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RESEARCH PAPERS 

Diversity Studies and Utilization of Indigenous Vesicular-Arbuscular 

Mycorrhizal Fungi Isolated from Citrus Plantations 

J I. Yago, et.al (Nueva Vizcaya State University) 

A Geographic Information Systems-Based Decision Support 

System for Solid Waste Recovery and Utilization in Tuguegarao City 

J.l B.Guzman (Cagayan State University) 

Fertility Mapping, Profiling and Database Building of Corn Clusters 

in Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino 

G M. Oli, et.al ( Department of Agriculture – RFU-02) 

DEVELOPMENT PAPERS 

STBF: A Fast-Moving Techno-Transfer Vehicle for Enhanced Peanut 

Productivity in Jones, Isabela 

R. M. G. Aquino, et.al ( Department of Agriculture – RFU-02) 

Rural Enterprise Development Through Innovative Goat Production 

Systems (Region II) 

J. N. Nayga, et.al (Isabela State University) 

Achieving Institutional Development Through Seed Production and Processing 

E. A. Sana, et.al (Nueva Vizcaya State University) 

CAGAYAN VALLEY AGRICULTURE AND RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

Vol. 4. No. 1 2009 ISSN 1656-9547

The CVARRD RDE Journal is published annually by the Cagayan Valley Agriculture 

and Resources Research and Development Consortium (CVARRD), composed 

of the following member agencies: 

Academe: 

Cagayan State University 

Isabela State University 

Nueva Vizcaya State University 

Quirino State College 

University of La Salette 

National Agencies: 

Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources 

Research and Development Council 

Bureau of Agricultural Research 

Department of Agriculture – Regional Field Unit 2 

Department of Environment and Natural Resources – Region 02 

Department of Science and Technology- Region 02 

Agricultural Training Institute 

Mines and Geosciences Bureau – Region 02 

National Economic and Development Authority – Region 02 

National Tobacco Administration – Region 02 

This publication series contains articles on research and development 

studies on agriculture and natural resources in region 

02 conducted by CVARRD member agencies. These articles 

were presented and evaluated at the annual Regional Symposium 

on Research and Development and Extension Highlights 

(RSRDEH) 

Copyright: Cagayan Valley Agriculture and Resources Research and Development 

Isabela StateUniversity, Echague, Isabela 3309 

CVARRD RDE Journal, Echague, Isabela, 2009. 68 p. 

ISSN 1656-9547 

Printed by: Cauayan Printing Press, Cauayan City, Isabela 3305

C V A R R D RDE 

Journal 

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

AND EXTENSION 

Editor’s Note 

V.V. Carriedo.......................................................................................................i 

RESEARCH PAPERS 

Diversity Studies and Utilization of Indigenous Vesicular- 

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Isolated from Citrus Plantations 

J I. Yago, et.al.................................................................................................................1 

A Geographic Information Systems-Based Decision Support 

System for Solid Waste Recovery and Utilization in Tuguegarao City 

J.l B.Guzman.................................................................................................................13 

Fertility Mapping, Profiling and Database Building of Corn Clusters 

in Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino 

G M. Oli, et.al ................................................................................................................32 

DEVELOPMENT PAPERS 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

STBF: A Fast-Moving Techno-Transfer Vehicle for Enhanced Peanut 

Productivity in Jones, Isabela 

R. M. G. Aquino, et.al....................................................................................................36 

Rural Enterprise Development Through Innovative Goat Production 

Systems (Region II) 

J. N. Nayga, et.al.........................................................................................................43 

Achieving Institutional Development Through Seed Production 

and Processing 

E. A. Sana, et.al ...........................................................................................................60 

CVARRD RDE Journal Style Guide.............................................................................ii

EDITOR’S NOTE 

For the 31 years, the Cagayan Valley Agriculture and Resources Research and Development 

Consortium (CVARRD) has by tradition been making annual inventories and 

more or less comprehensive documentations of research and development efforts of 

national agencies and academic institutions in the region. The goal- to expand the regional 

knowledge base of technologies and other development strategies that would be 

facilitative of development in the countryside. 

As a standard monitoring and evaluation strategy, researchers from the various agriculture 

and natural resources departments of government in the region and research-oriented 

academic institutions present research results from their respective agencies into 

a larger series of regional sectoral reviews. Winning papers from the sectoral reviews 

then compete for the annual title of best research and best development papers in the 

region at the Regional Symposium on Research and Development and Extension Highlights 

(RSRDEH). The two first placers for the two categories would then compete with 

other emerging best regional papers to qualify to the national RDE Symposium. 

This CVARRD RDE Journal not only preserves the best researchers during the 21st 

RSRDEH Symposium but complements efforts to disseminate the output of the region’s 

premier researcher, to render these bodies of knowledge utilitarian to more development 

workers, and possibly, to the main targets of development. 

With this, the CVARRD RDE Journal embodies more than a tradition of documentation, 

or the end-goal of technology dissemination. It bespeaks of kindred spirits among 

member-agencies that constitute CVARRD, on their task of capitalizing on Science and 

Technology (S&T) as well as on technology dissemination to ultimately increase real 

income of stakeholders in agriculture and natural resources, notably farm families in the 

countryside. 

The flooding of various media that could transform information into countless forms invariably 

indicates the significance of this commodity as information becomes the basis 

of current development conditions, provides lessons from the past, and the possibilities 

and directions of the future through current trends. This humble journal aspires to serve 

all these purposes. 

A note to researchers interested to get published: granting your papers were evaluated 

as best in the yearly competitions, please review the CVARRD RDE Journal Style Guide 

provided at the end of this publication issue. Thank you. 

V.V. Carriedo

DIVERSITY STUDIES AND UTILIZATION OF INDIGENOUS 

VESICULAR- ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI 

ISOLATED FROM CITRUS PLANTATIONS 1 

J I. Yago, JM Sison, SG Mateo, KB Rivera, 

MP Gonzales, EI Bustamante 2 

ABSTRACT 

The study was conducted to collect and taxonomically identify existing mycorrhizae in citrus 

plantations in Kongkong, Muta and Malabing Valley in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya. It aims to analyze the 

diversity of indigenous Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, to investigate the in-vivo compatibility 

and colonization of each VAM species in citrus root system; to study the nutrient uptake of citrus seedlings 

inoculated with indigenous VAM; and to determine the growth characteristics of citrus seedlings inoculated 

with indigenous VAM. 

The sieving pan method was used for the isolation process. Taxonomic identification revealed that 

four (4) genus of indigenous VAM fungi were isolated namely Gigaspora, Scutellospora, Acaulospora and 

Glomus. VAM fungi isolated from Kongkong Valley showed the most diverse population of mycorrhizal fungi 

revealing 11 known species and three (3) unknown species presumed to be of the genus Glomus, Gigaspora 

and Scutellospora. Five (5) known species and one (1) unknown species of the genus Gigaspora, were 

observed in Muta Valley. Four (4) known species were observed to be present in Malabing Valley and the 

most dominant was Gigaspora gigante. 

Diversity analysis found that diversity index value in Kongkong Valley was the highest (0.92) compared 

to Muta (0.53) and Malabing Valley (0.26). Species richness value was higher in Kongkong (7.85) which 

is located in lower elevation/areas. S value in Muta Valley recorded with a value of 5.54 while in Malabing 

Valley was 2.53. Repetition index in Kongkong Valley recorded with a value of 0.56 followed by Muta Valley 

with a value of 0.69 and 0.63 for Malabing Valley. 

Macronutrients were significantly enhanced when citrus seedlings were inoculated with VAM fungi 

compared to non-inoculated citrus plants. Results show that mycorrhizal fungi’s penetration to the root 

system is evident for symbiotic association. Thus, citrus growth characteristics were significantly affected. 

Keywords: Fungi, Citrus, Diversity 

The potential of vesicular-arbuscular 

mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi to enhance plant 

growth is well documented. VAM fungi can also 

facilitate plant uptake of phosphorus (Graham, 

1982). There is increasing evidence that VAM 

fungi affect citrus root growth independent of 

phosphorus nutrition (Peng et al., 1993). VAM 

fungal stimulation of citrus root growth may be 

beneficial for nursery or stock for out planting 

since their limited root system makes seedlings 

vulnerable to desiccation (Davies and Albrigo, 

1994.) Alternately, increased below ground 

carbon allocation of VAM inoculated plants can 

also result in plant growth depression if not 

compensated by increased carbon acquisition. 

Much of the research documenting 

the effects of VAM fungi on citrus growth and 

physiology is based on differences between 

plants inoculated with a single isolate of VAM 

fungi (usually Glomus intraradices Schenck 

& Smith) and non-VAM inoculants. However, 

citrus orchard soils contain communities of 

VAM fungi rather than a single species (Nemec 

et al., 1982) and several or all of these species 

might colonize citrus roots at the same time. 

1 

1st Place, Best Paper-Research Category, 21st CVARRD RSRDEH Symposium 

2 

Faculty-researchers, Nueva Vizcaya State University 

1

The relevance of VAM fungal diversity to the 

functioning of mycorrhizae in the field is not yet 

known. 

Data from normal conditions of 

field grown citrus inoculated with different 

communities of VAM fungi on plant growth 

and physiology is lacking (Graham, 1982). 

VAM fungal species, and geographic isolates 

of the same species, can vary with respect to 

their ability to colonize roots and improve plant 

growth (Camprubi and Calvet, 1996). 

Thus, the objective of this study is to test 

the hypothesis that VAM fungal communities 

differentially affect citrus growth. 

OBJECTIVES 

The objectives of the study are the 

following: 

1. to collect and taxonomically identify existing 

mycorrhizae in citrus plantations 

2. to analyze the diversity of indigenous VAM 

fungi in citrus plantations 

3. to investigate the in-vivo compatibility and 

colonization of each VAM species in citrus 

root system 

4. to study the nutrient uptake of citrus seedlings 

inoculated with indigenous VAM 

5. to determine the growth characteristics of 

citrus seedlings inoculated with indigenous 

VAM. 

The study will limit its scope using 

mycorrhiza which is VAM fungi which was 

inoculated in pre-germinated citrus seedlings 

and three (3) month old citrus seedlings. The 

study was conducted from February 2008 

to June 2009. Collection of VAM fungi were 

conducted at Kongkong Valley, Muta and 

Malabing Valley, Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya and 

in-vivo and in-vitro preparation of seedlings 

were conducted at NVSU Research Laboratory, 

NVSU, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Area of Collection 

A total of 201 soil samples were 

collected in March, 2008 from 120 Satsuma 

citrus plantations located in the valleys of 

Kongkong, Muta and Malabing, Kasibu, Nueva 

Vizcaya. Exact location of the sampling sites 

was taken with the use of GPS (Technica). 

Predominant soil types were clay loam soil. 

Average air temperatures ranged from 21ºC to 

26ºC in Kongkong and Muta Valley and 19ºC to 

22ºC in Malabing Valley. 

Satsuma citrus ages ranged from 

3.8 to 4 years. Soil fertilization and chemical 

control of pests and diseases were common 

in all sampling site. Samples were taken from 

homogeneous areas in terms of landscape, 

crop age at each site, by collecting seven (7) 

to 10 single samples consisting of 0.5 dm3 of 

soil and roots of each plant as follows: each 

single sample was composed by two subsamples, 

collected in opposite positions under 

the plant canopy, 30-50 cm from the stem and 

0 to 20 cm deep. Single samples were pooled 

to form one compound sample of 0.5 dm3 of 

soil per location. Soil samples were analyzed 

for available Phosphorous, pH, organic matter 

and texture and total counts of VAM fungal 

spores. Roots were gently separated from the 

soil, washed and stained with 0.05% trypan 

blue (Philips and Hayman, 1970). Roots were 

scored for VAM root colonization (Amber and 

Young, 1977) if there is existing colonization of 

indigenous VAM in citrus roots. 

In order to multiply native VAM fungal 

spores for accurate identification, and to 

establish single isolate cultures, soil samples 

were used to set up trap cultures by growing 

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench as host plants. 

Trap cultures were established by disposing 0.2 

L of sterile sand on the bottom of 1 L plastic pots 

and covering with 0.6 L of a mixture of native 

soil + sterile sand + garden soil (2:1:1, v:v:v). 

Trap plant seeds were sown over this mixture 

and covered with a third layer of 0.2 L of sterile 

2 Diversity Studies and Utilization of Indigenous Vescular.......

sand. After three months, plant shoots were 

removed, and soil and roots were collected, airdried 

and stored in a refrigerator (4-10ºC) until 

use for spore extractions and identification. 

Isolation of VAM Spores 

The researchers use sieving pan 

method for the isolation process (Remy et 

al. 1994). The pans were arranged with the 

least degree of filtration on top and the pan of 

highest degree of filtration at the bottom. Then, 

a 600-gram soil sample was mixed with a 5-liter 

pail of water and was left for 10 minutes until 

the soil settled at the bottom of the pail. After 

the soil settled at the bottom of the pail, fungal 

spores are already floating on the water. 

To isolate these spores, the mixture of 

soil and water were poured on the arranged 

sieving pans while letting the remaining 

soil particles remain in the pail. The spores 

remained on the sieving pans afterwhich 

they were transferred by gradually washing 

the sieving pans with tap water using a wash 

bottle while simultaneously letting the water 

flow into the 100ml glass bottle with a funnel. 

The researchers repeated the same procedure 

with the other sieving pans using different 

glass bottles. The water drains slowly through 

the lower sieve; hence, the 38 um sieve was 

continuously checked by separating the two 

sieves and visually looking at the height of the 

water. If the water does overflow the lower sieve, 

spores are lost. The glass bottles were labeled 

according to the pans used and the plantations 

where the soil sample came from. The previous 

procedures were repeated for the other soil 

samples. The top sieve will concentrate most of 

the soil particles: so only the fine soil particles 

along with the AMF spores will collect on the 

bottom sieve. 

VAM Spores Identification 

Spores were extracted and mounted 

on PVLG and Melzer’s reagent. Species 

identification was done according to Schenck 

and Pérez (2001) and by comparison with 

J.I Yago, et.al 

reference culture information available in the 

web page (http://invam.caf.wvu.edu/fungi/ 

taxonomy/speciesID.htm) of the International 

Culture Collection of (Vesicular) Arbuscular 

Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM). 

VAM Diversity 

Analysis of the following diversity 

parameters were computed based from the 

methods used by Miller et al. (1987). 

Species Richness. After identification, 

the total number of species recovered (T) and 

AM fungal species richness (R= average of 

species number per sample) were determined. 

Species richness was computed by the 

following formula: 

where: 

S = species richness 

n = total number of species present in 

sample population 

k = number of “unique” species (of 

which only one organism was 

found in sample population) 

Diversity Index. Diversity index was 

computed by the following formula: 

where: 

D = diversity index 

N = Total number of organisms of all 

species found 

n = number of individuals of a 

particular species 

A high D value suggests a stable and 

ancient site, while a low D value could suggest a 

polluted site, recent colonization or agricultural 

management. 

Repetition Index. 

Repetition index 

3

(RI = R/T) was also calculated. This index 

represents the estimate of the minimum number 

of sub-samples necessary to cover all diversity 

present in the group of samples. Frequency (%) 

was calculated based on the occurrence of a 

species on trap cultures. Pearson’s coefficient 

was used to correlate soil chemical and physical 

characteristics with data on spore abundance 

and root colonization (Edwards, 1996). 

In-vivo Compatibility and Colonization of 

VAM Species in Citrus Root System 

An experiment was conducted to 

support the diversity studies and to analyze 

if the mycorrhizal fungi present in the three 

different plantations are effective as growth 

enhancer. 

Glomus mosseae was used as test 

organisms because this species can easily 

be mass produced and several authors have 

been tested and studied to several fruit bearing 

trees. In addition, Schubler (2001) investigated 

an initial physiological interaction with citrus 

root system. 

Satsuma seedlings were used for 

the experiment. There were three treatments 

employed, one applied with mycorrhizal fungi 

specifically Glomus mosseae at a rate of sixty 

spores per pot, one applied with recommended 

rate of synthetic fertilizer. N was applied at 

1-2 lb N/tree/yr to young bearing citrus and 

P rates 0.2 lb P/tree/yr (DA, 2005; Doerge et 

al., 1991) arranged in a randomized complete 

block design. The third treatment was the 

control (without mycorrhiza) citrus plants. Six 

replicates were used for each treatment. The 

seedlings were carefully observed every after 

four days starting from the initial measurement. 

Colonization of VAM in the root system of pregerminated 

Satsuma seedlings and three-month 

old ponkan seedlings was also investigated. 

Quantification and Detection of VAM 

Colonization in Citrus Roots by Staining 

Technique 

Two grams (0.07 oz) of citrus roots 

were removed from each pot containing soil 

sample prior to sieving and stored at 5°C (41°F) 

in 50% ethanol. Roots of citrus fine roots were 

also stored in ethanol. Fine root samples were 

prepared for VAM fungi assessment by rinsing 

with distilled water, clearing with 10% KOH for 

6 to 12 h at 75°C (167°F), staining with trypan 

blue for 30 min at 75°C (167°F), and de-staining 

in 50% glycerol (Koske and Gemma 1989). 

VAM fungi colonization was assessed using the 

magnified intersections method (McGonigle et 

al. 1990). For each sample, fifty 1 cm (0.4 in.) 

root segments were mounted on a glass slide 

and observed under 11Ox magnification using a 

compound microscope equipped with a crosshair 

eyepiece. At a single intersection between 

each root segment and the eyepiece crosshair, 

the presence/absence of VAM hyphae, 

vesicles and arbuscles were noted. 

Percent mycorrhizal colonization, 

number of vesicles and arbuscles formed per 

1 cm root segments mounted on glass slides 

and observed under 110x magnification using 

compound microscope 

Effects of vesicular-arbuscular 

mycorrhiza inoculation on growth performance 

of Citrus reticulata 

The experiment was laid out in a 

randomized complete block (RCB) design, 

with six replicates and three treatments. Each 

treatment consisted of six 20cm clay pots. A 

total of eighteen clay pots were used with single 

plant. Top soil (0- 15cm) was collected from 

the experimental station planted with different 

vegetables. The soil was air dried, pulverized 

and passed through a 2mm sieve. The soil was 

then sterilized with the use of autoclave at 15 

psi for 2 hours. The soil had an initial pH of 

5.50 (Potentiometric Method), organic matter 

content of 1.23% (Walkley-Black Method), total 

nitrogen 0.11% (Modified Kjedahl Method), 

potassium 3.80 me/100g (Flame Photometer 

Method) and available phosphorus 82.23 

ppm (Bray No.2 Method). The soil was then 

put into the 20cm top diameter clay pots. The 

4 

Diversity Studies and Utilization of Indigenous Vescular.......

VAmycorrhizal fungi inoculants consisting 

of spores, mycorrhizal root fragments and 

infected soil was collected from pot cultures 

of trap plants (Sorghum bicolor L.) which 

had been grown for two months after being 

inoculated with mycorrhiza fungus species of 

Glomus mossae. The inoculants were added to 

some pots, at the rate of one table spoon per 

pot which consisted of 60 spores per gram of 

soil added. The rate of spores per gram of soil 

was determined by wet sieving and decanting, 

surface sterilized in 2% sodium hypochlorite 

and then washed. 

The non vesicular arbuscular control 

pots were left uninoculated. Seeds of Citrus 

reticulata were pre-treated with hot water for 

three minutes. The seeds were then germinated 

in sterilized river sand. After the seedlings had 

developed two leaves each, three seedlings 

were transplanted to each clay pot containing 

the sterilized soil, plus or minus the VAM fungi 

inoculum. Seedlings were then watered twice 

a day for the first week and then once a day in 

the following weeks. To determine the effect of 

VAM fungi inoculation on growth performance of 

Citrus reticulata, inoculated and non-inoculated 

plants were raised in a screen house for three 

months. Height growth was measured after 

every 15 days, except during the first months. 

Root collar diameter was measured at the end 

of three months. 

J.I. Yago, et.al 

After four months, 50% of the plants 

per block were harvested using destructive 

sampling and VAM fungi colonization above 

and below ground biomass production, root 

number and root length were determined. 

At the end of fifth month, some plants were 

harvested randomly per treatment and VAM 

fungi infection level was assessed by clearing 

the roots for 2 hours at 90°C in 10% KOH, 

neutralizing them in lactoglycerol for 20 

minutes. Infection was determined by the gridline 

intersect method (Giovanetti and Mosse, 

1980). Biomass increment due to mycorrhiza 

inoculation was computed as dry weight of 

inoculated plants minus dry weight of noninoculated 

plants divided by dry weight of noninoculated 

plants multiplied by 100%. For the 

plant tissue nutrient content, above ground 

biomass was harvested and was oven dried 

at 70 oC. The plant tissue was then analyzed 

for total nitrogen (Micro-kjedahl method), total 

phosphorus (Vanadomolybdate method) and 

potassium (Flame photometer method). The 

numbers and length of primary roots per plants 

were assessed and determined. 

Statistical Tools 

The measured plants parameters 

were analyzed using IRRISTAT version 92-1 

computer software. Analysis of variance was 

used to describe the data. The statistical tool 

that was employed is Analysis of Variance 

(ANOVA) in order to compare the results in 

the experimental setup with that in the control 

setup when the mycorrhizal fungi are tested 

for its efficacy in citrus plants. It was also 

used to verify if there is significant difference 

in the measurement of the parameters in the 

treatments. 

RESULT AND DISCUSSION 

Taxonomic Identification of Indigenous 

VAM Fungi in Three Valleys of Kasibu, Nueva 

Vizcaya 

Glomus fasiculatum has a color which 

varies from pale yellow to pale yellow-brown. 

Its shape is globose or subglobose and has 

a distribution size of 60-110 µm. Glomus 

etunicatum has a color from orange to red 

brown and also has a shape of globose or 

subglobose. It has a size distribution of 60- 

160. Glomus mosseae has a color of straw to 

dark orange-brown but a majority is yellowbrown. 

Its shape is also globose to subglobose 

however some are also irregular. It has a size 

distribution of 100-260 µm. Glomus intraradices 

has a color of white, pale cream to yellow 

brown. Sometimes, it has a green tint. Its color 

is highly variable. It shape is also globose, 

subglobose and sometimes irregular with many 

elliptical spores especially those extracted from 

within mycorrhizal roots. Its size distribution is 

5

40-140 µm. The image of mycorrhizal fungi 

in Fig 4E is still an unknown species but is 

probably under the genus Glomus because 

of its globose shape. Photomicrograph of 

Gigaspora albida Cream with pale green tint, 

globose to subglobose with an average of 250 

µm in size. Intraradical arbuscules and hyphae 

consistently stain darkly in roots treated with 

trypan blue. Arbuscules produce fine-branches 

from a swollen basal hypha (e) that are easiest 

to see as tips degrade. Intraradical hyphae 

3-8 µm in diameter, with inflated areas up to 

10 µm and knob-like projections distributed 

along length, usually densely coiled near entry 

points. 

Gigaspora gigantea has a color of 

cream with pale green tint. Its shape is globose 

or subglobose. Its size distribution is 200-280 

µm. Gigaspora margarita has a color of bright 

greenish yellow to bright yellow-green. Its 

shape is globose to subglobose and it’s rarely 

irregular. Its size distribution is 240-400 µm. 

Gigaspora gigantea has a color of white to 

cream in many spores and dark yellow in some 

generations or some isolates. Its shape is also 

globose or subglobose. Its size distribution is 

260-400 µm. Gigaspora pellucida has a color 

of hyaline/white in most recently formed spores 

to yellow-brown in older spores. Its shape 

is globose, subglobose or often elliptical or 

strongly oblong. It can be observed that it also 

exemplify the shape of a “pacman”. Its size 

distribution is 120-240 µm. 

Diversity Analysis of Vesicular-Arbuscular 

Mychorrizal (VAM) Fungi 

Diversity study in this research refers to 

the systematic observation and analysis of how 

many VAM fungi diversely exist in one citrusbased 

plantation. The population of collected 

mycorrhizal fungi from the soil acquired from 

the three different plantations, Kongkong 

Valley, Muta Valley and Malabing Valley were 

computed by getting the total number of spores 

present in every 600 grams of soil. 

The soil acquired from Kongkong 

Valley showed the most diverse population of 

mycorrhizal fungi revealing 11 known species 

and 3 unknown species presumed to be of the 

genus Glomus, Gigaspora and Scutellospora. 

The most abundant species was the Glomus 

mosseae having a population of 45/600 grams 

of soil. 

Only 4 known species were observed 

to be present in Malabing Valley and the most 

dominant was also the Gigaspora gigantea 

which has a population of 15/600 grams of 

soil. Some species of mycorrhizal fungi were 

observed to be present in two plantations 

like Glomus fasiculatum, Glomus etunicatum 

and Glomus intradices which were present 

in both Muta and Kongkong Plantations. 

Meanwhile, four other species were present in 

all the three plantations: Acaulospora collosica, 

Scutellospora reticulata, Scutellospora pelucida 

and Gigaspora gigantea. 

Diversity index value in Kongkong 

Valley was the highest (0.92) compared to Muta 

(0.53) and Malabing Valley (0.26). This would 

suggest that higher species of indigenous VAM 

fungi exist than in Muta and Malabing Valley. 

A high D value suggests a stable and ancient 

site, while a low D value could suggest a 

polluted site, recent colonization or affected by 

agricultural management. 

Species richness (S) is simply the 

number of species present in a sample, 

community, or taxonomic group. Species 

richness is one component of the concept of 

species diversity, which also incorporates 

evenness, that is, the relative abundance of 

species. Species richness value was higher 

in Kongkong (7.85) which is located in lower 

elevation/areas. S value in Muta Valley recorded 

with a value of 5.54 while in Malabing Valley 

was 2.53. The data shows that existence of 

VAM fungi in higher elevation/areas exhibited 

with lower count of species. The occurrence of 

VAM fungi in citrus plantation as cited by Peng 

et al, 1993 was affected by different cultural 

management practices in citrus production. 

Various management practices were observed 


in Malabing Valley like rampant usage of 

fertilizer and pesticide. 

Moreover, this was supported by the 

data in Repetition index in which the lower the 

value observed the higher the count of each 

species found in the area. Kongkong Valley 

recorded with a value of 0.56 followed by 

Muta Valley with a value of 0.69 and 0.63 for 

Malabing Valley. Species richness is greatest 

at intermediate frequency and/or intensity of 

disturbance. This is because very frequent 

disturbance eliminates sensitive species, 

whereas very infrequent disturbance allows 

time for superior competitors to eliminate 

species that cannot compete. 

In-Vivo Compatibility and Colonization of 

VAM Species in Citrus Root System 

The portion pointed with the larger 

arrow shows the citrus root penetrated and 

invaded by arbuscluar mycorrhizal fungi, 

Glomus mosseae in satsuma seedlings. The 

part pointed with the smaller arrow, labeled MY, 

is the mycelia of mycorrhiza. The part labeled 

EP is the epidermal cells of the root and the 

part labeled C is the cortical cells of the root. 

Another penetration of mycorrhizal 

fungi, Glomus mosseae, to the cortical cells of 

the citrus root was observed. 

The citrus root of the control treated 

plants. There are no single fungi that penetrated 

the root system since the soil wherein the 

seedlings were planted was sterilized before 

the experimentation. 

Results also show that ample 

penetration of the mycorrhizal fungi to the 

root system of citrus seedlings inoculated with 

fungi. This implies that the significant increase 

in stem diameter is attributed to the presence 

and penetration of the arbuscular mycorrhizal 

fungi, particularly Glomus mosseae, to the root 

system of the plant. 


While the ponkan seedlings are still 

under observation, the roots of a seedling 

were taken to see and examine the penetration 

and colonization of the fungi. The results of 

the microscopic observation are shown in the 

figures. 

The roots of a plant sample treated 

with Gigaspora gigantea was observed under 

photomicroscope. In the figure, mycelial 

penetration of the mycorrhizal fungi on the 

epidermal cells of the citrus root is clearly seen. 

The portion labeled G shows the germinated 

mycelia of mycorrhizae. 

The root system of a ponkan seedling 

treated with an unknown fungi species 

presumed to be of genus Glomus. Knowing 

that the roots of the satsuma seedlings were 

observed two weeks after inoculation of the 

fungi, while the ponkan roots were observed 

five days after inoculation, the results of the 

percent colonization of the mycorrhizal fungi 

shows that there is better penetration of the 

fungi in the younger seedlings than that of the 

older ones. Thus, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 

as bioenhancers to citrus species, act better 

in the earlier stages of the development of the 

plant than in later periods. 

Plant Tissue Nutrients Concentration of 

Citrus Seedlings Inoculated with Indigenous 

VAM 

Citrus seedlings inoculated with 

vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, increased 

plant tissue nutrients concentration. Table 4 

shows plant tissue phosphorus, nitrogen and 

potassium concentration was much higher 

in the inoculated plants than non inoculated 

ones. At yield-maximizing N rates, leaf N 

concentrations were 3.35 to 4.50 %; 0.50 to 

0.70 % of P and 2.0 to 3.0 % for K which is 

generally accepted as critical leaf tissue NPK 

concentration range according to (Kallsen, 

2003). T he results indicate that tree N status 

was adequate at yield-maximizing N rates. 

The higher phosphorus concentration 

in the inoculated plants could be attributed to a 

7

higher nutrients absorption rate by mycorrhiza 

plants. Several authors have reported that 

mycorrhizal roots are able to absorb several 

times more phosphate than non inoculated 

roots from soils and from solutions (Pearson 

and Gianinazzi, 1983; Michelsen and 

Rosendahl, 1990; Fitter, 1988; Dela Cruz et 

al., 1988; Nielsen, 1983). Increased efficiency 

of phosphorus uptake by mycorrhizal plants 

could have led to higher concentrations of P 

in the plant tissues. The greater phosphate 

absorption by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae 

has been suggested to have arisen due to 

superior efficiency of uptake from labile forms 

of soil phosphate, which is not attributable 

to a capacity to mobilize phosphate sources 

unavailable to non mycorrhizal roots (Pearson 

and Gianinaazzi, 1983). 

Under certain conditions, mycorrhiza 

is known to absorb fixed phosphate and even 

to stimulate root phytase activities (Pearson 

and Gianinazzi, 1983). Mycorrhizal roots are 

known to have not only a considerably greater 

phosphate inflow rates, but also to possess a 

pathway of phosphate uptake with a much higher 

affinity for phosphate than non mycorrhizal 

roots. The higher plant tissue nitrogen content 

in inoculated plants could be attributed to 

hyphae uptake. It has been reported that 

the existence of extra-radical hyphal bridges 

between individual plants permits transfer of 

nutrients such as nitrogen (Marschner and 

Dell, 1994). The two have reported that about 

24% of the total nitrogen uptake in mycorrhizal 

plants could be attributed to uptake and 

delivery by the external hyphae. There is also 

evidence that nitrogen is taken up by vesiculararbuscular 

mycorrhiza hyphae from inorganic 

sources of ammonium (Ames et al., 1983) and 

therefore, the higher nitrogen concentration in 

mycorrhizal plants could be attributed to the 

hyphae uptake. The same could be said of the 

higher potassium concentration in inoculated 

plants. In a compartment pots experiment, Li et 

al. (1991), demonstrated that about 10% of the 

total potassium uptake in mycorrhizal coach 

grass was due to hyphal uptake and transport. 

Growth Characteristics of Citrus Seedlings 

Inoculated with Indigenous VAM 

Plant Height 

The effect of VAM fungi inoculation on 

the height increment was obvious on visual 

comparison at the end of 90 days. Table 

5 shows a significant height increment in 

inoculated Citrus reticulata was recorded after 

only 60 days. The enhanced height increment 

in Citrus reticulata could be attributed to the 

VAM fungi colonization. Mycorrhiza infection is 

known to enhance plant growth by increasing 

nutrients uptake (Marschner et al., 1994). 

Nye et al. (1977) reported that the uptake of 

nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is limited 

by the rate of diffusion of each nutrient through 

the soil. It seems likely that VAM fungi in this 

study increased nutrient uptake by shortening 

the distance nutrients diffused through the soil 

to the roots. 

At the end of ninety days, plant height 

of inoculated Citrus reticulata was highly 

significant as compared to the non inoculated 

plants. The higher height increment registered 

with inoculated plants could be as a result of 

enhanced inorganic nutrient absorption (Cooper, 

1984) and greater rates of photosynthesis 

(Allen et al., 1981). VAM fungi are known to 

affect both the uptake and accumulation of 

nutrients and therefore, act as an important 

biological factor that contributes to efficiency 

of both nutrient uptake and use. Researchers 

have demonstrated that VAM fungi, not only 

increases phosphorus uptake, but also plays 

an important role in the uptake of other plant 

nutrients and water (Huang et al., 1985; Ellis 

et al., 1985). Sander et al. (1983) reported that 

the inflows of phosphorus to mycorrhiza roots 

can be greater than inflows to comparable nonmycorrhiza 

roots by up to 2-5 times. 

Shoot Biomass 

Inoculating Citrus reticulata with 

VAM fungi increased significantly the shoot 

biomass yield. The shoot biomass is higher 


than uninoculated treated plants. Significant 

increased in shoot biomass could be attributed 

to enhanced inorganic nutrition absorption and 

greater rates of photosynthesis in inoculated 

plants (Allen et al., 1981; Cooper, 1984). 

VAM fungi have been said to affect both the 

uptake and accumulation of nutrients. Chulan 

and Martin (1992) reported a significant shoot 

dry weight increment when Theobroma cacao 

was inoculated with VAM fungi. Aggangan and 

Dela Cruz (1991) reported a dry matter yield 

increment of up to 631% when L. leucocephala 

was inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular 

mycorrhiza. Zajicek et al. (1987) reported a 

significant increment in dry matter yield when 

two forbs were inoculated with vesiculararbuscular 

mycorrhizal fungi. Vesiculararbuscular 

mycorrhizal fungi are reported to 

enhance plant growth rate through an increase 

in nutrient uptake, especially phosphorus which 

is relatively immobile in soils (Kormanik et al., 

1981, 1982; Dela Cruz, 1987; Janos, 1980a). 

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculation 

could have enhanced Citrus reticulata to absorb 

more nutrients via an increase in the absorbing 

surface area. Similar observation has been 

reported by Marschner and Dell (1994). The 

movement of nutrients to plant roots and 

the rate of absorption of nutrients by roots, 

especially nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, 

is known to be limited by the rate of diffusion of 

each nutrient through the soil and not by the 

ability of the root to absorb the nutrient from low 

concentration in the soil solutions (Abbott and 

Robson, 1982). In the present study, since the 

soil used was not very fertile, inoculation with 

VAM fungi could have resulted in an increase 

in nutrient uptake by merely shortening the 

distance that the nutrients had to diffuse from 

the soil to the roots. This in turn, could have 

enhanced a higher shoot biomass production 

in the inoculated Citrus reticulata. 

Root Biomass 

Citrus seedlings inoculated with 

VAM fungi significantly increased the root 

biomass production. VAM fungi infection has 

been reported to increase both the uptake of 


nutrients by the roots and the concentration 

of nutrients in the plant tissues (Smith et al., 

1979). An increase in nutrient uptake, especially 

phosphorus in the infertile soil used, could 

have resulted in relief of nutrients stress and an 

increase in photosynthetic rate, which obviously 

could have given rise to an increase in plant 

growth. Research has shown that when root 

exploration is restricted, up to 80% of the plant 

phosphorus can be delivered by the external 

vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae to the 

host plant over a distance of more than 10 cm 

from the root surface (Li et al., 1991). Hattingh 

et al. (1973) found that VAM fungi hyphae, could 

intercept labelled phosphorus, placed 27mm 

from a mycorrhizal root, whereas it remained 

unavailable to non-mycorrhizal roots. This 

confirms that vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal 

hyphae could have increased the volume of 

soil available to the Citrus reticulata for nutrient 

uptake. Mycorrhizal roots have been known 

to absorb phosphorus faster per gram of root 

than non-mycorrhizal plants (Jakobsen et al., 

1992). This may relate to the greater surface 

area per gram of mycorrhiza roots. It therefore 

follows that mycorrhiza were able to enhance 

the absorption of nutrients from the soil, which 

could have moved to the roots principally by 

mass flow, in addition to those which could 

have diffused through the soil slowly. This 

could have resulted in a higher root biomass in 

inoculated plants. 

Root collar diameter 

VAM fungi inoculation increased the 

root collar diameter of Citrus reticulate. The 

increment of the root collar diameter of the VAM 

fungi inoculated plants were highly significant. 

The higher diameter increment of the inoculated 

plants could be attributed to enhanced 

inorganic nutrition absorption and greater rates 

of photosynthesis of inoculated plants (Allen et 

al., 1981; Cooper, 1984). VAM fungi have been 

said to affect both the uptake and accumulation 

of nutrients. Researchers have demonstrated 

that VAM fungi not only increases phosphorus 

uptake, but also plays an important role in the 

uptake of other plant nutrients (Huang et al., 

9

1985; Sieverding, 1991). Many authors have 

reported a significant increment in root collar 

diameter, after inoculating the plants with VAM 

fungi. Reid et al. (1988) reported an increment in 

root collar diameter when sugar maple seedlings 

were inoculated with VAM fungi. Osonubi et al. 

(1989), while working with inoculated Gmelina 

seedlings, reported a significant biomass 

increment. Huang et al. (1985) while working 

with inoculated Leucaena leucocephala, 

reported a significant increment in plant growth 

parameters. Aggangan and Dela Cruz (1991), 

while working with Acacia auriculiformis and 

Leucaena leucocephala, reported a diameter 

increment of between 18% to 123% when the 

two plants were inoculated with different types of 

vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Castillo 

(1993), while working with Pterocarpus indicus, 

reported a significant diameter increment when 

the plants were inoculated with vesiculararbuscular 

mycorrhizal fungi. Kormanik et al. 

(1981) reported a significant increment in root 

collar diameter when sweetgum seedlings 

were inoculated with VAM fungi. He reported 

that inoculation with VAM fungi increased the 

root collar diameter by 268%. 

Root to Shoot Ratio 

The difference between the root to shoot 

ratio of inoculated and non-inoculated Citrus 

reticulata, was statistically significant at 5% 

level. The inoculated Citrus reticulata had a 

higher root to shoot ratio as compared to non 

inoculated plants. The higher root to shoot ratio 

of the inoculated plants could be attributed to 

the effect of mycorrhiza infection, which could 

have increased nutrients absorption, giving rise 

to a higher root and shoot biomass increment 

with a uniform growth. Clapperton and Reid 

(1992) while researching on the relationship 

between plant growth and increasing VAM 

fungi inoculum density reported that as 

the colonization by vesicular-arbuscular 

mycorrhizal fungi increased, so did root to 

shoot ratios. They concluded that this was due 

to the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal plants 

being able to translocate more carbon to the 

roots than non-mycorrhiza plants. The same 

has been reported by Kucey and Paul (1982); 

Douds et al. (1988) and Wang et al. (1989). 

Tree seedlings with higher root to shoot ratios 

are able to have a higher survival percentage 

when planted in the field. 

Root number and length 

Inoculated Citrus reticulata with VAM 

fungi significantly increased the root length. 

The inoculation with VAM increased the root 

length by 25%. Huang et al. (1985) reported 

a root length increment of up to 80% when 

Leucaena leucocephala was inoculated with 

VAM fungi. Levy and Syvertsen (1983) while 

working on the effect of drought stress on citrus 

reported that, although plant to plant variations 

obscured significant differences, vesiculararbuscular 

mycorrhiza plants did tend to have 

greater total feeder root length per plant than 

control plants. In addition to the mycorrhiza 

inoculation enhancing the plants absorption 

of more nutrients, especially phosphorus, 

via an increase in the absorbing surface 

area (Marschner and Dell, 1994), mycorrhiza 

colonization could have protected roots from 

soil pathogen (Perrin, 1990), and therefore 

increased root growth and nutrients acquisition 

of Citrus reticulata. Inoculated plants had 

higher number of roots than non inoculated 

ones, though the increment was not significant 

at 5% level. Mycorrhiza inoculation is known 

to enhance the plants absorption of more 

nutrients especially phosphorus via an increase 

in the absorbing surface area (Marschner and 

Dell, 1994). This in turn could have enhanced 

a higher plant growth rate resulting to more 

roots per plant. Mycorrhiza colonization also 

protect the roots from the soil pathogens 

(Perrin, 1990) and, therefore could have lead 

to an increase in not only the root growth and 

nutrient acquisition of the host roots, but also 

the number of surviving roots. 

Root Colonization Percentage 

Inoculated Citrus reticulata with VAM 

fungi resulted into a 95.86% colonization. 

There was no VAM fungi contamination as 


evident in the non inoculated plants (control) 

and recommended rate which showed 0% 

colonization. Mycorrhiza colonization is normally 

attributed to the tree species and environmental 

factors. Smith et al. (1979) reported that the 

extent to which typical VAM fungi colonize root 

systems varies with species of plant. It has 

also been noted that there are differences in 

the extent of infection between genotypes of 

the same species. The extent of mycorrhiza 

infection in root systems is also known to be 

influenced by environmental conditions; the 

most important being the age of the plants, the 

level of phosphate (P) in the soil relative to the 

requirements of the plant and the capacity of 

the population of mycorrhiza propagules in the 

soil to form mycorrhiza. Citrus reticulata is a 

non nodulating legume (Ladha et al., 1993) and 

rhizobium bacteria could not have posed any 

threat in competing with mycorrhiza fungi for 

carbohydrates. The time period of the seedlings 

(five months) could have been too short to 

record a higher colonization percentage since 

the root system infected normally increases 

with time sigmoidally. Seasonal patterns in the 

formation of mycorrhiza have also been said to 

vary considerably from year to year (Allen et 

al., 1989). 

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

Vesicular arbuscular mychorrizal 

(VAM) fungi are microorganisms which are 

known to form a symbiotic relationship with 

plants through enhancing the plants’ growth 

by increasing the root systems absorption of 

nutrients from the soil while simultaneously 

making the plants’ roots as their habitat. This 

study was conducted to ascertain the diversity 

of indigenous VAM fungi present in the soils of 

citrus plantations of Nueva Vizacaya, and to 

prove the capability of the fungi to function as a 

biofertilizer. 

The isolation, identification, and 

counting of fungi paved way to the diversity 

analysis of the presence of indigenous VAM 

fungi in citrus plantations. The results indicated 

that there is a vast diversity of VAM species in 


the plantations and more importantly four new 

unknown species were discovered. 

To further supplement the findings on 

the diversity study, the isolated and identified 

fungi from the soil samples where then 

inoculated to Citrus reticulata seedlings to 

test the fungi’s efficacy as biofertilizer, and 

to observe the mycorrhizal penetration to the 

roots. The in-vivo experimentation of the pregerminated 

citrus seedlings was conducted 

to to observe the mycorrhizal penetration of 

Gigaspora gigantea and the unknown Glomus 

species to the cortical cells of the plant. On 

the other hand, the experiment is composed 

of three treatments, with VAM, with synthetic 

fertilizer and the control group, wherein the 

growth parameters were observed. The specific 

species of VAM inoculated on the seedlings 

was Glomus mosseae. 

This study revealed that there is a 

diverse population of VAM fungi in the soil 

acquired from the three major citrus-based 

plantations in Nueva Vizcaya, as supported by 

the immense population of fungi found in the 

three plantations. 

The soil acquired from Kongkong Valley 

showed the most multifarious population of 

mychorrizal fungi having 11 known species and 

three unknown species presumed to be of the 

genus Glomus, Gigaspora and Scutellospora. 

The most copious species was the Glomus 

mosseae having a population of 45/600 grams 

of soil. 

In Muta Valley, seven known species 

and one unknown, also of the genus gigaspora, 

were observed. The most dominant species 

present was Gigaspora gigantea having a 

population of 52/600 grams of soil. 

On the other hand, only four known 

species were observed to be present in 

Malabings Valley and the most dominant was 

also the Gigaspora gigantea which has a 

population of 15/600 grams of soil. 

11

The results of the diversity analysis 

of VAM population showed that Gigaspora 

gigantea is the most abundant in the three 

plantations. Similarly, Acaulospora collosica, 

Scutellospora reticulata, Scutellospora pelucida 

were also found in all the three plantations, also 

signifying profusion to the overall population of 

VAM. More importantly, three unknown species 

of mycorrhizal fungi were found, which are 

deemed to be of genus Glomus, Scutellospora, 

and Gigaspora, indicating remarkable variety 

of VAM in the soil. 

Diversity analysis found that diversity 

index value in Kongkong Valley was the highest 

(0.92) compared to Muta (0.53) and Malabing 

Valley (0.26). Species richness value was 

higher in Kongkong (7.85) which is located in 

lower elevation/areas. S value in Muta Valley 

recorded with a value of 5.54 while in Malabing 

Valley was 2.53. Repetition index in which the 

lower the values computed, the higher the count 

of each species found in the area. Repetition 

index in Kongkong Valley recorded with a value 

of 0.56 followed by Muta Valley with a value of 

0.69 and 0.63 for Malabing Valley. 

Macronutrients were significantly 

enhanced when citrus seedlings were 

inoculated with VAM fungi compared to non 

inoculated citrus plants. The results of the 

microscopic observation of root samples of 

citrus seedlings inoculated with VAM fungi 

indicate that mycorrhizal fungi’s penetration 

to the root system is evident for symbiotic 

association. Thus, citrus growth characteristics 

were significantly affected. 

The current study had shown that 

inoculating Citrus reticulata B. VAM fungi 

enhances growth performance. The inoculation 

resulted in an increment in height growth by 

95.86%. Shoot and root biomass increased 

significantly. Inoculated plants subsequently 

produced more leaves per plant, which could 

have increased the rate of photosynthesis. 

Inoculated plants produced also more roots 

per plant which were longer than in the non 

inoculated plants. This improvement in plant 

growth could be attributed to the enhancement 

of the plant to absorb more nutrients, via an 

increase in the absorbing surface area. 

Conclusions 

1. The soil of citrus plantation 

of Nueva Vizcaya has a greatpotential to 

produce indigenous VAM fungi and utilize 

as biofertilizersfor citrus species specifically 

Gigaspora gigantea, Acaulospora collosica, 

Scutellospora reticulata, and Scutellospora 

pelucida. 

2. VAM fungi isolated from Kongkong 

Valley showed the most diverse population of 

mycorrhizal fungi revealing 11 known species 

and 3 unknown species. Five (5) known 

species and 1 unknown specie of the genus 

Gigaspora, were observed in Muta Valley. Four 

(4) known species were observed to be present 

in Malabing Valley and the most dominant was 

Gigaspora gigante. 

3. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 

particularly Glomus mosseae, can utilize as 

VAM fungi for Citrus reticulata. Compatibility and 

colonization with mycorrhizae can penetrate 

the epidermal cells and cortical cells without 

disturbing the growth of citrus seedlings. 

4. Significant increase of macronutrient 

uptake was investigated when citrus was 

inoculated with VAM fungi. 

5. VAM fungi proved that it can enhance 

growth characteristics of citrus. 

Recommendations 

The researchers would like to recommend 

mass production of indigenous VAM fungi 

and can be utilize by citrus growers in Nueva 

Vizcaya. Application in field in the form of field 

demonstration is also recommended. For future 

research studies, the researchers recommend 

shelf-life studies of VAM fungi and the possibility 

of patenting the process of mass production 

and application in citrus plantations. 


A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS-BASED DECISION SUPPORT 

SYSTEM FOR SOLID WASTE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION 

IN TUGUEGARAO CITY 1 

Junel B.Guzman 2 

ABSTRACT 

A Decision Support System (DSS) was developed to analyze and simulate the solid waste flow of 

Tuguegarao City using Geographic Information Systems and Stella modeling software. It was parameterized 

using data and information on population, per capita waste generation, average annual growth rates of 

population and solid waste composition in order to predict the volume of waste generated, compostable, 

recyclable, collected, uncollected waste and compost under three waste management system scenarios. 

Tuguegarao City generated a total of 1,012 m3 of household solid waste weekly in 2007, equivalent 

to a rate of 0.5 kg/cap/day and 0.42 kg/cap/day for urban and rural barangay, respectively. The commercial 

establishments, institutions and market generated at a rate of 384 m3, 209 m3 and 122 m3 of solid waste 

weekly or an equivalent total waste generation at a rate of 1,745 m3/wk. 

The weekly solid waste composition was: 279 m3 (16%) paper, 105 m3 (6%) plastic container, 70 

m3 (4%) metal, 70 m3 (4%) and glass 279 m3 (16%) as recyclable waste; yard waste, 506 m3 (29%) food 

waste, 122 m3 (7%) other organics as compostable waste; 209 m3 (12%) other plastics, 70 m3 (4%) inert, 

17 m3 (1%) hazardous waste and 17 m3 (1%) special waste as residual waste. 

Simulation results revealed that a decision to compost market waste (Scenario A) could result to 

waste conversion from 92 m3/wk to 237 m3/wk by year 2015 and by recycling institutional waste (Scenario 

B) could result to waste recovery from 171 m3/wk to 225 m3/wk by year 2015. Processing all generated 

compostable and recyclable waste (Scenario C) could recover 92 m3/wk to 1002 m3/wk of compostables 

and 171 m3/wk to 617 m3/wk of recyclables by year 2015. 

To maximize the recovery and utilization of solid waste generated and to address the environmentally 

unacceptable burning and disposal of voluminous waste, solid waste management option for the city, Scenario 

C is recommended, provided that generators in all sectors will cooperate and adequate composting facilities 

will be made available. 

Keywords: Waste Management, Disposal, GIS 

Solid wastes disposal has long been 

a pressing problem of urbanizing cities in the 

world. In cities where the urbanization and 

population growth rates far exceeds their 

carrying capacities and resource capabilities, 

most of the wastes are disposed of improperly 

resulting to continuing environmental nuisance 

and threat to the health and environmental 

security. Of the many factors influencing this 

societal problem, socio-cultural behavior of the 

populace, inadequate resource capabilities, 

poor governance, and lack of an effective 

solid waste management system exerts the 

greatest. 

A solid waste disposal system is 

composed of several interdependent activities 

such as waste segregation, collection, recovery, 

transfer and transport and final disposal of 

waste. The interaction of these activities is 

dynamic and complex. Changes on the rates 

of recovering waste through recycling and 

1 

2nd Place, Best Paper-Research Category, 21st CVARRD RSRDEH Symposium 

2 

Faculty-Researcher, Cagayan State University 

13

composting activities and the rates of waste 

collection for disposal to dumpsite can affect the 

entire flow of waste. The growing population and 

rapid urbanization can also cause a significant 

change in the volume of waste generated. This 

complexity is best simulated by modeling the 

system which is the basis for the DSS. 

Because of the complexity of the solid 

waste disposal system and because there are 

several management options concerning solid 

waste, it is difficult to arrived at rational decisions 

unless there is a basis for its justification hence 

the development of the DSS which serves as a 

tool for rational decision making. 

Physical characteristic of waste from 

households, commercial establishments, 

institutions, and markets can help the City 

Government Unit (CGU) in their planning 

activities. It can be use by the CGU or 

private individuals decide on the potentials of 

composting and recycling projects in the city. 

Simulated estimates on the volume of 

compostable and recyclable wastes can help 

to quantify the sustainability on the supply of 

raw materials for composting and recycling 

projects and can assist in the decision on what 

barangays or clusters of barangays to undergo 

solid waste recovery projects. 

The DSS can be used by any Local 

Government Unit to simulate their solid waste 

management plans over time in order to decide 

from among management alternatives the best 

solid waste management option. 

OBJECTIVES 

Generally, the study was aimed 

to develop a decision support system for 

municipal solid waste management in urban 

cities with particular reference to Tuguegarao 

City. 

Specifically it aimed to: 

1. determine the physical composition of 

the solid waste from household, 

commercial establishments, 

institutions and market, 

2. estimate the quantities of 

compostable, recyclable and 

residual waste from household, 

commercial establishments, 

institutions and market, 

3. develop a model to simulate the flow 

of solid waste, and 

4. map the volume of waste generated, 

the compostable and recyclable waste 

in every barangay. 


The Study Area 

Tuguegarao City was selected as the 

study area. It is composed of 49 barangays 

of which, 25 barangays were categorized as 

urban and 24 barangays were categorized as 

rural. The 49 barangays were designated as 

the collection zones. The city government was 

servicing all the 49 barangays. Figure 1 shows 

the barangay map of Tuguegarao City. The 

study area was divided into collection zones 

which was the same as that of the barangay. 

Each barangay was assigned zone number. 

The collection zone map is shown in Figure 2. 

As of 2007, Tuguegarao City has a 

population of 67,207 for the urban barangays 

and 58,326 for the rural barangays. There were 

3,413 registered business establishments, 

11 tertiary schools, 8 secondary schools, 33 

elementary schools, 70 preparatory schools 

and two public markets. 

Data Gathering 

Data on population for each barangay 

was obtained from the Municipal Planning 

and Development Office of Tuguegarao City, 

while the growth rate of population was from 

the National Statistics Office. The volume 

14 

A Geographic Information Systems Decision-Based ..............

of solid waste generated and collected from 

the households, commercial establishments, 

institutions and the markets were computed 

based on the data obtained from the General 

Services Office. The rates of solid waste 

generation for both urban and rural barangays 

were gathered. The composition of solid waste 

was also determined. Secondary data were 

obtained by reviewing reports from the General 

Services Office and other studies related to 

solid waste management. Wastes on collection 

routes and points were examined to validate 

secondary data. Wastes in garbage trucks and 

in dumpsite were also examined for further 

Figure 1. Barangay map of Tuguegarao City 

Interviews of personnel involved in 

the city solid waste management including 

collection crews were conducted. Rapid rural 

appraisal was employed to further elicit data. 

Population Data 

Population data for every barangay 

for the year 2007 was obtained from the City 

Planning and Development Office (CPDO) of 

Tuguegarao City. The spatial distribution of the 

population is shown in Figure 3. The population 

data was projected at an average annual 

growth rate of 1.02% as determined by the 

National Statistics Office. The population data 

was used to estimate the volume of solid waste 

generated by the households in every barangay 

and the projected population data was used to 

forecast the trend of solid waste generated by 

the households in every barangay. 

Rate, Weight and Volume of Solid Wastes 

Per capita waste generation rate 

was obtained by getting samples of 1 to 11 

households depending on the number of 

J.B. Guzman 

households for both urban and rural barangays. 

The sample size was obtained by using the 

Slovin’s formula. Household members for each 

sample were recorded. Waste generated by 

these households in kilograms for a period 

of 7 days was measured. The average waste 

generation per household member per day or 

the per capita waste generation in kg/cap/day 

is equal to the total waste generated by the 

household divided by the number of household 

member divided by 7 days. 

Weight of solid waste generated by 

households in each barangay for urban and 

rural barangays was computed by multiplying 

the number of population by the corresponding 

per capita rate of waste generation for urban 

and rural barangays respectively. Weight 

of solid wastes generated from commercial 

establishments, institutions and the market 

were estimated from the corresponding 

percentages of waste collected by garbage 

trucks as determined by the General Services 

Office of Tuguegarao City. 

15

Figure 2. Map of solid waste collection zones in Tuguegarao City. 

Figure 3. Population map of Tuguegarao City, 2007 

16 


The volume of wastes generated was 

computed using waste density of loose uncompacted 

waste of 400 kilograms per cubic meter. 

This density was also used by the GSO of 

Tuguegarao City and some literature for Asian 

countries. Volume of waste generated in m3/wk 

is equal to the population per barangay multiplied 

by the per capita rate of waste generation 

(kg/cap/day) divided by the waste density (kg/ 

m3) multiplied by seven days. 

Composition of Solid Waste 

Composition of solid waste generated 

by households was determined by getting the 

percentage by weight of identifiable items such 

as food waste, yard waste, glass, papers, plastics, 

metals/cans, inert and other organics from 

the samples previously described. 

Composition of waste generated by 

commercial establishments, institutions and 

the market were done using quartering and 

coning method. Waste collected from each of 

the different sources were mixed, quartered 

and coned until 25 kilogram weight of waste 

from each source was obtained. Waste were 

then identified from the 25 kilogram weight as 

to food waste, yard waste, glass, papers, plastics, 

metals/cans, inert and other organics. 

Solid Waste Flow Modeling 

The Stella software was used to model 

the behavior of solid waste flow in Tuguegarao 

city. The developed model is the decision support 

system that serves as a tool in making 

solid waste management decisions. The model 

was based on the observed waste flow as 

shown in Figure 4. The generated wastes were 

temporarily stored on-site for collection. Bulk of 

the collected waste was disposed off directly to 

dumpsite. Small portion of which was brought 

to processing and recovery facilities or transferred 

to designated collection sites for transport 

to dumpsite. A portion of the generated 

waste most from the households was burned 

and still others if not collected were littered on 

vacant lots. 

Figure 4. Waste flow in Tuguegarao City. 

J.B. Guzman 

17

Causal Loop Analysis 

From the observed waste flow the 

cause and effect relationships of the variables 

were analyzed. This relationship is shown in 

Figure 6. Household population, number of 


market were factors affecting the rate of solid 

waste generation. As these sources of waste 

increased, so do the volume of generated 

waste as affected by waste generation rate. 

The total amount of waste is reduced through 

composting, recycling, and collection activities. 

Waste collection activities increase the 

stock of waste in the dumpsite. Uncollected 

wastes in residential areas were treated 

traditionally through backyard burning by the 

residents. These burning activities reduced the 

quantity of unmanaged waste. 

Of all the elements in Figure 5, per 

capita waste generation and population are 

the strongest factors influencing total waste 

generation. 

Identifying Stocks, Rates, and Auxiliary 

Variables 

The stocks are the elements of the 

solid waste flow that accumulate or decrease 

over time, the rates are the factors that control 

the increase or decrease of the stocks over 

time and the auxiliary variables are the factors 

that quantify the rate variables. 

Based on the causal loop, the identified 

stocks were the generated wastes from the 


institutions and the market, total solid waste 

generated, compostable solid waste, recyclable 

solid waste, collected solid waste, and littered 

solid waste. 

The rate variables quantify the increased 

or decreased of the stocks. The increase in 

household waste is a function of the average 

annual growth rate of the populations, the 

increase in commercial establishments, 

18 

institutions, and the markets wastes is a 

function of the average annual growth rate of 

their generated waste. The increase in total 

waste generated is a function of the rate of 

waste generation by the four sources. 

Linking Stocks, Rates and Auxiliary Variables 

The stocks, the rates and the auxiliary variables 

of the model were linked as shown in Figure 6. 

This was developed using Stella software. The 

rectangles are the stock variables, the valves 

are the rate variables, while the circles are the 

auxiliary variables. The red arrows show the 

flow of information as one variable affect other 

variables. The bigger blue arrows show the 

flow of wastes as they moved from one stock 

to the other. 

Information on the sources of wastes 

such as the population data, average annual 

population growth rate, per capita generation 

rate, and growth rate of waste generated from 


market were used to parameterized the model. 

Information on the rate of generation linked the 

sources to the stock of waste they generate. 

The stock of total waste generated 

was then broken down into several stocks 

such as compostable, recyclable, collected, 

and unmanaged waste. The stock of total 

waste generated was linked to the stock of 

compostable waste using data on the percent of 

compostable waste, percent rate of segregating 

waste and total waste generated in the area. 

The stock of total waste generated was linked to 

the stock of recyclable waste using information 

on the percent of recyclable waste, percent 

rate of recycling and the total recyclable waste 

in the area. The stock of total waste generated 

was linked to the stock of collected waste using 

information on the capacity of garbage trucks. 

The stock of total waste generated was linked 

to the unmanaged waste using information on 

the volume of uncollected waste. 

The stock of compostable was linked to 

the stock of compost using information on the 


amount of waste for compost and the rate of 

how this waste were converted. The stock of 

solid waste collected was linked to the disposed 

rate using information on the rate of collection 

and disposal. The stock of unmanaged waste 

was linked to the stock of littered waste using 

information on the volume of uncollected solid 

waste and burning rate. 

The valve controls the flow of waste 

getting in and out of the stocks as affected by 

the auxiliary variables. The accumulation or 

reduction of the stock of waste is dependent on 

the auxiliary variables. 

Formalizing the Model 

The model was formalized by translating 

the rate variables into mathematical equations, 

by assigning initial values to the stocks, and 

by quantifying the auxiliary variables. Table 4 

summarized the mathematical equations of the 

rate variables. 

Running the Model and Adjusting 

Deviations 

After the model was formalized and 

the equations and coefficients were entered, 

the model was then run. The behavior of 

the simulated data was observed then was 

compared to the real situations to examine for 

deviations. Deviations were adjusted and the 

model was calibrated for data precision. After 

which the model was then ready to simulate 

solid waste management scenarios. 

Figure 5. Causal Loop Diagram of Solid Waste Flow in Tuguegarao City 

Model Validation 

The model was validated by observing the actual 

number of dumping by the garbage trucks 

for a period of two months. The average weekly 

actual disposed waste was obtained by getting 

J.B. Guzman 

the mean of the seven days dumping. The average 

weekly actual volume of waste disposed 

was then compared with the simulated volume 

of waste disposed. Test of significant difference 

was done using t-Test. 

19

Figure 6. Model of the solid waste flow in Tuguegarao City using Stella software 

20 


Table 1. Summary of equations of the rate variables used in the model 

Table 2. Summary of the coefficient of the auxiliary variables 

J.B. Guzman 

21

Scenario Building 

The scenarios described were; 

Scenario A which is the composting of market 

compostable waste, Scenario B which is the 

recycling of institutional waste, and Scenario C 

which is the composting and recycling of waste 

in all sectors. 

In the 3 scenarios, household waste 

was assumed to increase at an average 

annual rate of 1.02% (same as population 

growth rate), while the waste from commercial 

establishments, institutions and the market 

were assumed to increase at an average 

annual rate of 1%. The rate of composting and 

recycling will increase over time. Table 3 shows 

the assumed percentage increment of these 

rates over the simulation period. 

Data Processing and Analysis 

Data were generated using the 

developed decision support system through 

Stella modeling software. Generated data were 

in tables and graphs for each zone. The data 

per zone were then processed into graphs 

using Microsoft Excel software and into maps 

using the Geographic Information Systems 

software. The descriptive statistics were used 

to analyze the processed data. 

Table 3. Percentage increase in diversion for the years 2007-2015 


Solid Waste Generation 

There were four sources of solid 

wastes as identified in the city government 

solid waste management code of Tuguegarao 

city. These were the households (HH), 

commercial establishments (CE), institutions 

and the markets. Of the 90,749 m3 of solid 

waste generated in Tuguegarao City for year 

2007, bulk of it originates from the households. 

This reflects the high population of the city. The 

solid waste generation of the different sources 

is shown in Figure 7. 

22 


Figure 7. Comparison of the different sources of solid waste to the total solid waste generated 

The solid wastes generated in each 

barangay or zones were also categorized in like 

manner using these four sources of solid waste. 

The weekly generation per source was used as 

initial values on the stocks of household (HH), 

commercial establishments (CE), institutions 

and markets in each zone in the model. 

Solid Waste Composition 

Figure 8 shows the composition 

of solid waste in Tuguegarao City. Of the 

eleven identifiable types of waste, food waste 

comprised the greatest at a rate of 506 m3/wk 

(29%), followed by yard waste and paper at a 

rate of 279 m3/wk (16%). This was so because 

of the considerable number of fast foods and 

restaurants in the city. The food waste and yard 

waste are potential wastes for composting which 

implies the viability of composting project in the 

city. A low percentage of hazardous and special 

wastes were observed from households. 

Figure 8. Composition of solid wastes in Tuguegarao City 

J.B. Guzman 

23

Figure 8 showed the waste composition 

in households, commercial establishments, 

institutions and the markets. Among household 

waste yard waste was the highest at 214.2 cu 

m/wk or 21% followed by other organics and 

food wastes at 153 cu m/wk or 15% and 133 cu 

m/wk 13%, respectively. The high percentage 

of yard wastes reflected the lifestyle of the 

city residents who were fond of ornamental 

gardening and having wide residential land 

areas. Among the identified waste from 

commercial establishments, food waste and 

yard waste at 93 cu m/wk or 24% were the 

highest. The high percentage of food waste was 

an indicative of the numerous numbers of fast 

foods and restaurants in the city. Papers and 

yard waste were the highest from institutions 

at 42 cu m/wk or 33% and 26 cu m/wk or 21%, 

respectively. This was so because Tuguegarao 

City is the center of Region 02 and that most 

of the regional offices were operated within the 

City. Most of the waste from the market was 

identified as food waste at 127 cu m/wk or 62%. 

These wastes were fruits and vegetables scrap 

removed prior to sale. 

Decision Support System Validation 

The DSS was validated by getting the 

actual number of daily dumping by the garbage 

trucks from September 2008 to February 2009. 

The actual volume of waste disposed per week 

was then compared with the simulated volume 

of waste disposed. Test of significant difference 

was done using t-Test. Result of t-Test revealed 

that there is no significant difference between 

the simulated and actual quantities of waste 

disposed as shown in Table 4. 

Table 4. t-Test result on the simulated and actual volume of waste disposed 

Scenario Simulation 

Scenario A – Composting Market Waste 

There were three scenarios of 

practical importance on solid waste recovery 

in Tuguegarao City that were chosen for 

simulation. The high volume of compostable 

waste in the market leads the formulation of 

Scenario A, which is composting the market 

waste and the considerable volume of 

recyclable waste in the institutions leads to the 

formulation of Scenario B, which is the recycling 

of institutional waste. The idea of looking 

the impact of composting and recycling in all 

sectors was the basis of formulating Scenario 

E, which is the composting and recycling waste 

from households, commercial establishments, 

institutions and the markets. 

Scenario A characterized what would 

happen if the city government would want to 

push a project on composting market waste. If 

Scenario A will be imposed, of the 843,600 m3 

of accumulated waste generated by year 2015 

or for a period of eight years, 676,700 m3 will be 

all disposed off in the dumpsite. Nevertheless, 

because of the composting project there will be 

65,900 m3 recovered compostable waste for a 

period of 8 years or an equivalent volume of 

recovered compostable waste from 100 m3/wk 

to 237 m3/wk on year 2015. Figure 9 shows the 

trend in the cumulative volume of solid waste 

as simulated under Scenario C. 

24 


Figure 9. Simulated cumulative volume of solid waste under Scenario A 

Scenario B – Recycling Institutional Waste 

Scenario B characterized what would 

happen if individuals in the different institutions 

will have their waste recycled. If Scenario B will 

be imposed, of the 843,600 m3 of accumulated 

waste generated until year 2015 or for a period 

of eight years, 671,114 m3 will be all disposed 

off in the dumpsite. Nevertheless, because of 

the recycling project there will be 88,021 m3 

recovered recyclable waste for a period of 8 

years or an equivalent volume of recovered 

recyclable waste from 185 m3/wk to 225 m3/wk 

on year 2015. Figure 10 shows the trend in the 

cumulative volume of solid waste as simulated 

under Scenario B. 

Figure 10. Simulated cumulative volume of solid waste under Scenario B 

J.B. Guzman 

25

Scenario C –Composting and Recycling of 

All Waste Generated 

Figure 11 shows the trend in solid 

waste fl ow when composting and recycling 

activities will be practiced by all sectors of waste 

generators. However, by year 2015, there will be 

a recovery of 51,557 m3/yr compostable waste 

and 31,760 m3/yr of recyclable waste. This 

however requires change in the lifestyle of the 

city residents by becoming aware of recycling, 

reuse, and reducing the waste they produce 

including a support from the city government by 

providing adequate facilities for waste recovery 

projects. 

If Scenario C will be imposed, of the 

843,600 m3 of accumulated waste generated 

until year 2015 or for a period of eight years, 

only the residual waste with a volume of 513,614 

m3 will be disposed off in the dumpsite. At the 

eighth year period, there will be 184,350 m3 

recovered compostable waste and 145,636 m3 

recovered recyclable waste or an equivalent 

volume of 31,760 cu m/yr or 446 cu m/wk and 

51,557 cu m/yr or 909 cu m/wk At this year, 

both rates of composting and recycling was 

assumed to reach 100%. Figure 11 shows the 

trend in the cumulative volume of solid waste 

as simulated under Scenario C, while Figure 18 

shows the spatial distribution of the simulated 

volume of recyclable on year 2015. 

Figure 11. Simulated cumulative volume of solid waste under Scenario C 

Implications of Solid Waste Recovery 

through Recycling and Composting 

Economic Implications of Composting 

topsoil. Compost can be produced in barangay 

or cluster of barangays, bagged and sold. In 

composting, an income can be derived from 

waste. 

Biodegradable solid waste from 

kitchens, yard waste and markets can be mixed 

with soil and decomposed by aerobic bacteria 

to produce compost, a sweet smelling, dark 

brown humus material that is rich in organic 

matter and soil nutrients. It can be used as 

an organic soil fertilizer or conditioner, or as 

26 

Organic materials from solid waste 

will reduce at a ratio of 1 ton to 250 kg or 25% 

conversion rate to organic fertilizer. Using this 

conversion rate, the volume of compost was 

estimated. These volumes were, for Scenario 

A, from 1201 m3 to 33,290 m3 by year 2015 

and for Scenario C, from 1201 m3 to 67,295 


for year 2015. Figure 12 shows the cumulative 

volume of compost under Scenarios A and C. 

Converting the volume of compost to 

number of bags at 250 kg per bag, there will be 

266,300 bags of compost generated for a period 

of eight years by composing market waste 

(Scenario A), while there will be 538,360 bags 

of compost generated by composting waste in 

all sectors (Scenario C ). Figure 13 shows the 

cumulative volume of compost generated from 

composting. 

A bag of composts weighs 50 kg and 

can be sold at P250/bag. If market waste will 

be utilized for composting, there will be 57,590 

bags of compost generated by year 2015. 

This bags of composts will have an equivalent 

amount of P14,397,480 per year or P1,199,790 

per month. More so, if all compostable waste 

from all sectors will be utilized, there will be 

177,860 bags of compost generated by year 

2015. This bags of compost will have an 

equivalent amount of P44,464,980.00 per year 

or P3,705,415.00 per month. 

Environmental Implications of Composting 

and Recycling Solid Waste 

To attain high waste recovery as 

mandated by Section 20 of R.A. 9003, 

city residents are encourage to segregate 

materials usually glass, paper, metals, plastic 

containers and sell them to door to door buyers 

or junkshop owners. If institutional waste alone 

will be recovered for recycling, there will be 

88,000 cu m of recyclable waste that will be 

sold to junkshops for eight year period. Adding 

waste recovery through waste recycling by all 

sectors, there will be 145,640 cu m of recyclable 

waste that will be sold to junkshops for eight 

year period. This means that waste entering 

the dumpsite will be reduced correspondingly 

by the same amount. If this will be so, lifespan 

of the dumpsite will be lengthened and the 

operational cost of maintaining the dumpsite 

will also be reduced. Since buying activities 

are through door-to-door buyers, collection 

and transportation expenditures will become a 

forgone cost. This will be a sure savings by the 

city government. 

Figure 12. Cumulative volume of compost under Scenarios A and C 

J.B. Guzman 

27

Figure 13. Simulated cumulative bags of composts under Scenarios A and C 

Figure 14. Simulated cumulative volume of recovered recyclable 

waste under Scenarios B and C 

28 


The practice of treating uncollected 

waste through backyard burning not only 

contribute to the amount of greenhouse gasses 

that causes global warming but also release 

some toxic substances into the atmosphere 

leaving a toxic residue in the air. Since there 

will be a reduction in the amount of uncollected 

waste or zero uncollected waste by year 2015 

(Scenario C), burning will eventually ceased. 

Tuguegarao City will then be free of residual ash 

and unburnable residues that are usually taken 

into the dumpsite for disposal. The residual 

ash contains a variety of toxic components that 

make it an environmental hazard if not disposed 

of properly. 

The Environmental Protection Agency 

has found alarming high levels of dioxins, furans, 

lead, and cadmium in burned ash. This must 

also be true to the burned waste in Tuguegarao 

City especially so because the burned waste 

contains plastics and used batteries. These 

toxic materials are even more concentrated in 

fly ash (lighter, airborne particles capable of 

penetrating deep into the lungs) than in heavy 

bottom ash. 

Recycling is usually a better alternative 

to either dumping or burning waste. It saves 

money, energy and land space while also 

reducing pollution. It encourages individual 

awareness and responsibility for the refuse 

produced. However, recycling and composting 

programs will only be successful through 

behavioral change by the city residents. 

Segregation of waste is the key factor followed 

by a change in the lifestyle. Programs on 

recycle, reuse and reduce are very important 

and should be supported by the city government. 

City government should implement no-use 

of plastics or simply use of biodegradable as 

bagging material in commercial establishments 

and in market. 


A Decision Support System (DSS) was 

developed to analyze and simulate the future 

scenarios of the solid waste management of 

J.B. Guzman 

Tuguegarao City using GIS and Stella modeling 

software. The primary and secondary data and 

information collected were population, per capita 

waste generation, average annual growth rates 

of population and solid waste composition in 

order to analyze and predict the total volume 

of waste generated and the corresponding 

volume of compostable, recyclable, collected, 

uncollected waste and compost. 

The four sources of solid waste were 


institutions, and markets each generating at 

a rate of 1,012 m3, 384 m3, 209 m3 and 122 

m3 of solid waste weekly that is equivalent to 

total waste generation at a rate of 1,745 m3/ 

wk.The waste composition per identifiable 

item was 279 m3 (16%) paper, 105 m3 (6%) 

plastic containers, 70 m3 (4%) metals, 70 m3 

(4%) glass, 279 m3 (16%) yard waste, 506 m3 

(29%) food waste, 122 m3 (7%) other organics, 

209 m3 (12%) other plastics, 70 m3 (4%) inert, 

17 m3 (1%) hazardous waste and 17 m3 (1%) 

special waste. The paper, plastic containers, 

metals, and glass were classified as recyclable 

waste (30%); the yard waste, food waste, and 

other organics were classified as compostable 

waste (52%); while the inert, hazardous waste, 

and special waste were the residual waste 

(18%). 

The DSS was used to search for best 

waste management options reflecting trend of 

future scenarios. Three among these scenarios 

were; Scenario A which is the composting 

of market compostable waste, Scenario B 

which is the recycling of institutional waste in 

addition to Scenario A, and Scenario C which 

is the composting and recycling of waste in all 

sectors. 

Considering the problem on the low 

recovery of waste, the composting and recycling 

activities was proposed. Composting of market 

waste (Scenario A) could result to a conversion 

of compostable market waste from 92 m3/ 

wk to 237 m3/wk while recycling institutional 

waste (Scenario B) could result to a recovery of 

institutional waste from 171 m3/wk to 225 m3/ 

29

wk. To further increase the volume of recovered 

waste, the composting and recycling waste 

from all sectors (Scenario C) was formulated. 

This could result to a conversion from 92 m3/ 

wk to 1002 m3/wk of compostable waste and 

recovery from 171 m3/wk to 617 m3/wk of 

recyclables waste by year 2015. 

The Decision Support System (DSS) 

can generate future trends of a barangay based 

data on the total volume of waste generated, 

recovered compostable and recyclable wastes, 

collected waste and uncollected waste including 

compost. These can guide in the selection of 

the best solid waste management option in the 

city by knowing the quantity of waste, the kind 

of waste, and the manner on how this waste 

are disposed or recovered over time. The DSS 

can help identify areas for sustainable supply 

of raw materials needed for composting and 

recycling projects and where to locate such 

project. 

Scenario C was able to address the 

problem of voluminous dumping of waste in 

the dumpsite by imposing waste recovery 

through recycling and composting all the waste 

generated in all sectors. This however requires 

change in the lifestyle of the city residents 

by becoming aware of recycling, reuse, and 

reducing the waste they produce and a support 

from the city government by providing facilities 

for waste recovery projects. 

IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

The Decision Support System is able 

to generate trends of waste management 

scenarios as basis for decision making. 

Identifying the sources of supply and determining 

the volume of raw materials for solid waste 

recovery projects can create awareness and 

encourage the city residents to undergo waste 

recovery in their own household or even in their 

barangay/clusters of barangay as a whole. The 

spatial distribution of recyclable materials from 

waste can further aid door-to-door buyers to 

spot barangay as potential sources of valuable 

materials. 

The practice of recovering waste 

through composting and recycling will eventually 

make the city free of littered waste and of carbon 

dioxide and toxic materials from burning waste. 

The availability of compost will direct farmers 

to the practice of organic farming/gardening. 

Money obtained from waste will help augment 

the meager income of the poor. 

It is recommended that the DSS be 

used by the city government to: 

a. determine the scale of solid waste 

recovery projects in order to be assured of a 

sustained supply of raw materials, 

b. decide what barangay or cluster of 

barangays to undergo solid waste recovery 

projects, and 

c. locate where to put up solid waste 

recovery projects 

It is further recommended that the DSS 

be piloted in any local government unit who 

decide to improve their waste management 

system. 

REFERENCES CITED 

BARTON, Allan F.M. 1979. Resource, 

Recovery and Recycling. A Willey 

Interscience publication. 

BETTS, Michael P. 1984. Trends in Solid 

Waste Management in Developing 

Countries. 

COINTREAU, Sandra J. 1984. Solid 

Waste Collection Practice and 

Planning in Developing Countries. 

Conference proceedings. 

CUNNINGHAM and CUNNINGHAM, 2007. 

Principles of Environmental Science 

Inquiry and Publications, 4th ed. 

Chapter 13. 

30 


GIBBONA, Scott. 2000. Mirzapur: A GIS that 

works. GIS development.net 

MASSIE, Keith. 2003. Using GIS to Improve 

Solid Waste Management and 

Recycling Programs. 

http://proceedings.esrt.com 

McHENRY, P. and P. Longhurst. 2002. The 

Development of a GIS-based Decision 

Support Tool for Waste Strategy 

Planning. Waste 2002 – Integrated 

Waste Management and Pollution 

Control: Research, Policy and 

Practice. Conference proceedings. 

Navarro, Rhea Abigail, 2003. A Systems 

Approach on Solid Waste 

Management in Metro Manila, 

Philippines. http://www.lumes.lu.se 

OGRA, Aurobindo. 2003. Logistics 

Management and Spatial Planning for 

Solid Waste Management System 

Using GIS. GIS Development.net 

SHANMUNGAN, Senthil. 2000. GIS-MIS- 

GPS for Solid Waste Management. 

GIS development.net 

SURESH, E.S. GIS-Based Multi-Objective 

Decision Support System for 

Siting Sanitary Landfills – Chennai 

Metropolitan Development Area: 

A Case Study Using Arcview Spatial 

Analysis. 

RA 9003. The Ecological Solid Waste 

Management Act. 

The Ecological Solid Waste Management 

Plan 

of Tuguegarao City: CY 

2003-2012. 

The Solid Waste Management Code 

of Tuguegarao City. City Planning and 

Development Coordinating Office. 

Tuguegarao City Annual Report, 2007 

J.B. Guzman 

31

FERTILITY MAPPING, PROFILING AND DATABASE 

BUILDING OF CORN CLUSTERS IN CAGAYAN, 

NUEVA VIZCAYA AND QUIRINO 1 

Generoso M. Oli, Felipe S. Aguinaldo, Vernon C. Dabalos, Angelita B. Calubaquib, RamonP. 

Divina,Ma. Editha B. Guillermo, Eva V. Eslava, Jennelyn R. Binarao, Alejandria S. Dabalos,Isagani 

S.Cabalsi, Eddie T. Rodriguez, Joaquin M. Banzali, Jr, Eleazar A.Castillo,Joey A. Calucag 

and Antonio B. Riazonda 2 

ABSTRACT 

The study aims to assess the fertility status of ten (10) corn cluster areas in the six (6) municipalities 

of Cagayan, two (2) in Nueva Vizcaya and two in (2) Quirino . Readily available fertilizer recommendation 

to individual corn farmers within the cluster was obtained, which serve as guide in fertilizer application. GIS 

software was used to develop thematic recommendation maps of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Potassium 

(K) and soil pH for each cluster. Interpolation, geo-processing and other spatial analysis were used in 

obtaining individual farmer’s reference table for specific fertilizer application rate. 

Developed maps and set of standard rate range for fertilizer application and soil pH, shows that 

Nitrogen (N) requirement for the whole cluster area of Villaverde, Quezon and Aglipay is at 

maximum rate (120 kg/ha), while majority (70-90%) of the areas of Lallo, Lasam, Pamplona, Penablanca, 

Tuguegarao City, Sta Teresita and Maddela are also requiring maximum rate of application. Phosphorous 

(P) requirement for these clusters are well distributed from minimum (20kg/ha) to maximum (60kg/ha) rate 

of application , with 40-50% of the areas in Sta Teresita, Villaverde, Quezon, Maddela and 30-60% in Lallo, 

Lasam, Penablanca, and Aglipay respectively. Lasam and Maddela are sufficient in Potassium (K), thus 

requiring minimum application at 30kg/ha. pH maps showed that majority of the areas of Pamplona, Sta 

Teresita, Aglipay and Maddela clusters range from strongly to extremely acidic thus requires application of 

lime. Soil acidity for other clusters are tolerable (neutral to moderately acidic) except for small portions where 

pH are under the range of strongly to extremely acidic. 

The application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in determining the proper fertilizer 

requirements of the soil is a potential alternative strategy to address the issue of appropriate application of 

inorganic fertilizer to corn in view of soil laboratory facilities insufficiency and high cost of chemicals for soil 

analysis. 

Keywords: Corn, Fertility Mapping, Database 

Soil supplies the essential nutrient 

needed by the crop. It has to be assessed 

to determine its sufficiency or deficiency. 

Application of major or minor elements needed 

could address soil deficiency. Inorganic 

fertilizer is one of the major inputs to crop 

production. The grade and amount has to be 

properly applied to attain the potential yield of 

the crop. Analysis of the soil has to be done 

prior to the application of fertilizer to the crop. 

However, farmers seldom have their soil 

analyzed for proper fertilizer recommendation. 

Tendency for this is either short or excess 

application of the crops’ requirement. The end 

result is low production or excess expense in 

the production cost. 

The insufficiency of soil laboratory 

facilities within the region and cost of chemicals 

needed in the analysis are some constraints in 

1 

3rd Place, Best Paper-Research Category, 21st CVARRD RSRDEH Symposium 

2 

Researchers, Department of Agriculture – Cagayan Valley Integrated Agricultural Research 

Center (DA-CVIARC), Ilagan Experiment Station, Ilagan, Isabela 

32

addressing individual clients’ requirement. The 

application of Geographic Information System 

(GIS) in determining the proper fertilizer 

requirements of the soil is an alternative 

strategy to address the problem. Hence, this 

project. 

Coverage 

OBJECTIVES 

1. To assess the fertility status of the 

corn clusters in Region 02. 

2. To develop thematic fertilizer 

recommendation maps of the corn 

clusters in Cagayan, Nueva 

Vizcaya and Quirino 

3. To have a readily available fertilizer 

recommendation as a guide to 

individual corn farmers within the 

cluster. 

4. To develop a database information 

on fertilizer status and farmers’ profile 

within the corn clusters. 


Corn cluster areas within the region 

will be covered by this activity. However, cluster 

areas of six Municipalities of Cagayan and 

two each of Quirino and Nueva Viscaya were 

given priority due to their large broad plain 

areas devoted for corn.Farmers’ profile were 

also gathered and encoded in the database for 

analysis 

Data Collection 

Coordination with the Local Government 

Units (LGUs) 

Coordination with the local government 

units was undertaken. Letter request addressed 

to the Municipal Mayors was routed out prior 

to orientation/ briefing of farmers to familiarize 

them of the activities to be undertaken. 

G.M. Oli, et.al 

Perimeter Delineation and Geo-referencing 

Perimeter boundary of the corn 

cluster areas were delineated using the Global 

Positioning System (GPS). Likewise, georeference 

were taken and recorded for some 

points within the perimeter as well as farmer’ 

farm locations as basis when this will be plotted 

in the base map. 

Soil Sample Collection 

Soil samples within the corn cluster 

areas were gathered following the recommended 

procedures. In this activity, approximately one 

sample for every 2.5 hectare were collected 

and submitted to the soil laboratory for analysis. 

Coordinates (x and y) of the sampling points 

were gathered using GPS. 

Encoding 

Results of soil laboratory analysis, 

farmers’ profile and geo-references were 

encoded in a data entry format developed using 

a Microsoft Access program. 

Processing /Interpretation of Data 

Data on fertilizer recommendations 

were processed using the functionalities of 

Microsoft Access and Excel programs. These 

were further processed using the Arcview 3.2 

GIS software. Thematic maps such as fertilizer 

recommendation maps (Nitrogen, Phosphorus 

and Potassium), pH map were developed/ 

interpolated using the GIS software. 

Site specific fertilizer recommendations 

can be determined when the farm location map 

will be overlaid in the interpolated fertilizer 

maps developed. Likewise, specific pH of the 

farm can also be determined with the same 

procedure. 

Updating of Soil Fertility and Farmers’ 

Profile 

33

Fertilizer recommendations will be 

updated every after 3 years or as the need 

arises. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

For the year 2008, ten (10) corn cluster 

areas comprising of six (6) municipalities of 

Cagayan and two (2) municipalities each for 

Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya were covered in 

this project. A total of 5,125 hectares corn 

cluster areas were surveyed, 4, 791 individual 

farm lots geo-referenced, 1,976 soil samples 

collected and analyzed(interpolated) with 

3,184 farmer beneficiaries. The corn cluster 

areas were classified as follows: 

Table 1. Summary of Data Gathered from the Covered Areas 

Four (4) maps were developed for 

each cluster area. Three recommendation 

maps for the macro nutrients (N, P, K) and a pH 

map. The generated maps of each corn cluster 

areas were analyzed following standard rate as 

shown in the table below. 

Standard Rate 

For the pH map for each cluster, the 

following pH range and description as described 

by the soils laboratory was adopted: 

Standard pH Description 

34 

Fertility Mapping, Profiling and Database Build Up ..............

Fertility Mapping 

Soil samples collected from the field 

were analyzed in the soil laboratory. The 

results were inputed in a GIS software and 

an interpolated maps were derived. Digitized 

nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) 

recommendation maps and pH map were 

developed (sample maps attached). 

Nitrogen (N) Recommendation Map 

Nitrogen recommendation map showed 

that the areas of Lasam, Villaverde, Quezon 

and Aglipay corn clusters in Quirino including 

Lallo, Pamplona, Peñablanca, Tuguegarao 

City, Sta. Teresita, Maddela are requiring a 

maximum rate of nitrogen application at 120 

kg/ha. (Table 1). 

Phosphorous (P) Recommendation Map 

Areas ranging from 40-50% in 

Maddela, Quezon, Sta. Teresita and Villaverde 

clusters require a rate of minimum (20kg/ha) 

rate of phosphorus application. While some 

areas (30-60) of Penablanca, Lasam, Lallo and 

Aglipay clusters are requiring a maximum rate 

of phosphorous (60kg/ha) (Table 1). 

Potassium (K) Recommendation Map 

The whole cluster areas of Lasam 

and Maddela are sufficient in Potassium. 

Majority (70-90%) of the area in Penablanca, 

Pamplona, Villaverde, Quezon and Aglipay 

are also sufficient which requires a minimum 

application rate of 30kg/ha (Table 1). 

pH Map 

Observations from the generated pH 

map of the ten corn cluster areas are also 

shown in the table below. 

Table 2. Fertilizer and pH status of corn clusters. *Based on maps generated for the 10 clusters 

Fertilizer Recommendation Reference 

Fertilizer recommendation reference for 

each farmer within the clusters was extracted 

from the interpolated N, P, K and pH digitized 

G.M. Oli, et.al 

maps developed. These are the final outputs 

which are given to the farmers as reference. 

35

STBF: A FAST-MOVING TECHNO-TRANSFER VEHICLE FOR ENHANCED PEANUT 

PRODUCTIVITY IN JONES, ISABELA 1 

Rose Mary G. Aquino, Florante Leano, Jr., Lanie Galla, 

Roger Salvador, Vanessa Joy Fortin 2 

ABSTRACT 

The Science and Technology- Based Farm (STBF) Project aims to address the need to increase 

peanut production and improve productivity in Jones, Isabela. The project started through the conduct of 

reconnaissance survey wherein farming situation and practices of the selected Magsasaka-Siyentista (MS) 

were gathered as reference in identifying best technology options (increase seeding rate and wider spacing 

of new varieties, seed inoculation, basal fertilization and gypsum side-dressing) for demonstration in the 

STBF. Important technology-showcasing events like conduct of field days/harvest festival, provision of 

trainings and IEC materials were also done to ensure technology transfer and adoption. 

Results of the STBF in three (3) crop-cycles (2 wet season and 1 dry season trial) revealed significant 

increase on peanut yield and income. Obtained data during the 1st cycle 2007 wet season resulted to 

pod yield of 2,825 kgs/ha (using Asha variety) and 2,750 kgs/ha (Namnama-1 or NSIC Pn 11 variety) as 

compared to MS traditionally-managed farm yield of only 1,680 kgs/ha. Significant results were noted during 

the 2nd cycle (2008 dry season) and 3rd crop-cycle (2008 wet season) because obtained pod yield reached 

almost 3,240 kgs/ha using Asha variety. 

The eventual adoption of science-based technology interventions had tremendously improved 

peanut income as shown in the partial budget analysis. Average added cost (across crop-cycles) of Php 

7,084/ha due to adoption of S&T interventions gave an average added return of Php 20,903/ha. Convincing 

results during the field day were presented with the 30 farmer-students of Barangay Arubub and are now 

adopting the technology interventions. About 172 corn farmers in other Barangays are participating in peanut 

production. 

Keywords: Peanut, STBF 

Peanut is primarily grown as cash crop 

in corn-based areas with distinct wet and dry 

seasons. It is usually planted mostly during dry 

season as rotation crop after corn. With the 

advent of high yielding hybrid varieties of corn 

and the favorable market, farmers shifted into 

corn–corn production cropping pattern. This 

is the reason why drastic reduction on peanut 

production in Cagayan Valley particularly in 

Isabela province was experienced in the early 

90s that resulted to massive and substantial 

increase of importation since 1997 (BAS, 1978- 

1998). 

Similarly, farmers seldom keep a 

portion of their harvest for planting in the next 

cropping due to rapid seed deterioration with 

the absence of conducive storage facility 

(peanut seeds viability is lost in less than 6 

months under ordinary storage). 

On the other hand, average net income 

from peanut production is still low, at pod yield 

level of 1.2 – 1.8 tons/ha (assuming sold at 

P18.00 – P20.00/kg), the average net income 

is only P7, 690.00. Low yield and high cost 

of production attributed to use of low-yielding 

varieties, poor soil and pests management, 

drought, flash floods (that usually occur at 

seedling – vegetative stage under river flood 

1 

1st Place, Best Paper-Development Category, 21st CVARRD RSRDEH Symposium 

2 

STBF Local Project Team, Techno Gabay Program 

36

prone areas) and high cost of manual labor in 

weeding, harvesting and post-harvest operation 

resulted to the low pod yield. 

Looking into these production 

constraints, it is imperative to improve peanut 

productivity in order to be competitive with 

corn and other crops. This calls for productivity 

enhancement through promotion and utilization 

of science-based package of technologies. 

While the existing production areas in Cagayan 

Valley are limited to few municipalities, there 

is therefore a need to encourage production 

expansion in adjacent municipalities (cluster 

production) to meet market volume requirement. 

The Municipality of Jones, Isabela, for example, 

have the potential to produce huge volume of 

peanut, with about 2,000 hectares sandy-loam 

soil suitable soil for peanut production . With 

the advent of latest technologies and varieties, 

the possibility of planting peanut in heavy (clay 

loam) soils can likewise be explored to further 

expand production areas. 

However, prior to any production 

expansion endeavor; problem on slow 

technology transfer or adoption shall be given 

attention. Indeed, available mature technologies 

will remain futile without farmer-adopters 

that must feel the significant contributions of 

the technologies in their farming production 

business. Hence, the establishment of 

Science & Technology - based farms (STBF) 

Project being managed by the Magsasakang- 

Siyentista (MS) or Farmer-Scientist, who is in 

the process responsible in technology adoption 

and promotion, is one effective mechanism 

and extension modality to improve peanut 

productivity. 

OBJECTIVES 

GOAL: To increase peanut production and 

income in Region 02 

General Objective: To enhance peanut 

productivity in Jones, Isabela 

R.M.G. Aquino, et. al 

Specific Objectives: 

This project was undertaken to: 

1. extend appropriate technical 

assistance on the package of 

technology for peanut production 

through farmers’ classes and trainings 

2. improve the farming operations and 

productivity of the Magsasaka 

Siyentista (MS) applying the peanut 

science-based technology. 

3. demonstrate and showcase improved 

production technology on peanut 

to at least 30 farmers / entrepreneurs / 

stakeholders. 

4. assemble best production 

technologies from land preparation to 

post-harvest stage that improved 

peanut seed quality and yield. 

5. improve/fast-track technology 

promotion and adoption of sciencebased 

technologies 

M E T H O D O L O G Y / P R O C E D U R E / 

STRATEGIES OF IMPLEMENTATION 

Conduct of Reconnaisance Survey 

This was done in the LGU-Jones FITS 

center of CVARRD considering peanut as its 

commodity thrust. In the conduct of the survey, 

gap analysis on Magsasaka-Siyentista farming 

practices was undertaken with emphasis on 

input system, production system, post-harvest 

system, marketing system, support services 

and existing peanut production/farming 

practices (Table 1). 

Identification and Selection of Magsasaka- 

Siyentista 

The Magsasaka-Siyentista (MS) was 

evaluated and chosen based from the following 

criteria namely; must be traditional peanut 

37

grower, willing to test S&T based technology 

interventions, willing to be trained on the 

identified technology interventions, willing and 

generous to share his experience and knowhow 

with other farmers and willing to use his 

farm as venue for seminars and farmers’ field 

day activities. On the other hand, S&T- based 

farm was selected due to its accessibility and 

nearness to market outlet. 

S&T- based Farm Management 

The S&T based farm was established 

as superimposed trial within the MS peanut 

area of approximately 1.0 hectare in the lower 

vega (river-flood prone areas) 0.5 ha upland 

area (sloppy areas) during dry season and wet 

season, respectively. 

From the set of identified best technology 

options as reflected in the MS Gap analysis 

(Table 1), the following S&T interventions were 

adopted in the establishment and management 

of demo-farm: 

Spacing and Seeding rate and Variety Used 

*Dry Season 

- 140-150 kgs/ha unshelled seeds 

- 10 cm x 40 cm spacing (250,000 plants/ha) 

- Asha and Namnama-1 Varieties 

*Wet Season 

- 130 kgs/ha unshelled seeds 

- 15 cm x 50 cm spacing 

(133,333 t0 150,000 plants/ha) 

- Namanama-1 and Namnama-2 varieties 

Soil fertility and Nutrient Management 

- rhizobium seed inoculation at 

1 pack/20 kgs shelled seeds 

- Basal fertilization based from Soils 

Laboratory Recommended Rate 

- Gypsum (Calcium sulphate) side-dressing at 

peak flowering (20-35 DAE) 

38 

Cultivation and Weeding 

-spraying of post-emergence herbicide 

40-50 DAE (optional, depending on 

weed population) 

Harvesting 

- attain full maturation, using Asha variety 

(130-140 DAP during D.S. and 140- 

150 DAP during W.S) 

Data Gathering & Economic Analysis 

Yield component data were gathered 

and recorded for economic analysis. These 

include insect and disease incidence and 

damages and other important observations. 

Cost incurred from land preparation to postharvest 

operation was also recorded for 

cost and return analysis and Partial Budget 

Analysis. 

Project Monitoring and Evaluation 

In order to ensure smooth 

implementation of S&T-based interventions 

and other technology promotion activities, 

close and regular monitoring and evaluation of 

the project were done by the team composed 

of the FITS Manager, Technical Expert, Focal 

Person and RTG Coordinator. Frequency of visit 

is dependent on the field activities, however, 

the FITS manager, Technical Expert and Focal 

Person used to visit the demonstration farm 2-4 

times a week to prescribe immediate solutions 

to any observations / problems encountered. 

Other Technology Promotion Strategies 

To further facilitate promotion of 

technologies, the following were likewise 

undertaken and extended to MS and target 

farmer-adaptors: 

a. Production and distribution of 

IEC materials (translated 

STBF: A Fast-Moving Techno Transfer Modality ..............

in the predominant dialect 

in the site) on the Magsasaka 

Siyentista and his farmer-students 

adopted technology interventions. 

b. Conduct of trainings/briefings and 

techno-forum on recent updates on 

peanut production technologies 

(particularly of the showcased 

technology interventions). 

c. Conduct of process demonstration on 

some science-based technology 

interventions that requires step-bystep 

process like in the case of 

Rhizobium seed inoculation, fertilizer 

and gypsum application, etc. 

d. Conduct of field Days 

This was done at full maturity of the 

peanut plants in order to showcase to farmervisitors 

and other stakeholders the convincing 

results of the STBF as an effect of demonstrated 

Science-based technology interventions. In this 

way, technology transfer and adoption can be 

fast-tracked. 


Significant results and impact of the 

peanut Science and Technology-Based Farm 

(STBF) were obviously felt and noted by the 

Magsasaka-Siyentista, stakeholders and 

community people through the following: 

Peanut Yield and Technical 


Significant effects of the sciencebased 

technology interventions were noted 

consistently in the three (3)-crop cycles duration 

of the STBF. Actually, during the 1st cropping 

cycle (2007 wet season, July-December), 

pod yield of 2,825 kgs/ha (using Asha variety) 

and 2,750 kgs/ha (using Namnama-1 variety) 

were obtained from the STBF which are sixty 

percent (60%) higher than the yield obtained 

by the MS from his traditionally managedplot/farm 

with only 1,680 kgs/ha (Table 4). 

Comparable results were also noted during the 

2nd cropping-cycle (2008 dry season, January- 

May) wherein a yield increase of seventy eight 

percent (78%) was obtained in favor of STBF 

(Table 6). Such result was attributed to applied 

technology interventions such as improved 

seeding rate (additional 30 kgs/ha) and right 

spacing, gypsum (calcium sulfate) sidedressing, 

and seed inoculation. Since Asha 

variety produced the highest yield during dry 

season and has prolonged maturity during wet 

season, it is therefore an appropriate variety for 

planting during dry season to attain high yield. 

In the 3rd crop-cycle or last cropping 

cycle of the project (2008 wet season, July- 

November), highest yield was taken from 

STBF using the introduced new wet season 

variety (Namnama-2 or NSIC Pn 14) with pod 

yield of 2,948 kgs/ha (Table 9). However, yield 

under MS traditionally-managed farm (farmer’s 

practice) is also high because the MS had 

already adopted some of the science-based 

technology interventions showcased in the 

1st and 2nd crop-cycle like the application of 

Gypsum and right spacing which manifest that 

the MS is already convinced of the performance 

of the promoted technologies in increasing 

yield thereby confirming the technical feasibility 

of the promoted technologies (Table 2). 

Peanut Income and Economic Viability 

Using Partial Budget Analysis, a net 

financial impact of P20,551/ha was derived 

during the 1st crop-cycle (2007 wet season) 

from the STBF despite the added cost of P8,074/ 

ha due to adoption of technology interventions 

(Tables 2 and 3). The same trend was noted 

during the 2nd and 3rd crop-cycle (Tables 5, 

7 and 8) which revealed that the added cost 

in adopting introduced technologies are well 

compensated by the added returns. Indeed, 

the added returns are twice, if not almost thrice, 

the added cost making the MS and his farmerstudents 

confidently adopt such promoted 

technology interventions. 

39

Community Participation in Technology 

Promotion/Adoption (Social and Political 

Acceptability) 

Two (2) successful field days were 

conducted within the three (3) crop-cycles 

project duration of the STBF. Actually, the first 

successful field day happened on May 29, 2008 

(2nd cycle, dry season) was attended by 223 

participants/stakeholders (Appendix 1) which 

are mostly farmers within and outside the STBF 

site in Bgy. Arubub, Jones, Isabela. Impressed 

on the STBF impact on yield and income 

presented by the MS himself during the field 

day, therefore, the 30 farmer-students (Table 

11) of the MS and about 300 corn farmers in 

neighboring Barangays signified their interest 

not only to adopt the demonstrated technology 

interventions but to grow peanut in rotation with 

corn thus a shifting or changes on their farming 

system is insinuated and felt influencing 

positively the farming values of low-income 

corn farmers. Actually, a more successful 

crowd-drawing event was experienced in the 

field day conducted on November 10, 2008 

with the participation of 198 stakeholders (see 

attached attendance sheets). Due to insistence 

of almost 300 farmers to grow peanuts already 

in their corn fields, the Municipal Mayor (Engr. 

Florante Raspado) of LGU-Jones, Isabela had 

supported the seed production of introduced 

varieties and procured more than 3,000 kgs 

of peanut seeds (worth P150,000) which he 

distributed during the event. This highlighted 

the occasion wherein hundreds of corn farmers 

had happily received their planting materials 

aside from the peanut seed production training 

immediately extended to the farmers by the 

Technical Expert in the afternoon session of 

the field day to enhance their knowledge on 

peanut production. To further improve the skills 

and knowledge of farmer-adopters on peanut 

production, copies of IEC materials (produced 

out of documented best production technologies 

and practices by MS) were distributed during 

the conduct of the activity. 

Production Expansion and Crop 

Diversification 

40 

As an impact of the STBF, about 2,000 

hectares corn-based areas in the Municipality 

of Jones, Isabela are now gradually planted 

with peanut (corn-peanut rotation) with support 

of commitments from the Barangay and 

LGU officials thus possibly retrieving back 

the identity of Jones as “Peanut Basket” of 

Isabela Province. Actually, a total of 172 corn 

farmers (Table 12) from different barangays 

of Jones, Isabela had already started growing 

peanut supporting the need for production 

expansion and crop diversification in the said 

municipality. 

Enterprise Building and Marketing 

The implementation of peanut STBF 

had opened doors for other agencies like the 

DOST and DOLE to share their resources in 

establishing a “Peanut Processing and Learning 

Center”. This is part of the development of 

community-based peanut industry involved 

in the business of small-scale peanut food 

processing in Jones, Isabela. With this, training 

on peanut food processing was conducted on 

March 16-17, 2009 with the participation of 25 

housewives and some Barangay nutritionists 

(Appendix 2). The training was initiated by 

DOST in partnership with DOLE, LGU, CVARRD 

and DA-CVIARC with the objective of providing 

rural households additional source of income 

and at the same time creating local market for 

peanuts in Jones, Isabela. Today, the trained 

group is now producing some acceptable 

peanut processed products that are already 

on-display for sale during festivals and exhibits. 

Soon, these peanut processed products will 

already be part of the “pasalubong” products 

of the Municipality of Jones thus helping the 

said LGU generate employment and income 

thereby supporting the development of local 

peanut industry. 

Technology Transfer vis-à-vis Farmers’ 

Empowerment 

Through the STBF project, the 

Magsasaka Siyentista together with his 30 


farmer-students were motivated to become 

technology-transfer agents as manifested 

by the multiplying number of peanut growers 

in the Municipality of Jones today (Table 11). 

In fact, the Magsasaka Siyentista (Mr. Roger 

Salvador) is now serving as resource person 

in technology-forum and trainings sharing his 

expertise in peanut production. Furthermore, 

the MS is now initiating conduct of peanut 

harvest festivals in Bgy, Arubub (conducted in 

May 30, 2009) as his way of further supporting 

and promoting peanut production to enhance 

farming productivity in Jones, Isabela. Actually, 

the MS was awarded outstanding Magsasaka 

Siyentista (Provincial and Regional Level) and 

regional and national runner-up outstanding 

Gawad-Saka Corn-based farmer (due to his 

peanut//corn and peanut-corn cropping pattern 

practices) which made him one of DA Farmer- 

Led Extensionist (FLE). 

Environmental Impact 

The technology interventions promoted 

in the peanut STBF supported and advocated 

least application of chemical fertilizer due to the 

crop ability to fix its nitrogen requirement from 

the atmosphere. Actually, growing of peanut in 

rotation with cereals (corn and rice) ensures 

soil fertility improvement resulting to lesser 

application of hazardous chemical fertilizer for 

the preceding or rotating cereal crops. Fresh 

fodder or dry matter yield of peanut is very 

safe and ideal livestock (some ruminants) 

forage foodstuff because insecticide spraying 

is generally not or seldom practiced by the 

farmers. 


Due to the significant impact of the 

STBF on the general productivity of peanut 

farming, as reflected by the obtained high 

yield and income and as manifested by the 

warm acceptance and receptivity of farmers 

to promoted science-based technologies; the 

conduct of STBF is therefore an important and 

effective technology-promotion mechanism to 

fast-track technology transfer and adoption for 


enhanced productivity. The fast multiplication 

of technology-adopters (from 1 MS in the 1st 

cycle to 30 farmer-students in the 2nd cycle 

and 172 peanut producers in the 3rd cycle) 

is a clear indication that STBF must already 

form part of the technology transfer strategies 

in the Research and Development/Extension 

program of government research institutions. 

While farmers’ interest on the planting and 

utilization of promoted new peanut varieties and 

gypsum (calcium sulfate) is now immensely felt 

, seeds of new varieties should be ensured in 

sufficient supply and accessibility of farmers 

to gypsum fertilizer supplier (not sourced-out 

from expensive export outlets) must be given 

attention. 

Furthermore, budget of the STBF 

must include expenses for the conduct of field 

days. In order to support enthusiasm of LGU- 

Jones in pushing local peanut food processing, 

STBF on peanut processing must likewise be 

implemented. 


Aquino, R.G, Lorenzana, O.J. 2002. 

Namnama 1: First Cagayan 

Valley Peanut All Season Variety. 

Department of Agriculture – Cagayan 

Valley Integrated Agricultural 

Research Center (DA-CVIARC), San 

Felipe, Ilagan, Isabela. 

Aquino, R.G., Lorenzana, O., Fortin, 

V and V.A. Peralta. 2008. NAMNAMA 

2: CVIARC Peanut Crop Improvement 

Project High-Yielding Wet Season 

Variety. Adaptive Research Paper 

Presented during the 2007 BAR 

National Research Review, October 4, 

2007. 

Aquino, R.G., Lorenzana, O., Fortin, V and 

V.A. Peralta. 2008. Introduction, 

Promotion and Efficient Seed 

Support System on ICRISAT Asha 

Peanut Variety in Region 02, 

Philippines. Development Paper 

41

Presented during the 2008 BAR 

National Research Review, October 2, 

2008. 

S. Joglloy, B. Toomsan, D. Chodistyangkul, 

S. Wongkaew, B. Siri, T. 

Sansayavichai. 2002. Development 

of Large-Seeded Peanut Production 

System in Thailand for Commercial 

and Industrial Utilization. Faculty of 

Agriculture, khon Kaen University, 

Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. 

Hayat, Rifat. 2005. Sustainable Legume- 

Cereal Cropping System though 

Management of Biological Nitrogen 

Fixation in Pothwar. PhD thesis, 

University of Arid Agriculture, 

Rawalpindi. 

Manalaysay, E., Buan, R., Alkuino, L., 

Cachuela, R., Lustre, A.O., and 

Resurrecion, A.V.A. Design of a 

Peanut Service Station for 

Peanut Farmers. USAID Peanut 

Collaborative Research Support 

Program USA-PHILIPPINES 

S.N. Nigam, R. Aruna, DY Giri, GV Ranga 

Rao and AGS Reddy. 2006. 

Obtaining Sustainabe Higher 

Groundnut Yields: Principles and 

Practices of Cultivation. ICRISAT, 

India. 

S.N. Nigam, DY Giri and AGS Reddy. 

2004. Groundnut Seed Production 

Manual. International Crops Research 

Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 

T. Mungkunchawkamchaw, B. Toomsan, D. 

Jothiyangkoon ans S. Jogloy.2005. 

Effect of Phosphorus, Potassium and 

Calcium on Yield and Seed Quality of 

42 


RURAL ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH 

INNOVATIVE GOAT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 

(REGION II) 1 

Wilson A. Cerbito, Jonathan N. Nayga, Diosdado Canete, 

Manuel C. Galang, Ricardo Azarcon, Edsel Miguel 2 

ABSTRACT 

Rural-based enterprise development (RED) is a holistic approach to technology commercialization 

and enterprise building. A rural-based enterprise consists of three important components: (1) production 

system; (2) organization and management; and (3) linkages. 

The RED project is implemented in four (4) regions of the country, Region 1,2,3 and 8. In Region 02, 

specifically in Isabela, the focal site is located in the municipality of Echague in Barangays Sto. Domingo, 

Anafunan and Malitao Alicia as the control site, in Barangays Aurora, Antonino and Del Pilar. 

Comparative baseline data on goats’ technical performance indicate that major problems in goat 

production are high mortality rates, due to parasitism and diseases, slow growth of kids resulting to goats 

getting smaller, including marketing problems. All farmer-partners (100%) adopted the technology options, 

which addresse the mentioned problems. Other technology options preferred by farmers include strategic 

deworming, pasture/forage establishment for feeding of improved forage, upgrading and concentrate/vitamin 

supplementation with 90.0%, 80.0%, 80.0% and 70.8% adoption rate respectively by farmers-partners in the 

focal sites. Goat productivity in focal sites gave evidence of a 110% increase in the number of does from 114 

does beginning inventory with 5.7 average doe-level to the current inventory of 240 does with 12.0 average 

doe-level from the total 20 farmer-partners. 

Upgrading through the infusion of superior breeder bucks coupled with the adoption of complementary 

technology options significantly improved the quality of offspring and resulted in bigger size. Birth weights of 

goats are 2.35 kg, 12.95 kg for weaning weights, and the marketing weight is 26.55 kg. The total targeted 

adopters of the project is 80 farmer-partners including spill-over after two years. As of this report, there are 

20 farmer-partners involved in the RED project and 60 farmers partners belongs to the spill-over category. 

The study realized the Incremental Cost and Return of a 25-Doe Level Goat Enterprise using 

Partial Budgeting Analysis of 1-2 cycles (March 2008-March 2009) for PhP 92, 400, PhP 36,960 for 10 Doe 

Level and PhP 18,480 for the 5 Doe Level. 

Keywords: Goat, enterprise development 

Goats are considered as rural 

asset. Although not properly quantified, 

the contributions of goats to rural farming 

communities are well recognized. Goats 

have the potential for increased production in 

relatively short period of time. They require 

little capital investments, can utilize local 

feed resources, and provide opportunities for 

women and children to participate in building a 

sustainable livestock enterprise while ensuring 

food security for the family. 

Goats also play other significant socioeconomic 

and cultural roles, i.e., insurance, 

savings, minimal risk accumulation of assets, 

diversification of farm resources, and fulfillment 

of various socio-cultural obligations of the 

underprivileged rural farmers. However, the 

1 

2nd Place, Best Development Paper Category, CVARRD 21st RSRDEH Symposium 

2 

RED Region II Project Team, Isabela State University University 

43

goat’s full economic potentials are yet to be 

realized. The wide variability in the production 

performance ( e.g., birth weight ranging from 

1.7 kg to 3.16 kg; slaughter weight ranging 

from 10 kg to 20 kg, etc.) and product quality 

(e.g. meatiness) of goats in smallholder farms 

is considered a major deterrent to its utilization 

as reliable livelihood option for small farmers. 

Major causes of these are the low 

productivity of existing stocks and low adoption 

of improved goat production technologies/ 

practices. Nevertheless, the experiences and 

results of projects previously implemented in 

various areas of the country as reported by 

Alo (2003), Brown et al. (2003), Venturina et 

al. (2003) and PCARRD (2003,2004b, 2005, 

2006) have demonstrated that application 

of improved packages of technology in 

smallholder farms can effectively enhance the 

production performance and thus, profitability 

of goat production in smallholder farms. 

Moreover, through the said projects, 

modalities for effective and efficient adoption of 

technology packages by smallholder farmers 

have been developed and tested on-farm. The 

aforesaid successes achieved by smallholder 

farmers demonstrated the positive response 

of goats in smallholder farms to improved 

packages of production technologies. The 

increased productivity (e.g., 98% improvement 

in growth rate) of goats in these farms presents 

smallholder goat production as one of the 

potential livelihood options for rural farming 

communities to flee from poverty. 

This project is anchored on the 

successes and learning in enhancing goat 

production that were gained from completed 

ILRI-IFAD TAG 443 and CASREN projects 

and from a CGIAR-funded on-going project 

now being implemented in Bambang, Nueva 

Viscaya (PCARRD, 2005-2006). It hopes, 

among others, to contribute in the attainment 

of the technical targets, i.e., reduction of preweaning 

mortality from 25% to 10% and 

increase in slaughter weight from 15 kg to 30 

kg by 2020, of the Industry Strategic Plan of the 

44 

Pasture-Ruminant Cluster. 

OBJECTIVES 

The primary goal of the project is to contribute 

to the Philippine government’s bid to alleviate 

poverty in rural areas by transforming goat 

raising from a subsistence type of farm activity 

into a viable livestock-based rural enterprise. 

Specifically, the project aims to: 

1. Increase goat productivity by about 

50% in the focal sites and improve the 

profitability of goat production in this 

areas; 

2. Enhance market access of 

smallholder goat producers by 

improving the quality of their products 

to match consumer preferences; 

3. Enhance adoption of improved goat 

production technologies by 

smallholder rural farmers through 

action learning strategies; 

4. Develop a community-based selection 

and breeding system that suits to 

rural farmers’ resources and 

capacities for a continual goat genetic 

improvement and sustained supply of 

high quality goats; 

5. Determine the productive and 

reproductive performance of improved 

goat genotypes raised under 

smallholder farm conditions; and 

6. Determine the benefits and costs 

accruing from the adoption of 

improved production systems and 

technologies. 


Pre-implementation Meeting of project 

implementers 

Rural Enterprise Development Through Innovative ..............

An inception meeting-workshop 

between LRD-PCARRD and the implementers 

were held to discuss the project’s concept, 

methodology, expected outputs, and other 

pertinent issues. Concerns such as criteria for 

site and farmer selection, data to be gathered 

for site characterization, data/information to be 

gathered during regular monitoring activities, 

roles/responsibilities of project partners, etc. 

were discussed and firmed up. 

Selection of project sites 

Prior to project site selection, secondary 

data in terms of goat population and largest 

goat-producing municipalities in Cagayan Valley 

were gathered from the Provincial Veterinary 

Office of the Isabela Provincial Government. 

On the basis of the secondary data, 

Echague and Alicia Isabela were the top two 

municipalities with the highest concentration 

of goat population. Field validation was 

undertaken to validate the secondary data 

gathered and to determine the villages which 

will serve as focal and control sites. Echague 

Isabela was selected as the project focal sites 

while, Alicia Isabela was identified to serve as 

the control site. Meeting with the officers of 

Echague Goat Raisers/Producers Association 

was also done for possible collaboration. 

The selection of project sites/focal 

villages was based on the following general/ 

indicative criteria: (a) high goat density, (b) 

goat production recognized as economically 

important, (c) accessibility, (d) high radiation 

effect, (e) presence of support system, among 

others. The final site selection criteria used by 

all implementers was decided on the project’s 

inception meeting-workshop. 

Selection of farmer-partners 

The farmer-partners were selected based on 

the following criteria: 

a. Willingness to participate in the project 

J.N. Nayga, et. al 

b. Smallholders with at least 5-doe level 

goats per family 

c. Positive receptivity to innovative 

technologies/development projects 

d. Have some knowledge and 

understanding of feeds, animal 

performance, production/management 

systems, e.g. deworming, housing, 

etc. 

e. Enterprising 

Characterization of focal sites, farm 

households, and selected farmer-partners 

Using structured questionnaires, the 

focal sites, farm household, and selected 

farmer-partners were characterized. The 

characterization activity was conducted to: 

(a) generate baseline information/data for 

future impact assessment studies; (b) identify 

constraints in the system being practiced, 

as well as define researchable issues; and 

(c) provide basis in the selection of farmerpartners. 

The site selection focused on 

biophysical, socioeconomic, and institutional 

characteristics. The biophysical characteristics 

determined were climate, vegetation, soil type, 

topography, length of growing period, cropping 

pattern, among others. 

The socioeconomic data gathered were 

average farm size, tenure status, per capita 

income, average household size, average age 

and educational level, contribution of livestock 

to household income, access to market 

indicators, among others. 

On institutional characteristics, data/ 

information collected were on access to R&D 

institutions engaged in livestock R&D and R&D 

facilities, access to credit, farmers’ groups/ 

cooperatives, marketing infrastructures, 

presence of product processing facilities, 

among others. On the characterization of the 

45

selected farmer-partners, data/information 

collected were on household information, 

animal systems and labor allocation, crop/foodfeed 

systems, constraints to production, postharvest 

practices, agricultural decision making, 

among others. 

Capability building 

Technology trainings, cross visits/ 

lakbay-aral/field days, exhibit to existing 

goat farms, training on entrepreneurial skills 

development, participation in goat shows were 

some of the project activities already conducted 

to empower the project’s farmer-partners. The 

formation of farmers’ association and activities 

towards enterprise development will still be 

done. The capability building strategy used 

was patterned from the process adopted by 

CASREN Philippines (2003). The mentioned 

activities encouraged the farmer-partners to 

adopt improved goat production systems and 

other related technologies (Table 1) through 

action learning strategies developed through 

the ILRI-IFAD and CASREN projects (Alo, 

2003; Venturina et al., 2003; CASREN, 2003). 

46 


1 Table 1. List of some technologies/improved practices introduced, their description, benefits, 

and the science behind the practice. 


47

Specific activities focused on enabling 

strategies for he farmer-partners to gain access 

to technologies and develop innovations to befit 

these technology inputs into their resources 

and capabilities and enhance their access to 

markets by producing animals that possess 

characteristics preferred by consumers as described 

by Orden and Jamandre (2003). Community-based 

selection and breeding strategies 

will also be presented as an option to improve 

productivity and quality of goats. 

Project market development and business 

components 

The market development and business 

aspect were conducted by the project. To discuss 

the market and business plan of the RED 

project, it is best to situate them within an enterprise 

network. The framework is shown in 

Figure 1. 

Figure 1. Framework for Technology-based Rural Enterprise Development Process 

Rural-based enterprise development 

(RED) is a holistic approach to technology 

commercialization and enterprise building. 

A rural-based enterprise consists of three 

important components: (1) production system; 

(2) organization and management; and (3) 

linkages. 

Technology-based rural enterprises 

are those where the outputs of R&D, in 

terms of technology or information, become 

prominent and integral to the whole enterprise 

operation. Such outputs may serve as inputs 

to the production system which may be used 

to alter existing practices/processes (e.g. use 

of controlled breeding to allow selection and 

pairing of breeder stocks to produce offspring of 

desired genetic and phenotypic characteristics). 

The goal of the R&D system is to generate and 

utilize this technologies/information to improve 

the enterprise system. 

In this project, the focal sites, farm 

household, and the selected farmer-partners 

48 

need to be characterized. Based on the 

baseline information, it will be known whether 

the technologies and input systems are well in 

place or are insufficient. The insufficiency or 

unavailability will then be addressed through the 

project intervention activities. The technology/ 

information needed to support/improve 

production systems to enhance performance 

and enhance the quality of the products is laid 

out for the farmers to choose from. 

Technology trainings, cross visits/ 

lakbay-aral/field days, exhibit to existing 

goat farms, training on entrepreneurial skills 

and development and formation of farmers’ 

association, participation in goat shows form 

part of the project activities to empower the 

project’s farmer-partners who will operate the 

production systems and manage the enterprise. 

Specific activities focus on enabling strategies 

for the farmer-partners to gain access to 

technologies and develop innovations to befit 

these technology inputs into their resources 

and capabilities and enhance their access to 


markets by producing animals that possess 

characteristics preferred by consumers. 

The goat raisers were encouraged to 

form an association. The goat enterprise will then 

be organized and managed by the association. 

It will discuss plans on what products to sell 

– slaughter goats (per head or per kilogram 

live weight). Pricing of the products will be 

discussed and standardized during meetings. 

Arrangements with prospective buyers (traders, 

middlemen, private institutions, and co-farmers) 

and promotion of products will be handled by 

the association. By educating these producers, 

and by promoting opportunities within the goat 

industries, producers have an opportunity 

to earn extra income and thus improve the 

economic status of their household. 

As shown in the same Fig., baseline 

data that were gathered through the site 

characterization, access to support systems 

or if there is difficulty in getting such services 

will be determined. Linkages that will enhance 

complementation and cooperation among 

different institutions will be established and 

promoted. A strong partnership among the local 

institutions and the project implementers will be 

initiated. Multi-level linkage will be established 

starting from the barangay level up to the 

provincial level and regional levels. Linkages 

with R&D institutions, financial institutions, 

other government support agencies, nongovernmental 

organizations and private 

institutions like restaurant and meat shop 

owners, trader, middlemen which are possible 

market of slaughter/breeder goats will also be 

established and strengthened. 

Participatory approaches 

The project followed a framework based 

on the premise that any development endeavor, 

to be truly participatory, must first and foremost 

takes into account the farmers’ realities – their 

situation, aspirations, and capabilities. The 

project basically employed participatory 

approaches in identifying and grounding of 

interventions as well as in evaluating results of 

the said interventions (CASREN Philippines, 

2001 with modification, Lanting, 2007; Figure 

2). The specific approaches used were firmed 

up by the project implementers and other 

partners. 

Figure 2. Participatory methodology (CASREN Philippines, 2001with modification, 

Lanting, 2007) 


49

In monitoring, the farmer-partners will 

fill-out a monthly monitoring form to establish 

data/information on goat inventory, productive 

and reproductive performance, health practices, 

marketing practices, technology adoption, and 

economic data of the farm for the month. 

A participatory resource appraisal-focus 

group discussion (PRA-FGD) was conducted 

with the farmers to validate the results of the 

survey and determine the problem-technologyresource 

match. 

Data analysis 

Analysis of data was carried out by 

comparing the performance of adopters and 

non-adopters. Data on monthly body weight of 

animals and mortality rate were analyzed by 

t-test to compare the performance of animals 

raised between the adopters and non-adopters. 

Likewise, economic benefits/feasibility will 

be determined using the “before and after” 

approach, with due consideration of the time 

dimension. Other data will be subjected to 

statistical analysis (to be determined by the 

different project implementers). A partial budget 

analysis will also be done to determine the 

incremental benefits and costs from adopting 

the introduced production systems. 

Implementing strategy for the project’s 

success and sustainability 

The project is being managed by a 

Project Management Team (PMT), chaired 

by the Program Leader of DA-RFU 8 in 

cooperation with a network of partners from 

DA-RFU I, Isabela State University (ISU) in 

Region 2, and Central Luzon State University 

(CLSU) in Region 3. It is being implemented by 

the Project Working Group (PWG) in farmers’ 

fields where farmers themselves play an active 

role in decision-making and implementation 

of project activities. The final set of roles and 

responsibilities were firmed up during the 

inception meeting-workshop for the project. 

As linkaging were done, linkages that 

will enhance complementation and cooperation 

among different institutions were established 

and promoted. A strong partnership among the 

local institutions and the project implementers 

will be initiated. Multi-level linkage will be 

established starting from the barangay level 

up to the municipal, provincial, and regional 

levels. Linkages with R&D institutions, 

financial institutions, other government support 

agencies, and non-governmental organizations 

will also be established and strengthened. The 

linkages and partnership with various key 

players for development are deemed necessary 

to ensure the following: 

Support and legitimization of the 

project; 

Provide technical and support 

services; 

Provide technical and support 

services; 

Facilitate information dissemination 

and exchange; 

Smooth monitoring of project 

activities; and 

Sustainability of the project. 

Timely information dissemination 

system were likewise developed by the 

project management team in cooperation 

with its partners. Similar to the ILRI-IFAD and 

CASREN projects, farmer-partners will be 

tapped in the promotion of technology mixes 

and other relevant information to other farmers 

in the community. 

Target beneficiaries 

Smallholder goat producers 

The focal villages/communities 

The goat industry and allied industries 

(e.g. those trading veterinary 

products, other inputs, etc.) 

50 



Characterization of Project Sites, Farm 

Households and Farmer-partners 

The project focal and control sites 

(Echague and Alicia Isabela, respectively; 

(Figure 3), farm households (30) and farmer 

partners (20) were characterized using 

structured questionnaires, key informants 

interview, and participatory planning and 

diagnosis. Secondary data were also used in 

site characterization. Focus group discussion 

(FGD) was also done to enhance the data 

gathered. The baseline information focused 

on the biophysical, socio-economic, and 

institutional characteristics useful in future 

impact assessment; in identifying constraints, 

and defining researchable issues and project 

interventions. 

Figure 3. RED Project Pilot (Echague) and Control (Alicia) Sites in Isabela, Region II. 


51

Site characterization. 

The focal and control sites belong to 

Type I climatic condition with distinct wet and 

dry seasons in a year. The average temperature 

and rainfall is 27.2 0C and 184.1mm per month, 

respectively with a relative humidity of 79 to 

85%. The focal site (Echague) has the bigger 

land area as compared to the control (Alicia) 

with an area of 3,404 hectares and 1,462.29 

hectares, respectively. Agricultural land is the 

largest land used of both sites with 1,771.46 

hectares for Echague and 1,211 hectares for 

Alicia. 

Clay loam soil type is observed in both 

sites but in Echague has mixture with sandy. 

The land is considered flat ranging from 3% to 

5% land slope. Echague farmers had practicing 

corn-corn cropping pattern while Alicia has 

been practicing a rice-rice cropping pattern for 

the whole-year round. The major crop-animal 

production system of focal site is corn-goatmango-banana-chicken 

whereas rice goatswine-poultry-fishpond 

in all areas for the 

control site. 

Socio-economic Characteristics 

Echague has a highest population for 

all barangay sites (4915) than Alicia barangay 

sites (2462). The population density of the 

control site has 1.68 greater than to the focal 

site with 1.44. More number of households 

(885) is observed in the Echague than in 

Alicia (559). Echague farm households have 

greater average farm size (2.93 hectares) as 

compared to Alicia farmers (4.58 hectares). 

Both sites have the same tenurial status with 

CLT owners, EP owners and leaseholder’s 

farmers. Farmers in Echague are older of 46.6 

year old than Alicia farmers with 40.03 year old. 

They obtained college education as the highest 

educational attainment for both sites with 90% 

for control sites and 66% for focal site. Income 

from raising chicken has contributed much to 

the total family income with 12.33% in Echague 

and 15.3% in Alicia and followed by goat with 

10% in Echague and 12.4% in Alicia. Both sites 

52 

are accessible to market with 1.7 km away from 

the market of Echague and 1.36 km away from 

the market of Alicia. 

The selling price of goat ranging from 

P1,300.00 to P2,500.00 per head during market 

days and P1,200.00 per head for regular days. 

Cattle is priced ranging from P13,000.00 to 

P35,000.00 per head, carabao had priced as 

much as P15,000 to P48,000 per head while, 

pigs are marketed at P120.00 per kilo live 

weight in the focal site. On the other hand, 

the control site had observed with P1,200 to 

P2,500 per head of goat during market days 

and P1,200 per head during regular days. 

Cattle is priced at P14,000 to 45,000 per head, 

Carabao with a price of P18,000 to P55,000.00 

per head and pigs are sold at P110 per kilo live 

weight. It has noted for both sites that goat, 

cattle and carabao prices did not established 

price trends. However, pigs selling price 

established an increasing trend for both sites. 

Focal site harvested corn with an average of 

7 tons per hectare during the main cropping 

season while, 7.5 tons per hectare during the 

second cropping. The control sites harvested 

rice with an average of 95 cavans per hectare 

during main cropping season while, 110 cavans 

per hectare during the second cropping. Almost 

the same proportion of agricultural land to the 

total land area for both sites (Echague and 

Alicia) with 96.73% and 97.46%, respectively. 

Non-farm activities that are prevalent in both 

sites are sari-sari store, vulcanizing, tricycle 

operator, furniture, construction workers and 

helpers. 

Institutional Characteristics 

Both sites are within the service area 

of Cagayan Valley in Agriculture Research, 

Resources and Development (CVARRD) and 

Isabela State University (ISU) in which they 

can access the research and development 

programs. They have also in common sources 

of credit/funds for the development of their 

household enterprises that is from the informal 

sources like friends, relatives and input 

merchants. Lending institutions are likewise 


tapped for credit like banks and cooperatives 

for both sites. 

Both sites have complete educational 

facilities particularly day care, elementary and 

high school. For health care facilities, Alicia has 

while in focal site in Echague had none. They 

are members in Small Ruminant Association 

(SRA). Some farmers in Echague are members 

in ISU Credit Cooperative whereby the source 

of their funding. Alicia farmers are members 

of Agrarian Beneficiaries Association (ARBA). 

Both sites are with passable and cement farmto-market 

roads in almost all areas while some 

feather roads are earth but passable anytime. 

Most farmers in both sites used cellular phones 

in contacting product buyers and farm product 

suppliers. In Alicia, farmers some times sell 

their bulk products to the auction market. The 

focal and control sites have abattoirs equipped 

in slaughtering all kinds of animals. Echague 

has feed processing plant that buys farm 

products like cereals in the locality while, Alicia 

has dressing plant that caters to the broiler 

contract growers in the area. 

Household Characterization 

Results show that more male and 

female household members in both sites 

belong to age ranging from 16 to 60 year old 

with 31 and 27 family members, respectively 

for Echague while, 25 and 29 family members, 

respectively for Alicia. Control site has older 

farmer cooperators with 31.6 year old as 

compared to the focal site with 28.30 year 

old. Both sites have obtained highest college 

educational attainment with 40.63% for Echague 

and 41.65% for Alicia. They have obtained the 

same trainings in livestock production like swine, 

poultry and small ruminant raising except for 

the focal site which they availed large ruminant 

training. The focal site has greater in household 

size (5 heads) as compared to the control site 

(4 heads). Chicken (15 heads) has the highest 

number of heads raised by the farmers in focal 

site while, ducks (21 heads) for control site. For 

small ruminant production, focal site has more 

in numbers (6 heads) kept while, control site 


has less (5 heads). 

Production performance of goat in 

two sites, control has older (10.4 month old) 

age that comments its first parturition while, 

the focal site obtained with younger age (10.2 

month old). Both sites have the same average 

kidding rate of 2 heads per kidding. Alicia had 

higher average weaning weight of 6.13 kg 

while, Echague obtained with 5.2 kg per head. 

They have almost the same weaning age of 3.5 

month old and 3.6 month old for Echague and 

Alicia, respectively. The highest average age 

marketed is noticed to the focal site with 12.52 

month old while, control site has 12.2 month 

old. Both sites have the same type of housing 

and breeding system used with shed house 

and natural breeding, respectively. Goat raisers 

don’t practice vaccination in both sites. Both 

wet and dry seasons in two sites practiced the 

same feeding system which is the combination 

of tethering and grazing. They have the same 

type of basal feed like grasses and legumes for 

both sites. Some farmers in control site gave 

food concentrates and rice bran to their goat 

animals. The source of feeds are from own and 

communal pastures in wet and dry seasons 

for both sites. Feeding is done twice a day 

which means that the tethered animals are 

transferred in two places during the day. They 

have adequate good grasses and legumes 

as feeds to the animals in both sites. Control 

site has heavier slaughter average weight of 

15.2 kg per head than in focal site with 12.3 

kg per head. Neighbors and traders are most 

prominent buyers of goats at P120.00 per kilo 

live weight for both sites. 

Control sites have an average land 

holdings of 2.6 hectares while, 1.3 hectares 

for the focal sites. Land ownership is owned, 

rented and leasehold for both sites. Some land 

owners have mortgaged their farm to acquired 

loans in the banks while, for leasehold they pay 

a fixed rental after harvest. Farmers in both 

sites grow crops like corn, rice and vegetables. 

They used manure as fertilizer to the crops. 

On the other hand, they used crop residues as 

feeds to the animals but others they burn it right 

53

in the field in both sites. 

Farmers engaged in goat raising 

encountered common problems in both sites 

such as scouring, poor forage and housing. 

The cited causes of these problems are 

parasitism and bacterial infections, no enough 

funds for capital, inferior quality of forage 

and not properly designed goat housing. As 

there suggestions, they recommended for the 

following solutions: 1) enrich their knowledge in 

goat management through training or “lakbay 

aral” activities, 2) provide good sources of fresh 

and nutritious forage, 3) better goat houses, 

and 4) government will provide financial and 

technical assistance. 

On the other hand, farmers in both 

sites encountered problems in crop production 

like higher prices of farm inputs, occurrence of 

calamities, outbreak of pests and diseases and 

lack of capital. The causes of these problems 

are due to high markup price of farm inputs 

by the middlemen, typhoons and draught for 

calamities, incidence of pests and diseases, 

insufficient access to credit particularly coming 

from the government, and not enough technical 

assistance from local or national government. 

The suggested possible solutions of these 

problems are provide subsidies for farm inputs, 

changing cropping pattern (from mono crop to 

diversified farming system), apply right amount 

of insecticide and other farm chemicals, and 

government will provide more credit windows 

accessible to farmers anytime. 

Technology Options Adopted by Farmer- 

Partners in the RED Project Sites 

Table 1 shows the technology options 

adopted by farmer-partners after a series 

of capability-building processes conducted 

in the project sites. After a year of project 

implementation, results indicated that the most 

adopted technologies by farmer-partners are 

the provision of housing and/or improvement 

of housing, stall feeding and the use of multipurpose 

tree species as feed supplementation. 

Out of the 20 farmer-partners in the 4 RED 

54 

project sites, all farmers (100%) adopted these 

top 3 technology options. Other technology 

options preferred by farmers include strategic 

deworming, pasture development and feeding 

of improved forage, upgrading and concentrate/ 

vitamin supplementation with 90%, 85%, 80% 

and 70% adoption rate by farmers-partners in 

focal sites. 

Table 1. Technology Options Adopted by 

Farmer-Partners in the RED Project 

Focal Sites 

* UMMB, Vaccination and Urea-Treated Rice 

Straw are the less-adopted and/or not-adopted 

technology options by Farmer-partners. 

Provision of Housing/Improvement of 

Existing Housing 

Farmers confirmed that establishment 

of housing provides easier and more convenient 

raising of goats. With housing, goats are kept 

under confinement or semi-confinement 

system with stall feeding and concentrate 

supplementation as a complimentary technology 

option given the available feed resources in 

the farm. Animals are also protected from 

rain, adverse weather conditions, and natural 

predators, and minimize social problems such 

as destruction of crops. Mortalities are reduced 

because goats have limited access to the 

infective stage of the parasite usually found in 

grazing areas. 


Stall-feeding 

On stall feeding, animals are confined 

or semi-confined and fed cut-and carry with 

available fodder resources during night time 

and rainy season. Farmers believed that with 

stall feeding reduces parasite infestation, 

hence, lesser mortality rates due to internal 

parasitism and better performance of goats. 

Concentrate Supplementation & Salt Stake 

Feeding supplementation with 

concentrates optimizes use of locally available 

feed materials such as rice and corn bran and 

improves nutrition requirements of goats, thus, 

goats grow faster and weigh heavier with better 

performance and resistance to diseases. 

Upgrading through the Use of Quality 

Breeder Buck 

Upgrading is one of the technology 

options in breeding management to produce 

goats with improved potentials for growth 

rate, increase in body size, and thus increase 

productivity and profitability of goat enterprise. 

Superior and quality breeder bucks either 

Anglo-Nubian or Boer were introduced to the 

existing stocks of farmer-partners in all the 

RED project focal sites. 

This technology option is complemented 

with basket of options on housing, stallfeeding 

with tree legumes, concentrate supplementation 

and strategic deworming to attain the desired 

effect on the over-all performance of goats. 

The results of upgrading technology option are 

manifested by the initial performance of kids 

born to superior quality breeder bucks infused 

in the RED project sites. 

Establishment of Forage Area & Pasture 

Development 

In Region II, the farmer-partners 

adopted a communal area for pasture 

establishment and development as source of 

forage for cut and carry supplemental feeding. 


However, some individual farmers also 

establish their own forage area or garden. It is 

noted that most of them planted napier grass, 

although there are abundant grasses and 

multi-purpose tree species in the area as feed 

resources. As observed, there is no problem 

on feed resources since the farmers adopt the 

food-feed-system technology 

Goat Productivity Performance of Farmer- 

Partners in Focal and Control Sites 

Population Inventory 

Table 2 shows the changes in the goat 

population inventory in the focal and control 

sites. With the 20 initial farmer-partners of 

the RED project in Isabela, the beginning 

population inventory of the focal sites started 

with 144 heads of goats. 

After a year of implementation, the 

number of goats totaled 411 with an increase 

of 267 head goats or 185% increase in the 

population inventory, while an increase of 63% 

was observed in the control site from the initial 

inventory of 92 to 150 heads of goats involving 

20 goat farmers. 

In Region II, a remarkable increase of 

185% in the population inventory of the focal site 

from 144 to 411 head of goats while the control 

site also revealed 63% in goat population. The 

increase in population was due to kiddings 

and the purchase of additional breeder stocks 

by some farmers both in the focal and control 

sites. 

Doe-Level Inventory 

In Region II, similarly an increase of 

110% (114 does to 240 does) in the number of 

does in the focal site due to additional breeders 

infused by some farmer-partners to augment 

their stocks aside from their own produced 

breeders on farm. The control site also indicated 

a slight increase of 63% (92 does to 150 does) 

in the doe-level population. 

55

Table 2. Doe Level and Population Inventory of Farmer-Partners (Pilot and Control Sites) 

As of October 15, 2008 

Performance of Experimental Goats in 

terms of weight in different stages 

The initial data on birth weights, 

weaning weights and slaughter weights of 

experimental goats in the focal and control sites 

of the RED project is summarized in Tables 3. 

Birth weight of goats in the focal site 

obtained with average of 2.35 kg while 1.58 

kg birth weight in the control site with 0.77 kg 

difference favor to the focal site. For average 

weaning weight, focal site goat has obtained 

with 12.95 kg while, 7.28 kg for control site goat. 

It shows that focal site goat has higher weaning 

weight of 5.67 kg as compared to control site 

goat. Pertaining to slaughter weight goat, the 

focal site had obtained with 26.55 kg which is 

higher as compared to slaughter weight goat in 

control site with 12.98 kg. 

Table 3. Birth weight, 3 months and 8 months of Experimental Goats in Pilot and 

Control Sites. 

56 


Generally, the effect of upgrading 

through the infusion of superior breeder bucks 

to an existing stock signifi cantly improved the 

quality of offspring and resulted in bigger size 

and heavier kids in the focal sites. 

Apparently, these results are complimented 

with technology options adopted by 

farmer-partners. These technologies are the 

provision of housing or improvement of housing 

facilities, stall feeding, strategic deworming, 

concentrate supplementation, and the application 

of other important management practices 

on goat production systems. 

Statistical analyses revealed signifi - 

cant differences between the focal and the control 

sites in relation to birth weights, weaning 

weights and slaughter weights. 

Results show that mortality rate was 

45% in the Control sites. The cause of mortality 

rate was mainly due to the effect of diarrhea 

and pneumonia. Other causes of mortalities include 

weakness at birth. Mortality rates (7%) in 

the focal sites were lower compared to that of 

the control sites of the RED project. 

Data on kidding interval is not yet included 

due to insuffi cient information generated 

as of this report. However, an initial data shows 

that breeder does get in-heat and are rebred 

earlier than before as observed by some farmers 

which can be traced due to the presence 

or availability of breeder bucks at all times. 

The over-all improvement in the management 

systems from traditional to innovative practices 

is clearly manifested in the performance of 

goats. 

n= number of observations; * 

Signifi cant: AN=Anglo-Nubian; B=Boer 

Table 4. Performance of Experimental Goats in the Focal Site by Bloodline (N x B; Upgrades x 

B; Upgrades x AN x Boer) 

Organizational and Enterprise Development 

Formation of Goat Raisers Association 

One of the expected outputs of the RED project 

is to empower the project’s farmer-partners 

in the operation and management of 

goat-based enterprises. As revealed in the 

results of the FGD, farmers agreed to organize 

themselves for purposes of marketing 

of their products. However, they still believe 

that as backyard goat raisers, it is more effective 

and effi cient to produce goats by individual 

raiser. The RED project focal sites have organized 

by themselves as goat raisers/producers 

association and named “Echague Goat Raisers 

Association”. The formation of the association 

shows form a part of the project activities 

to empower the project’s farmer-partners 

who will operate the production systems and 

manage the enterprise. It was form in order to 


57

strengthen their participation and involvements 

in the project. 

Enterprise Development and Identified 

Priority Goat-Based Enterprises 

The RED projects’ concept goes beyond production 

with evolving process toward developing 

goat-based enterprises as an innovative 

approach in livestock enterprise development, 

thereby transforming traditional backyard goat 

raising into a viable and profitable agribusiness 

venture. 

Although the first year of the RED 

project implementation focused more on the 

introduction of technology options to enhance 

the productivity of goats, there were a 

number of activities conducted on enterprise 

development. Organizing the farmers into an 

association is an initial step towards promoting 

opportunities in the thriving and promising 

goat-based industries. 

In Isabela, Region II, entrepreneurial 

activities such as marketing of slaughter goats 

and chevon processed products (one of the 

breakthroughs/strengths of ISU technology 

generated/developed) were the main focused 

of the enterprise project on the second year of 

the RED project implementation. 

Table 5. Goat-Based Enterprises identified by Farmer-Partners/Goat Raisers 

Association 

* Enterprise Development either by individual farmer-partner or by the Goat Raisers 

/Producers Association as a group. 

Spill-over activities in pilot site 

Spill-over is one of the outputs of the 

project as indicated in the proposal. There 

were 80 spill-over goat raisers coming from 

several groups who signify their interests to 

join the group and get involved in goat raising 

when they observed the existing performance 

of our RED farmer partners with a total of. To 

mention, they are the following groups and presented 

in Appendix H. 

1. Backyard Raisers in Echague, Isabela 

2. World Vision Farmer Partners 

3. DOLE Farmer Partners 

4. Heifer Farmer Partners 

58 


5. Expected 5 Municipalities in Isabela 

a. Echague Isabela 

b. Jones Isabela 

c. Cauayan Isabela 

d. Santiago City 

e. Alicia Isabela 


The project followed a framework 

based on the premise that any development 

endeavor, to be truly participatory, must first 

and foremost takes into account the farmers’ 

realities – their situation, aspirations, and capabilities. 

The specific approaches used were 

firmed up by the project implementers and other 

partners. 

Specific activities will focus on enabling 

strategies for the farmer-partners to gain 

access to technologies and develop innovations 

to befit these technology inputs into their 

resources and capabilities and enhance their 

access to markets by producing animals that 

possess characteristics preferred by consumers. 

Recognizing that the effective implementation 

of a certain modalities such participatory 

enterprises will work well at the local levels 

and it will result into the following scene: 

• Address food security; 

• Increase income to smallhold farmers; 

• Create more job opportunities in the 

rural areas; 

• A good means to improve the status 

quo of rural folks; and 

• Establish a sustainable industry for 

goat and sheep. 

product cum marketing cycle needed to establish 

a sustainable industry for goat and sheep. 


Alo, A.M.P. 2003. ILRI-IFAD TAG 443. Development 

and testing of an integrated approach 

to the control of gastrointestinal parasites in 

small ruminants. Participatory diagnosis in the 

Philippines. (Progress Report). PCARRD, Los 

Banos, Laguna. 

Beltran, M.A.G., Pagatpatan, L. Tablarain, 

R., Briones, R.C. and Data, T. 2006. Enhancing 

goat productivity through the adaptation of 

technologies of the Farmer Livestock School 

on Integrated Goat Management. Paper presented 

during the PCARRD NSARRD, November 

2006. Los Banos, Laguna. 40 p. 

Brown, E.O., Alo, AM.P., Cruz, E.M. Venturina, 

V.M., Villar, E.C. Gabunada, Jr., F.G. 

and Lambio, E.T. 2003. Financial analysis of 

the basket of technology options for goat worm 

control. Paper presented during the 2003 Philippine 

Society Of Animal Science National 

Convention, 23-24 October 2003. Heritage Hotel, 

Metro Manila. 

PCARRD, 2003. Improving crop-livestock production 

systems in rainfed areas of Southeast 

Asia. A country report of the Philippines (Progress 

Report). PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna. 

With the initial pilot projects conducted, 

the team has proven that such participatory 

enterprises work well at the local levels. The 

integration of small ruminants farming systems 

with meat products processing and packaging 

and application of different technology options 

complements the necessary production to 

J.N. Nayga, et. al 59

ACHIEVING INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH 

SEED PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING 1 

Elbert A. Sana, Ma. Cecilia. Salas, and Agustin B. Lunag 2 

ABSTRACT 

The NVSU Seed Foundation Project (NSFP) strengthened institutional linkage and expanded its 

seed production and processing operations. These two major activities contributed to institutional development 

through capacity building, facilities development, and inter-phasing research and development (R&D) 

with instruction and entrepreneurship. 

NSFP’s collaboration with the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), Institute of Plant Breeding 

(IPB), and the Bureau of Post-Harvest Research and Extension (BPRE) facilitated access to high quality 

seeds of improved rice and corn varieties, market of seeds, and a seed drying facility grant. Continuous 

inbred rice seed production and corn contract growing generated income for the project which financed training 

and monetary incentives for workers. 

In addition, mature technologies on seed production (including seeds) as experienced and showcased 

in the project have been extended to NVSU’s own rice production in an inter-phasing scheme with the 

Business Affairs Program of the university. NSFP also started involving agriculture students in the project. 

Two (2) Bachelor of Agriculture Technology (BAT) students are currently preparing their microproject proposal 

involving a hectare for production of certified rice seeds based on NSFP’s production practices and 

management. The scheme is supportive of the present endeavor of PCARRD to motivate students of agriculture, 

forestry, and natural resources through enhancement of curriculum and entrepreneurial experiential 

learning. 

Future activities of the project will include hybrid corn and vegetable seed production, consignment 

on seed market, and the up scaling of corn contract growing. 

Keywords: Rice, seed production, institutional development 

Public agency’s production and processing 

of high quality seeds offers a lot of 

opportunities for achieving institutional development. 

State universities (SUCs) like NVSU 

operate in collaboration with other government 

units in program or project implementation, involving 

priority commodities which secure various 

forms of support including funds, equipment, 

expertise, and marketing arrangement. 

Rice and corn are among the agricultural 

crops with sustained demand for high 

quality seeds across the country. Thus, they 

are always among the priority commodities in 

any place of the Philippines. 

In Nueva Vizcaya, production of rice 

is continuous. Seed growers always have buyers 

throughout the year. For corn, farmers are 

always in need of high quality seeds of yellow 

and white varieties. NVSU has started its seed 

production project of rice and corn only in 2007 

through the NVSU Seed Foundation Project 

(NSFP). From experience, NSFP has realized 

two aspects proving very strategic for institutional 

development: strong linkage with other 

government units and income generation. 

1 3rd Place, Best Development Paper, 21st CVARRD RSRDEH Symposium, DA-ATI-RTC, San 

Mateo, Isabela, August 12, 2009 

2 Faculty Researchers, Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture, NVSU. 

60

Through collaboration with other institutions, 

the NSFP commenced with an initial 

external funding, technical support on seed 

production of rice and corn, full cooperation of 

farmer clients, and commitments for facilities 

improvement. Income generated now backs 

up operations and the two aspects complement 

each other in sustaining and expanding 

operations of the project. With proper management, 

the NSFP can direct its course towards a 

whole program for seed production of agricultural 

crops including vegetables, with building 

and vehicle facilities and manpower. All these 

for the development of NVSU and for increased 

level of technology, quality of services, and enhanced 

productivity of Filipino farmers. 

OBJECTIVES 

NSFP endeavored to contribute to institutional 

development as it engaged in regular 

seed production and processing and achieved 

the following objectives: 

1) capacity building by continuous seed 

production, processing, and market 

ing, and through participation of work 

ers to relevant seminars and trainings; 

2) development of facilities and improve 

ment of the quality of services to 

farmer clients; 

3) integration and utilization of sciencebased 

technologies on seed produc 

tion and processing in an inter-phasing 

scheme with instruction and entrepre 

neurship. 


For achieving institutional development, NSFP 

further strengthened institutional linkage, continued 

income generation from seed production 

and processing services, and extended 

seed production technologies in an inter-phasing 

scheme with instruction and the business 

affairs program. This portion discusses how 

NSFP engaged in the process. 

Institutional Linkaging 

E.A Sana, et. al 

This strategy was further strengthened 

in the continuing implementation of NSFP. 

Close supervision by NEDA, Region 02 as the 

funding source imparted not only close monitoring 

of the progress of the project but inputs 

on how to go about process documentation. 

NEDA, Region 02 sponsored series of writeshops 

in 2008 for sharpening capability specifically 

of the local project officer and core staff of 

the project in process documentation. 

Linkage with PhilRice focused on working 

out the accreditation of NVSU as a member 

the SeedNet for rice. NSFP sent three participants 

to the National Seed Production Network 

Congress in Cebu City in September, 2008 for 

discussions on the status of the Rice Seed Industry 

of the Philippines and the possible organization 

of a seed growers’ consortium. 

The institutional marketing arrangement 

with the Institute of Plant Breeding involving 

contract growing in corn was implemented 

for the second batch of registered seeds. The 

contract covered six hectares, twice the production 

area reported in the previous paper. 

New cooperators from various towns as far as 

Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya also joined the contract. 

A high quality protein maize (QPM), Obatanpa 

(meaning, “nursing mother”), introduced from 

Africa was IPB’s variety for production. This is 

a white dent corn with grains possessing lysine 

and tryptophan at levels more than twice the 

amount of a regular corn . 

NSFP, pursued the facility donation 

from the Bureau of Postharvest Research and 

Extension (BPRE) involving a flatbed dryer. 

The dryer was installed in October, 2008 at the 

NVSU Central Experiment Station and was inaugurated 

in January 16, 2009 during a farmers’ 

field day. The facility currently serves both 

NVSU and farmer clients. 

Income Generation from Seeds and 

Services 

Income was again generated from the 

continuous production of seeds. From the pe- 

61

iod of August, 2008 to January, 2009, covering 

two seasons of planting and harvesting, NSFP 

produced certified seeds of improved inbred 

rice varieties .This season from April to August 

2009, NSFP engages in the production of registered 

seeds of NSICRc138 and 156 for seed 

growers. Income was also generated from 

services offered to clients through the flatbed 

dryer. Payment for processed corn seeds from 

IPB is still to be processed and collected. 

Interphasing R&D with Instruction and Entrepreneurship. 

NSFP involved agriculture students 

by adopting the concept of the microproject of 

the BAT curriculum. This on-going endeavor 

involves a scheme where the microproject, to 

be managed by students, ventures on production 

of certified seeds of improved inbred rice 

varieties. NSFP supervises the students in the 

conduct of the microproject specifically in application 

of technologies for seed production. For 

this semester, two BAT students are preparing 

their proposals. 


This portion discusses accomplishments of 

NSFP in contributing to institutional development 

through linkaging and income generation. 

The contribution takes the form of capacity 

building for workers, facilities development for 

improved services and enhanced seed production, 

and interphasing technologies with instruction 

and entrepreneurship . 

Capacity Building 

Institutional linkage and the NSFP’s 

effort to continually strengthen it resulted in the 

sharpening of manpower skills for workers in 

the project. NSFP sponsored attendance of its 

workers to the following important undertakings: 

National Seed Production Network 

Congress organized by PhilRice and 

held at Cebu City on September 2 

2-24,2008. 

Process documentation writeshop for 

62 

Kennedy Round 2 (KR2)-NEDA funded 

projects coordinated by NEDA, Region 02 

at Tuguegarao, Cagayan on October 22-23, 

2008. 

Training on utilization and mainte 

nance of the flatbed dryer coordinated 

by BPRE and held at the Farmers 

Training Center of NVSU, Bayom 

bong, Nueva Vizcaya on November 8- 

9, 2008. 

Northern Luzon Showcase of Innova 

tions and Best Practices coordinat 

ed by the Commission on Higher Edu 

cation (CHED), the Department of 

Science and Technology (DOST), and 

NEDA, Region 2 held at Benguet 

State University, La Trinidad, Benguet 

on November 16-19, 2009. The NVSU 

Seed Foundation Project was present 

ed in this forum as one of NVSU’s 

Best Practices. Full paper on the proj 

ect is due for publication this year by 

the same organizers. 

Seed Growers’ Forum by IPB held at 

IPB, University of the Philippines at 

Los Baños, College, Laguna on June 

4, 2009 

PhilRice facilitated last year the official 

membership of NVSU to the SeedNet, granting 

authority to NVSU to access foundation seeds 

and produce registered seeds of improved rice 

varieties. Production of registered seeds for 

growers in Nueva Vizcaya is a niche for NSFP 

since the production of certified seeds has been 

handed down to the rice production workers of 

NVSU through the inter-phasing scheme with 

BAP. Production of registered seeds requires 

more careful supervision and operations since 

the certification process provides higher standards 

for registered seeds. In light of capacity 

building, this means sharpening further production 

and management skills of those involved in 

the project. 

The farmers’ field day on January 16, 

2009 brought over a 100 participants composed 

of farmers, researchers, extension work- 

Achieving Institutional Development Through ..............

ers, and partners from PhilRice, BPRE, and the 

Department of Agriculture, Region 02 (Figure 

4). In this occasion, the flatbed dryer was inaugurated, 

the seed production area of the NSFP, 

shown to farmers, and collaborative research 

endeavors with PhilRice, showcased. 

Quality Seeds and Income Generation 

Table 1 presents the new batch of inbred 

rice seeds produced in NVSU, farmers 

who availed the seeds and the gross sales 

from seeds. Four varieties were produced giving 

a total of 96.25 bags, gross income of P105, 

800.00 and 36 farmer beneficiaries. NVSU 

bought 10 bags of NSICRc148 from NSFP for 

its own rice production covering about 8 hectares. 

Rice farmers as far as Dupax Del Norte 

and Lagawe, Ifugao also bought seeds from 

the project. Part of NSICRc140 which had 

problems with drying and germination due to 

rains was sold to NVSU constituents as milled 

rice. Income from seeds and rice contributed to 

other needs of the project. 

Table 1. Inbred rice varieties produced and farmer beneficiaries who availed of certified seeds 

of NSFP (November, 2008 and January, 2009). 

Seven (7) new cooperators from various 

towns of Nueva Vizcaya entered the corn 

contract growing with NSFP (Table 2). A total 

of 10 bags of foundation seeds of Obatanpa, 

for 10 hectares, were distributed to farmers 


but only 6.3 hectares were actually planted. Of 

these, 11.08 tons of corn-on-cobs amounting 

to P88, 460.00 were bought by NSFP from cooperators. 

The seeds were dried, shelled, and 

63

cleaned at NVSU and sold to IPB. The experience 

in handling the second batch of corn contract 

growing has brought lessons on prompt 

processing of seeds and closer supervision of 

cooperators to enhance yield and ensure high 

quality of seeds in terms of germination and 

purity. Payment for seeds from IPB is yet to be 

collected and remitted to the project. 

Table 2. Corn contract growing of Obatanpa in Nueva Vizcaya through the NVSU Seed 

Foundation Project (October, 2008 to April, 2009) 

A total of P70,000.00 was also provided 

as monetary incentives to the core group 

of NSFP and administrative workers of NVSU. 

This has motivated the workers and has inspired 

better performance of work in the project. 

The giving of incentive after at least two cycles 

of seed production is planned to become a 

regular component of project implementation. 

Facilities Development 

Since NSFP started is operations, it 

has engaged in facilities development through 

acquisition of needed equipment for seed production 

and processing, upgrading of irrigation 

facilities of the university, and maintenance of 

the rice area allotted for seed production. Table 

3 lists the equipment NSFP procured for seed 

production and processing. NSFP provided 

funds for repairing the water pump assembly 

and the construction of the concrete pavement 

utilized as main platform for the flatbed dryer. 

Moreover, starting January, 2009, the flatbed 

dryer was utilized for servicing farmer clients in 

Bayombong and Villaverde. 

To date, a total of 1,113 bags of palay 

(over 50 tons) in about 10 batches had been 

dried using the donated facility (Table 4). Drying 

through the flatbed has become an income 

generating component of the project. In addition, 

the actual experience on grain drying of 

64 

Achieving Institutional Development Through ..............

the NSFP workers who previously acquired 

hands-on training from BPRE has provided opportunities 

for skills development. 

for research as well. Income generation from 

seeds and services will also continue for the 

benefit of both NSFP workers and farmers. 

The monetary incentives for workers shall 

become a regular component of project 

implementation. The NSFP will upscale its 

operations as regards corn contract growing to 

cover yellow flint and sweet corn hybrids. The 

project will also explore production, processing, 

and marketing arrangement for vegetable 

seeds. 

The NSFP plans to involve NVSU 

constituents through a scheme that will allow 

small-farm holders with less than a hectare 

rice area to produce certified seeds. NSFP 

will coordinate and supervise production and 

processing and will handle all requirements 

for certification. The venture will be a form of 

expansion to address the high demand for 

certified seeds in the province, while generating 

income for all partners and providing quality 

services to clients. 

Table 3. Equipment for seed production and 

processing procured by NSFP. 


The NVSU Seed Foundation Project 

in its second phase of implementation has 

provided opportunities for institutional development. 

NVSU’s established and continuously 

growing linkage with government agencies 

contributed a lot to this goal. Income generation 

from seeds and services addressed 

needs of the project including capacity building 

and continuous upgrading of facilities. 

With sharpening of skills in management and 

in handling seed production and processing, 

efficient and sustainable operations in the next 

phases are assured. 


National Cooperative Testing Manual for 

Rice. Philippine Rice Research Institute, Maligaya, 

Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija. 

Sana, E. A., M.C. Salas, and A. B. Lunag. 

2008. NVSU Seed Foundation Project: empowering 

farmers though access to seeds 

and technologies. Paper presented during the 

CVARRD 20th Regional Symposium on RDE 

Highlights. 

Seed Growers Forum. 2009. Institute of Plant 

Breeding. Crop Science Cluster, University of 

the Philippines at Los Baños. 

NSFP provided and will continue to 

create opportunities for institutional development. 

The partnership with two of the premier 

breeding institutions in the country is an asset 

that brings in not only technologies, quality 

seeds, and sure market, but opportunities 


Internet Source: http://www.grain.org 

65

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