 42 - 

An example of 

Victorian 

private 

transport 

Charabanc and 

cyclists in Towngate

One of the 

first petroldriven 

omnibuses 

…as would 

Squire Edmund 

ffarington of 

Worden Hall. 

TRANSPORT 

- 43 - 

In post-Victorian 

times, mill-owner 

Edmund Berry 

would have been 

one of the first 

people in Leyland 

to own a motor 

car…

AGRICULTURE 

In 1841, Leyland contained about 2,200 acres of meadow and 940 acres 

of arable land. This was owned by various landowners, James Nowell 

Farington owning the most, and let to tenant farmers. In general the 

larger farms would grow cereals and graze cattle, with smaller ones 

concentrating on dairy produce. James Farington and his father William 

took a lead in agricultural improvements, but increasing efficiency and 

mechanization meant fewer farm labourers were needed. Because of 

this many labourers and smallholders took up handloom weaving to 

make a living. 

The drainage and reclamation of mossland to the west of Leyland and 

Farington was carried out over a long period of time, producing very 

fertile farm-land. By the 1870s Leyland was referred to as ‘the garden of 

Lancashire’. At Leyland’s Agricultural and Horticultural Society Show in 

1855, the prize for best cultivated farm went to Jonathan Swann, who 

had 14 acres of wheat, 12 acres of potatoes, and 4 acres of beans and 

turnips. He also had orchards and gardens, and made cheese. 

Today the fields such as those farmed by Jonathan Swann have been 

swallowed up by urban or industrial development. But travel along 

Dunkirk Lane towards Bretherton, for example, and you still find large 

areas of well-drained land under cultivation. 

Up to 1836 the ‘Tithes’ were a tax whereby people had to give a tenth of 

their produce toward the upkeep of the Incumbent of the parish church. 

This produce was stored in a tithe-barn, many of which still exist, but it 

was a troublesome tax for the vicar to collect. Under the Tithe 

Commutation Act of 1836 tithes were commuted to a rent-charge; 

Commisioners were appointed to assess fair land values on which to 

base a monetary tax. This tax was abolished altogether in 1925. 

On the next page is an extract from the “Apportionment of the rent 

charge, in lieu of the tithes, in the township of Leyland, in the Parish of 

Leyland” 

- 44 -

AGRICULTURE 

Extract from the apportionment showing some of the land owned by 

James Nowell Farington. 

- 45 -

AGRICULTURE 

The map accompanying the apportionment has identifying field 

numbers which show who owned the field, and who farmed it. 

This extract is centred on Golden Hill Lane. 


> From the field numbers listed on the previous page, can you 

distinguish any of the fields farmed by Jonathan Swann? 

- 46 -

AGRICULTURE 

Traction engine and machinery owned by T. Dandy and Sons 

of Dunkirk Lane. Traction engines not only hauled loads, they 

also powered other machines for threshing, etc. This one is a 

Burrell engine built in 1895. 

- 47 -

AGRICULTURE 

Agriculture was very dependent on seasonal labour, particularly at 

harvest time. This seasonal demand was often met by children and nonagricultural 

workers, such as weavers, for hay-making, potato-picking, 

harvesting fruit, etc. To allow children to work on the land, school 

holidays coincided with the farmers’ busy periods. 

This photograph taken at Tarleton shows a new mechanical 

potato-digger bringing the crop of potatoes to the surface. 

Whether there was a mechanical digger or not, the crop still 

had to be collected by hand. 

- 48 -

AGRICULTURE 

RULES OF THE LEYLAND MOSS SIDE 

CATTLE CLUB 

HELD AT ST. JAMES’S SCHOOL, LEYLAND 

Revised, 1879 

1-That this Society be called “The Leyland Moss Side Cattle Club”, and have for its 

object the insuring of the cattle of members in case of loss from disease or accident. 

2-That the Society shall consist of members, committee, stewards, collector, secretary, 

treasurer and auditor. 

3-The district of the Society shall comprise any part of the surrounding country within a 

radius of six miles from the St.James’s School, excepting the towns of Preston and 

Chorley. 

4-That the Society shall meet four times in the year, at St.James’s School, Leyland, 

viz.: the first Tuesday in March, June, September, and December, at seven o’clock in 

the evening. 

5-That at the annual meeting, on the first Tuesday in March, the members shall elect the 

above-named officers - the number of stewards being three and the committee 

consisting of nine members, five to form a quorum. The whole of such officers to be 

eligible for re-election. 

6-That the duties of the committee shall be to meet and decide on any case brought 

before them by the stewards, to fix the rate of contribution, and to promote the wellbeing 

of the Society to the best of their ability. The decision of the committee in all 

cases to be final. 

7-That the duties of the stewards shall be to visit and examine all cattle proposed for 

entry to the Society, to mark the same with the mark of the Society, provided that they 

are in good health and condition, and within the age specified by rule 14, and to give a 

printed certificate to the insurer. The stewards shall receive the sum of threepence for 

each beast thus marked, to be paid by the owner. 

8-That the duties of the collector shall be to receive the contributions of members at 

their residences, during the week preceding the quarterly meeting…. 

…… 

21-That money shall be paid for the losses on receipt of certificate of death, provided 

there be sufficient funds in the treasure’s hands; if not, as soon as there are sufficient 

funds. 

22-That no member shall, at any of the meetings, either curse, swear, behave 

indecently, or attempt to interrupt the committee whilst engaged in the affairs of the 

Society. Any member committing any of these offences shall be excluded from the 

meeting. 

23-Any amendment or alteration in these rules may be made at the annual meeting, held 

in March each year, the same to be entered in the minute book. 

St. James’s School, Leyland, June 26 th , 1879. 

Eleven of the 23 Rules for members of the Leyland Moss Side Cattle Club 

- 49 -

TRADE AND INDUSTRY 

Before telephones and telephone directories, local commercial 

directories listed the businesses and services in the area. Compare the 

information given in the next four pages, which are extracts for Leyland 

from the Mannex 1851 directory (page 51), and Barrett’s 1901 directory 

(Pages 52-54). 

> What is the main difference between the directory information of 

1851, and that of 1901? 

Using the 1901 directory (pages 52 – 54): 

> Can you find the shop in this photograph listed? 

> Which grocers might Leah’s family have used? 

> How many farms were there at Leyland in 1901? 

> How many farmers were there called Swann? 

> Where might you buy a bicycle? 

- 50 -


LEYLAND PARISH DIRECTORY: LEYLAND TOWNSHIP (Mannex Directory, 1851) 

MISCELLANY 

Adamson Thos. Ginger beer manufr. 

& bellman 

Addison Thos. Land surveyor and 

agent to the Clerical, Medical and 

This information is taken ACADEMIES from Barrett’s 1901 Stirkey Directory: house 

General Life Assurance Society 

Baker Mr Henry, Elm Cottage 

Bannister Miss Jane 

Bliss Rev. Joseph (Independent) 

Briggs John, brazier and tinner 

Bretherton Wm. Gent., Leyland Lane 

Burdon Mrs Alice, The Grove 

Corless Jas. Plumber and glazier 

Critchley Wm. Beerhouse, Moss side 

Dawson Mr. Hugh, Fir tree house 

Dobson Thos. Saddler, &c 

Eccles John, Esq. Well field 

Eccles Mrs Mary Jane, Golden hill 

house 

Fazakerley Mr. Joseph 

Finch Thos. Station master, Leyland 

station 

Fish Mr. John 

Ffarington Mrs. Sarah, gentlewoman, 

Worden hall 

Fletcher Jas. Bleach works, Shruggs; 

h. Northbrook 

Hesketh Mr. Thomas 

Holland Henry, brick and tile manfr. 

Jackson Wm. Ironmonger 

Kellet Mr Henry, Church terrace 

Kellet Mr. Robert 

Kershaw Rev. Chas. (Catholic)successor 

to the Rev. T. M. Shepherd, 

lately removed 

Livesey Edwd. Gardener and 

seedsman 

Livesey John, gardener and seedsman 

Longton John, beerhouse, Leyland 

lane 

Marshall Wm. House agt. & measurer 

Morrell John Conyers, land agent for 

Mrs.Ffarington, Clough house 

Morris Thos. Manager at gas works 

Noble Thos. Coal agt., Railway 

station 

Norris Miss Jennet 

Pilkington Fras.Sergent, registrar of 

births and deaths for Leyland district, 

and of marriages for the Chorley 

union 

Riley Miss, Leyland lodge 

Sanderson Saml.parish clerk 

Seed Thos. Draper and hosier 

Sergent The Misses Jennet& Ann 

Simpson John, slater and plasterer 

Snell Robt.gent Wellington place 

Strickland John, corn miller 

Walch Saml.manager at bleach 

works, Shruggs 

Walton Miss Agnes, Leyland lodge 

Whitehead Bracewell, stone 

mason 

Wilding Wm. Beerhouse 

Free Grammar School, John 

James master 


Golden Hill Charity School, 

Geo Singleton master; Margt. 

Smith mistress 

Infant School, Miss 

Edwardes mistress 

Moss Side School, Nathl. 

Sumner master 

BLACKSMITHS 

Critchley Thos. 

Heywood Richd. Leyland 

Lane 

Lazonby Thos. 

Nelson Rt.Rose Whittle 

Smalley Thos. Leyland Lane 

Sumner Elias 

BOOT & SHOE MAKERS 

TBarlow RADE Edwd. AND INDUSTRY 

Baron Geo.& John (& clog 

makers) 

Carr John (clog maker) 

Counsel Edmund 

Ditchfield John 

Goodfellow Thos. 

Hargreaves John 

Hutchinson Robt. Leyland lne 

Iddon John 

Maudsley Hugh 

Rose Lawrence 

Rose Richd. 

BUTCHERS 

Ainscow Alice 

Talbot Thos. 

FARMERS 

Baker Jas. Cocker barn 

Bamber John, Sod hall 

Bennett Jas. Balshaw farm 

Bennett Jas. 

Bennett John, Moss side 

Blackwell Peter, Sod hall 

Bretherton Hy. Old hall 

Bretherton Thos. Yew hs. 

Brewer Henry 

Cocker Jno.(&shopkpr) Moss 

side 

Deacon John 

Deacon Joseph 

Dilworth Jas. Moss side 

Dobson Edwd. Moss side 

Dobson Geo. Sod hall 

Fazakerlay James, Little moss 

- 51 - 

Farnworth Jas. Old Worden 

hall 

Gilt Joseph 

Goulding Joseph, (yeo.) 

Goulding Sarah, Leyland ln 

Halliwell Thos. 

Harrison Robt. 

Harrison Robert 

Hunter Willm.Dunkirk farm 

Huthchinson Thos. (& 

farrier), Langs farm 

Jackson John and Robt. 

Leyland lane 

Jackson Henry, Moss side 

Kellett, Edwd. 

Kellett Rd., Wright fold 

Lawrence Jas. Moss side 

Lee Hugh, Pearson house 

Marsden Thos.(& shopk.) 

Miller John, Moss side 

Moulding Willm. Maudsley 

house 

Nelson Thos. (& black 

smith) Carter house 

Rawcliffe Luke 

Robinson Robert 

Singleton Jph. Moss side 

Smith John, Bannister 

house 

Southword Sylvester, (& 

shopkeeper) 

Sumner Wm. New Inn farm 

Sumner John, Moss side 

Swann Jonathan 

Swann Daniel, Butlers farm 

Swann John, Lower house 

Swann Wm. 

Tattersall Jas. 

Tattersall Hy. Nixon house 

Walmsley Geo. 

Walmsley Chas. Cliffs 

Wane Jane 

Walton Wm. Fox lane 

Walton Geo. Fir tree farm 

Wiggans Jas. Hollins 

Wilkins Thos. Moss side 

Wilson Thos. Moss side 

Wright Wm. Heald house 

GROCERS, &C. 

Adamson John 

Cardwell Cuthbert 

Gilchrist Robert and dau. 

Leyland and Peel terrace 

Hayhurst Stephen 

Livesey Wm. (and drugst) 

Marsden Jane 

Mattock John 

Parkinson Francis 

Parkinson Richard 

Pemberton Hugh 

Rigby John 

Sumner James 

Sumner Thomas 

Sumner John Sumner 

Richard 

Taylor John 

INNS & TAVERNS 

Bay Horse, Thos. 

Boardman 

Eagle and Child, Alice 

Nightingale 

George IV. Wm..Eccles 

Railway Bridge Inn, 

Hannah Noble 

Roebuck, Chas.Gilchrist 

Rose Whittle, Rd.Porter 

Seven Stars, Geo.Glover 

Ship, Ann Bradshaw 

Wheatsheaf, Thos.Moss 

JOINERS&BUILDERS 

Cunliffe Saml. 

Sefton Thos. 

Tomlinson James 

Tomlinson Richard 

Wrennall Wm. Leyland 

lane 

MANUFACTURERS 

Berry Edmund 

Margerison Joshua, 

Golden hill 

Pilkington Fras.Sergent, 

Ernshaw bridge; John 

Pilkington manager 

Smith Wm. Manfr.of 

waterproof cloths, 

pipings, and washers &c. 

Golden hill works 

MILLINERS, &C 

Chorlton Thos. & Co. 

Ditchfield Mary (& straw 

hat manfr) 

Harker Mary and Margt. 

(&straw hat manfrs) 

Kellett Annis 

SURGEONS 

Cooke Edwd. 

Barnes Edwd. (certifying surgeon under the factory 

act) 

TAILORS 

Balshaw John ( & 

clothes’ broker) 

Bannister Samuel 

Barlow Edwd. (& draper) 

Sutton Jas. (& draper)


LEYLAND: CLASSIFICATION OF TRADES (Barrett’s Directory, 1901) 

Agents 

Brown Richard H., Fern bank 

Hackforth F. (emigration), 26 Towngate 

Threlfall J.(emigration), 35 Towngate 

Tomlinson James (estate), Church Road 

Ale and Porter Bottlers 

Glover John & Co., 11 & 12 Hough Lane 

Auctioneer 

Critchley John, Towngate, and Market 

place, Chorley 

Banks 

Lancaster Banking Co., Ltd. (branch), 

Towngate; open Monday and Friday from 

10 a.m. to 2 p.m. 

London City and Midland Bank, Ltd. 

(branch), 31 Towngate; open Monday and 

Friday, 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. 

Billposters 

Leyland and District Billposting Co., 35 

Towngate; J..Threlfall, manager 

Blacksmiths 

Damp George (and palisading 

manufacturer), Water Street works 

Elston Robert, Rose Whittle 

Kirby Richard, Union Street 

Langton John, 73 Leyland lane 

Nelson William (and implement maker), 

Dunkirk Lane 

Singleton Mrs Catherine, 6 Chapel Brow 

Bleachers and Dyers 

Stanning John & Son, Ltd., Leyland bleach 

works; warehouse, 2 Booth street, 

Manchester 

Booksellers and Stationers 

Cunliffe William, 67 Towngate 

Iddon Hugh, 2Chapel Brow 

Pemberton Chas. Edwd., 5 Chapel Brow 

Thacker John Walter, 66 Towngate 

Threlfall John (and printer), Caxton house, 

Towngate 

Whitehead Mark, 21 Towngate 

Boot and Shoe makers 

Bannister James, 31 Union Street 

Baron Mrs Sarah, 35 Union Street 

Barrow Peter, 60 Towngate 

Bretherton James, 3 Fielding Street 

Cocker Robert, 1 Chapel Brow 

Gardner A.& Co., 22 Towngate 

Gregson John, Golden hill lane 

Gregson Thomas, Slater lane 

Rose John, 97 and 98 Towngate 

Sumner John Wm., 8 and 10 Chapel 

brow 

Sumner Richard, 9 Chadwick terrace 

Sumner Thomas, 26 and 27 Hough Lane 

Brick and Tile Manufacturers 

Bowling and Houlden, New Inn works 

Builders and Contractors 

(see also Joiners and Builders) 

Bannister Richard, Broad Street 

Berry Robert, Towngate and Broad st 

Brailsford and Hayes, Church street 

Jackson Thomas, Leyland Lane 

Marland Caleb E., Avondale, Water 

street 

Builders’ Merchant 

Tomlinson Jas., Church Road 

Butchers 

Ainscow John, Leyland Lane 

Bretherton William, Slater Lane 

Catterall Thomas, 3 Cowling lane 

Clarkson William, 19 Towngate 

Cross Joseph, 56 Towngate 

Haydock John, 103 Towngate and 

Leyland Lane 

Jackson Joseph Wm., Golden hill lane 

Lord John, 55 Union Street 

Lowcock Joseph, 11 Chadwick Terrace 

Sumner James, 20 Chapel Brow and 

Preston 

Cab Proprietors 

Harrison Robert, 30 Towngate 

Singleton Mrs.Catherine, 6 Chapel 

Brow 

Chemists and Druggists 

Hackforth Frederick, 26 Towngate 

Houlden Quarton, 1 Union street 

Jackson Thomas, Wellington View 

Cloggers 

Baron Francis, 3 Union street 

Cocker Robert, 1 Chapel Brow 

Ryding John, 86 Leyland Lane 

Sumner Thomas, 26 and 27 Hough Lane 

Coal Merchants 

Blainscough Colliery Co.Ltd., Golden 

hill; William Bretherton agent 

Ditchfield Edward, Station yard 

Jackson and Dobson, Golden hill lane 

Pickering John, Golden hill 

Swann F. & Co., 8 Golden hill 

Swann John, Golden Hill 

Wigan Coal and iron Co. Ltd., Station 

yard; R.G.Parker, agent 

- 52 - 

Confectioners 

Cross Mrs.Mary Ann, 99 Towngate 

Finch William, 4 Union Street 

Haworth Charles, 2 Moss Lane 

Iddon Mrs. Helena, 27 Chapel Brow 

Iddon Mrs.Mary, Hough Lane 

Polin Miss Elizabeth, 29 Hough Lane 

Purves Miss Hannah, 83 Leyland lane 

Rose Miss Marion, 33 Towngate 

Stoker William, 3 Chapel Brow 

Sutton Mrs.Mary E., 58 Towngate 

Cotton Manufacturers 

Berry Andrew & Sons, Mount 

Pleasant mill 

Pilkington John, Limited, Earnshaw 

Bridge mill 

Reade & Wall, Brook mills 

Cycle Dealer 

Crompton Crompton, 9 Turpin Green 

lane 

Drapers 

Banister Mrs.Dorothy, Towngate 

Banister Thomas, Broadfield View 

Barlow John, Prospect cottages 

Baron John, Towngate 

Cottam Mrs.Eliz., 2 Chadwick 

Terrace 

Frankland William, 4 Chapel brow 

Heywood John, 2 Union street 

Hesketh John, 16 Chapel brow 

Kershaw Miss Phyllis, 23 Towngate 

Mayor Thomas, Dunkirk Lane 

Miller Mrs. Elizabeth, Leyland lane 

Nelson Roger, 8 Towngate 

Norris Miss Henrietta, 3 Dunkirk lane 

Porter William, 25 Hough lane 

Purves Mrs.Hannah, Leyland lane 

Sumner John, 82 Towngate 

Swann J., 10 Golden hill 

Walsh & Sumner, 1 and 2 Turpin 

Green lane 

Westley Mrs. M.A., 32 Towngate 

Whitehead Mark, 20 & 21 Towngate 

Farmers 

Abram Robert, Cam house 

Abram Thomas, Moss side 

Ashcroft John, Wignall’s farm 

Atkinson Thomas, Golden hill lane 

Baines James (hind) Crawshaw 

cottage 

Baker John and Thomas, Butlers farm 

Baker James, Firs farm 

Baker James, Fleetwood hall 

Baker James, Nixon’s farm 

Baker Robert, Cocker Bar farm

Farmers continued: 

Baker Thomas, Lower House farm 

Baker Thomas, Leyland lane 

Baker Thomas, Culshaw’s farm 

Baker Thomas, junior, Smith’s farm 

Balshaw William, Cowling lane 

Bamber Mrs.Elizabeth, Wright’s farm 

Bamber Richard, Richmond house 

Bamber William, New Crook 

Beardsworth James, Midge Hall 

Beatson Matthew (yeo) Waltons farm 

Beeslay James, Bannister house 

Bennett John, Dutton field 

Blackwell Mathias, Moss 

Bolton Robert, Slater lane 

Bretherton William, Rothwell house 

Bretherton Robert, Hall farm 

Bridge Edward, Dunkirk farm 

Brown John, Hollins’ farm 

Caunce John, Highcliffe farm 

Clarkson John, Rose Whittle 

Dandy Edward, Dunkirk lane 

Deacon, Mrs. Ann, Atherton hall 

Dobson, Mrs.Ann, Calderbank house 

Eccles Mrs.Maria, Cocker Bar 

Forrester William, North brook 

Gabbott Thomas, Hugh house 

Green Thomas, Hesketh fields 

Harrison George, Mawdsley house 

Harrison Thomas, Nook farm 

Harrison Thomas, Cocker Bar 

Harrison William, Leyland lane 

Harrison William, Lloyd’s fold 

Haydock James, Fir Tree farm 

Haydock John, New Inn farm 

Haydock John, Smithy house 

Hayhurst John, Wade hall 

Hesketh John, Carter’s farm 

Heyes Richard, Maltkiln farm 

Heywood Mrs., Lostock farm 

Higgin William (and cattle dealer), 

Hesketh park 

Higham James, Wignall’s farm 

Holmes John, Dunkirk lane 

Hosker Henry, Hilton hall 

Hosker Ralph (and seedsman), Moss 

side 

Hunt Henry, Cliff’s farm 

Hutchinson Robert, J., Oak view 

Iddon Thomas, Burscough house 

Jackson James, Workhouse farm 

Jackson Robert, Leyland lane 

Jackson Thomas, Leyland lane 

Little William, Dunkirk lane 

Loxham William, Little moss farm 

Marsden John, Earnshaw Bridge 

Marsden William, Balshaw farm 

Markland F.& Sons, Miller lane 

Mayor Roger, Leyland lane 

Mayor William, Slater farm 

Mee John (and seedsman), Moss 


Miller John, Paradise farm 

Moon Thomas, Moss farm 

Moss Thomas, Towngate 

Page John T. (game farmer), Cocker ln 

Phillipson Brothers, Purgatory farm 

Phillipson Edward, Moss side 

Rawcliffe Mrs. Charlotte, Leyland lane 

Rigby James, Heald farm 

Roskell James, Little firs 

Roskell John, Charnock farm 

Singleton John B., Thurston’s farm 

Stephenson Henry, Dunkirk Lane 

Stephenson Hugh, Ox farm 

Sumner William, Anderton farm 

Swann Mrs.Mary, Moss farm 

Swann Richard, Moss farm 

Swann Thomas, Fox lane 

Swann William, Horrocks’ farm 

Swarbrick Edward, Holland’s farm 

Tattersall Noah, Moss house 

Townson Isabella, Rose Cottage, Midge 

Hall 

Waddecar John, Moss side 

Waddecar Tamar, Helen, and Eleanor, 

- 53 - 

Fried Fish Dealers 

Chamberlain Wm., 48 Towngate 

Gascoyne, Mrs. E.J., 19 Chapel Brow 

Kirby John, 20 Newsome street 

Melling James, 20 Golden hill lane 

Unsworth John, 74 Towngate 

Watson Thomas, 92 Leyland lane 

Wiggans Thomas, 31 Fox lane 

Wood Seth, Water street 

Furniture Dealers 

Higham Thomas, 11 Chapel brow 

Marsland Mrs. Fanny, Towngate 

Gardeners and Florists 

Baker Henry, 46 Golden Hill lane 

Baker Thomas, 45 Golden Hill lane 

Bretherton Henry, Turpin Green lane 

Cottam, Miss Ellen, Dunkirk lane 

Livesey John E., Pearfield 

Markland Frank & Sons, Miller lane 

Markland Henry, Dunkirk lane 

Saul James, The Poplars, Midge Hall 

Wilson Thomas, junior, Moss side 

Nelson’s 

Waddecar Thomas, Fisher farm Gold Thread Manufacturer 

Ward John, Londonderry farm Tootell George H.L., Chapel brow 

Ward Mrs., Sod hall 

Watkinson William, Leyland lane Greengrocers 

Wilding Richard, Old house farm Blundell George, 9 Chapel brow 

Wilkins James, Cocker lane Holmes John, Garden terrace 

Wilson John, Moss Rose John, 63 Towngate 

Wilson Thomas, Moss Snape James, 77 Towngate 

Wilson William, Moss Wilding John, Hough lane 

Wilson William Jas., Midge Hall farm 

Winder William, Leyland lane Grocers 

Fire and Life Offices 

Bannister, Mrs. Alice, 18 Golden Hill ln 

Beardsworth Robert, 7 Chapel brow 

British Workman; Thomas Christopher, Bennett Mrs.Ann, 3 Towngate 

Leyland lane 

Bennett James, 9 Herbert street 

Imperial; John Threlfall, 35 Towngate Berry William, 10 Chadwick terrace 

Liverpool and London and Globe; Hy Butcher Robert, 12 Union street 

.Baker, Oak house 

Clarkson James, Moss lane 

Liverpool Victoria; J.Sumner, 8 Bow ln Cliffe John, 63 Golden Hill lane 

London, Edinburgh and Glasgow; Robt. Cottam Robert, 88 Dunkirk lane 

Hodson, 10 Slater lane 

Culshaw Peter, Dunkirk lane 

Pearl; John Gore, Earnshaw Bridge terr Crompton Crompton, 9 Turpin Green 

Provident Association of London; Richd. lane 

Brown, Stanley street Dobson Mrs.Martha, 13 Towngate 

Prudential; William Henry Butterworth, Finch William, 4 Union street 

assistant superintendent, 6 Broadfield Grundy Miss Margaret Alice, 82 

view; Jonathan Swann, 24 Union street; Leyland lane 

John TRADE Hampson, AND 1 Richmond INDUSTRY 

terrace; Thos. Haydock Robert, 23 Turpin Green lane 

Cross, 4 Victoria terrace; James Riding, 1 Heyes George, 9 Golden hill 

Cowling ln; William Morris, 13 Grundy Hodge Hugh, Long Minnigate lane 

street 

Huxley Mrs.Sarah, 11 Turpin Green ln 

Refuge; Herbert Pritchard, assistant supt., Knowles Mrs.Sarah, 28 Chapel brow 

Bankfield; Hugh Tyrer, 3 Hough lane; Lazenby Mrs Mary, 17 Union street 

Hugh Wilson, 11 Starkie street; Robt. J. Leyland & Farrington Co-operative 

Hutchinson, Oak view 

Society, Ltd., Golden Hill and Leyland 

United Kingdom; F. Hackforth, 26 

Towngate 

lane; David F.Clark, manager


Grocers continued: Beerhouses 

St.John’s, Leyland lane (mixed) Miss 

Marland Caleb, 4 Water street 

Black Bull, Henry Glover, Slater lane Margaret Knott 

Marland Caleb, 11 Union street Crofters’ Arms, James Pearson, 99 Wesleyan, Turpin Green lane; (mixed) 

Marland Thomas, 90 Towngate 

Leyland lane 

William Moore; (infants) Miss E.M. 

Marsden Thomas, Peel ter, Leyland lane Earnshaw Bridge Inn, James Henry Warry 

Miller Mrs.Elizabeth, 68 Leyland lane Sutton, Earnshaw Bridge 

Solicitors 

Nixon Charles, 19 Newsome street Original Seven Stars, Alexander 

Finch, Johnson, & Finch, 32 Towngate, 

Parkinson John C., Wellington view Parkinson, Leyland lane 

and Preston 

Riding Robert, 1 Dunkirk lane Seven Stars, Ralph Woodcock, 1 

Livesey Alfred John, Cedar House 

Rigby Mrs.Ann, E., 28 Bradshaw street Towngate 

Morris Samuel, Quin villa, Hough lane 

Rose James B., 55 Towngate Rawsthorn, Ambler, and Booth, Park 

Rylance John, 90 Leyland lane Joiners and Builders 

house, and Preston 

Shepherd Robert, 61 Towngate Bretherton Thomas, 4 Railway street 

Simmonds Mrs. Eliz. Ann, 91 Towngate Langton James, Dunkirk lane Surgeons 

Slater Thomas, 21 Chapel brow Tomlinson John, 84 Towngate Berry Edmund, L.R.C.P.I. (medical 

Southworth George, 4 Bradshaw street Tomlinson James, Church road. Tel.0199 officer of health, certifying factory 

Sumner Robert, 26 & 27 Hough lane 

surgeon, and public vaccination officer) 

Sumner William, 17 Starkie street Machine Makers and Engineers Prospect house 

Swarbrick Daniel, 49 Towngate Iddon Bros., Brookfield ironworks Fraser Peter, M.D., L.R.C.S. Edin., 

Walsh Mrs. Elizabeth, 78 Towngate 

Clough house 

Watson William, 19 Bradshaw street Milliners and Dressmakers Johnson Walter, M.B., C.M., Lily bank, 

Waring Mrs. Eliz. A., Wellington view Baron John, Towngate 

Hough lane 

Webster Jas., 9 & 10 Earnshaw Bridge Hall Miss Mary A., 59 Towngate 

Whalley Mrs Alice, 80 Towngate Hatton Miss E.A.W., 1 Moss lane Tailors and Drapers 

Martin Mrs. Margt., 33 Turpin Green lane Banister Mrs. Dorothy, Towngate 

Hairdressers 

Norris Miss Henrietta, 3 Dunkirk lane Bretherton Henry, 22 Chapel brow 

Booth Charles, 26 Chapel brow Platt Miss Jane, 41 Union street Heywood John, 2 Union street 

Booth Ernest, 71 Towngate Pritt Miss Grace, Dunkirk lane Seed Thomas (and registrar of births 

Booth Henry, 24 Chapel brow Rishton Miss Jane, 8 Turpin Green lane and deaths), 8 Chadwick Terrace 

Cowburn Moses, Slater lane Westley Mrs. Mary A., Towngate Walsh and Sumner, 1 Turpin Green lane 

Hay and Straw Dealers Motor Waggon Makers Tinplate Workers and Ironmongers 

Higham William & Son, Golden Hill hs Lancashire Steam Motor Co. (and steam Heaton John, 53 and 54 Towngate 

lawn mowers), Herbert street works Higham Thomas, 11 Chapel brow 

India Rubber Manufacturers 

Knowles Mrs. Mary Ann, 16 Golden 

Leyland and Birmingham Rubber Co., 

Painters and Plumbers 

Hill lane 

Ltd., Golden Hill works; Tel. 11; James 

E.Baxter, manager; Jonathan Shutt, 

Ainsworth James, Slater lane 

Cocker Thomas, 101 Towngate 

Robinson John, 7 Golden Hill 

secretary 

Rose Frederick, 34 Towngate Tripe Dealer 

Marsh Thomas, Golden Hill lane 

Inns and Taverns 

Plasterer 

Bay Horse Hotel, John Metcalfe, Tomlinson James, Park view, Church rd Watchmakers 

Towngate 

Ring Traveller Makers Baker John & Son, Hough lane 

Commercial and Railway Hotel, Vernon, J.W. & Co., Wellfield works. 

William Tomlinson, Railway Station 

Tel.0196 

Wheelwrights 

(bowling green, billiards). 

Balshaw John, Dunkirk lane 

Eagle and Child, Mrs. Jane Bowling, 

Saddlers 

Cross Henry, Leyland lane 

Church road 

George the Fourth, James Jackson, 18 

Crozier Henry B., Towngate Singleton Mrs. Catherine, Chapel brow 

Towngate 

Schools Wine and Spirit Merchants 

Queen’s Hotel, Alfred J.Lomax, Catholic, Towngate; (mixed) Edward Glover John & Co., 11 and 12 Hough 

Golden Hill lane 

Gardner; (infants) Miss Elizabeth 

lane 

Railway Hotel, Hy. Bimson, Midge Haughton 

Hall 

Golden Hill Endowed School; James D. 

Carriers 

Roebuck Hotel, Mrs. Mary Hurst, 46 Wilde, master 

L. and Y. and L. and N. W. Railway 

Towngate 

High School for Girls, Towngate; Miss Companies (to all parts) 

Seven Stars Hotel, John Clayton, Augusta Bare, mistress 

Evans James L., 94 Leyland lane ( to 

Leyland lane (bowling green) 

National, Union street; (mixed) James Preston, Wednesday and Saturday) 

Ship Inn (original), Roger Riding, 2 Wood; (infants) Miss Isabel Thwaites Harrison Robt., 30 Towngate (to 

Towngate 

St.James’, Moss Side; (mixed) Levi Preston, Tuesday, Thursday and 

Wheat Sheaf Hotel, Richard Hoyle, Jackson; (infants) Miss Annie Jackson Saturday) 

Earnshaw Bridge Singleton Mrs.Catherine, 6 Chapel brow 

- 54 -


COTTON 

Up to about 1840, most houses and farms in Leyland had one person 

who did hand-loom weaving. Some rows of ‘step-houses’ were built, 

where looms were worked in the basement. Without industries like 

mining, ironworks, shipbuilding, etc available, weaving was something 

that could be easily learnt and carried out at home. Despite this, the 

arrival of cotton mills in Leyland may at first seem surprising as they 

depended on a power source, such as a fast flowing river, or a coal 

supply for a steam engine. Leyland lacked both, and was not a canal or 

major road centre. 

However, when power-looms were invented, and large mills became 

possible, the building of the railways meant that raw materials, coal, and 

finished goods could be easily transported. And Leyland suddenly found 

itself on the route of a main-line railway with links to ports, mines and 

other industrial areas. With Leyland’s increasing population, and little 

alternative employment, the new cotton mills could attract as many 

workers as they needed, with lower labour costs than in many nearby 

towns. 

The first mills in the area were Pilkington’s at Earnshaw Bridge and 

Bashall and Boardman’s mill in nearby Farington. Other mills were built 

later - Brook Mills and Mount Pleasant Mill - and related industries such 

as bleaching and finishing also developed. 

Although the Lancashire cotton industry started to decline after 1921, 

large numbers of people were employed in this industry up to the 1960s. 

Pilkington’s Earnshaw Bridge Mill 

- 55 -


FARINGTON MILLS 

William Bashall had a cotton spinning company in Bamber Bridge as 

early as 1816. As the new railway line from Preston to Wigan was being 

built , Bashall, in a venture with William Boardman, took the opportunity 

to construct a large new mill at Farington, just outside Leyland’s 

boundary. Apart from the mill, the company also built housing for the 

workforce – Mill Street, East Street, School Street, and Spring Gardens. 

They also built and funded a school for the community. 

The mill began spinning in 1836, and winding and warping in 1838. 

Its spinning mules drove 57,800 spindles, compared with just 6,600 

spindles at the Earnshaw Bridge Mill. 

The Ordnance Survey map of 1894 shows the importance of the railway 

connections to the operation of the mill. 

Extract from OS map (Sheet 69/10). 


- 56 -


AT WORK IN THE MILL 

Workers in the cotton industry had to work very long hours, in unhealthy 

and dangerous conditions, and were poorly paid. 

By 1870, a typical working day at the mill started at 6 o’clock in the 

morning and finished at 6 o’clock at night. There would be a break from 

8 til 8:45 for breakfast, and from 12:30 to 1:30 for dinner. 

On Saturdays, the working day finished at 12:30. 

There were strictly enforced “Rules and Conditions of Employment”, any 

breach of which led to fines being deducted from workers’ wages. 

MILL FINES 

Any weaver or spinner absent 5 minutes after the bell rings 3d 

If absent more than 5 minutes, or entering room before bell rings 1s.0d. 

Any weaver or spinner allowing ends or pulling to lay on floor 3d 

Any weaver or spinner allowing bobbins to lay upon floor or otherwise 

than in Skip skip or Jenny 3d 

Any weaver mixing warp ends with weft pullings 2d 

Any weaver taking away the weft of another 3d 

Any weaver taking or exchanging shuttles 3d 

Any weaver mixing empty bobbins with full ones 2d 

Any spinner or weaver quarrelling each 1s.0d 

Any spinner or weaver fighting or striking each other each 1s.0d 

Any spinner or weaver leaving the room between bell hours, 

except by leave 1s.0d 

Any weaver having downed or finished his or her piece, 

neglecting to put in all the pullings and rolling them up in his/her place 6d 

Any weaver leaving his/her loom and going to that of another 3d 

At the time, some average weekly wages for mill employees were: 

Mule spinning scavengers (children) 2s.10d 

Mule spinning piecers (men, women and children) 5s.4d 

Carding (mainly women) 7s.5d 

Weaving (mainly women) 10s.10d 

Tacklers (men) 22s.4d 

The most noticeable aspect of the working environment was the 

tremendous noise of the looms, which would cause pain and deafness; 

workers learned to communicate by lip-reading and signing. Cotton dust 

lead to respiratory diseases, and there was always a danger of 

accidents - from shuttles, with pointed metal ends, flying out of looms, 

to being caught in unprotected drive belts. 

- 57 -


GOLD WIRE DRAWING 

The 1901 directory also lists a Gold Thread Manufacturer called George 

Tootell. When we looked at CENSUS information, we saw that Leah had 

an aunt, Mary Ann, who worked as a ‘gold wire drawer’ – presumably at 

the premises of Mr Tootell. 

The ‘Dictionary of Old Trades’ simply defines the occupation as a 

“maker of wires from thicker metals”. 

In fact wire drawing involved continually “drawing out” smaller wires 

from thicker ones until the required diameter is achieved. Gold wire 

used in the textile industry could be produced to about the same 

thickness as human hair, and was used to make gold lace for use in 

garments, such as sleeve or shoulder decoration on navy uniforms. 

Thicker gold wire was used for embroidery on items such as cap peaks 

or ecclesiastical vestments. Despite the use of metal, the trade was 

therefore fundamentally part of the textile industry. 

> Which other shops and trades are listed in 1901 which are no 

longer familiar today? 

- 58 -


BLEACHING 

As the cotton industry grew, bleaching also became an important 

industrial process. From early beginnings as a crofters, making use of 

springs in the Northbrook area, the Leyland Bleachworks grew into one 

of the largest works of its kind in the country. Under the Stannings, the 

firm was progressive and constantly introducing new machinery for 

bleaching, dyeing and finishing all the different types of materials that 

were being manufactured. 

In the 1960s the firm fell into decline along with the rest of the cotton 

industry. It closed down in 1968 and, along with Broadfield House, has 

been demolished. 

The site is now given over to the Shrugg’s Wood Nature Reserve. 

This section of an Ordnance Survey map shows the extent of the 

bleachworks in 1912. The site includes John Stanning’s new house, 

Broadfield, along with two lakes, a boathouse, and gardens. 

Stanning also founded Leyland cricket club in 1877, and 

purchased the first steam lawnmower for use on the cricket ground 

and his own estate. 

Note the still largely rural nature of the area at this date. Cow Lane is 

now Broadfield Drive, with housing estates on both sides. 

(Sheet 69 SW. Courtesy of Lancashire Record Office) 

- 59 -


RUBBER 

Rubber products were being manufactured in Leyland by 1851 (can you 

find a manufacturer of waterproof cloths and pipings in the Mannex 

Directory of 1851?) - but by 1922 James Quin’s Rubber Works was the 

largest in town, others being J.E.Baxter and Co.Ltd., the Victory Rubber 

Company, and Wood-Milne Ltd. 

Quin’s became the Leyland and Birmingham Rubber Company, and 

Wood-Milne eventually became BTR Industries Ltd. 

The rubber industry also led to the development of local engineering 

firms such as Iddon Bros in 1888, who made machinery for rubber 

manufacture. 

Part of the hot-water 

bottle production 

line at the Leyland 

and Birmingham 

Rubber Company 

- 60 - 

This photograph, 

dating from 1919, 

shows rubber tubing 

made for use in the oil 

industry.


An early illustration of the Golden Hill Rubber Works. 

> What can you infer from this picture about: 

1. The size of the works 

2. The surrounding environment 

3. The means of transporting goods locally 

4. The extent of the firm’s markets 

- 61 -


LEYLAND MOTORS 

In 1861, the census returns list Richard Sumner of Water Street as a 

blacksmith, fitter and turner. His son James eventually took over the 

business. As a boy he was interested in steam power, and he was now 

able to experiment with various inventions in his workshops. 

From its early days making steam-powered lawn-mowers and wagons, 

the business developed into a major manufacturer of petrol-driven 

vehicles, employing thousands of people. 

And this aerial view 

shows how the 

company came to 

dominate the centre 

of Leyland early in 

th e twentieth century. 

- 62 - 

James Sumner’s enginee 

works in Water Street wh 

was the birthplace of 

Leyland Motors. Jame 

lived in a house just 

across the road from 

the works.


Sumner’s steam-lawnmower. One of these was 

bought for use at Leyland cricket club. 

In 1895 Sumner built this ‘car’ using bicycle wheels 

and a steam power unit from a lawnmower. It was 

made for Theodore Carr, seen driving, the biscuit 

manufacturer from Carlisle. 

- 63 -


In 1896 the first in a range of steam-powered vans and 

wagons was built by The Lancashire Steam Motor 

Company, which later became “Leyland Motors”. 

This is one of their early petrol-engined buses dating from 

1923. Note the solid rubber tyres, and the starting-handle 

- 64 -


GAS WORKS 

Leyland first had a gas supply in 1849, thanks to the Oddfellow’s Society 

of Leyland which found itself with some surplus 

money to invest. A small 

gas 

works was built behind the Ship Inn, and gas lamps provided to light 

up the village. The Engineer John Ogle, Son and Company in Preston 

carried out the work. Two large gas lamps fixed to the ancient Leyland 

Cross, which remained there until 1877 when it was renovated during 

Queen Victoria’s Jubilee year. 

The gas works later developed on a site off Chapel Brow, where Leah’s 

father would have worked. The works manager at this time was a man 

called 

Charles Elliot, who came from Manchester. 

Gas became increasingly important for heating and lighting, and many 

homes progressed from candles and oil-lamps to gas 

lighting before the 

electricity 

industry developed. The use of electricity did not start to 

become widespread until the Electricity Supply Act of 1926. By 1932 

about 30% of homes were wired for electricity. This more than doubled 

to 65% in 1938. Having electricity at home led to increasing sales of 

new inventions such as electric cookers, irons, fridges, vacuum 

cleaners etc. But this is the story of another era. 

- 65 -


Acts of Parliament often have to be obtained for local as well as 

national projects. This extract is from an Act to enable the Leyland and 

Farington Gas Company to raise funds to finance future growth and 

development. 

- 66 -


- 67 -


ADVERTISING 

Some typical advertisements from the early 1900s 

- 68 -


OCCUPATIONS 

Table 35A in the 1901 census for the County of Lancaster gives a 

breakdown of occupations in towns, boroughs and districts with a 

population of more than 5,000 people. The figures below are for males 

and females aged 10 years and over within Leyland Urban District: 

OCCUPATIONS MALES 

Total occupied + unoccupied 2,521 

Retired or unoccupied 317 

Commercial or business clerks 56 

Conveyance of men, goods, or messages 134 

Coal and shale miners 3 

Iron and steel manufacture 2 

Engineering and machine making 128 

Building and works of construction 138 

Wood, furniture, fittings and decorations 12 

Brick, cement, pottery and glass 1 

Chemicals, oil, leather, skins 243 

Paper, prints, books, and stationery 7 

Cotton manufacture 465 

Other textile manufactures 34 

Bleaching, printing, dyeing 256 

Dress 47 

Food, tobacco, drink, and lodging 98 

All other occupations 580 

OCCUPATIONS FEMALES 

Total occupied + unoccupied 2,925 

Retired or unoccupied 1,511 

Teaching 41 

Domestic indoor servants (not in hotels) 135 

Charwomen 14 

Laundry and washing service 14 

Paper, prints, books and stationery 1 

Cotton manufacture 799 

Other textile manufactures 30 

Bleaching, printing, dyeing etc. 

92 

Tailoresses, milliners, dressmakers 71 

Food, tobacco, drink and lodging 

43 

All other occupations 180 

- 69 -

HEALTH AND SAFETY 

PUBLIC HEALTH 

During 

the industrial revolution, unhealthy working and living conditions 

and lack of sanitation led to very poor health for very man y workers, 

and 

outbreaks of diseases such as typhus and smallpox killed many 

thousands of people. These problems were largely unnoticed until the 

first great cholera epidemic of 1830-2. 

In 1842 Edwin Chadwick published 

his “Report 

into the Sanitary 

Conditions of the Labouring Population 

of Great Britain” which proved 

that life expectancy was much lower 

in towns than in the countryside. 

This led Parliament to pass various Acts aimed at improving people’s 

health by providing clean running water, sanitation, 

and better working 

conditio ns; however, it was to take a long time for progress to be made. 

But by 1901 life expectancy had increased to 45 years for men, and 49 

for women. Today this has risen to 7 5 for men, and 80 for women. 

In Leyland, by the 1880s, the water supply from wells, 

such as those at 

Seven Stars, Chapel Brow, and Wellfield 

was proving inadequate. The 

Leyland Local Board (later the Urban District Council), established in 

1863, decided in 1880 to borrow money 

to provide a new piped water 

supply and sewage works for the town. (Important figures on the Board 

included John Stanning and James Quin). The work took a number of 

years to complete, and was not 

without mishaps: a Mr Swann 

complained 

that men had cut through his garden in order to connect 

Sumner’s 

smithy to the system, and the gas company claimed their pipes 

had been damaged - and wanted compensation. 

The piped water supply 

came from a new well and reservoir at Clayton, and the sewage works 

were built 

at Ulnes Walton. 

CAUSES OF DEATH 

Dr Berry, the Medical Officer, submitted the following report to the 

Leyland Local Board in January 1880: 

Du ring the past quarter, ending December 1879: 

the number of Births: Males, 15; Females, 22 

the number of Deaths 41. The following are 

causes of death: 

Under 5 years: 2 from measles, 4 from bronchitis, 1 from croup, 1 from 

inflamma tion of the lungs, 2 from marasmus, 

1 from heart disease, 13 from 

teething, premature births, convulsions 

and debility, one from injury; total 25. 

5 years and upwards: 1 from 

typhoid fever, 4 from bronchitis, 1 from 

heart disease, 1 from brain disease, 2 from consumption, 1 from paralysis, 

1 from inflammation of lun gs, 3 from general debility and 

2 from injuries; 

total 16. 

- 70 -


LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT, 1858 

BYE LAWS 

MADE BY THE LEYLAND LOCAL BOARD 

BYE-LAWS AS TO CLEANSING FOOTWAYS, ETC., REMOVAL OF REFUSE, 

AND CLEANSING OF PRIVIES ETC. 

(a) As to Cleansing Footpaths and Pavements: Every occupier of premises within the 

district shall keep clean and free from filth the footway and pavement adjoining the 

premises occupied by him. 

(b) As to the removal of Refuse: Every occupier of premises shall remove therefrom 

(and in such a manner as not to create a nuisance in the process of removal) all the 

refuse from such premises (at least twice in every week), and shall in the meantime 

provide, to the satisfaction of the Local Board, means of storing the said refuse, so that 

it shall not become a nuisance to the occupants of the premises on which it arises, or to 

the other inhabitants of the district. 

(c ) As to the Cleansing of Privies, Ashpits, and Cesspools: 

(1) In case any privy, water-closet, or cesspool within the district shall be in a foul 

or offensive state, so as to require cleansing or emptying, and notice under the 

hand of the Inspector of Nuisances, or other authorised officer of the Local 

Board, shall be given notice to the occupier or left at his place of abode 

or 

business, or left with any householder entitled to the use of the said privy or 

water-closet, requiring such occupier or householder to cleanse or empty the 

same within a time therein mentioned, and such occupier or householder shall 

neglect or omit to comply with such notice, then and in every such case the 

occupier or householder to or for whom such notice shall have been given or left 

as 

aforesaid, shall, for every such neglect or omission, forfeit, and pay such sum 

as shall be hereinafter provided; and the filth and soil of the said water-closet, 

privy, 

or cesspool, may forthwith after the expiration of such notice, be removed 

the Inspector of Nuisances or other authorized officer of the Local Board. 

(2) No person shall empty or assist in emptying 

any privy, water-closet, cesspool, 

or 

similar receptacle of offensive matter within the district without the use of 

such deodorizers, and the employment of such other means 

of preventing 

disagreeable or hurtful effects therefrom, as shall be directed 

by the Local 

Board, or any of their authorized officers. 

(3) Any person offending against any of the above bye-laws shall forfeit and pay 

for every such offence a penalty not exceeding £5, and, in the case of a 

continuing offence, a further penalty not exceeding the sum of 40s. for each day 

after written notice of the offence from the Local Board or their authorised 

officer. 

Dated this 1 

ers of the local Board), John Westley (clerk to the Board). 

st day of October, 1866. 

T. Rigbye Baldwin, John Jackson, John Goulding, John Miller, Henry Jackson 

(memb 

> What do you think the Local Board was trying to achieve by 

introducing these bye-laws? 

- 71 -


Reports of accidents, deaths, fires, drownings, explosions, etc were 

reported in local newpapers: 

Disastrous Boiler Explosion at Leyland: Yesterday a very serious boiler 

explosion 

resulted in the instantaneous death 

of one man and the injury of two 

others. It appears that recently some repairs and alterations have been made at 

the works of Mr Hales, brick and tile maker, 

Leyland. On the premises there was 

a boiler which had not been used since last summer and having just been 

renovated by a fitter named Haslam in the employ of Mr Sumner, Leyland, it 

was yesterday tried. When the steam had been got up, the boiler, for some cause 

at present unexplained, suddenly exploded. An Irish labourer (whose name we 

have not been able to ascertain) who was near the boiler, was blown a distance of 

50 yards and killed instantly. Haslam, the fitter, was very badly scalded and 

another man named Edmund Almond had one side of his hand taken off and was 

otherwise injured. 

(30 September 1865) 

Fatal Accident at Leyland: On Saturday Mr Gilbertson investigated the 

circumstances 

attending the death of Robert Cottam aged 10 years, son of 

William 

Cottom, labourer, of Moss Lane, Leyland, which occurred on 

Wednesday. 

The evidence showed that about 6 o’clock in the evening, the day 

named, 

a threshing machine belonging to Messrs Dandy and Barker, farmers, 

was being 

drawn along the road by a traction engine. When near the Station 

Lane, the driver, Edward Dandy, noticed a shaking of the machine and he 

thinking 

something was wrong, stopped the engine. He went to see what had 

happened 

and found the oscillation was caused by its passing over the boy who 

was about 3 yards behind, apparently dead. He did not see the child before the 

accident. 

The jury returned a verdict of Accidentally killed. 

(5 November 

1879) 

- 72 -


OUR NURSE’S COLUMN 

Our Nurse (Miss Browning) came Wednesday, Jan 4 th , and commenced 

active work the following day. From that date to the 27 rds 

ngton 

th inst. her book reco 

160 visits, and assistance to the doctors in 13 cases, viz.: Three typhoid, one 

bronchitis, one heart disease, one congestion of lungs, seven ailments, various. 

Applications for the Nurse must be made to the vicar, or Mrs Baldwin. 

For parcels and subscriptions received the past month we thank Miss ffari 

for a pair of blankets to lend to the sick poor. 

GRATITUDE FOR NURSE’S HELP – We shall be glad to receive donations, 

however small, as thankofferings. Our annual subscribers, as previously 

announced, are: The Vicar, £1; J.Stanning, Esq, J.P, £1 1s.; Mrs Eccles, 

Farington, £1; Mr Caleb Marland, 5s. (Parish Magazine February 1893) 

OUR NURSE’S AND QUARTERLY REPORT 

Our Nurse commences her second quarter next week. During the time she 

has 

been with us her visits have numbered 491, and cases 28, viz: 

Four typhoid, one bronchitis, one heart disease, one congestion of the lungs, 

one 

rheumatism, one cancer, one paralysis, one blood poison, four pneumonia, one 

hip disease, one erysipelas, one polypus, (removed under chloroform), ten 

cases 

various. 

We are pleased that one and all speak of the kindness and gentleness of 

the Nurse, but we wish to impress upon our readers that if the work is to be 

carried on ALL must contribute to the Fund, the very poorest could send their 

mite as in the case of Churchings. We are glad to be able to state that sickness is 

on the wane, and we look to our Nurse to help in other departments, (there is 

always plenty of Parish work to be done by willing helpers) until the sick season 

comes round again. 

For gifts during the past month we thank the Misses Master, £1; Little 

Sick Boy’s offering, 5s. (April 1893) 

OUR NURSE’S WORK 

The fall of the leaf is always a sign of approaching sickness, and our two 

nurses 

are now actively engaged. Our Parish Nurse is with us always, “in 

sickness 

and in health”, ready and willing to help us in various ways, but our 

Special 

Nurse (like a physician) we only call in when the case requires more 

time 

than our Parish Nurse can give, or the distance is too great. Our district is 

large; 

it includes St James’ and that part of Farington which has attached itself to 

St 

Ambrose’s. We wish to impress upon the minds of our readers that our 

nursing 

is “Unsectarian”. (November 1893) 

- 73 -


The following extract from the parish magazine describe the assistance 

given following a major accident at Leyland Railway Station: 

Our May Festival merry-making was rudely interrupted on the evening of 

Thursday, June 2nd by the sad railway disaster at Leyland Station to a train 

crowded with Manchester excursionists. The details will be fresh in all 

memories, and need not be repeated here. There was many a heartrending sound 

and sight, but not in vain and to no purpose. God makes the greatest physical evil 

the instrument whereby is shown forth in men the highest moral good. Many 

a 

patient and loving action, many a deed of generous charity, was called forth by 

that which, to outward appearance, seemed only productive of woe. Our Leyland 

and Farington Ambulance Corps gained golden opinions by their readiness to 

help, and the practical 

skill they showed in rendering first aid… 

The sufferers too feel grateful, as the following letter shows, which I have 

much pleasure in printing, both that the shawl may be returned to the good 

Samaritan, and that people may see that their kindness was appreciated: 

“Sir – To the rector of Leyland, - I, W.H.Henshall, was in the disaster at 

Leyland on the 2 

e 

nd of June, and, while lying in the waiting room, some kind 

person covered me with their shawl; and would you be so kind as to try and find 

the owner, and I will send it by parcel post. I will return my sincere thanks to th 

owner and the inhabitants of the village. The shawl is a light-coloured woollen 

one.” 

(July 1898) 

As this press report shows, however, travelling by horse and wagon was 

not necessarily 

free from danger: 

Carter 

killed at Longton: On Monday John Higham, 64, carter of Longton, met 

his death in a shocking manner. The deceased, who for many 

years had been in 

the employ of Messrs Wilkins, brewer, was in charge of a young, restive horse 

attached to a cart laden with coal. Suddenly the horse became startled and it ran 

off at great speed. Higham did his utmost to stop its progress but in doing so, he 

was knocked down and one of the wheels passed over his body. Death was 

almost instantaneous. The circumstances have been reported to the coroner and 

probably an inquest will be held on the body. Today it is stated that a young man 

named Rawcliffe experienced a very narrow escape, he being also knocked down 

by the animal, but succeeded in getting out of the way of the cart. The horse, 

we 

understand, has taken fright on previous occasions. 

( 

7 May 1884) 

- 74 -


Seventeen members of the Leyland and Farington Ambulance Section are 

to receive medals from the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company, for 

their assistance to the injured at the railway accident in June. The presentation 

takes place in the Preston Public Hall, on Saturday, October 8 nnual 

th , at the A 

Concert of the Preston Ambulance Corps. Each medal bears the member’s 

name on one side; the inscription on the reverse side is as follows:- “Presented 

by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company, in recognition of valuable 

aid rendered to the injured, in a collision at Leyland, on June 2 nd , 1898.” 

The recipients are:- Thomas Fazackerley, James Smith, Thomas Morris, 

James Wood, Robert Holmes, James Prescott, William Prescott, John Fearnley, 

James 

Fearnley, Thomas Huxley, Albert Bannister, John J.Yates, William 

Jackson, Edward Lambert, Thomas Marsden, John Hampson jun., Matthew 

Hackforth. 

( Parish 

Magazine, Oct 1898) 

LEYLAND AND FARINGTON AMBULANCE 

An early 20 th century photograph of Leyland St John Ambulance 

Brigade in training. 

The St.John Ambulance Brigade was founded in 1887. It is named 

after the Order of St. John, which was founded by monks in Italy to 

offer medical care and help to pilgrims who 

were travelling to 

Jerusalem. 

- 75 -


FIRE BRIGADE 

Leyland fire brigade was formed in 1903, and was one of the first forces 

to take delivery of a self-propelled fire engine. It was built by 

Merryweather, and was housed at the ‘Roebuck'. Fires fortunately didn’t 

occur very often, but one of the biggest fires the engine went to was at 

Leyland and Birmingham Rubber Company in 1913 when it pumped non- 

stop for 17 hours. This engine was in service until 1922. 

The County Council took over responsibility for the fire service after the 

Second World War. 

Scene of devastation after the fire at the Leyland 

and Birmingham Rubber Works in 1913 

- 76 -

WELFARE 

ALMSHOUSES 

Rich families sometimes provided almshouses for elderly or infirm 

people who had no means of support. Early in the 17 

of the estate. 

on provided for six houses, with an annual 

allowance of £6 for each inhabitant. The rent from 14 acres of land at 

he 

ular 

worshippe s 

reads: 

th century the 

ffarington family founded and endowed some almshouses to provide 

accommodation for needy persons – often ex-employees 

They seem to have been re-established on various occasions, and in 

1661 William ffaringt 

Old Worden was used for their upkeep. To be eligible to live in one of t 

almshouses, applicants had to have been born in Leyland and be reg 

rs at the parish church. A description of some of their dutie 

“They m ust actually reside in the houses, must keep them clean and 

neat, and take their share in keeping the garden tidy. They are removeable 

for misconduct or if wholly unable to take care of themselves 

or to find 

anyone to take care of them, in this case the workhouse is the remedy”. 

THE WORKHOUSE 

Like most parishes in the area, Leyland had a workhouse (sited on 

Golden Hill Lane) from an early date. Many people thought that the poor 

caused their own difficulties by not working hard enough. Those who 

couldn’t support 

themselves were forced to enter workhouses where 

conditions were deliberately 

harsh. In Leyland, the elderly, orphans, 

mentally ill, etc wre put to work for long hours handloom weaving in what 

was essentially a small 

factory. 

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES 

In the days before the Welfare State (the first state pensions and 

benefits were introduced 

in 1908 ) ‘Friendly Societies’ played an 

important role. Members paid a small regular contribution, and 

were 

given financial assistance and support in crises such as illness and 

funerals. In Leyland, the local lodges of the Friendly Societies (such as 

the Odd Fellows) held 

an annual “Walking Day” in May. A special service 

was held in the Parish Church, from where a procession of all the lodges, 

with banners and bands, 

would visit houses of the local gentry, and 

finish at the Queen’s Hotel. By the end of the1880s, however, the 

numbers taking part had fallen, so a children’s May Festival was 

organized. The lodges’ procession only lasted another year 

or two, but 

the May Festival became a great success. 

- 77 -

WELFARE 

HARD TIMES 

Throughout history there have been periods when many people suffered 

hardship of varying degrees, caused by economic depressions, natural 

disasters, or politics. A major cause of suffering and poverty in Victorian 

times was the Irish potato blight of 1845 and 1846 which, combined 

with 

the political and social circumstances of the day, led to the death of a 

million Irish people; another million emigrated to America. The British 

government did too little too late to alleviate this suffering. 

Some years 

later, the Lancashire cotton industry, and its workers, 

suffered 

a period of depression referred to as the ‘Cotton Famine’. This 

was caused 

by the effects of massive over-production of textile goods 

followed by a shortage of raw cotton caused by the American Civil War. 

Reduced demand for the finished goods and the escalating price of the 

raw cotton led to the closing of cotton factories, and much 

unemployment. Towns dependent on the cotton industry included 

Preston, Manchester, Salford, Bolton, 

Oldham, Blackburn, Burnley, 

Rochdale, 

and more. 

Relief was provided by local ‘Relief Committees’, established to channel 

funds from central appeal committees in London and Manchester. By 

May 1862 the Leyland committee was relieving about 800 people. The 

figure peaked at about 2,000 in January 1863. (Farington, was badly 

affected because so much of its population depended on cotton. It was 

fortunate, therefore, that Bashall and Boardman showed great 

benevolence toward their workforce, and helped the community in many 

ways, including allowing workers to live rent-free in their cottages). 

A public meeting was held at Leyland police station “to consider best 

means of affording relief to the distressed operatives 

of the parish”. 

It was decided to distribute tickets which could be exchanged in shops 

for goods. A sewing class was set up, which paid 6d. per day to each 

woman who attended. The meeting itself also raised £66 from those 

attending. The ffaringtons were involved in the local effort, involved in 

organising an “Industrial School for Distressed Females” and a soup 

kitchen. 

The ‘famine’ lasted 3 years, bringing hardship to many Lancashire 

families from early in 1861 until the spring of 1864. It wasn’t until well 

into the Edwardian era that governments recognized the shortcomings 

of relying on charitable aid for the needy, and set about creating a 

‘welfare state’ to provide such things as free school meals, old age 

pensions, 

and national insurance to pay for benefits in case of sickness 

and 

unemployment. 

- 78 -

WELFARE 

This illustration shows a soup kitchen in Preston for unemployed 

cotton workers – over 33,000 workers there being in need of ‘relief’. 

( Illustrated London News ) 

Cotton is King in Lancashire and its manufacture is the staple trade 

of the people 

but now her operatives “toil not, neither do they spin” at 

present. King Cotton for a time has been dethroned, and his subjects are in 

distress – in distress deep and bitter, and of long endurance, unparalleled 

in 

its intensity, and terribly unique in its severity. For considerably more than 

a year it has prevailed, it still continues, and the end is not yet come… 

(Preston Chronicle, 24 January 1863) 

- 79 -

LAW ENFORCEM ENT 

A police force was established for the county of Lancashire in 1839. 

Captain 

John Woodford of Preston was appointed the Chief Constable, 

and early in 1840 a police force was recruited countywide. 

The chief constable expected his force to obey the following maxims: 

1) Constables are placed in authority to protect, not to oppress, the public. 

2) To do which effectually, they must earnestly and systematically exert 

themselves to prevent crime. 

3) When a crime has been committed, no time should be lost, nor exertions 

spared, to discover and bring to justice the offenders. 

4) Obtain a knowledge of all reputed thieves, and idle and disorderly persons. 

5) Watch narrowly all persons having no visible means of subsistence. 

6) Prevent vagrancy. 

7) Be impartial in the discharge of duties. 

8) Discard from the mind all political and sectarian prejudices. 

9) Be cool and intrepid in the discharge of duties in emergencies and 

unavoidable conflicts. 

10 Avoid altercations, and display perfect command of temper under insult and 

gross provocation, to which all constables must occasionally be liable. 

11) Never strike but in self-defence, nor treat a prisoner with more rigour than 

may be absolutely necessary to prevent escape. 

12) Practice the most complete sobriety, one instance of drunkenness will render 

a constable liable to dismissal. 

13) 

Treat with the utmost civility all classes of Her majesty’s subjects, and 

cheerfully 

render assistance to all in need of it. 

14) Promptly 

and cheerfully obey all superior officers. 

16) 

Render an honest, faithful, and speedy account of all monies and property, 

whether intrusted with them for others, or taken possession 

of in the execution of 

duty. 

17) 

With reference to the foregoing, bear especially in mind that “Honesty is the 

best 

policy” 

18) Be perfectly neat and clean in person and attire. 

19) Never sit down in a public house or beer shop. 

20) Avoid tippling. 

21) It is the interest of every man to devote some portion of his spare time to the 

practice of reading and writing and the general improvement of his mind. 

22) Ignorance is an insuperable bar to promotion. 

> Do you think many of these maxims are still important today? 

- 80 -

LAW ENFORCEMENT 

A police station was built in Towngate, which included accommodation 

for 

a married sergeant and a married constable, and two cells. In 1882 

this was replaced by a much larger police station near the junction of 

Chapel Brow and Golden Hill Lane. The old police station was used 

as a 

public library before the present 

building was opened in 1974. 

The following cases were tried at Leyland Petty Sessions, and reported 

in the Preston Guardian on 17 March, 1877: 

2 tton and 

d with assaulting P.C. 

y. He was fined 

th On Monday, 1 March, before William Bretherton, W.W.B.Hu 

Lawrence Rawsthorne, George Southworth was charge 

Ellison at Farington on 24 th ult., while in the execution of his dut 

10s. and costs, or 7 days. 

James Ryldesley was summoned for having been drunk on 3 inst. while 

in charge of a horse and cart. He was fined 10s. and costs. 

An obstreperous smoker, in the person of Edward Techea, was charged 

th 

with smoking in the waiting room at Leyland Station on 7 February. The 

defendant was frequently requested to stop smoking, and was told it was 

contrary to the bye-laws to smoke where he was doing. Notwithstanding all said 

to him he stupidly continued to puff his pipe and was therefore summoned by 

the 

railway authorities. The magistrates held no excuse for his conduct, and by way 

of giving him for the future a forcible reminder he must not indulge in smoking 

to the annoyance of others, fined him £1 and costs. 

Sarah Weaver charged her husband with having assaulted her at Farington 

on Saturday last. Evidence showed the defendant had committed unjustifiable 

assault. He was sent to prison for one month. 

And from the Leyland Petty Sessions, 10 November 

1880: 

Before the Rev. T.R.Baldwin & Col.Pedder, Edward Kay of Preston was 

charged with stealing on the 30 1 

of Messrs Braddock & 

atthews, contractors of Penwortham. He was sent to prison for 1 calendar 

month with hard labour. William Nelson for being drunk at Longton was fined 

5 /- and 

costs; James Mayor for being drunk whilst in charge of a horse and cart at 

Penwo ham was fined 7/6 and costs. 

th August last at Penwortham, 3 hammers, 

flattener and 1 fuller of the value 7/6, the property 

M 

/- and costs; Thomas Nelson for being drunk at Little Hoole was fined 5 

rt 

- 81 - 

rd

LEISURE 

Life was very grim for working people in the first half of the 19 th century. 

Working conditions could be appalling, and wages were low. 

However, from 1850 life improved for most people. Working hours were 

reduced, and wages rose steadily. Factories closed on Saturday 

afternoons, and from 1871 four official bank holidays were introduced. 

So working people started to have some free time, and money, for 

entertainment. Indoor games such as word games, board games, cardplaying, 

etc became popular. The middle classes also took up new 

pastimes such as theatre and concerts, and travel flourished. Railways 

made seaside holidays possible, and Blackpool became the first seaside 

town dedicated to the holiday trade. 

Sport became a national obsession, and in 1863 the Football Association 

was established. A bicycle craze began in 1885, and by 1901 there were 

over 2000 cycling clubs in Britain. 

Many people were introduced 

to these new leisure activities either by 

the church 

they attended, or the mill or factory where they worked. 

Leyland v. Farington Mill. 

July 28 

were 

th , 1877 

This match was played on Saturday last, on the ground of the Farington 

Club. Great interest was manifested in the game. The Leyland players 

the first to handle the willow, having to face the bowling of Mc.Minnies 

and Bell. Time not allowing the game to be played out, it ended in a draw, 

greatly in favour of the Leyland players, Farington having lost 5 wickets 

for 14 runs. The bowling of Hutchinson for the Leyland team was well on. 

Score:- 

LEYLAND FARINGTON 

Bowling, lbw b McMinnies……..2 R.Jackson, c B’ling b Norris…...0 

Morris, c Bell b McMinnies……..0 Threlfall, run out……………..…1 

Livesey, lbw b McMinnies……...6 Dearden, run out……………..…6 

Kirkman, c Yates b do. ……...2 Barnes, c Tmlnson b Htchnsn….3 

Norris, not out………………….39 Bannister, not out……………....4 

Tomlinson, b Bell………………..1 McMinnies c & b Hutchinson….0 

Jackson, thrown out ……………..4 

Thropp, c Threlfall b Bell….…….1 

Whiteside, c Threlfall b Bell…..…3 

Hutchinson, b Bell……………….5 

Wignallm, c Thrlfl b McM’nies….0 

Swales, not out………………….0 

Extras…………………….15 Extras……………………...0 

Total……………………..78 Total………………….….14 

A brief report of a match played by Leyland Cricket Club 

in its first year of existence. 

- 82 -

LEISURE 

The Leyland and Birmingham Rubber Company’s 

football team, 

circa 1900 

Leyland Motors Football team and officials, circa 1920 

- 83 -

LEISURE 

Leyland Morris dancers – formed in 1890 to take part 

in the 

second May Festival 

The town band 

- 84 -

LEISURE 

A Tacklers’ Trip 

Tacklers from Pilkington’s Mill, Earnshaw Bridge on a 

countryside excursion. Tacklers repaired 

faults on the 

looms, made sure everything ran smoothly, and kept a 

check on the mill-workers. 

A Leyland Motors’ Ball 

In the 20 th century, Leyland Motors became a large 

enough concern to be able to build a sports and social 

club for its employees and their families. 

- 85 -

LEISURE 

More details 

of leisure pursuits that were available can be found in the 

Parish Magazine. Here are some examples: 

THE EARLY BIRD CATCHES THE FIRST RAIN 

“Taking time by the forelock”, our Girls Association – now a strong body, 

under the conductorship of Miss Thwaites – went on a picnic to Great Hill, 

Wheelton, 1243 feet above the sea, on Saturday May 13 

down le up the 

in the Wh 

ho gave 

(July 

th . Alas! The pitiless 

pour prevented them achieving their object; and, after a brief ramb 

picturesque Black Brook, they contented themselves with a pleasant tea and fun 

ite Coppice schoolroom, kindly lent by the Vicar of Heapey. There 

they were joined by the Rev. T. Langton Webster, Curate of Heapey, w 

the girls a pithy little welcome, and hymns were heartily sung. 

1899 issue) 

OUR OLD FOLKS’ PARTY 

th 

Takes place Tuesday, January 5 , 1904, in the Public Hall. For 

entertainme nt several kind friends are giving us songs; and we are having the 

ever-amusing Punch and Judy, and perhaps a little ventriloquism. 

Non-subscribers will be, as usual, admitted to the balcony at 6pm on payment – 

Adults 6d., and children 

under twelve, 3d. each. (Dec 1903) 

GIRLS’ FRIENDLY SOCIETY 

On Saturday, June 19 of 

gentleme ately 

as the math 

nt to 

the show gr 

railway, the aerial flight, the river caves, the shops, we did them all, and laden 

with rock and sweets and toys for the little ones at home, tired out, but not 

satisfie , we sought our home pleasant reminiscence of 

half-a- ay a 

July 

th , a large contingent of members of our branch 

the Girl’s Friendly Society accompanied by the Vicar, the Rev. H.C. de 

Bararthy, and Mr Platt, started from Leyland Station for South Shore, the three 

n dividing themselves among the four reserved carriages approxim 

ematicians would say. Arrived there, the younger members carried 

out Miss Thwaite’s instructions faithfully and kept close to the Vicar and we 

ound. At 3 o’clock we met in Holy Trinity Church where we enjoyed 

a bright musical service and a most helpful address from Mr. Toyne on the duties 

of the girls towards the home, the world and the church, then for tea at the 

Victoria Café; after which, what did we do? Rather what did we not do? Was 

there any direction in which we did not move? Was there any problem in 

kinematics which we did not solve practically? The water chute, the scenic 

d s and our beds, filled with 

d t Blackpool! 

( 

1909) 

- 86 -

LEISURE 

THE CHURCH LADS’ BRIGADE 

H ere again we have a popular institution, and one which claims the 

interest and support of Leyland people. Our excellent commanding officer, 

Mr. Morrell, who has always the welfare of the 

Lads at heart, wishes to have 

an entertainment in which all can take part and so increase their interest in the 

society to which they belong. The Rev. E.G.Marshall has written a short play 

entitled the “Rajah’s Revenge” which is to be played in the Public Hall, and 

Saturday and Monday, Nov. 27 th and 29 th . Mr Morrell’s experience of Indian 

life has enabled him to design costumes and scenes suitable to the play, and we 

think the spectacle will be well worth seeing. (Nov 1909 issue) 

LEYLAND CHURCH CYCLING CLUB 

The Leyland Church Cy cling Club was last month formed by our young people. 

The Vicar was elected president, and the following simple rules drawn up: 

1. The Club shall be called the “Leyland Church Cycling Club” 

2. The subscription for the year shall be one shilling 

3. Each member shall be provided with a lamp and pump. 

4. Any member not sending in his resignation previous to the Annual 

general Meeting shall be liable for the current year’s subscription. 

The programme of run s arranged includes: Tarleton, Lytham, 

Wigan, Grimsargh, 

Ormskirk, etc. (August 1900) 

- 87 -

LEISURE 

The REVEREND LEYLAND BALDWIN 

The 

Vicar of Leyland from 1891 to 1913 was the Reverend Octavius de 

Leyland Balwin, or Leyland Baldwin as he preferred to be known. A 

social reformer and educationalist, he not only tried to persuade the 

council to provide a public library, he also offered land for a public park, 

a playground, and a swimming pool. Local attitudes at the time, 

however, were against these developments because of the costs 

involved. Leyland therefore fell behind other towns in developing 

modern social facilities – a position from which it took a long time to 

recover. 

CINEMA 

Whilst the town was not as forward-looking as others in the area of 

public s ervices, private enterprise did bring access to the new mass 

entertainment of the 20th century: the cinema. In 1911, when Leah was 

22, the Hippodrome opened on Derby Street, with seating for 500. The 

following year, the Palace cinema opened on East Street. The first 

‘movie s’ were of course silent films; the technology for adding sound 

became available from about 1929, the first British sound film being 

Alfred 

Hitchcock’s ‘Blackmail’. 

THEN AND NOW 

> What activities do you enjoy today that you wouldn’t have been 

able to do in Victorian times? 

> If you were living when Leah did, what would you have liked to do 

in your leisure time? 

> Which leisure pursuits are most important to you? 

- 88 -

FESTIVALS AND CELEBRATIONS 

The first Leyland Festival took place in 1889, the year Leah was born. It 

had its origins with the ‘Club’ walking days, but a group of Sunday 

School teachers felt a children’s fete should be arranged as well. They 

organized a procession, followed by the crowning of the May Queen, 

Maypole dancing, and children’s songs and dances. The very first May 

Queen was Elizabeth Marsden, age 13, from Farington. 

The May Festival became an ever more popular event, with the streets 

being decorated and a huge maypole erected in the village centre. It 

was held in 

most years except when a diptheria epidemic in 1901 

caused cancellation, as did the two world wars. It was also cancelled in 

1904 when John Stanning, who had been a well-known benefactor, died. 

The 

festival later came to be organised by the Round Table, and was 

held in June in the hope of having better weather on the day; however, 

the tradition of Leyland Festival finally came to an end in the new 

millennium. 

A May Festival procession early in the 20th century 


- 89 -

The May Queen of 1908, Gladys Tomlinson 

Maypole dancers entertain the crowds 

- 90 -


A visitor to the Leyland 

Festival in 1897 sent this report of the event to 

the Parish Magazine: 

A stranger to the “North Countree”, it was with very great pleasure I 

looked forward to seeing the annual May Festival on Saturday last, which 

pleasant anticipations were amply realised as I entered the gaily-decorated 

village on the eventful day. The whole place seemed covered with flags, banners 

and decorations of all sorts, the bedecked Maypole in the middle of the village 

being specially effective. After lunch a heavy shower came on, accompanied by 

several growls of thunder; however, the sky soon cleared and the sun shone 

gaily, evidently determined to do its duty by the energetic 

people of Leyland. At 

about 2.30 I proceeded to the 

field, which I found crowded with sightseers. The 

grand stand was full, and people were standing two or three deep all 

around the 

enclosure. After inspecting the balloon (which was shaped 

like a fish) , I turned 

to view the proceedings in the ring. The Maypole dancers were the first 

performers I saw, and I was much struck by the graceful way in which 

they 

tripped around the gaily-decorated Maypole, and the apparent 

ease with which 

they plaited and unplaited the coloured ribbons. After this, Her Majesty the 

Queen of the May appeared, attired in – well, I think I had better leave that: I 

never was good at describing dress, - and was crowned by Mrs. 

Moorhouse, who 

I believe made some remarks to her, but as I was a hundred yards, and a man 

was cracking nuts behind me, I was unable to hear. After a round of cheering for 

the Queen, Her Majesty’s loyal subjects were presented, to the strains of various 

national airs. After this, two girls danced a sailors’ hornpipe with great skill, for 

which they 

were heartily applauded. The “double plait” came next, 

which I 

thought very pretty and effective, - followed by some Scottish dancers, who 

performed admirably to the weird screams of the bagpipe, admirably played by a 

kilted Highlander. The next item was a sham fight, contested by soldiers, sailors 

and Zulus, 

- which was productive of much merriment in the crowd. After more 

morris, umbrella, and Scottish dances, I adjourned for tea, after which I watched 

the ascent of the balloon, which floated off in fine style. I have since 

heard that it 

landed at Settle, in Yorkshire, after a roughish journey of 50 odd 

miles. The field 

was then cleared for dancing, which seemed to be thoroughly enjoyed, 

and I was 

struck by the graceful way in which the Lancashire lasses footed it. After 

enjoying the excellent show of fireworks (by Brocks, of London), “ I retired to 

my attic, With 

a pleasure that’s emphatic”, having thoroughly enjoyed my 

afternoon. 

“LEAMINGTONIAN” 

> Do you think this letter helps give us a better sense of the occasion 

than we would otherwise have had? 

- 91 -


onations. In 1887 Victoria celebrated her 50 th National celebrations were held to celebrate important royal 

anniversaries and cor 

year 

as queen, and again in 1897 she had reigned for 60 years. She died in 

1901, when her eldest son Edward VII was crowned king. Thus the long 

Victorian era came to an end, and the new Edwardian period began. 

These two photographs show street decorations and celebrations to 

mark the coronation. 

A Celebration Arch on Church Road 

Procession entering Worden Park 

- 92 -

1876 

1878 

1880 

1884 

1888 

1890 

1896 

1899 

1901 

TIME-LINE 

1819 Princess Victoria born on 24 May at Kensington Palace 

1820 Coronation of George IV after death of George III 

1830 

William IV becomes king; Opening of the Liverpool and 

Manchester 

Railway 

1830-2 

A cholera epidemic sweeps across Europe and Britain 

1832 

First reform Act gives the vote to middle-class men 

1834 

Slavery abolished in the British Empire; Parish workhouses set 

up 

1837 

Coronation of Victoria after the death of William IV 

1838 

Preston to Wigan 

railway opens; Chartists demand votes for all 

1839 William Fox Talbot makes photographic prints 

1840 Penny Post introduced 

1841 First Co-operative Society founded in Rochdale 

1844 First public baths and wash houses opened in Liverpool; 

Railway mania begins, leading to massive expansion of network 

1845 Potato famine begins in Ireland 

1847 Factory Act introduces a maximum 10 hour day for 

women and for 

children aged 13 to 18 

1848 Another cholera epidemic; Government passes the 

Public Health Act which creates local Boards of Health 

1850 Public Libraries Act allows public libraries to be provided 

1851 The Great Exhibition in London 

1854 The Crimean War, and the Charge of the Light Brigade 

1856 David Livingstone crosses Africa; Henry Bessemer invents a new 

process to make steel much more efficiently and cheaply 

1857-8 The Indian Mutiny 

1859 Charles Darwin publishes “On the origin of species” 

1860 

Florence Nightingale founds a nursing school in London 

1861 

Death of 

Prince Albert from typhoid; American 

Civil War begins; 

Start of 

cotton famine 

1863 Football Association founded 

1864 Chimney Sweep Act stops the use of children 

1866 Suffragette movement starts – but not successful until 1918 

1867 Voting rights extended to working-class men in urban areas 

1868 Punishment of Transportation of criminals ended 

1869 Suez Canal opened 

1870 Education Act sets up elected local School Boards to provide 

education in areas without church schools 

1875 Public Health Act – provides for clean running water 

for all 

households 

Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone 

William Booth founds the Salvation Army to help the homeless 

Start of the Boer War 

Voting rights extended to male agricultural labourers 

County Councils established 

Electric trains run on the London Underground 

Lancashire Steam Motor Company (Leyland Motors) founded 

Marconi sends a wireless message across the Channel 

Death of Victoria, and accession of Edward VII 

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Many sources have been used in compiling this resource pack. The 

follow ing are recommended to the reader/student as a starting 

point for 

further information: 

Policing in Lancashire 1839-1989, by Bob Dobson. 

(Landy Publishing, 

1989) 

Thro ugh the Lanes of Leyland – the history of the buildings and sites of 

historica l interest around the lanes of Leyland, compiled by Peter 

Houghton. (Ley land Historical Society, 1996). 

The History 

of Leyland and district, by David Hunt. 

(Carnegie Press, 1990) - the ideal starting 

point for the general history 

of Leyland, with plenty of illustrations, and detailed notes to references. 

Leyl and: the Archive Photographs Series, compiled by David Hunt 

and 

William Waring. 

(Chalf ord, 1995). A collection of old photographs showing all aspects 

of 

life and work 

in Leyland. 

The Festival 

Centenary Souvenir 1889-1989, by John Hutchinson. 

( Leyland Festival Committee, 1989) 

The History 

of Farington Cotton Mill, by Joan M. Langford. 

(Ley land Historical Society, 2003). An excellent account of the mill, 

with 

lots of illustrations 

and examples of original sources. 

The first fifty years. 

(Ley land Motors, 1948) 

The Rev. Leyland Baldwin, for 20 years Vicar of Leyland… 

by E dwin G. Marshall. 

(Thr elfall’s Printing Works, 1913). 

Memories of Old Leyland, by B. Morris. 

(B.M orris , 1979). Comprises 37 old photos of Leyland, with a detailed 

caption 

for 

each. 

Crew e to Carlisle, by Brian Reed. 

(Ian Allen 1969). This includes a 

chapter about the North Union Railway. 

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Leyland – then and now, 

compiled by Jack Smith. 

(Tempus, 2003). Highlights changes that have occurred by comparing 

old photographs with newer ones. 

Will it be fine do you think? The story of Leyland Morris Dancers, 

by 

Roy Smith. 

(Leyland Morris Men 2003) 

Working children 

in nineteenth-century Lancashire, edited by Michael 

Winstanley. (Lancashire County Books, 

1995). Includes lots of 

illustrations. 

Other sources: 

Newspapers are an important source of information. Many local 

newspapers for the 

area are available on microfilm at Leyland Library 

and the Harris Library, Preston. Lancashire County Library and 

Information Service also provides free online access to the British 

Library 19th Century Newspapers website through the Online Reference 

Library – www.lancashire.gov.uk/onrl . For information on Leyland in 

Victorian times look at titles such as: 

• The Chorley Guardian and Leyland Advertiser, (from 1871) 

• Lancashire Evening Post, (from 1886) 

• Preston Chronicle, (from 1812) (included in British Library 19th 

Century Newspapers) 

• Preston Guardian, (from 1844) 

Leyland Parish Magazine, 

(from 1883), contains much of interest about 

the 

many aspects of life in which the church played a role, or had an 

interest. Held at Leyland Library. 

Lailand Chronicle is the journal of the 

Leyland Historical Society, and 

includes 

many articles of research carried out by members. Held at 

Leyland and Chorley Libraries and the Harris 

Library, Preston. 

Trade directories, such as those published by Mannex, Barrett’s etc 

usually 

give a ‘snapshot’ description of the towns and villages included, 

as well as the principal inhabitants and a trade directory. Some copies of 

directories for the area are held at Leyland Library. More extensive 

collections 

are at the Harris Library, Preston and Lancashire Record 

Office. 

- 95 -

Maps: 

the Ordnance Survey provide the most comprehensive series, but 

there may be others, such as tithe maps, railway 

plans, estate maps etc. 

Lancashire 

County Council’s MARIO website is a good source of current 

a nd historical mapping for the County - http://mario.lancashire.gov.uk/ . 

Photographs: 

mostly from the local studies collection held at Leyland 

Library. 

There are also many photographs from the collections of 

Lancashire County Library and Information Service at 

http://lanternimages.lancashire.gov.uk . 

Wesites: Sites relevant to Local Studies 

www.lancashire.gov.uk/onrl 

Many Local Studies websites are highlighted on the Online Reference 

Library 

www.ancestrylibrary.com 

The Ancestry website which provides access to Census Returns and 

Birth, Marriage and Death information is freely available at all 

Lancashire Libraries and Lancashire Record Office. 

www.lancashire.gov.uk/libraries 

Lancashire County Library. Includes details of service, an online 

catalogue and details of local studies information. 

www.lancashirepioneers.com 

Website for the ‘Lancashire Pioneers’ project. 

www.archives.lancashire.gov.uk 

Lancashire Record Office 

htt p:/ / www.lancashire.gov.uk/education/museums/index.asp 

LCC Museum 

Service 

w ww.lancashire.gov.uk 

Lancashire County Council. Includes online minutes of Council meetings. 

www.lancashirebmd.org.uk 

A project involving the collaboration between Family History Societies 

and local registration services to make indexes to birth, marriage and 

death records freely available on the internet. 

www.statistics.gov.uk 

The section of the site called ‘Neighbourhood Statistics’ gives 

information at ward level. 

- 96 -

www.bbc.co.uk/history 

Good source of information on a range of history topics. 

http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/index.jsp 

Find historical information on places in Britain using this website 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

We are grateful for the assistance and permission granted by the 

following, 

allowing us to reproduce many of the original sources used in 

this 

book: 

National Archives 

Vicar of St Andrews Church , Leyland 

Harris Library, Museum and Art Gallery, Preston 

Lancashire 

Record Office 

Our grateful thanks also go to those people who have donated old 

photographs and ephemera to the local history collection 

at Leyland 

Library, 

thereby ensuring they are available for current and future 

generations to study and enjoy. 

CONTACTS 

Leyland Library, Lancastergate, Leyland. Tel. 01772 432804 

L eyland.library@lcl.lancscc.gov.uk 

Harris Reference Library, Market Square, Preston. Tel: 01772 532668 

Harris.reference@lcl.lancscc.gov.uk 

Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Market Square, Preston. 

Tel: 01772 258248 

harris.museum@preston.gov.uk 

Lancashire Record Office, Bow Lane, Preston. Tel: 01772 533039 

record.office@ed.lancscc.gov.uk 

Lancashire Museum Service, Stanley Street, Preston. Tel: 01772 534075 

m useums.enquiries@mus.lancscc.gov.uk 

- 97 -

South Ribble Museum and Exhibition Centre, Church Road, 

Leyland. 

Tel: 01772 422041 

museum@southribble.gov.uk 

British Commercial Vehicle Museum, King Street, Leyland. 

Tel: 01772 451011 

enquiries@bcvm.co.uk 

- 98 -

LEAH'S LEYLAND - Lancashire County Council

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