Sindh SoED.pdf - IUCN - Pakistan

SindhState ofEnvironment &Development

The designation of geographical entities in the book and thepresentation of the material, do not imply the expression of anyopinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal statusof any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerningthe delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflectthose of IUCN.Published by:IUCN Pakistan, Sindh Programme.Copyright:© 2004 IUCN–The World Conservation Union.Reproduction of this publication for educational or othernon-commercial purpose is authorised without prior written permissionfrom the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.Reproduction of this resale or other commercial purposes isprohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder.Citation:Sindh State of Environment and Development, IUCN, 2004.Sindh Programme Office. xxvii+423 pp.ISBN:969-8141-64-2Compiled by:Arif HasanResource persons:Ali Raza Rizvi, Nasir Ali Panhwar, Sana Razaand Tahir QureshiProof reading:Najia Siddiqui and Shahana JamilCover & layout design:Azhar Saeed, IUCN Pakistan Country OfficeCover photos:Jamshyd Masud, Mohammad Anees Shahzad,Nasir Ali Panhwar, M. H. Panhwar, Badar AbroSindhica Publications and Pakistan Steel MillLayout:Hasan AbbasPrinted:Rosette Printers, Karachi.Available from:IUCN-The World Conservation UnionSindh Programme Office1-Bath Island Road,Karachi-75530Tel: ++92-21- 5374072/74/75 Fax: ++92-21-5838106Website: www.sindh.iucnp.org

Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentC O N T E N T S

AbbreviationPrefaceForewordAcknowledgementsExecutive SummaryPART ITHE CONTEXTChapter 1 Introduction 4Chapter 2 The Natural Environment 14Chapter 3 The Human Factor 22PART IIGREEN SECTORSChapter 4 Water Resources 36Chapter 5 Agriculture 56Chapter 6 Freshwater and Marine Fisheries 76Chapter 7 Livestock and Poultry 86Chapter 8 Arid Zones 96Chapter 9 Forests 108Chapter 10 Wetlands 120Chapter 11 Coastal and Marine Ecosystems 132Chapter 12 Flora 148Chapter 13 Wildlife 156PART IIIBROWN SECTORSChapter 14 Minerals and Mining 186Chapter 15 Urbanisation 196Chapter 16 Industrial Development 214Chapter 17 Energy 230PART IVSOCIAL SECTORSChapter 18 Cultural Heritage and Tourism 248Chapter 19 Environmental Health 262Chapter 20 Population, Poverty and Environment 270Chapter 21 Education 282Chapter 22 Communications and Knowledge Management 298Chapter 23 Non-Governmental Organizations 310ivxxiixivxviSindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentiiiAppendices 318Maps 390Bibliography 408

Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentABBREVIATIONS

ADBAsian Development BankCOCommunity OrganizationADPAnnual Development PlanCRICotton Research InstituteAICUAKRSPAllama Iqbal Open UniversityAga Khan Rural SupportProgrammeDCHDDHADemocratic Commission forHuman Development *Defence Housing AuthorityAKUHAPMAPMAPOAga Khan University HospitalAuthority for the Preservationof Mohen-jo-DaroAgricultural Produce MarketAgriculture PesticidesOrdinanceDoFDMISDPDRCProvincial Department ofFisheriesDistrict ManagementInformation SystemDigestible ProteinDrainage Research CentreAPWAAll Pakistan Women’sAssociationEECEuropean EconomicCommunityARIAgriculture Research InstituteEEZExclusive Economic ZoneATIBBTVBDCCBOCAgricultural Training InstitutesBanana Bunchy Top VirusBhit Shah DeclarationCoordinating CouncilBurmah Oil CompanyEPAEPZAFAOEnvironmental ProtectionAgencyExport Processing ZoneAuthorityFood and AgricultureOrganizationBOTCBDBuild, Operate and TransferConvention on BiologicalDiversityFCSFDIFishermen’s CooperativeSocietyForeign Direct InvestmentCBOCCBCDCCFTCITESCLCVCMSCommunity-BasedOrganizationCitizen Community BoardsCenters for Disease ControlCubic FeetConvention on InternationalTrade on Endangered SpeciesCotton Leaf Curl VirusConvention on MigratorySpeciesFSCFSMPGDPGISGNPGOPGRPGRTFoundation Seed CellForestry Sector Master PlanGross Domestic ProductGeographical InformationSystemGross National ProductGovernment of PakistanGross Regional ProductGross Registered TonnageSindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentvCNGCompressed Natural GasGSPGeological Survey of Pakistan

HANDSHealth and NutritionDevelopment Society *KoFHAKorangi Fisheries HarbourAuthorityHDIHuman Development IndexKMSquare KilometerHOPEHRCPHealth Oriented PreventiveEducationHuman Rights Commission ofPakistanKMCKNPKPTKarachi Municipal CorporationKrithar National ParkKarachi Port TrustHREPIBISICZMIRCIRSAISOHuman Rights EducationProgramme *Indus Basin Irrigation SystemImproved Coastal ZoneManagementIndus Resource CentreIndus River System AuthorityInternational Organisation forStandardisationKWSBLBODLITEmMMMAFMFDKarachi Water Sewage BoardLeft Bank Outfall DrainLandhi Industrial TradingEstateMillionMilimetreMillion Acre FeetMarine Fisheries DepartmentISPInternet Service ProviderMGDMillion Gallon DailyISPAKITInternet Service ProvidersAssociation of PakistanInformation TechnologyMhaMIFBMillion hectaresMineral Investment FacilitationBoardIUCNKAIRPKANUPPKBCAInternational Union forConservation of Nature andNatural Resources *Katchi Abadi Improvement andRegularization ProgrammeKarachi Nuclear Power PlantKarachi Building ControlAuthorityMICSMMDSMPAMSAMSYMultiple Indicators ClusterSurveyMulti-point MicrowaveDistribution SystemMaster Plan of ActionMaritime Security AgencyMaximum Sustainable YieldSindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentviKCRKDAKarachi Circular RailwayKarachi DevelopmentAuthorityNAPNARCNational Access PointsNational Agriculture ResearchCentreKESCKarachi Electricity SupplyCorporationNCAENational Commission forAlternative EnergyKFHKFHAKarachi Fish HarbourKarachi Fisheries HarbourAuthorityNCSNCCWNational ConservationStrategyNational Council for theConservation of Wildlife

NEPRANational Electric PowerRegulatory Authority *PILERPakistan Institute of LabourEducation and ResearchNEQSNational EnvironmentalQuality StandardsPMRCPakistan Medical ResearchCouncilNFDBNFMNHDRNIANational FisheriesDevelopment BoardNational Fund to Save Mohen-Jo-DaroNational Human DevelopmentReportNuclear Institute of AgriculturePOL Pakistan Oilfield Limited *PPIBPPRSPPSEBPrivate Power InfrastructureBoard *Pakistan Poverty ReductionStrategy PaperPakistan Software ExportBoardNIONational Institute ofOceanography *PSMAPakistan Sugar MillsAssociationNISTNational Institute of SiliconTechnologyPSSTPakistan Society of SugarTechnologistsNLCNRSPNWFPNWMCNational Logistic CellNational Rural SupportProgrammeNorth-West Frontier ProvinceNational Wetland ManagementCommitteePTDCQAARIRBODRCCPakistan TourismDevelopment CorporationQuaid-e-Awam AgricultureResearch InstituteRight Bank Outfall DrainReinforced Cement ConcreteO&MOperation and MaintenanceR&DResearch and DevelopmentOGDCOPPPARCPASHAPCATPCRETOil and Gas DevelopmentCorporationOrangi Pilot ProjectPakistan Agricultural ResearchCouncilPakistan Software HousesAssociationPakistan Council forAppropriate TechnologyPakistan Council forRenewable EnergyTechnologyRERRIRTISAFWCOSAUSAZDASCARPRenewable EnergyRice Research InstituteResearch and TrainingInstituteSindh Agriculture and ForestryWorkers’ CooperationSindh Agriculture UniversitySindh Arid ZonesDevelopment AuthoritySalinity Control andReclamation ProjectSindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentviiPCSIRPEMRAPakistan Council of ScientificIndustrial Research *Pakistan Electronic MediaRegulatory AuthoritySCFSHRISave the Children’s FundSindh Horticulture ResearchInstitute

SINGOFSindh NGO FederationVOVillage OrganizationSITESindh Industrial Trading EstateVOIPVoice Over Internet ProtocolSKAASindh Katchi Abadi AuthorityWAF Women Action Forum *SLASPDCSindh Language AuthoritySocial Policy andDevelopment CentreWAPDAWRIWater and PowerDevelopment AuthorityWheat Research InstituteSPOSRSPSSCSTDCSUPARCOStrengthening ParticipatoryOrganizationSindh Rural SupportProgrammeSindh Seed CorporationSindh Tourism DevelopmentCorporationSpace and Upper AtmosphericResearch OrganizationWWFWESZSDLocal TermsalghozaWorld Wildlife FundWater Environmental,SanitationZoological Survey Departmenta type of musical instrumentconsisting of two flutes whichare paired and played togetherSVOCStanvoc Oil CompanyarthismiddlemenSWDSocial Welfare DepartmentbaiparisbusinessmenSWDSindh Wildlife Departmentbegarforced labour without paymentSZABISTShaheed Zulfiqar Ali BhuttoInstitute of Science andTechnologybhattabitharoillegal gratificationa rough kind of prisoner’sbaseballTATEDTechnical AssistanceTurtle Excluder Deviceborindoan ancient musical windinstrument of the Indus ValleyTDNTotal Digestible Nutrientschakkiessmall flour grinding millsTDSTOETotal Dissolved SolidsTons of Oil Equivalentchangmusical instrument made ofiron rods vibrated with player’sfingersSindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentviiiToRTRCTRDPTerms of ReferenceTeacher’s Resource CentreThardeep Rural DevelopmentProgrammechaprichukarchowkimusical instrument consistingof two wooden flanks andsmall ringing bellsblue rockcheck postTVOTrust for VoluntaryOrganizationsdambooroa guitar-like musicalinstrument with fine stringsUSAIDUnited States Agency forInternational Developmentdehsmallest unit of land (Deh,Tapa, Taluka, District)

desilocalmelaslocal festivalsdharomoundmohallasneighbourhoodsdhamala type of ecstatic dancenaibdeputydholdrumnainhill torrentsdholaka small drumnalasnatural drainsdhotiwrap-aroundnarmajor creekdubaridupattaEid-ul-Azhagarhaa piece of land producing twocropsscarfMuslim festivalan earthen pot played like atablanafeelnazimsparaspatta musical instrument ofmystics made from the hornsof an Ibexmayorsmall settlementsbarren landgharanafamily (particularly of singers)Phogplant (alligonum polygonoides)gheepurified butterrabiwinter crop/seasongili dakara game played with stickssarangia musical instrumentgothharisho jamalojhummirvillagepeasantsa Sindhi folk dance/songa Sindhi dance performed bymen/womenshaanaisufisurtalukaa musical instrument similar toa flutesaintmusical tunedistrictkabariskafikamarbandkashikatchi abadiskharifkutchra kundiswaste buyersa classical verse in Sindhidrawstringglazed pottery tilesquatter settlementssummer crop/seasongarbage dumpstariestehsiltootooriyaktarayaktarozakata natural deprssion whererainwater gatherssub-districta flute-like instrumenta single-stringed musicalinstrument (Urdu)Sindhi version of yaktaraMuslim charity taxSindh State ofEnvironment &Developmentixlehrhythmziladistrictmaddrassahsreligious schoolsmalakahkrowrestling event, typical toSindh

Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentP R E F A C E

The increase in interest in environmental issuessuch as the greenhouse effect, global warming,ozone layer depletion, decrease in forest coverand biodiversity loss has brought theimportance of environmental conservation tothe forefront. This is the reason that efforts arenow being made to understand these issuesand resolve them by formulating andimplementing policies for industries andgovernments that minimize environmentaldegradation. It is also now realized thatdevelopment cannot take place at the cost ofour natural environment. If Pakistan is to jointhe ranks of developed countries it must first putitself on the path of sustainable development.Sindh is a province rich in natural resources andlike the rest of Pakistan, it is also impacted byvarious issues related to the degradation of itsenvironment and unsustainable development.IUCN Pakistan’s Sindh Programme hasdeveloped this report on the State ofEnvironment and Development in Sindh(SoED), the objective of which is to provideinformation on the status of environment anddevelopment in the Province. The idea is thatbefore any action can be undertaken to addressthe various issues prevalent in Sindh, the firststep is to collect and publish all the existing datain one document. This would provide a basis tofurther undertake studies and updateinformation on various sectors. This documentwill be a valuable tool for development plannersas a baseline resource on the state of theenvironment and for the sustainabledevelopment of the Province.It is hoped that this report will influence thedevelopment of the Sindh Strategy forSustainable Development with an emphasis onpoverty reduction and relevant livelihoodsstrategies for the people of the Province.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Developmentxi

Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentFOREWORD

The Government of Sindh is aware of theimportance of environmental conservation andacknowledges the fact that for sustainabledevelopment of the Province it is necessary totake immediate action to ensure optimal use ofavailable resources. Many issues such as thesea intrusion into the Indus Delta, air and waterpollution degrade natural resources, ultimatelyaffecting livelihoods. For the prosperity of theprovince of Sindh, equitable and effectivemanagement of our natural environment isrequired.In this context the Provincial Government hasinitiated and implemented many projectsrelated to sustainable development, with aspecial emphasis on poverty reduction andsustainable livelihoods. As part of the Vision2015, the necessity to formulate a strategy forthe conservation of natural resources has alsobeen realised. There is a dire need for greaterpublic participation in development andenvironmental management.The first step to achieve these goals was tocollect and collate information on variousenvironment and development issues of theProvince. Therefore, the Planning andDevelopment Department, (P&DD)Government of Sindh is very proud that theState of Environment and Development ofSindh (SoED) has been developed. Thisdocument provides succinct, up to dateinformation about trends, issues and status ofvarious sectors in the Province. In light of theVision 2015, we hope that this document wouldprove to be a good source of information andserve as a reference guide for all developmentinitiatives. The SoED can also be used as ayardstick to measure future changes in theprovince. We see this document as a first stepto the development of the Sindh Strategy forSustainable Development, which is also beingdeveloped in collaboration with IUCNP SindhProgramme.It was developed with wide stakeholderparticipation of both government and civilsociety and the P&DD together with IUCN waspart of the whole process of consultativeworkshops and development of sector papers.We would like to acknowledge the technicalassistance of IUCN Pakistan Sindh Programmein developing this document. We alsoappreciate the work it has undertaken for thesustainable development of Sindh. The P&DDlooks forward to supporting all sustainabledevelopment initiatives in the Province andfurther collaboration with IUCN for a moresustainable Sindh.Ghulam Sarwar KheroAdditional Chief Secretary (Dev)Government of SindhKarachiSindh State ofEnvironment &Developmentxiii

Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The State of Environment and Development(SoED) of Sindh has been developed throughwide stakeholder participation and with inputfrom various experts. We extend our profoundthanks to the experts who developed the sectorpapers that were a pre-requisite to developingthe SoED of Sindh.We are thankful to all the stakeholders who tookthe time to attend the consultative workshopsand provided us with an in-depth analysis of thevarious issues addressed in the sector papers.Without their contribution, it would not havebeen possible to have complete and holisticinformation for all key sectors.The Sindh Programme Office team, composedof Ali Raza Rizvi, Nasir Ali Panhwar, SaimaPervaiz Baig, Sana Raza, Shahana Jamil, NajiaA. Siddiqui and Tahir Qureshi, coordinated thedevelopment of the papers, workshops andalso undertook the final responsibility of editingand printing this report.The IUCN “family” members provided immensesupport and guidance at various phases of theprocess. Particular thanks are due to Ms. AbanMarker Kabraji, Regional Director for Asia, andother members including Abdul Latif Rao,Mohammed Rafiq, Gul Najam Jamy, DhunmaiCowasjee, Zohra Rehmat Ali and Azhar Saeed.We are very grateful to Arif Hassan who took onthe gargantuan task of putting together thisreport, for editing various sector papers forinclusion and for also writing some chapters. Hisexpertise and knowledge played a large part ingiving this report its final shape. Thanks are dueto Zofeen Ebrahim and Samina Choonara whoassisted in reviewing and editing. We wouldalso like to extend our particular gratitude to thefollowing:Mr. Ghulam Sarwar Khero, Additional ChiefSecretary (Dev), Government of Sindh.Mr. Shams ul Haq Memon, SecretaryEnvironment & Alternate Energy, Governmentof Sindh.Mr. Mohammed Hashim Leghari, SecretaryEducation, Government of Sindh.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Developmentxv

Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentEXECUTIVESUMMARY

Sindh, Pakistan's second largest province,plays an important role in the national economicand development agenda. The country's largestcity, Karachi, which also houses both its ports,is located here. The province contains 23percent of Pakistan's population and 17.7percent of its land area. With 48.9 percent, ithas the highest concentration of urbanpopulation as opposed to an overall average of32.5 percent, making it the most urbanisedprovince in the country. Sindh is also a culturalmelting pot, where migrants from otherprovinces have settled in search ofopportunities and have brought along their owntraditions and languages.The province contains a mere 23 percent ofPakistan's population; however, its contributionto Pakistan's economy is much higher. Sindhcollects 70 percent of Pakistan's income taxand 62 percent of sales tax. A major share ofPakistan's industry, oil and gas fields, livestockand fisheries are located in Sindh.Physiographically, Sindh comprises of the LowerIndus Basin. It can be divided into four distinctparts with the Kirthar mountain range in thewest, a central alluvial plain bisected by theRiver Indus in the middle, the desert belt ofTharparkar in the east, and the Indus Delta inthe south. The climate of Sindh is consistentwith the typical weather of tropical regions of lowand dry lands. Temperatures are exceptionallyhigh in summer but comparatively low in winter.Upper Sindh is dry, with considerable variationsof temperature in winter. The climate is relativelymoderate in the lower areas and in themidsection of the province. Rainfall is scarce inthe province as a whole, varying between 100 to200 mm per year.The diverse population of Sindh consists of thedescendants of various races (Aryans, Sakas,Huns, Arabs, Baloch and more recently migrantsfrom India) who have either invaded or settledhere over the last three thousand years. Sixtypercent of the population of the provinceSindh State ofEnvironment &Developmentxvii

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Developmentxviiicommunicates in Sindhi, 21 percent is Urduspeaking and 7 percent speaks Punjabi as itsmother tongue. Sindhi is spoken widely in therural areas where it is the first language of 92percent of the population. These percentagesvary in the urban areas as 50 percent of the citydwellers speak Urdu. Social and physicalindicators for rural and urban areas diverge aswell. For example, 55.69 percent of rural homeshave no access to latrines. In the urban areas,this figure is 5.7 percent. About 52.62 percent ofrural homes have electricity as opposed to 93percent in the urban areas. Female literacystands at 12.23 percent in the rural areas while56.66 percent females in the urban areas areliterate. Urban population growth is considerablyhigher, 3.5 percent per year, than the staggeringrural growth of 2.2 percent per year.Karachi, the capital of the province and thecountry's only sea port, contains 30 percent ofSindh's total population and 63 percent of itsurban population. As a result, it exercises astrong influence on the economy andemployment patterns in the province. Industrieshave failed to develop in other parts of Sindhowing to the influx of the skilled and educatedpeople from the rural areas to Karachi foremployment purposes. This migratory processis further impoverishing the rural areas.Sindh's natural endowments consist mainly ofagriculture, fisheries, livestock and poultry, aridzones, wetlands, coastal and marineecosystems, water resources, flora and wildlife.The natural assets of the province and theenvironment they subsist in are under stressdue to poor management; lack of financial andhuman resources within state institutions;bureaucratic red-tape; a powerful nexusbetween politicians, bureaucratic and feudalinterests; and the non-involvement ofcommunities in the management anddevelopment process. Increasing poverty andunemployment further restrict sustainablenatural resource management.Indus water is crucial to Sindh's survival as 95percent of its farmland acquires water from theIndus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) and 97percent of all water is used for agriculture. Thegroundwater available in Sindh accounts to onlythree to five MAF and is potable only in 28percent of Sindh's geographical area.According to the 1991 Water Accord betweenthe provinces, Sindh was awarded 48.76 MAFyearly from the IBIS. However, it has receivedmuch less than this due to the nonimplementationof the Water Accord as well asthe persistence of drought. The most severelyaffected area in the province is the Indus Deltawhich has shrunk to ten percent of its originalsize due to the construction of dams andbarrages on the Indus. Sindh is plagued byacute water insecurity. In 1971-72, whenSindh's population was 14.156 million, wateravailability was 39.3 MAF. In 1998-99, when thepopulation rose to 30 million, water availabilitywas reduced to 48.5 million. The water problemis further aggravated by defective irrigationpractices like flood irrigation, lack of drainagefacilities and the absence of properly organisedmanagement and distribution of this resource.The absence of lining in canals and waterchannels result in leakages that cause waterloggingand seepage in the urban watertransmission and distribution system.Meanwhile, sea intrusion in the delta has mademost of the subsoil in the aquifer saline.Sindh is a major producer of grain, fruit andvegetables. However, crop yields are low andhave been almost stagnant for the last decade.This is due to salinity caused by leakages fromcanals and from sea intrusion in the delta andcoastal districts. Over irrigation and badlymanaged water distribution also contribute topoor crop yield. An increase in the use offertilisers and pesticides has been witnessed,which has led to land degradation and depletionof organic matter in the soil. The application ofpesticides and broad spectrum chemicals hasled to many pest outbreaks, damaging humanhealth and the environment by killing non-targetbio-control agents, environmental friendlyorganisms, and birds. In addition, much of thefertilisers and pesticides are substandard andthe Directorate of Plant Protection andAgriculture Extension have not been able toeffectively control their production and use.Academic institutions, laboratories andresearch facilities exist in the agricultural sector.In addition, private sector companies also carryout research. Tando Jam Agricultural Universityhas a student population of over four thousandand considerable research facilities. However,budgets for this purpose have been reduced

drastically since 1994-95. Agriculture extensionbudgets have increased by a mere 22 percentin the last ten years. The foremost issues of thissector are the management of plant viruses,agri-research management, the large yield gapand the high cost of production. The exorbitantcosts of seed, fertiliser and pesticide accountfor elevated production costs. Poverty forcesfarmers to borrow money from arthis andbayparis for production purposes at high ratesof interest or alternatively, to sell their produceat much lower than the market price in exchangefor credit.Sindh holds a primary position in Pakistan infisheries. Of Pakistan's 1,050 km coastline,including the Indus Delta, 350 km is in Sindh. Inaddition, almost 100 percent of the brackish, 65percent of the freshwater and 71 percentmarine fish resources of Pakistan are in Sindh.Over sixteen thousand boats of all categoriesare engaged in fishing along the coast.However, the sector faces a number ofconstraints. Attempts for the diversification ofresources to culture fisheries have not beenmade even though these steps would reducedemands on wild stock which is underincreased pressure. A number of developmentprojects for this purpose were executed butthey were unsuccessful and as a result thesector is in debt of over $120 million dollars inforeign loans, borrowed mainly for Sindh. Thereis also an absence of credit facilities for the fishfarming industry and a dearth of trained humanresources.Many training facilities (such as FishermenMarine Training School, extension centres forupper and lower Sindh) are no longeroperational or have been abandoned.Furthermore, the equipment procured duringthe execution of development projects was notproperly utilised. There is also an acuteshortage of landing facilities along the coast. Allthis points to a major planning, implementationand management problem accompanied by alack of political will. In addition, the absence ofwater in the Indus delta has adversely affectedthe fishing communities and the fish nurseriesin the mangrove swamps. As a result, manyspecies such as the palla, are under threat.Commercial fishing (especially of shrimps) andillegal fishing by foreign trawlers off Pakistan'scoast are further depleting stocks. Coincidingwith these problems is the poverty of fishingcommunities who are in debt to contractors thatpurchase fishing rights from the government. Achange in the contracting system is required tobenefit the ruthlessly exploited fishingcommunities.Sindh contains a sizeable proportion ofPakistan's livestock and poultry. For example,27 percent cattle, 28 percent buffalo and 40percent of poultry are located in Sindh. Therehas been a considerable increase in thenumber of livestock and poultry in Sindh butthere has been no improvement in theproduction performance of the breeds.Research and extension facilities required forthis need to be set up. A disease preventionnetwork in the form of veterinary hospitals,dispensaries, veterinary centres at district,taluka and union council levels, exists.However, vaccines at these centres areinadequate, disease diagnosis and monitoringsystems are weak, and extension is poor.Annual Development Plan (ADP) funding forthe sector has been steadily declining and is notbeing replaced by other private sectorarrangements.Sindh's arid zones consist of Thar, Nara andKohistan areas. The majority of the arid zonepopulation is engaged in herding and relies onthe rangelands which provide more than 70percent of the forage for the animals.Agriculture is rain fed and rains are erratic.Previously, the desert populations migrated tothe Indus flood plains during the dry periodsand this helped in the protection of rangelandsfrom over-grazing. It also provided analternative habitat during periods of prolongeddrought. In addition, rangelands were managedand protected by a powerful feudal authoritywhich also arranged for the maintenance andbuilding of water conservation and storageinfrastructure. Due to a change from barter to acash economy, the power of the feudal authorityin fulfilling its environment and developmentrelated functions has almost disappeared andhas not been replaced by community-basedalternatives. The flood plains of the Indus havebeen colonised and no longer provide a safetyvalve for the arid zone communities. Theintroduction of the cash economy has increasedthe number of animals in order to increase theavailability of cash. All these factors haveSindh State ofEnvironment &Developmentxix

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Developmentxxcontributed to an over-exploitation of therangelands and in an increasing number ofcases, their desertification. Due to thesefactors, the desert communities have becomeextremely vulnerable especially during periodsof drought. According to surveys the majority ofhouseholds are in debt to moneylenders. It hasbeen observed that in areas where roadinfrastructure exists, arid zone communities areable to strike a more equitable relationship withthe middlemen who purchase their animals, sellthem fodder, and lend money in times ofdrought. Solutions to these problems havebeen initiated by Thardeep, a local Thari NGO,through community mobilisation for rangelandmanagement, building and maintenance ofwater conservation and storage, alternativelivelihoods, community savings and creditschemes.Eight percent of Sindh's geographical areaconsists of forests. These forests are of threekinds: riverine forests, mangrove forests andirrigated plantations. The riverine forests havebeen degraded due to the building of dams andbarrages on the Indus and the irrigation system.A recent drought has further thinned them out.The mangrove forests in the Indus Delta are thesixth largest in the world. They have decreasedfrom 263 thousand hectares in 1977 to 160thousand hectares in 1991. This is primarily dueto the lack of freshwater from the Indus flushingthe delta and the resulting sea intrusion.Irrigated plantations, initiated with theassistance of the Asian Development Bank,have been increasing, but at a very slow pace.In any case, they constitute a very smallpercentage (7.25 percent) of the forest area ofSindh and are not an ecological alternative tothe natural forests.The forestry sector is under threat. There hasbeen gross mismanagement of the sector bythe government's Forest Department. A nexusbetween forest contractors, officials of theforestry department and local feudals has led toillegal exploitation of forest resources and inmany cases illegal occupation. This processhas been aggravated by the poverty andlandlessness of local communities and anunfavourable security situation in the province.The present management system in the forestdepartment does not allow for independent andprofessionally sound work in the interest offorests and communities. It is centralised andthe revenue generated is not re-invested in theharvested forest area. These issues demotivateprofessionals and employees of thedepartment. To make matters worse, longperiods of drought in recent years and reducedinundation coupled with increasingtranspiration, due to rising temperatures, havetaken their toll. The building of the Left and theRight Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD & RBOD) offeropportunities for introducing species (such asthe Australian Acacias) that can grow in salineand waterlogged conditions. Social forestry,both through the Sindh Forest Department andthe private sector, has shown signs of successand needs to be promoted.The wetlands of Sindh serve as spawning,rearing and nursery grounds for the productionof shrimps, lobsters and fish. During themigration season over one million waterfowlfrom 108 species use these wetlands. Eight ofthe nineteen Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistanare located in Sindh. Wetlands are under stressfor a variety of reasons. Local communitiesharvest their fauna and flora for food andeconomic gain. The population of suchcommunities is rapidly increasing due to highpopulation growth rates. The damming of theIndus has affected these areas adversely sincedischarge of both sediment and water hasreduced considerably. This has also caused seawater intrusion and waterlogging in the coastaldistricts due to which many locations havebecome so saline that they are unable tosupport any bird or plant life. Excessive use ofwater for agriculture also deprives wetlands oftheir share. The water that does reach thewetlands often contains fertiliser and pesticiderunoff. Added to these factors is uncontrolledhunting and the growth of unplanned humansettlements around them which discharge theirsewage and industrial affluent into the wetlands.Sindh's coastline can be divided into two: theIndus Delta and the Karachi mega-city coastwhich lies between the Hub River and the IndusDelta. Much of the problems of the delta areaare related to a lack of water in the Indus belowKotri and have already been explained. TheLBOD and the RBOD are contributing to theproblems confronting the Indus Delta coast. TheLBOD discharges into the Shah Samdoo Creekand is adversely affecting the coast. The RBOD

is to discharge near the Gharo Creek which isalready stressed due to Karachi's heavyindustrial and port activities. The dilemmas ofthe Karachi coast are different from that of thedelta. This coast contains two major ports, theKarachi Port and the Mohammad Bin QasimPort. Both these ports are responsible for oilpollution of the coastal region. In addition,Karachi's industrial areas (SITE, Landhi-Korangi, Pakistan Steel Mills) dischargeeffluents that carry heavy metal, organic matterand toxic chemicals, into the sea. There is alsothermal pollution from the Karachi NuclearPower Plant and other heavy industries that usesea water for cooling and discharge it back athigh temperatures after use. Solid waste is alsodumped into the sea and untreated sewage(only 20 percent of Karachi's sewage is treated)finds its way to the sea through the naturaldrainage system. Due to these reasons the floraand fauna of the Karachi coast have beenadversely affected and their recreationalpotential and aesthetic quality has beenundermined. A master plan for Karachi as awhole and for the coast in particular is required,along with the implementation of theEnvironmental Protection Act, to improveconditions. This requires close coordinationbetween the numerous federal, provincial andlocal agencies that operate in the city.Sindh is also experiencing a depletion of itsfloral resources at an increasingly high ratebecause of a rise in both human and animalpopulation which results in over-exploitation.The absence of affordable energy options is amajor factor along with the decreasingfreshwater to the Indus Delta. As mentioned inthe paragraphs above, the riverine areas,swamps, deserts and the Indus Delta whereflora is located are all under stress. Althoughproper legislations exist, like the Forest Act,NEQS and the Wildlife Protection Act, theirimplementation and enforcement is weak,hampered by political interests and feudalinfluences. The administrative set-up is run onan ad hoc basis, with limited budgets and fewtrained persons.Sindh's Wildlife is threatened by similaradversities faced by flora resources in theprovince. A number of important NGOs thatwork in close collaboration with governmentagencies and the corporate sector haveinitiated pilot projects for the conservation ofwetlands, flora and wildlife.Sindh is a major producer of oil and gas. Fiftysixpercent of Pakistan's daily production of oiland 37 percent of gas is produced in Sindh.Limestone is found all over the province and ismined extensively for cement production. Thereare also large deposits of coal and lignite inupper Rannikot, Meting Jhimpir, Lakhra andThar. The Thar deposits have yet to be minedand are estimated to be the largest in Pakistan.Foreign investment in the mining sector isincreasing and between 1999-2000 and 2001-2002, it increased from $79.7 million to $121.7million dollars.Mining in Sindh has caused deforestation anddisplacement of the local poverty strickencommunities. It has also caused large scaleenvironmental degradation. Much of this isbecause the private companies involved inmining have not been concerned about itssocial and environmental repercussions. Ruralcommunities which are affected by miningactivities are poor and disorganised, and do nothave the support of concerned civil societyorganisations. Thardeep, a Thar NGO, hasrecently prepared a report on the environmentalrepercussions of mining in Thar and it is hopedthat the concerns and recommendations of thisreport will be considered by the authorities andthat in the future similar reports will be made forother mining projects as well. Such initiativesare important since both multinationalcompanies and domestic private prospectorsare increasingly showing interest in the miningsector.There are other daunting threats for the localsas well. Mining processes in Pakistan areobsolete, slow and outdated. Abandoned minespose problems and a number of people havedied due to their collapse. Lack of safety forworkers due to non-implementation of minesafety laws also results in regular deaths. Inaddition, pollution from mines causes changesin the chemistry of groundwater which results inan increase in water-borne diseases.Urbanisation in Sindh is a major environmentalissue as 48.9 percent of the province resides inurban areas. Karachi alone contains 63percent of Sindh's urban population. A largeSindh State ofEnvironment &Developmentxxi

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Developmentxxiihousing demand-supply gap has resulted inthe development of katchi abadis. The rapidand uncontrolled growth of the city has resultedin unregulated development and inappropriateland-use changes. In Karachi, more than 50percent of its population lives in informalsettlements. Master plans for Karachi andSindh's secondary cities have been developedbut they have never been implemented orgiven legal cover. In addition, planning andbuilding control institutions have beenineffectual. Building by-laws and zoningregulations are violated due to a powerfulnexus between politicians, bureaucrats anddevelopers. The cities and towns do not havespace for cargo terminals, transport facilities,small scale manufacturing and warehousing.These have developed in the inner citiescreating immense environmental degradation,inappropriate land-use changes and thedemolition of much of Sindh's built-heritagewhich lies within the inner cities.Water for most of Sindh's cities comes fromriver and canal sources. Acute shortages occurduring periods of drought and per capitaavailability is decreasing. Water sources areincreasingly polluted due to untreated industrialand domestic wastes being disposed into therivers and irrigation systems. Sewage treatmentplants have not been built, and even where theyexist, as in Karachi, Hyderabad and Sukkur,effluent does not reach them due to faultyplanning. Only 30 to 40 percent of all solidwaste is lifted by the municipalities and thereare no properly organised landfill sites in theprovince. Fortunately, Sindh has a largegarbage recycling industry in the informalsector due to which much of the inorganicwaste is recycled. This industry, however,needs support to make it function better.The absence of a rail based mass transitsystem for Karachi and efficient transportfacilities also poses immense problems for thecommuting public and is the major cause forstress related diseases. The lack of efficientand comfortable transport induces people topurchase cars and motorcycles, creatingcongestion and air pollution. Noise and airpollution in Karachi, and at various locations inSindh's secondary cities, is considerably higherthan acceptable levels. Mega projects, such asthe Lyari Expressway, and illegal land useconversions, evict a large number of poorcommunities from their homes, in some casesfrom locations they have occupied for over twohundred years. However, Karachi has an activecivil society and a number of NGOs areinvolved in community development and urbanplanning-related advocacy work.Sindh is a major contributor to industrialproduction in Pakistan as 60 percent ofPakistan's industry is located in Karachi. Inaddition, it has a vast network of agro-basedindustries such as flour, rice, edible oil, cottonginning, brick kilns, and livestock products andheavy industries including sugar, cement,cotton yarn, textiles, cloth, cigarettes, tanning,pharmaceuticals, and steel mills. However,Sindh's industrial units, except those concernedwith consumer products, have been closingdown because of: increases in the cost ofproduction; a deteriorating law and ordersituation; investors having taken advantage ofbank loans and preferring to declare their unitssick; and discontinuation of previously grantedtax holidays. Due to these reasons, there is ashift from manufacturing to trading or serviceindustries. Structural adjustment, privatisationand adjustments due to the WTO regime havealso adversely affected industrialisation.Foreign investments have not materialisedexcept for the oil, gas, fast food and tobaccoindustries. The formal sector industries havealso been adversely affected by smuggledgoods made possible mainly through theAfghan Transit Trade, second quality productsfrom the informal production sector whichcontributes 50 percent of Sindh's productionand inadequate infrastructure. Non-availabilityof credit and cash flow, including foreignexchange, has also resulted in lack ofconfidence in the investment market. As a resultof these factors, an increasing number ofindustries are closing down and unemploymentis rampant. In addition, noise and air emissionsand the discharge of hazardous effluents farexceed allowable NEQS. Industrial solid wastecollection and disposal is also nonexistent andit is not treated as a separate component fromdomestic waste.Only five percent of monthly income is spent onenergy demonstrating the deplorable livingconditions in Sindh. This is in spite of the factthat Sindh has replaced Balochistan as a major

producer of gas and that it has the largest coaldeposits in Pakistan. Although its electricitycapacity has been increasing, its consumptionhas been almost static since 1995-96. Two outof five oil refineries in Pakistan are located inSindh. However, their outputs are decliningsince they are old and outdated.Fifty-two percent of energy utilised in thehousehold sector in Sindh is firewood. Thefigure speaks for itself and the result of thispractice is deforestation. It is difficult to replacefirewood in a sustainable manner withalternatives since both oil and gas are beingdepleted rapidly. There is an urgent need todiversify and such diversification can take placethrough the use of wind and solar energyoptions. However, in spite of good researchcentres in both the private and public sector,alternative energy development has not gonebeyond the development of some very effectivepilot projects. This is because of weakinstitutional arrangements for extension and theabsence of political will.Sindh has a rich cultural heritage. Its builtheritage consists of some of the most importantarchaeological sites in the world. However, onlya small percentage of these sites are protected,and even these are being adversely affected bythe unregulated growth of human settlementsand/or waterlogging and soil degradation. Theunprotected sites are being lost throughvandalism and their materials are being usedfor building new buildings. The provincialarchaeological department looks after thesemonuments and sites but its funds have notincreased in proportion to inflation anddevaluation of the rupee and it is increasinglyfinance starved. Sindh's old towns containbeautiful examples of both pre-British andcolonial buildings and neighbourhoods.However, due to an absence of urban planning,violation of building by-laws and nonimplementationof zoning regulations, the innercities of Sindh, where this cultural heritage islocated, are under stress. Much of their builtheritagehas already been lost. The SindhCultural Heritage (Preservation) Act 1994,through which a number of buildings have beenlisted, offers some hope. However, funds andexpertise for setting up the institutionalinfrastructure required for the enactment of theact are not available.Folk festivals, usually organised around the ursof saints, are becoming increasingly largerevents with participation of the public, private,social sectors and commercial enterprises.These events are accompanied by Sindhimusical functions and traditional sport. Betterorganisation of these events would attract alarger audience and would also go a long wayin the promotion of Sindhi culture and art. Thenewly created television satellite channels,especially the KTN, are also promoting Sindhimusic and dance.Sindh's arts and crafts, famous in history,consist of textiles, embroidery, glazed tiles andpottery in floral and geometric designs, andtimber carvings. Much of these were usedtraditionally for household items, to embellishboats and animal drawn carts and also inarchitecture. Although textile production hasincreased and become commercially viable,Sindh's crafts are no longer used in architecturewhere there is immense scope for them.Embroidery and weaving of shawls andblankets is also becoming a commercial activitybut is financed and marketed by an exploitativesystem controlled by middlemen.Given declining environmental conditions,environmental health is also deteriorating inSindh. In 1997, only 16 percent of the watersamples in a survey carried out in Karachi, wereconsidered fit for drinking, and in a survey in theThatta, Badin and Tharparkar districts, 100percent of the samples were contaminated.Such severe water pollution results in variousenteric diseases which are common in Sindh,especially among children. Studies haverevealed that 94 percent children develop IgGantibodies against hepatitis A virus by the timethey are three years old. In Karachi, more than6,000 industrial units accounting for 60 percentof the country's industries are located along thecoastal belt and the Indus Delta. With theexception of a few, most industrial unitsdischarge their untreated effluent containingheavy metals and their compounds directly intothe water bodies that release them into the sea.Surveys have established that the marineenvironment around Karachi is highly toxic andthat fish and shrimps accumulate a high degreeof lead from heavy metals. Studies have alsorevealed that vegetable samples from farmslocated along the Lyari and Malir rivers haveSindh State ofEnvironment &Developmentxxiii

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Developmentxxivhigh levels of zinc and copper. Polluted air,contaminated water, living conditions inovercrowded and underserviced settlements,as well as an inadequate diet, are all factorsthat deteriorate the overall health situation ofpeople living in the province. The developmentof appropriate infrastructure and theimplementation of institutional arrangements topromote planning and implementation of NEQSis required to improve environmental healthconditions.In terms of the Human Development Index(HDI) ranking within Pakistan, the urban areasof Sindh have the highest ranking with a HDI of0.659, greater than for Pakistan as a whole. Butthe rural areas of Sindh have an HDI of 0.456,which is the lowest in Pakistan. This suggests alarger urban-rural disparity than in any otherprovince of Pakistan. There are indications thatover two-thirds of the households in rural Sindhmay be classified as vulnerable in spite of thefact that Sindh has the highest per capitaincome in Pakistan. There is a correlationbetween high incomes and urbanisation,especially in Karachi. Moreover, more than 11million men and women in Sindh areunemployed and around 15 million live belowthe poverty line. The unemployment ratio inSindh was 25 percent during the 1980's but hasincreased to 33 percent in the 1990's. Theprivatisation of public owned enterprises andinstitutions has contributed to unemployment.Persisting drought conditions, crippling taxstructures imposed under the influence of IMFand World Bank reforms, fluctuations in theexchange value of the rupee, a breakdown ofinfrastructure, and a failure to controllawlessness have all caused a major economicrecession. It has also adversely affected publicspending on social and physical infrastructurerelated to sanitation, water supply, health andeducation. Sindh's child mortality rate is 109 per1,000 live births as compared to a nationalaverage of 103. It is unlikely that the targets setby the Poverty Alleviation Programme and thePakistan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper willbe achieved in the absence of effectiveinstitutions and governance systems.Meanwhile, Sindh's population is growing notonly due to natural growth but, unlike the rest ofPakistan, due to migration from other provincesand also from other countries such asBangladesh, Burma and Afghanistan.The state of education in Sindh is best reflectedin its literacy figures and in the serious disparitybetween rural and urban areas. The provincialliteracy average in Sindh is 65.2 percent asopposed to the national average of 46.7percent. Karachi today has literacy figures of71.7 percent for men and 71.4 percent forwomen whereas rural literacy, according to the1998 Census, is 37.89 percent for men and12.23 percent for women. The public educationsector at the school level is facing majorconstraints because from the 1990's onwards,there has been a continual decrease in publicspending on school education. In 2001-02, theallocation of Rs. 1,150 million for public sectorschool education was reduced to Rs. 643million by the provincial government. Thirtypercent of public sector schools are withoutbuildings, 34 percent without electricity, 15percent without water, and 33 percent withouttoilets. Sindh has the largest number of ghostschools in the country and at least 700 ghostteachers draw government salaries. In 1992, at47.2 percent, Sindh had the lowest enrollmentratio for primary schooling in all the provinces.In addition, the student-teacher ratio for Sindhin 1999 was also the worst, falling behind byover 10 points as compared to all the otherprovinces. This has led to overcrowdedclassrooms, falling standards of instruction andevaluation, and greater drop out rates inprimary and secondary schools. This gap inschool education is filled increasingly by theprivate sector. Only 10 percent of private sectorschools have science and computerlaboratories, libraries, auditoriums and hostelfacilities. Since they are not regulated, many oftheir teachers are simply matriculates, paid aslittle as Rs.1,000 per month and have no jobsecurity. The demand-supply gap is also filledby madrassahs, the number of which has risenfrom 2,801 in 1988 to 9,880 in 2002. With anincrease in levels of poverty over the lastdecade, more children drop out of school tohelp their families by engaging in economicactivity. Many children, especially girls, do notattend school for lack of parental permissionand/or an inability to afford schooling.In terms of graduate degree awarding colleges,professional colleges, technical institutions andpostgraduate colleges, there has been adecrease in the number of functional institutionsand in enrollment figures of students. The major

eason for this is the emphasis on primary andsecondary level education at the expense of thetertiary level. In addition, the government hasbeen moving towards privatisation of highereducation upon the recommendations of a taskforce set up in early 2002 to study the problemsand suggest higher education reforms. Theremoval of subsidies was also suggested by thetask force.If these measures are implemented, highereducation will become unaffordable for thepoorer echelons of society and make social andeconomic mobility difficult, if not impossible. Thedemand-supply gap in higher education is beingsupplemented by expensive private universitieswhich are beyond the means of a majority ofSindh's population. These government policiesare increasing the rich-poor divide.There is also an acute shortage of technical andvocational training institutes. Only two suchinstitutes have been added over a period of fouryears and the enrollment actually went downbetween 1996-97 and 1998-99. Teachertraining schools also show a similar trend.Meanwhile, with a systematic degradation ofpublic sector universities since the mid-1980s,all research institutions have lost theirindependence and thereby the quality ofresearch being undertaken has faltered. Thisvacuum has been filled to some extent byprivate sector research and developmentinstitutions often affiliated with NGOs but theyare increasingly narrowly focused and thematic.Donor agencies such as the World Bank, ADB,Canadian CIDA, DFID and others, havestepped in to promote public-privatepartnerships in public sector education andancillary programmes. However, owing to a lackof government planning, donors tend to work totheir own agendas with little or no coordinationwith local government or each other. Owing tothe absence of vision; proper curriculum;effective teaching and research institutions; anda lack of coordination between policymakers,education providers and funders, this dismalpicture of the education sector in Sindh isunlikely to change. If it continues, it will result infurther inequity, poverty and environmentaldegradation.Sindh is at the forefront of the communicationssector in Pakistan. This sector consists of theprint and electronic (television and cable)media, radio and information technology (IT).Sindh is home to the most influential print mediaestablishments in Pakistan. The largest andmost highly circulated English and Urdulanguage publications are based in Karachi.Unlike the rest of Pakistan, the province has aflourishing regional language print media whichholds a near monopoly over circulation inInterior Sindh. The degree of freedom ofexpression available to the print media today isunprecedented in Pakistan's history. However,within the publishing circle there is a perceptionthat a process of self censorship throughadministrative pressure exists. Militant, political,social and religious groups also tend to exertpressure on journalists and publishing houses.In recent years, there has been a rise ofvigilantism which has been encouraged by alack of security within the province.The focus ofthe print media has been on political reportageand this leaves little space for social andenvironment-related issues although theircoverage has been increasing, especiallyaround issues related to large dams,particularly the controversy surrounding theKalabagh Dam.Television viewership has increased tremendouslyin Sindh over the last few years.Pakistan Television has a major station inKarachi that provides coverage to almost theentire province. Satellite dishes and formal andinformal cable networks allow access to avariety of regional channels even in theremotest parts of the province. Surveys indicatethat television dramas and public servicemessages have been extremely useful in theshaping of public opinion on social issues. With24 hour television channels, the appetite forprogramming is increasing. Nurturing andfeeding off this demand, the numbers ofindependent investors, production houses, andtelevision producers are escalating. However,institutions for training these professionals donot exist and this adversely affects the quality ofthe programming. Most of the televisionproducts are branded since they rely onadvertising revenue. Hence, corporateadvertisers often dictate programming. As aresult, social and environmental issues are nota priority as compared to revenue earningfamily soaps, sitcoms, and celebrity laden galashows. Radio, meanwhile, has been aSindh State ofEnvironment &Developmentxxv

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Developmentxxvineglected medium since the advent oftelevision in Pakistan. However, it has receivedmore attention since the liberalisation ofpolicies regarding private ownership of radiostations and the advent of FM in the urbanareas. Cinema too has been on a death spiral inthe country as a whole and in Sindh inparticular. Much of this is due to the official anticulturepolicies of the eighties and nineties.Many of Sindh's secondary cities no longerhave cinema houses and 107 cinemasthroughout the province had been convertedinto commercial centres or apartment blockssince May 2000.There are no definite statistics regarding the ITsector in the province. The number of computerliterate persons, number of professionals, oreven the number of existing software houses isnot known. However, internet service is nowavailable in 138 towns and cities in Sindh due tothe government's effort to make dial-upnetworking available. According to the internetservice providers, there are 165 companiesnationwide that have been issued licences tooperate internet services and the majority ofthem are based in Sindh. Formal sectorinstitutions providing IT education areexpensive and have a limited number of seats.As a result, private and informal educationalinstitutions have mushroomed in all the urbanareas of Sindh. In addition, there are 235software development houses of all sizes inSindh. Almost all of them are in Karachi andHyderabad. The biggest problem facing the ITsector in Sindh is the lack of availability ofquality software engineers and projectmanagers. This is due to the quality of ITeducation in Sindh and the brain drain whichtakes away the best talent to more lucrativeassignments outside the country. An ITrevolution cannot take place withoutinfrastructure such as an uninterruptedelectricity supply, an efficient telecommunicationsystem, and stability and continuity ingovernment policy. Unfortunately, all these prerequisitesare missing. However, the role of ITespecially the internet is being noticed in thedevelopment sector.The Government institutional framework is vitalfor any development related activity in theprovince. The Local Government Ordinance,2001 has been revolutionary; however,substantial changes in the system are yet to berealised. Under this Ordinance the structure ofLocal Areas and Local Governments wasrevamped. Local Areas now consist of Unions,Talukas, Towns, Districts and a City District. Theadministrative structure, including the Executiveand Revenue System, and the Police force hasalso undergone significant changes.NGOs are playing an increasing role ingovernance related issues. As intermediariesthey have helped build bridges and establishedchannels of communication and cooperationbetween communities, governments,development institutions and funding agencies.Through the establishment of CitizenCommunity Boards, in the Local GovernmentOrdinance 2001, the state has found aconstitutional way of including NGOs in localgovernance and as partners in development.Internationally too there has been a growingrecognition of NGO efforts evident from the shiftin donor policies. However, there is an absenceof a comprehensive database listing of NGOsand especially CBOs that exist in thousands inthe province.There is a major difference between NGOsworking in urban and rural Sindh. Urban NGOsare initiating policy changes through advocacyand by developing models of service deliverythrough community participation. Rural NGOson the other hand are primarily involved inservice provision. Both urban and rural NGOshave brought about awareness in societyregarding the rights of citizens, the need fortransparency and accountability, and problemsof development related concepts andprogrammes. However, the government-NGOrelationship has not yet evolved to one of trustand interdependence. NGO recommendationsfor public hearings around governmentpolicies and projects have not yet beenformalised. The Sindhi press has promotedenvironmental issues in a big way and as aresult a close liaison has developed betweenthe media and NGOs and CBOs. NGOs alsoproduce a large volume of literature in the formof monographs, books, journals andnewsletters, regarding their concerns on debt,WTO, government and global economicpolicies, environment and human rights. Thishas created further awareness amongactivists, academia and CBO members and

encourages more writers to delve into thesesubjects.Over the years, the NGO sector has shiftedfrom its purely altruistic nature to a donor drivenbusiness. Many NGOs have large budgets anddepend on erratic and whimsical donor funding.In addition, skilled personnel for communitymobilisation, technical expertise, documentationand monitoring for operating NGOprogrammes are not easily available. There is alack of effective and affordable traininginstitutions for NGO staff, community leadersand activists. Individual NGOs cannot be aseffective as NGO networks. A number of suchcollaborations have been established in Sindhwhich include the Sindh NGO Federation(SINGOF) and SINDHNET at the provinciallevel whereas Peoples Voice and the Water andSanitation Network have emerged from andoperate within Karachi.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Developmentxxvii

Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentP A R T I

TheContextSindh State ofEnvironment &Development

Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentCONTENTS

PART IChapter 1 IntroductionBackground 6Sindh in the National Context 6Institutional Framework 7Chapter 2 The Natural EnvironmentChapter 3 The Human FactorList of BoxesHistory 24Socio-economic Conditions 26Emerging Trends 28Box 1.1 Organisation of the Sindh Governor House 8Box 3.1 Fisherfolk Organizations 29List of TablesTables 1.1 Sindh at a glance 10Tables 2.1 Land use in Sindh 20Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development3

CHAPTER 1Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentIntroduction

UCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societiesthroughout the world to conserve the integrity anddiversity of nature and to ensure that any use of naturalIresources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development5

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development6BACKGROUNDIn Pakistan, IUCN seeks to fulfil this mission byempowering communities to participate in theimplementation of the National ConservationStrategy (NCS). In March 1992, the Cabinet ofthe Government of Pakistan adopted the NCS,which addresses the issues of conservationand sustainable use of natural resources foreconomic development. IUCN Pakistansupported the Federal Government in theprocess of its development. Similar support wasprovided to the Governments of NWFP,Balochistan and the Northern Areas for thedevelopment of relevant provincial levelstrategies. IUCN's Sindh Programme wasestablished in 2002 to consolidate IUCN'songoing activities in Sindh and to undertakenew initiatives in the Province.While Sindh is a province rich in naturalresources, there has been a dearth ofinformation regarding the environment anddevelopment situation of Sindh. Keeping this inview, IUCN Sindh Programme as a first stepinitiated the process of developing a report onthe State of Environment and Development ofSindh (SoED) to bridge the existing informationgap and to cater to the needs of a wide range ofstakeholders, who have been striving for thesustainable development of Sindh. This reportis also envisaged to serve as a baseline forpolicy makers, planners, and developmentpractitioners. While similar documents havebeen made for other provinces such as NWFP,this is the first document of its kind in Sindh,which attempts to highlight the status andcauses of the environmental and developmentissues inherent here.Prior to the development of the SoED, 22 sectorpapers were commissioned from experts inrelevant fields. They were required to collateinformation on their particular sectors, whichwould ultimately feed into the final SoED. (Referto Appendix - 1.1: List of Contributors) Thesectors were identified after the review ofexisting literature such as environmentalprofiles of other provinces. While determiningthe sectors, high consideration was also givento the particular ecological regions of Sindh.The papers are based on a review of publishedand unpublished documents and the knowledgeand expertise of the author(s) in the subjectarea. No primary data collection has beeninvolved.The first draft of each sector paper was thenpresented at consultative workshops to keystakeholders and other experts in the field, toallow wider stakeholder participation andownership. The author of each paper made apresentation before the stakeholders andincorporated the recommendations generatedat the workshop. For details, refer to Appendix- 1.2: List of Participants.The workshops encouraged dialogue betweenkey stakeholders and raised many issuespertaining to the areas highlighted. In addition,the issues of a specific sector were emphasisedthrough the subsequent media coverage ofeach workshop, which resulted not only inawareness-raising but also influencing issues atthe policy level. Linkages were also formed witha number of stakeholders including public andprivate sector, academia, civil society, memberorganisations and the media.The next logical step to the SoED is to developa Sustainable Development Strategy for Sindh.The SoED is intended to provide the basis fordevising this Strategy, which aims to provide anoverall framework to address the Province'senvironmental and development issues in aholistic manner.In Sarhad and Balochistan, ProvincialConservation Strategies were formed byIUCNP on the request of respective provincialgovernments. In both the provinces, the P&DDwas the focal department for the developmentof the strategy. In this regard, dialogue hasbeen initiated with the Planning andDevelopment Department, Government ofSindh, and the process of strategy developmentis now underway.SINDH IN THE NATIONALCONTEXTSindh, Pakistan's second largest province playsan important role in the national economic anddevelopment agenda. The country's largest city,Karachi, which also houses both its ports, is

located here. The province contains 23 percentof Pakistan's population and 17.7 percent of itsland area. With 48.9 percent, it has the highestconcentration of urban population as opposedto an overall average of 32.5 percent, making itthe most urbanised province in the country.Sindh is also a cultural melting pot, wheremigrants from other provinces have settled insearch of opportunities, and have brought alongtheir own traditions and languages.Although, the province contains only 23 percentof Pakistan's population, its contribution toPakistan's economy is comparatively higher thanthe other larger provinces. Sindh collects 70percent of Pakistan's income tax and 62 percentof sales tax. Almost 70 percent of the nationalrevenues forming the divisible pool are collectedfrom Sindh, but its share in revenue transfer isonly 23.28 percent 1 . In the following chapters thatdeal with various aspects of Sindh'sdevelopment and environment, a number ofother facts emerge. These are given below.Sindh contains 54 percent of the country'stextile units, 45 percent of its sugar mills, 20percent of pulp and paper mills, 34 percentof total industrial capacity in large scalemanufacturing and 25 percent in smallscale manufacturing. In addition, theprovince produces 35 percent of allmanufactured edible oil in the country.Around 60 percent of the country's oil fieldsand 44 percent gas fields are located inSindh. In addition, 56 percent oil and 37percent of Pakistan's daily gas production isfrom Sindh.In the agricultural sector, Sindh is a majorproducer. Around 14 percent wheat, 43percent rice, 30 percent sugar cane, 25percent cotton and 30 to 50 percentvegetable crops grown in Pakistan are fromSindh.Its coastline of approximately 350 km isalso a very productive resource as 48percent of fish export from Pakistan is fromSindh. Moreover, 71 percent of marine fishresources, 65 percent of fresh water fishresources, and 100 percent of brackishwater fish resources are located in Sindh.In the context of livestock, 28 percentbuffalos, 27 percent cattle, 24 percentsheep, 28 percent camels and 40 percentpoultry in Pakistan is found in Sindh.Six of the major wetlands in the country arelocated in Sindh. Another three importantwetlands have also been added to themrecently. The province also contains theonly substantial large scale mangroveforests in the country.Karachi is the capital of the province and is oneof the primary cosmopolitan cities of Pakistan. Itcontains 62 percent of the total urbanpopulation of the province, approximately 25percent of the total urban population, and about9 percent of the total population of the country.Due to the strategic geographical placement ofKarachi, a number of federal agencies controlthe development and environment relatedaffairs of the city and hence of the Province aswell. These include the Karachi Port Trust,Military Lands and Cantonment Boards,Pakistan Railways, Pakistan Steel Mills, PortQasim Authority, Civil Aviation Authority andCustoms.Sindh depends on its northern hinterland for itsmost important resource - water. The Indus isthe only perennial water source for theprovince. The low availability of its water hashad an adverse effect on every aspect ofdevelopment and conservation. This includesthe destruction of the Indus Delta region, stresson its wetlands and forests, reduction in itsagricultural produce, problems of potable watersupply in its rural and urban areas and theendangering of its rich flora and fauna.Therefore, one of the major issues in Sindh isthe water crisis that is gradually increasing. Thisphenomenon is highlighted in almost all thechapters in this profile.INSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORK OF SINDHThe Government of Sindh (GOS) is divided intothe Provincial Government and the LocalSindh State ofEnvironment &Development71 Shaikh, Imtiaz “Making NFC Award Fair” Dawn, 31 May 2002

Government, which includes the City DistrictGovernment.The Provincial Government of Sindh has aGovernor, a Cabinet of Ministers headed by aChief Minister and a Provincial Assembly.Although there is a well-defined division ofresponsibilities between Federal and Provincialgovernments, there are some functions onwhich both can construct laws and establishdepartments for their execution. The parliamentand a provincial assembly have the power tomake laws with respect to any matter in theConcurrent Legislative List of the FourthSchedule to the Constitution.According to the Sindh Local GovernmentOrdinance, 2001, the Local Government ofSindh is to work within the Provincial frameworkand adhere to Provincial and Federal laws. Inthe performance of their functions, the LocalGovernment shall not impede or prejudice theexercise of the executive authority of theGovernment.The Provincial GovernmentThe executive authority of the Province lies withthe Governor and shall be exercised by him,either directly or through officers subordinate tohim, in accordance with the Constitution. TheFederal Government nominates the Governorof the province. All executive actions of theProvincial Government are to be taken underthe aegis of the Governor. He is responsible forappointing important functionaries and laysdown the rules for the allocation and transactionof the business of the Provincial Government.The Sindh government comprises of a Cabinetof Ministers, with the Chief Minister at its headto aid and advise the Governor. The Governorappoints a Chief Minister from amongst themembers of the Provincial Assembly who in hisopinion is likely to command the confidence ofthe majority of the members of the ProvincialAssembly. The Cabinet is collectivelyresponsible to the Provincial Assembly.According to Article 131 of the Constitution, itshould be the duty of the Chief Minister(a) to communicate to the Governor alldecisions of the Cabinet relating to theAdministration of the affairs of the Provinceand proposals for legislation.(b) to furnish such information relating to theadministration of the affairs of the provinceand proposals for legislation as theGovernor may call for.(c) to submit to the cabinet any matter onwhich the decision has been taken by theChief Minister or a Minister but which hasnot been approved by the Cabinet, if theGovernor requires.Members of the Provincial Assemblies areelected by universal adult suffrage. Seats arealso reserved for minorities. On therecommendation of the Provincial Government,the Assembly may, by law, confer functionsupon officers or authorities subordinate to theProvincial Government. Subject to clauses (7)and (8) of Article 130 of the Constitution ofPakistan, the Governor shall appoint theProvincial Ministers from amongst members ofSindh State ofEnvironment &Development8Box 1.1: Organisation of the Sindh Governor HouseThe Governor House functions under two wings:1. Military Secretary's Wing, headed by Military Secretary (serving officer of Pakistan's Armedforces). Under the Military Secretary there is an ADC (also a serving officer of Armed Forces, acomptroller and Section Officer General).2. Governor's Secretariat, headed by Principal Secretary to Governor.Additional Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries and Section Officers assist the Principal Secretary.Press Secretary to the Governor looks after the Media related matters and keeps liaison between the Pressand Governor House.Source: http://www.sindh.gov.pk

the Provincial Assembly on the advice of theChief Minister.The Governor shall appoint a person to beappointed a Judge of the High Court to be theAdvocate General of the High Court. TheAdvocate General is to advise the ProvincialGovernment upon such legal matters andperform such other duties of legal character asmay be referred or assigned to him by theProvincial Government. 2The administrative set up of the Province ofSindh consists of:1. The Executive and Revenue System,2. The Judiciary and3. The Police DepartmentThe functions and organizational structure of each,as highlighted in the Sindh Local GovernmentOrdinance, 2001, are described below:The Executive and Revenue SystemThe province of Sindh is divided into districts.There are currently 16 districts in Sindh.The Chief Secretary who is assisted byAdditional Chief Secretaries is in charge of thecommand center of the Government of Sindh,located in Karachi. Secretaries of variousdepartments oversee the smooth functioning oftheir particular units. For details refer toAppendix - 1.3: Provincial Departments ofSindh. The District Coordination Officers(DCO) in the districts serve as focal points foradministrative purposes to steer, coordinateand regulate the performance of differentgovernment departments, at the district level.Talukas coordinate the social, economic andpolitical activities of the villages. Duly electedpresidents of a certain number of villages forma Taluka. Generally one sub-division comprisesone Taluka, however, in some cases; it mayinclude two or more. Each Taluka is divided in toSupervisory Tapedar Circle (STC), which arefurther split into Tapedar Circles (TCs). Theseare decompounded to Dehs (revenue estates).These tiers are supervised by respectiverevenue officials.JudiciaryThe apex Court of the country is the SupremeCourt of Pakistan, and the highest Court of theProvince is the High Court of Sindh. The HighCourt of Sindh has a principal seat in Karachi, apermanent bench in Sukkur, and circuit Courtsin Hyderabad and Larkana. It is presided overby the Chief Justice of Sindh and has 28 judgesaltogether. At each bench or circuit 2-3 judgesof the High Court conduct hearings of cases.The subordinate judiciary consists of 20 DistrictCourts, 1 Small Causes Court in Karachi and 9Anti-Terrorist Courts. Approximately 406 judgeswork in the subordinate courts as District andSessions Judges, Additional District andSessions Judges, Senior Civil Judges,Assistant Sessions Judges, Civil Judges andJudicial Magistrates. There are about 4000 staffmembers who work in the subordinate courtsexcluding the judges.Besides this tribunals such as EnvironmentalTribunals and Services Tribunals, have beenestablished by the Federal and ProvincialGovernments at the federal and provinciallevels, respectively. Furthermore, there areBanking Courts, Labour Courts, and Anti-Corruption Courts which deal exclusively intheir respective areas.Environmental Tribunals are presided over by aChairperson who has been qualified to be a Judgeof the High Court. The Chairperson is selectedupon the recommendation of the Chief Justice ofthe High Court. Out of the two other membersappointed, at least one must be an expert in theenvironment field. The environmental tribunalshall exercise such powers and perform functionsthat are assigned to it under the PakistanEnvironmental Protection Act of 1997. Decisionstaken are based upon majority opinion.A judicial magistrate of the first class is appointedas an Environmental Magistrate empowered bythe High Court to impose punishments that arespecified in sub-section (2) and (4) of section 17in the Act of 1997. On May 15, 1999 the firstJudicial Magistrate of each district was posted atthe Headquarters in Sindh.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development92 The Constitution of Pakistan

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development10Police DepartmentWith its headquarters in Karachi, the InspectorGeneral (I.G.) administers the PoliceDepartment. The police department issupposed to maintain law and order. The paramilitary forces such as the Rangers also offerassistance to the police to reach their goals,whenever required.According to the Police Order 2002, Article 2(xii) and Article (xxv) the structure of the Policeforce is as follows:Senior Police Ranks1. Inspector General2. Additional Inspector General3. Deputy Inspector General4. Assistant Inspector General / SeniorSuperintendent5. Superintendent6. Assistant Superintendent / DeputySuperintendentJunior Police Ranks1. Inspector2. Sub-Inspector3. Assistant Sub-Inspector4. Head Constable5. ConstableAccording to this new order of 2002 theprovincial government shall post a police officerTable 1.1: Sindh at a glanceCITY DISTRICT 1DISTRICTS 15TALUKA COUNCIL 86TOWN COUNCILS 18POLICE STATIONS 358POLICE POSTS/CHOWKIES 271UNION COUNCILS 1094Source: http://www.sindh.gov.pkof the rank of Inspector General as a ProvincialPolice Officer of the province. Article 11(1)The provincial government in the case of capitalcity district shall post a police officer of the rankof Additional Inspector General as Capital CityPolice Officer. Article 11 ( 2 )The Provincial Police Officer may post a CityPolice Officer for a city district and DistrictPolice Officer in a district in consultation withthe provincial government concerned. Article15(1)Local GovernmentA new scheme of local governance wasintroduced in recent years. The LocalGovernment Ordinances 2001 paved the wayfor the establishment of a three-tier localgovernment structure.1. The District Government2. The Taluka and Town Administration3. The Union AdministrationThe District Government: Provinceof SindhThe District government consists of the District/Zilla Nazim and District Administration. TheDistrict Government of Sindh has up to thirteenadministrative departments, a council and isheaded by the Zilla Nazim in Karachi. Under thenew system, these administrative units areaccountable to elected councils and ultimatelyto the electorate. The Zilla Nazim assisted bythe District Coordination Officer monitors andmanages the district administration, whichconsists of district offices including sub-officesat the Taluka level.The District Coordination Officer (DCO) wasappointed by the Provincial Government and isthe coordinating head of the DistrictAdministration. In Sindh, Co-ordination, HumanResource Management and Civil Defence isincorporated into the duties of the DCO. Furtherresponsibility for the smooth functioning of eachsubordinate administrative unit is delegated tothe Executive District Officers (EDOs).

Organogram of the Judicial SystemJUDICIARYLaw Interpreting bodySUPREME COURTHigh Court of each ProvinceEnvironmental Tribunal & otherTribunals for special subject matterslike tax, banking etc.District CourtsProvincial Tribunallike Services TribunalCivilCriminalDistrict JudgeSessions judgeAdditionalDistrict JudgeSr. Civil JudgeCivil JudgeAdditionalSessions JudgeAssistantSessions Judge1st Class JudicialMagistrate2nd Class JudicialMagistrateThe Zilla Nazim is accountable to the peoplethrough the elected members of the ZillaCouncil. A Zilla Council consists of all UnionNazims in the District, which include memberselected on the reserved seats. These seats areset aside exclusively for women, peasants,workers and minority communities. The OfficeEstablishment of the Zilla Nazim delegatesresponsibility from the Zilla Nazim to theAdministrative Officer who manages thesupport staff.The Zilla Council has its Secretariat under theNaib Zilla Nazim with a separate budgetallocation. The Council Officer assists the NaibZilla Nazim. The staff of the Zilla Councilincludes an Assistant Council Officer,Superintendent and support staff. For a detailedlisting, refer to Appendix 1.4: Details of ZillaNazims and Naib Zilla Nazims in Sindh.The Provincial Government has established aPublic Safety Commission in each districtSindh State ofEnvironment &Development11

consisting of 8, 10 or 12 members dependingon the area covered by the district and itspopulation. Half of the members are elected bythe Zilla Council from amongst its Councillorswhilst the other half are independent membersappointed by the Governor from a list of namesrecommended by the District Selection Panel. AChairperson is elected from one of themembers to preside over meetings. The PublicSafety Commission facilitates police-public cooperationand acts as a liaison between theDistrict Police Officer and the functionaries fromvarious tiers of the District Government,including the Zilla Nazim by acceptingcomplaints and conducting enquiry wheneverrequired.The new system of local governance wasdesigned to efficiently address the specificneeds and problems of each district. The DistrictGovernment is responsible to the people andthe Provincial Government for improvement ofgovernance and delivery of services. A ZillaMohtasib redresses citizens' complaints againstmaladministration of the public office dignitaries(including District Government, Taluka MunicipalAdministration, Union Administration, ZillaNazims, Zilla Naib Nazims, District PoliceOfficers and Council Members) in the localgovernments within the district.The Zilla Mushavirat Committee consists of theZilla Nazim, Naib Zilla Nazim, and all Taluka andOrganogram of the District GovernmentZilla NazimZilla Naib NazimDistrict Coordination OfficerCoordination, Human Resource Management & Civil DefenceEDO AgricultureEDO LiteracyEDO LawEDO RevenueEDO EducationEDO Works & ServicesEDO HealthEDO Finance & PlanningSindh State ofEnvironment &Development12EDO Community DevelopmentEDO Enterprise andInvestment PromotionEDO Information TechnologyEDO Master PlanEDO GeneralSource: Approved Organograms of Restructured Groups of Offices of a Common District and Approved Establishment of Zilla Nazim andZilla Council. December 2001. Compiled by Provincial Transition Wing, Local Government Department, Government of Sindh

Town Nazims in the district. The Zilla Nazim isthe Chairman of the Zilla Mushavirat Committeewhilst the District Coordination Officer acts asthe Secretary. It is to meet at least once everythree months. As outlined in the Sindh LocalGovernment Ordinance 2001, amongst thefunctions of this committee are to crystallizevision for integrated development of the districtand takulas, to resolve intra-district disputes andmuster resources for crisis management.Citizen Community Boards are set-up in everylocal area. Groups of non-elected citizens may,through voluntary, proactive and self helpinitiatives, establish as many of theseorganisations as they require. The general bodyof members elects the Chairman, ExecutiveCommittee and a Secretary of the Board forcarrying out its functions. Community Boardsare to provide a vast array of services includingthe development and management of new orexisting public sector facilities; welfare services;establishment of cooperatives; identification ofthe needs of the local area and the provision ofgrants and encouraging stakeholderparticipation for wider community participation.Taluka and Town AdministrationThe middle tier, the Taluka is headed by theTaluka Nazim who governs the TalukaMunicipal Administration. The hierarchicalstructure of which includes a Taluka MunicipalOfficer, Taluka Officers, Chief Officers and otherofficials of the Local Council Service. TheTaluka Municipal Administration is entrustedwith the functions of administration, finances,and management of the offices of LocalGovernment and Rural Development, andnumerous other subjects at all levels.In every town in the City District there is a TownMunicipal Administration which consists of theTown Nazim, Town Municipal Officer, TownOfficers, Chief Officers and other officials of theLocal Council Service and officials of the officesentrusted to the Taluka MunicipalAdministration 3 .Union AdministrationThe lowest tier, the Union Administration is acorporate body covering the rural as well asurban areas across the whole District. Itconsists of Union Nazim, Naib Union Nazim,three Union Secretaries and other auxiliarystaff. The Union Nazim is the head of the UnionAdministration and assisted by the Naib UnionNazim. The Union Secretaries coordinate andfacilitate community development, functioningof the Union Committees and delivery ofmunicipal services under the supervision of theUnion Nazim.City District Government KarachiKarachi is the largest metropolitan city inPakistan, housing a population ofapproximately 14 million. As a result of thedevolution plan, an elected and representativegovernment has been established at the citylevel which consists of the City GovernmentSecretariat.18 Town Administrations and 178 Union CouncilAdministrations are set up in Karachi toeffectively manage the city.The City Nazim, Town and Union CouncilNazims have been entrusted with the task ofproviding basic amenities to people living in thearea. For details refer to Appendix 1.5: Listingof Towns and Important City DistrictFunctionaries.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development133 The Sindh Local Government Ordinance, 2001. Revised Edition 2003.The Ideal Publishers. Karachi, Pakistan

CHAPTER 2Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentThe NaturalEnvironment

indh is located in the south-east of Pakistan. Throughouthistory it has been known by many names; it was calledSindomana by the Greeks, Sindhudesha by ancientHindus, Sindh by Arab geographers and Sindhu by theSnative people.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development15

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development16Physiographically, Sindh comprises of theLower Indus Basin. It the second-mostpopulous province after the Punjab and covers140,914 square kilometre (km), with a northsouthlength of about 540 km and a breadth ofabout 250 km. It lies between 23 o and 28 o Northlatitudes and 66 o and 71 o East longitudes. Theprovince of Balochistan is on its west and north,and the Punjab is on its north-east. To its east isthe Indian state of Rajasthan and Gujarat, andthe Arabian Sea is on the south. Map - 2.1shows the different areas of the Province.Topographically, Sindh can be divided into fourdistinct parts with the dry and barren KirtharRange in the west, a central alluvial plainbisected by the River Indus, a desert belt in theeast, and the Indus delta in the south.Except for a small hilly tract (Nagarparkar), inthe southeast corner of the Tharparkar District,western Sindh is the only region which ismountainous and includes the hill ranges ofKirthar, Pab, Laki, and Kohistan. There is novegetation on these ranges due to scantyrainfall. The highest altitude known as Kutai-ji-Kabar (Dog's Grave) is in the Kirthar Range andis 2072.64 meters high. These ranges run northto south like a crescent turned towards the lowlands and extend up to the northern extremity ofthe province. Kirthar has a simple, anticlinalstructure with flanks gently dipping towardswest and south. The Laki Range, on the otherhand, is mainly composed of tertiary rocks andcontains a large number of thermal springs.Map 2.2 shows the geology of Sindh.A large part of Sindh lies in the deltaic plain of theLower Indus Valley. Most of this region consistsof plains overlain by alluvium, trenched with riverchannels in some places and overridden byraised terraces in others. A few isolated lowlimestone hills are the only relieving features inthe plains which are otherwise at one level.The plains may be subdivided into three parts:the western valley, the eastern valley, and thedeltaic area. The western valley section isdistinguished from the eastern valley by thepresence of old alluvium and seasonal nalaflowing from the Kirthar mountain range into theManchar Lake.The deltaic area largely consists of mangroveswamps and sandbars. The chief characteristicof the region is the creeks, which serve as thechanging outlets of the Indus and as inlets forthe sea. The lowland Indus plain merges intothis region.The eastern part of Sindh consists of the TharDesert which continues into Rajputana (India).The landscape is sandy and rough with sanddunes covering more than 56 percent of thearea. The relief in the area varies between nearsea level to more than 150 metres above sealevel. The sand dunes are mostly longitudinalwith a north-east-south-west trend and arestabilized by shrub vegetation and grass.Geology 1As mentioned before, a considerable part ofSindh is a plain, occupied either by recentalluvium or wind-borne sand. The principalfeatures of geological interest are to be found inthe hilly portions of the province, towards thewest of the Indus. Outlying extensions of thishilly tract occur east of the Indus, near Sukkur,Hyderabad, and Jerruck. The isolated hills ofNagarparkar on the northern border of the Rannof Kutch belong to quite a different system bothgeographically and geologically.The hilly region of western Sindh consistsalmost entirely of rocks belonging to the tertiarysystem of geological nomenclature. It is onlyalong the Laki Range and in its neighbourhoodthat there are some exposures of rocksbelonging to the next older system, theCretaceous. With the exception of somevolcanic beds associated with theseCretaceous strata, all the rock formations ofwestern Sindh are of sedimentary origin. All ofthe more important hill masses consist oflimestone. A great majority of these limestonedeposits belong to the Nummultic period andare largely built up of the accumulated shells offoraminifera, principally those belonging to thegenus Nummulites.In fact, nearly all the conspicuous hills consist ofmassive nummultic limestone, though not all ofthem belong to the same period and are also of1. Aitken, E.H. Gazetteer of the Province of Sindh. Indus Publication, Karachi

Nasir Ali PanhwarVegetation surrounding Karoonjhar Hills in Nagarparkar, Thardifferent species. The Kirthar Range containsthe newest strata, while the Laki Range andhills in Thatta and Hyderabad contain theoldest. It is these specific differences amongstfossil contents of these massive limestones thathave enabled geologists to recognize thatdifferent exposures do not strictly belong to thesame age. However, there are many similaritieslike the massiveness, the nodular structure anda close-grained, compact texture, pale colours -- pale grey, pale buff or white -- and at times, thepresence of flint masses. Although belonging todifferent periods, these are subdivisions of onegreat geological group, termed by geologists asthe 'Kirthar Group', which corresponds to theLuteian of European nomenclature.The rocks resting upon the Kirthar limestone inthe hollow troughs, or synclines that intervenebetween these anticlinal ridges are soft shaleand sandstone that have been eroded from theroofs of the anticlines. The underlying Kirtharlimestone however, resists disintegration. Dueto this factor, these arched or dome shapedridges present a whale-back appearance. Thedrainage of these limestone hills collects indeep narrow gorges with precipitous sides thatform rifts across the ranges.Besides these, there are importantaccumulations of other rocks such as shale andclay and especially sandstones. Beds of shaleor clay occur along the western base of the hillssouth of Rohri, at Dharan Lak (in the LakiRange), and near Hyderabad, Jerruck andThatta. These softer beds contain beautifullypreserved fossil which cannot be extracted andonly weather out as unrecognizable casts. Therich fossil fauna include foraminifera (chieflynummulites and alveolines), and numerousspecies of corals, echinoids and molluscs.Furthermore, there are three important outcropsof rocks that are older than the Kirthar group.These consist of rocks of the tertiary age andare situated to the northwest of Kotri and in theneighbourhood of Jerruck. They represent ageological division known in Sindh as theRanikot group, named after the Ranikot Fortlocated in the Laki Range.The third exposure situated along the LakiRange is also characterized by the Ranikotbeds. Underlying these are some strata of thecretaceous age, which are the oldest of thoseexposed in western Sindh. The Laki Range is asteep anticline whose symmetry has beenSindh State ofEnvironment &Development17

disturbed by faulting. Consequently, thewestern section has been raised to the extentthat a considerable depth of strata underlyingthe Kirthar limestone has been exposed. Thelowermost beds at the Barrah Hill consist ofhard calcareous sandstone and fairly massivelimestone containing Hippurites, acharacteristic cretaceous fossil shell. These areoverlaid by a substantial layer of sandstone ofvariable colour, whose outer surface weathersdeep black when exposed to the atmosphere.This sandstone is exposed at various placesalong the Laki Range from Jhakmari to Ranikotand forms black coloured hills.The Ranikot and Kirthar groups both belong tothe lower division of the tertiary system that isknown as the Eocene in geologicalnomenclature. The next two divisions, theOligocene and the Miocene, are represented inSindh by a vast accumulation of strata consistingprincipally of sandstone. These, owing to theirfriability and easy denudation, do not form anyconspicuous orographical features despite theirconsiderable thickness. The lower one, of theOligocene age, is called the Nari group, while theupper is named the Manchar group and is mostlyMiocene. The grey Nari sandstone is largelymarine in origin and abounds in fossils. Thelower limestone does not influence thetopography since it rests on the massivelimestone of the Kirthar group. However theuppermost limestone, known as the Gaj beds(due to its being well exposed in the Gaj Rivervalley east of the Kirthar Range) has withstooddenudation far better than the two great massesof sandstone with which it is intercalated. Itcontains corals, echinoida and mollusks. TheManchar beds are mostly unfossiliferous, thoughtheir lower strata sometimes contain detachedteeth and bones of large mammalia such asDinotherium, Mastodon and Rhinoceros. Thesesandstones frequently also contain numeroussilicified tree trunks.The isolated hill mass of Nagarparkar on thenorthern edge of Rann of Kutch belongs to analtogether different geological series. It iscomposed of granite of the Aravalli Range thatbelongs to the Archaean system andconstitutes the oldest rocks of the earths' crust.HydrologySindh is entirely dependent on the River Indusfor its survival and development. Almost 20Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development18Sindh Wild Life DepartmentA view of Kirthar National Park

years' data (from 1980-81 to 1997-98)demonstrates that about 95 percent of thefarmland in Sindh obtains its water from theirrigation system, while the rest is cultivatedwith the help of tube wells 2 .The limited groundwater (less than 5 MAF) inthe province is available in only 28 percent of theentire area. Rainfall is only in the range of 100 to200 mm per annum, while the evaporation rateis about 1000 to 2000 mm, depending onclimatic conditions. Thus the whole of Sindh isarid, with the River Indus being the primaryfreshwater source that gives life to the province.With population growth, the average amount ofrenewable freshwater available to each persondeclines. A country is considered to be underserious water stress if it falls below 2000 cubicmeters. It is classified as water deficient if theper capita water availability falls under 1000cubic meters. In such a situation the socioeconomicand environmental development ofthe country is seriously hampered. Theseissues are further discussed in Chapter 4(Water Resources).The per capita water availability in Pakistan was5000 cubic meters in 1947. This had declined toabout 1200 cubic meters in 2002. In Sindh itfalls below the national average, indicating thatthe province has entered a phase of waterinsecurity. This calls for providing it with itslegitimate share of water from the Indus RiverSystem and taking all possible measures toconserve and manage water, ensuring thecontinuity of life and economic development.SoilThe soil in the plains of Sindh is plastic clay thathas been deposited by the Indus. Combinedwith water it develops into a rich mould andwithout water it degenerates into a desert.Nearly the entire Indus valley has soil which isextremely friable and easily disintegrated by theflow of water. Resultantly, the water alwayscontains a large amount of suspended silt.Map-2.3 show the locations of different types ofsoils in Sindh.Tahir QureshiFruit Orchard in Coastal AreaVegetationInformation available on the ecologicaldistribution of vegetation in Sindh, which dealswith the quantitative aspect of floristiccomposition of the region, is sketchy andoutdated. However, the vegetation of Sindh hascertain characteristic features 3indicative of arainless climate, dry atmosphere and sandy soillargely impregnated with salt. The most strikingcharacteristic is the predominance of plantswith small leaves, or none at all, like the leaflesscaper, milkbush and the cactus (Euphorbianereifolia). The large leaved Banyan tree, likethe pipal, was introduced later. Another featureof the vegetation in the province is theprominence and variety of grasses.Except for the irrigated Indus valley, theprovince is arid and with little vegetation. Thedwarf palms, Kher (Acacia rupestris), andLohirro (Tecoma undulata) trees are typical ofthe western hill region. In the central valley, thebabul (known as Babur in Sindhi) tree is themost dominant and occurs in thick forests alongSindh State ofEnvironment &Development192. Government of Pakistan 20003. Aitken, E.H. Gazetteer of the Province of Sindh. Indus Publication, Karachi

Table 2.1: Land use in Sindh(In million HA)Land Use Area Percentagei Net Sown 3.022 21.446ii Current fallow 1.439 18.935iii Cultivable waste 2.688 10.212iv Total available for cultivation 7.149 50.593v Not available for cultivation 5.830 41.374vi Forest 1.125 7.984vii Unreported 0.007 0.049Total 14.091 100.00Source: 25 years of Sindh in statistics GOS, 1998 and SFD recordsSindh State ofEnvironment &Development20the Indus banks. The neem (Azadirachtaindica), ber (Zizyphys vulgaris) or jojoba, lai(Tamarix orientalis) and kirirr (Capparisdecidua) are among the more commonvegetation types. Mango, date palms, and themore recently introduced banana, guava,orange and chiku are the common fruit-bearingtrees of the irrigated areas. The coastal stripand the creeks abound in semi-aquatic andaquatic plants and the in-shore Indus deltaicislands support forests of timmer (Avicenniamarina) and chaunir (Ceriops tagal) trees.Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerouslakes and ponds, particularly in the Lower Sindhregion. For more details, see Chapter 9(Forestry) and 12 (Flora). Map 2.4 shows thevegetation spread in Sindh.Land-UseAgriculture, followed by forestry, is the main landuse in the central alluvial plain. Although morethan 50 percent of the total geographical area iscultivable, only 26 percent of it is actuallylocated in the central plain. The land inside theIndus embankments is almost equally employedby agriculture and forestry, while that outside theembankments is more extensively utilised foragriculture in the form of sparsely distributedirrigated plantations. Land use in Sindh is givenin table 2.1 and is shown in Map 2.5.ClimateThe climate of Sindh varies with geographicallocation and is further influenced by theprovince's physical features. The daily range oftemperatures is variable with the minimumrange being in the coastal region.The highest average humidity (75 percent)occurs in August, and the lowest in Decemberin lower Sindh (58 percent) and in April in upperSindh (47 percent). Thus the weather is drierand hotter in the north than in the south. Theskies are generally clear and frost is notuncommon. While in upper Sindh it is generallycalm for almost half of the year, the windvelocity in the coastal areas is about 24 km perhour during the monsoon season. Dust stormsand squally weather are common at thebeginning of the two cropping seasons (Rabiand Kharif). The predominant wind direction inKarachi is westerly before the monsoon seasonbegins, while in winter the direction is northeastor northwest. In upper Sindh, it varies fromsoutheast to northeast in summer and fromnortheast to northwest in winter.Rainfall in Sindh is scanty and, due to theorography of the province, also very variable.Sindh lies between two monsoon zones(southwest and northeast). It misses theinfluence of the southwest monsoons, while thenortheast monsoons do not extend muchbeyond the Ganges Basin. The mountains onthe west of Sindh are not high enough to catchthe southwest monsoon current in one part ofthe year and to prevent the cold blasts from theIranian plateau from entering the region in theother. Map 2.6 shows the mean annual rainfallin different parts of Sindh.The climatic conditions of Sindh differ in theupper, middle and lower regions. In upper Sindh

dry atmospheric conditions prevail due to theorographical features of the North West FrontierProvince (NWFP). Rainfall is lowest and thetemperatures highest in this part of theprovince. The winter daily temperature range iswide and frost is common. The climateresembles the continental type.In middle Sindh the south-west monsoon windsblow with an average speed of 18 km/hr in Juneand the rainfall is occasionally slightly higherthan in Karachi. The temperatures are lowerhere than in upper Sindh and humidity ismoderate. The range of temperatures is alsomuch narrower than in the upper part of theprovince. Dry hot days and cool nights insummer are characteristic of this region.The winding coastline in lower Sindh affects theclimate of the area to some extent. The coastaland deltaic regions are naturally damper, withsmaller ranges of temperature and pressure.The prevailing air currents are the southwestwinds in summer and northeast winds in winter.Rainfall at times is a little lower here than inmiddle Sindh. Humidity is the greatest and thetemperatures moderate throughout the year.High humidity causes muggy or oppressiveweather in summer and the climate is classifiedas maritime.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development21

CHAPTER 3Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentThe Human Factor

s compared to the other provinces,Sindh houses the largest percentage of urban populationin Pakistan; almost half of its population, about 30 millionApeople, live in urban areas.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development23

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development24Muhammad Ali QadriHISTORYSindhi is the mother tongue of about 60 percentof the population of the province. The othermajor languages spoken here are Urdu (21.05percent) and Punjabi (7 percent). However,where language is concerned, there exists arural-urban divide. Sindhi is the mother tongueof over 92 percent of the rural population whileUrdu is the mother tongue of about 50 percentof the urban population. This division is uniqueto Sindh for in the other provinces of Pakistan,the regional language dominates both the ruraland urban areas (for details see Table 1-Languages Spoken- Pakistan/Provinces inAppendix - 3.1- Socio-economic DataSindh).Language and RaceThe Sindhi, Balochi and Brahvi speakingpeople are the earlier residents of Sindh. Theyare the descendents of various races that haveinvaded and/or settled in the province since theThari style of turbanbeginning of history. Though the original IndusValley Civilization race intermingled with othersthrough centuries of migration, someanthropologists claim that the Mohanas ofManchar Lake and certain tribes of the westernhills (such as the Bukak and Ghaencha), exhibitcharacteristics of the pre-Aryan population ofthe Indus Valley 1 .The Aryan invasion of India took place between1500 - 1000 BC. After the invaders settled inSindh, they segregated into three major groups:the Brahamin, who were the priests; the Jat(Samat in Sindh), who were the agriculturalists;and the Gujjar who were herders. The rulingand warrior class, the Rajputs, later evolvedfrom the Samat. Major invasions of India fromCentral Asia and Eastern Europe took placeduring the period of 200 BC - 200 AD and theinvaders assimilated into the already existingAryan caste and clan system. Thus, the Saka,the Hun, the Pahlava and the Kushan are theancestors of the great majority of modernSindhis 2 .The settlement of Arabs in Sindh began with theMuslim conquest in 8 AD. A number of Sindhitribes including the Syed, Siddiqui, Farooqui,Usmani, Panhwar, Manghi, Bijjar and theBaloch, claim to be of Arab descent. The Balochtribe started moving into Sindh in 15 AD. Theyclaim to be of Syrian stock and were given landby the rulers of Multan (which was then a part ofSindh) in return for rendering military services.In the same period, Central Asian militaryofficers and soldiers associated with the Arghunand Tarkhan dynasties settled in Sindh. Duringthe rule of the Durrani dynasty in the eighteenthcentury, the Pathan settled in Ghari Yasin andShikarpur. Jat tribes from the Punjab such asthe Sial, Joyo and Khuhkwar also settled inSindh during the same period.Among the Hindus, there are the Samat andRajput clans such as the Chachar. TheLohanas, who now constitute the great majorityof Hindu Banya in Sindh, are also believed to beof Samat origin. The Khoja and the Memon,who like the Lohana are engaged in trade andbusiness, are supposed to be the Lohana whoconverted to Islam. The people settled in the1 Lambrick, H.T. 1975. Sindh: A General Introduction. Sindhi Adabi Board, Hyderabad2 Ibid

Tasneem BhattiStorage of grainsThar area include an artisanal caste calledMenghwar, and the Kohli and Bhil clans thatmigrated in more recent times from Rajputanaand Gujrat. They are considered a "low caste" inthe Hindu system and are untouchables.The majority of Urdu, Punjabi and Pushtospeakers migrated to Sindh after the partition ofthe sub-continent. As is evident from Table 1 inAppendix 3.1, they are almost entirely urbandwellers. As such, there is a major differencebetween their sociology and that of the ruralpopulation. This is discussed later in the text.The Sindhi LanguageThe Sindhi language is one of the Landha groupof the outer circle of the Indo-Aryan languagesthat belong to the north-western parts of SouthAsia. It has a strong connection with the Dardiclanguages of the north of Pakistan, especiallyKashmiri. Like other languages of Aryan originin South Asia, it is derived from a Prakrit, whichis an earlier popular dialect of Sanskrit.However, in the case of Sindh, it is unique in itsretention of a number of characteristics of theearlier Prakrit that have been lost in other Indo-Aryan vernaculars. This is largely due to theisolated position of Sindh, separated by thedesert from other areas where cognatelanguages are spoken. Standard Sindhi, theliterary language, is spoken in the central areasof the province. In addition, there are fivedialects of Sindhi: Siraiki, spoken in upper Sindhand Kachhi; Thareli or Dhatki, in the easterndesert areas; Lari in the delta of the Indus andthe coastal areas; Kachchhi, in the peninsula ofKutch; and Lasi, near Karachi and in the southof Las Bela 3 .After the Muslim conquest, the Sindhi languageacquired a considerable vocabulary, as well asconcepts and literary forms, from Arabic, Persianand Turkish. Earlier, it was written in Devnagricharacters by the Hindu Bania. The presentscript, derived from the Arabic, was introducedby the British in the nineteenth century.Settlement PatternsThere are major differences in the settlementpatterns of the rural and urban areas. RuralSindh State ofEnvironment &Development253 Ibid

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development26areas in Sindh consist primarily of small villagesbuilt around a clan or an extended family. Evenwhere the population of a village is multi-clan,the village is divided clan-wise intoneighbourhoods or para. With the developmentof a cash economy and the prerequisites ofadopting green revolution technologies, thevillages on the major communication corridorsare changing in social and economic terms tobecome multi-clan and multi-class settlements.Previously, towns were also divided clan-wiseinto neighbourhoods or mohalla such asUsmani Mohallah, Manghi Mohalla etc.However, with the arrival of the refugees fromIndia, the mohallas vacated by the fleeingHindus and Sikhs became non-clan in nature.This was a major social revolution for the urbansettlements of Sindh since local neighbourhoodlevel organizations ceased to exist in manyareas.The rapid increase in urban population and thefailure of the state to build social housing, hascreated a major demand-supply gap in housing.As a result, more than 50 percent of the urbanpopulation of Sindh lives in informal settlementsor katchi abadis. These settlements areunserviced or under-serviced and as such theirresidents organise themselves to struggle forthe acquisition of basic urban services eitherthrough self-help or through negotiations withstate authorities. Their activists are alsoemerging as their new local leaders. Thesesettlements, like the planned areas of the city,are for the most part multi-ethnic, althoughPathan, Bangladeshi and Burmese settlementsare an exception.SOCIO-ECONOMICCONDITIONSThere are major socio-economic differencesbetween the rural and urban areas. These areobvious from tables 2, 3, 4 and 5 in Appendix- 3.1. The population of less than 15 years ofage in the rural areas is 46.1 percent while inthe urban areas it is 39.25 percent. The ruralfemale literacy is 12.23 percent and the urban is56.66 percent. In the age group of 10 - 14years, urban female literacy is 70.84 percentand rural is 22.63 percent. The percentage ofmarried women in the age group of 15 - 24 inthe urban areas is 31.72 as opposed to 59.28 inthe rural. An analysis of the 1981 and 1998census figures reveals that while social changeis very slow in the rural areas, it iscomparatively faster in the urban ones.Table 5 in Appendix - 3.1 describes thephysical conditions in the rural and urban areasof Sindh. These have a direct bearing on thehealth and economic conditions of thepopulation. Only 13.53 percent of homes in therural areas possess the facility of piped waterinside their homes and 3.29 percent have waterconnections outside their homes as opposed to68.21 percent and 6.17 percent respectively inthe urban areas. Additionally, 55.69 percent ofhomes in the rural areas do not have latrines ascompared to 5.7 percent in the urban areas.Electricity is available to 52.62 percent ofhomes in the rural areas as opposed to 93percent in the urban areas.A number of major development projects arebeing carried out in Sindh, both in the rural andurban areas. Many of them have adverseenvironmental impacts and are detrimental tothe social and economic conditions ofcommunities. Several such projects have led tolarge scale evictions and forced migration of thelocal population. The Left Bank Outfall Drain(LBOD), Right Bank Outfall Drain (RBOD) andthe Chottiari Reservoir projects have hadadverse environmental and economicrepercussions. Similarly, the Lyari Expresswayin Karachi is also displacing over 14,000families according to government estimates,and over 25,000 families according to NGOestimates. Since May 1997, 17,438 housingunits in the katchi abadis of Karachi have beendemolished to make way for commercial plazasand high-rise middle income apartments 4 .These trends are creating social conflict inKarachi as well as in other urban areas of theprovince.The funds for these mega projects wereprovided as credit to the government ofPakistan by the World Bank and the Asian4. Ismail, Aquila. 2002. Evictions, City Press/Urban Resource Centre, Karachi

Muhammad Ali QadriWoman artisan at workDevelopment Bank (ADB). The servicing of thisdebt is deducted at source from the Sindhdevelopment budget and is one of the majorpoverty indicators for the province.The weakening of feudalinstitutionsThe rural areas of Sindh have traditionallybeen dominated by feudal institutions andculture that were either land or tribe/clanbased. Property and personal laws weresettled through feudal institutions. The feudalsystem also: developed and maintainedagriculture-related infrastructure; financedagricultural production; helped the state inmanaging law and order; created conditionsconducive to the collection of revenue; andhelped the state in delivering results that wererequired in the political process. Feudalinstitutions were able to perform thesefunctions because of the lack of social mobilityin the traditional caste ridden society, where alleconomic transactions at the grassroots levelwere conducted by barter. However, the feudalinstitutions are no longer able to fulfil theirtraditional responsibilities. This is because ofthe emergence of a cash economy which is theresult of green revolution technologies and theemergence of strong rural-urban economiclinks making social and economic mobilitypossible. Arthi and baipari, increasingly servingthe needs of an urban market, have becomethe main financers of agricultural production.The transporters who carry agriculturalproduce have also become an importantvested interest lobby. The emergence of theseactors is redefining the relationship betweenthem and the traditional leadership in the urbanand rural areas of the province.These significant changes have coincided witha rapid expansion of the Sindhi speaking middleclass, which is providing an alternativeleadership to the old feudal one. In addition,there has been a growth of national andprovincial NGOs that are helping rural andurban communities to organize for themanagement of agricultural production and themaintenance of agriculture relatedinfrastructure. This is leading to the creation ofa state of flux in class relations. (For more onthe role of NGOs see Chapter 23, NongovernmentalOrganizations).Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development27

EmploymentEMERGING TRENDSSindh State ofEnvironment &Development28Karachi, the capital of Sindh and the country'sonly sea port, contains 30 percent of theprovince's population and 62 percent of itsurban population. As a result, it exercises astrong influence on the economy andemployment patterns in Sindh. Despite severalattempts since the creation of Pakistan, thegovernment has failed to develop industries inother parts of the province. Consequently, theeducated youth from the rural areas seekemployment in Karachi and settle in the city.Rural Sindh is losing its future potentialleadership and only better education andemployment opportunities in the rural areaswould help in changing this situation.According to a recent ADB report 5 , the extent ofpoverty in Sindh is 53 percent as opposed to 29percent in the Punjab and 24 percent in theNWFP. The economically active population isestimated at 22.75 percent, but due to thewidespread prevalence of child labour in theprovince, is actually about 32.73 percent. Of thelabour force in rural Sindh, 65.56 percent isemployed in agriculture, fisheries and forestryand 7.45 percent in other professions.Agriculture is practised mostly in the irrigatedareas of Sindh. Rain-fed agriculture is erraticand is considered to be a blessing by theinhabitants of the desert regions and hilly tracts.Fisheries are concentrated in the barrage areas(Sukkur, Kotri and Guddu), in the natural lakessuch as the Manchar and along the Karachicoast and the Indus Delta. Forestry is practisedin the flood plains of the river and in the coastalregions. (For details on agriculture, fisheriesand forests, see chapters 5, 6 and 9respectively). In the urban areas, 33.66 percentof the labour force is classified as"professionals" and 18.23 percent as sales andservice workers 6 . Most of the urban populationis employed in the urban sector. According tothe Karachi Development Plan 2000, 75percent of Karachi's population works in theinformal sector 7 .The urban population of Sindh is increasing at afaster pace (3.5 percent per year) than the ruralpopulation (2.2 percent per year). The changein the social indicators related to literacy, health,piped water and electricity are also increasingat a faster pace than in the rural areas,augmenting the rural-urban divide.The control of the arthi and baipari onagricultural production and the consolidation ofa cash economy and its formal and informalinstitutions are weakening the feudal system.The middleman economy is highly exploitativeand there are attempts by community basedorganizations (CBOs), NGOs and other interestgroups to strike a more equitable relationshipwith it by organizing communities and throughthe promotion of collective self-help and microcreditprogrammes (see Box 3.1: FisherfolkOrganizations). This, along with the emergenceof a larger middle class, will eventuallychallenge feudal leadership and values. Alreadythere is considerable agitation against oldfeudal practices such as honour killings, and astrong movement for the conservation of theenvironment and natural resources is gainingmomentum both in the rural and urban areas.Because of the ineffectiveness ofindustrialization, housing, infrastructure andtransport sectors, an informal sector hasdeveloped in these areas. To protect theirclaims and guard their gains, various actors ofthe informal sector have created strongorganizations. These include the transporters'organizations such as: the Transport Ittehad;hawker's organizations like the MarkaziAnjuman Imdadia Akhbar Froshan in Karachi;organizations of vegetable, grain and fruitmerchants; organizations of garbage recyclers,and many others. Citizens' organizations in theurban areas have also developed to lobby forbetter environmental conditions, strictimplementation of building by-laws, zoningregulations and protection of open spaces. (Fordetails see Chapter 4, Urbanization and itsEnvironmental Repercussions.)5. Consultants Agrodev6. MP&ECD/KDA. 1989. Karachi Development Plan 2000. KDA. Karachi7. Hasan. Arif et al, 2002. Urban Change: Scale and Underlying Causes: The Case of Pakistan. unpublished report

Box 3.1: Fisherfolk OrganizationsThere have been some efforts by the fishing community to come together on a forum and try to tacklethe problems that economic and physical changes have forced upon them.Fishermen's Cooperative Society 8The Fishermen's Cooperative Society (FCS), Karachi, was formed in 1945 by boat-owners andtraditional fishermen to manage the sale of fish, import machinery and gear, and provide welfareservices to its members. A levy of 6.25 percent of the total value of fish sold at the auction is raised torun the expenses of the FCS. The objectives of the Society are:1. To improve the standard of living and socio-economic conditions of member fishermen2. To import and purchase fishing inputs, appliances and gadgets/crafts to be sold to itsmember fishermen3. To obtain lease from government and local bodies4. To arrange disposal of catch if and when required5. To disseminate the knowledge of the latest improvements in fishing industry and encouragemembers to adopt it6. To purchase stock and sell it on its own account7. To establish or assist fishing and processing industryThe management of the business and affairs of the Society is entrusted to a board of directorsconsisting of not more than fifteen members. Eight are nominated from the government and sevendirectors are elected from amongst the bonafide fishermen.Mahigir Falah-o-Behbood Association (MFBA) 9The MFBA was formed in Damb Bander in 1986 and had 140 members. Its objective was to pressurecompanies and middlemen to accept the system of deducting commission from the value of a catch ratherthan purchasing the catch at less than market rates from their creditors. But when the companies andmiddlemen put economic pressure on the members, along with threats of violence, the organization hadto be discontinued.Mahigir Samaji Sangat (MSS) 10 , (Rehri Goth)The organization was established in 1990 and, quite unlike other organizations, comprises of youngschool-teachers working in government schools including women. These people came together when avacant community owned piece of land was being clandestinely acquired by community leaders andcouncillors to be registered in their own names. The MSS lodged a formal complaint with the mukhtarkarregarding this illegal occupation. Additionally, the MSS made a colony of 300 plots on the community landto save it from being illegally occupied. However, this plan has not been officially approved.In Karachi, there already exists a strong civilsociety. This can be judged from the fact thatthere are over 800 registered NGOs operatingin the katchi abadis. A number of NGOs andcommunity organizations are also emerging inthe smaller towns and rural areas of Sindhand are actively participating in movementsagainst the Kalabagh Dam, the Thal Canal,honour killings and for better environmentalconditions.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development298. Syed, Khursheed Udin. 2002. Status Paper on Fisheries of Sindh. Prepared for the IUCN Sindh Profile9. Hasan, Arif. 2002. The Unplanned Revolution. City Press, Karachi10. Ibid

Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentP A R T I I

GreenSectorsSindh State ofEnvironment &Development


PART IIChapter 4 Water ResourcesChapter 5 AgricultureThe Availability of Water 38The Current Situation 40Emerging Trends 50Stakeholders 51Future Action 54The Agro-Ecological Zones 58The Role of Government Bodies 66Issues, Options and Interventions 71Stakeholders 74Future Action 75Chapter 6 Freshwater and Marine FisheriesPresent Constraints 78Emerging Trends 80Stakeholders 82Future Action 84Chapter 7 Livestock and PoultryChapter 8 Arid ZonesLivestock Production 88Poultry Production 90Causes 90Emerging Trends 91Stakeholders 91Future Action 93Location 98Climate 100Livestock and Rangeland Conditions 101Desertification of Pasture Lands 102Water Conservation 102Emerging Trends 102Stakeholders 105Future Action 106Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development33

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development34Chapter 9 ForestsChapter 10 WetlandsForest Types 110Forest Research in Sindh 113New Initiatives 113Causes for the Present Conditions 114Emerging Trends 115Stakeholders 117Future Action 118Threats to Wetlands 122Emerging Trends 125Stakeholders 127Future Action 130Chapter 11 Coastal and Marine Eco-systemsChapter 12 FloraChapter 13 WildlifeDescription and Present situation 134Physical Characteristics 134Causes for the Coastal Environmental Conditions 144Emerging Trends 145Stakeholders 145Future Action 146Ecological Zones 151Conservation Issues 153Emerging Trends 153Stakeholders 154Future Action 154Birds of Sindh 158Important mammals of Sindh 164Reptiles and amphibians found in Sindh 168Causes for the Present Situation 171Emerging Trends 172Stakeholders 176Future Action 177

List of BoxesBox 4.1 Waterlogging and Salinity 46Box 4.2 Manchar Lake 52Box 4.3 The Left Bank Outfall Drain Project 53Box 4.4 The Right Bank Outfall Drain Project 54Box 4.5 Water Management Project Launched in Sindh 55Box 8.1 Thardeep Rural Development Programme (TRDP) 103Box 10.1 RAMSAR: Recognised Sites in Sindh 123Box 11.1 The Tasman Spirit Oil Spill 141Box 12.1 The Neem Tree, an important medicinal plant 150List of TablesTable 4.1 Water apportionment under the Water Accord (in MAF) 39Table 4.2 Distribution of Flood Supplies and Future Storage (in percent) 39Table 4.3 Average Water Withdrawal from Barrages in Sindh (in MAF) 42Table 4.4 Average Irrigated Area of Sindh (1970-97) (MHA) 43Table 4.5 Province-wise Land-use (1997-1998) (MHA) 43Table 4.6 Land Use in 1997- 98 44Table 4.7 Irrigation Sources in Different Provinces for 1999-2000 45Table 4.8 Future Availability of Water in Sindh 50Table 5.1Main Features of Agro-Ecological Zones including WaterSupply, Soil Salinity and Cropping Pattern 59Table 5.2 Extent of Land Capability Classes in the Surveyed Area of Sindh 61Table 5.3Soils Affected by Various Types of Salinity and Sodicity inSindh and Other Provinces (‘000 ha) 62Table 5.4 The Irrigation Water Withdrawal during 1998 - 2002 (MAF) 62Table 5.5Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Sindh duringthe Past 20 Years (1980-81 to 1999-2000) 64Table 5.6Progress of Fertilizer quality control measures duringthree years (2000-2002) 65Table 5.7Quantity of Pesticides sold in Sindh during1996-97 to 2000-2001(in Million tons) 66Table 5.8Progress of Pesticide Quality Control Measures duringTable 5.9Three Years (2000-2002) 67Comparison of Available Seed with Percentage of TotalCapacity of SSC and Seed Requirement 69Table 6.1 Trends in Types of Fishing Crafts 79Table 7.1 Livestock and Poultry Population in Sindh 88Table 7.2 Percent Share of Sindh in Poultry Production in Pakistan 90Table 7.3 Availability of Feed from Non-conventional Resources 94Table 9.1 Forest Types in Sindh 110Table 13.1 Important Birds of Sindh 163Table 13.2 Important Mammals of Sindh 167Table 13.3 Important Reptiles and Amphibians of Sindh 170Table 13.4 Protected Areas in Sindh 174Table 13.5 Game Reserves in Sindh 175Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development35

CHAPTER 4Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentWater Resources

indh survives almost entirely on the water of the RiverIndus as there is very limited groundwater available.Rainfall in the province is also only in the range of 100 to200 mm per year, while the evaporation rate is between1,000 to 2,000 mm. Thus, the whole of Sindh is arid andSit is only the Indus which gives life to the province.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development37

Mukhtar AzadThe magnificent Sukkur Barrage on Indus RiverSindh State ofEnvironment &Development38Since rainfall is scant and groundwater tends tobe saline, river water has become the mainsustainer of life in SindhThe Indus River Basin starts from theHimalayas in the north and ends in the dryalluvial plains of Sindh in the south. The IndusBasin area is 0.944 million km 2 . The vast alluvialplains of the Indus Basin (the Indus plain),covering an area of 0.21 million km 2 , arerelatively flat and largely made up of deepalluvium deposited by the Indus and itstributaries. The primary source of surface wateris precipitation in the form of rainfall and snow,as well as the glacial melt. Glaciers in the upperIndus Basin are the largest outside the polarregion and serve as natural reservoirs thatprovide the snowmelt for the Indus and itstributaries.Soil in the whole of the Indus plain consists ofover 304.8 meter deposits of unconsolidatedand highly permeable alluvium. This alluviummass is mostly homogeneous and forms ahighly transmissive aquifer. Recharge to theaquifer is through rainfall, deep infiltration fromthe irrigated fields and seepage from unpavedirrigation channels.THE AVAILABILITY OFWATERSupply from Indus RiverCompared to its increasing needs, wateravailability to Sindh is being reduced everyyear. The situation worsens during periods ofdrought. The yearly average availability of waterin the province, computed from the data fromyear 1970 to 1997, is 45 MAF.This information helps us to forecast the watersecurity (water crises) of Sindh. According tothe Water Accord of 1991 (Tables 4.1 and 4.2),Sindh has been awarded 48.76 MAF for bothKharif and Rabi seasons. The worst everdrought conditions in Sindh, experienced from1998 to 2002, show that the province receivedmuch less water than allocated in the WaterAccord.Balanced river supplies, including floodsupplies and future storage, are distributedamong the provinces below.

Table 4.1: Water apportionment under the Water Accord (in MAF)Province Kharif Rabi TotalPunjab 37.07 18.87 55.94Sindh * 33.94 14.82 48.76NWFP (a) 3.48 2.30 5.78(b) Civil Canals ** 1.80 1.20 3.00Balochistan 2.85 1.02 3.87Total Allocation 77.34 37.01 114.35Source: Water Accord, 1991* including already sanctioned urban and industrial uses for metropolitan Karachi.** ungauged civil canals above the rim stations.Table 4.2: Distribution of Flood Supplies and Future Storage (in percent)1. Punjab 372. Sindh 373. Balochistan 124. NWFP 14Total 100Source: Water Accord, 1991Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development39Tahir QureshiUnsafe water supplies cause many diseases

Groundwater SourcesRegular surveys have not been carried out toassess the availability of groundwater in theprovince. Various sources estimate that itsvolume is between 3 to 5 MAF scattered in 28percent of the geographical area of Sindh.However, some experts suggest it to be lessthan these estimates. This water is foundmainly along the Indus water channels and inthe few natural underground streams.In recent years, drought has caused excessiveextraction of groundwater to make up for thelack of irrigation water. This, in turn, hasresulted in rapid depletion of the groundwaterand filling up of the underground freshwaterchannels and reservoirs with brackish water.There is an urgent need to conduct a survey forassessing the location and potential of groundwater in Sindh.Rain HarvestingLittle effort has been made towards harvestingrainwater in the province. Several projects likethe Mol Dam, Kacho Reservoir, thedevelopment of lakes, depressions andreservoirs, remain unattended. These waterbodies can harvest rain for irrigating crops andcan be used for fish farming. However, suchprojects can cause ecological damage if notwell-planned and can also result in the evictionof communities from productive areas theyhave inhabited for centuries.THE CURRENT SITUATIONSindh has entered a phase of water insecurity.This calls for taking all possible measures tomanage and conserve water resources. This isimperative for ensuring the continuity of life andeconomic development in the province. Forexample, in 1947, the per capita wateravailability in Pakistan was 5,000 cubic meters,which diminished to about 1200 cubic meters in2002. In Sindh, it is even less.During the Rabi season of 2002, it wasestimated that water was not available to morethan 60 percent of the cropped land,constituting a serious threat to the foodsecurity in rural Sindh. Drinking water was alsoSindh State ofEnvironment &Development40Tahir QureshiThe lining of water courses can prevent water losses

Mukhtar AzadWaterlogging and salinity is affecting agriculture productivityin short supply to many urban as well as ruralareas. Due to these factors internal migrationfrom water deficit areas is on the rise.According to newspaper reports people hadprotested against water shortages during2001-2 in more than 100 ruran and urbanlocations combined 1 .The water of the Indus River System is finiteand Sindh's share has been fixed at around 49MAF per annum (33.94 MAF in Kharif and14.82 MAF in Rabi) in the prevailing WaterAccord of 1991.Sindh is almost exclusively dependent on theIndus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS). Anydisturbance in the flow of water in the IBISadversely affects the agriculture, economy,ecology and drinking water supply in theprovince. Thus a sustainable supply of therequired volume of water in the IBIS is essentialfor the survival and economic growth of theprovince. Before estimating the annualavailability of water to Sindh, it is essential tounderstand the IBIS.The Indus Basin Irrigation SystemThe Indus River system can be divided intowestern rivers (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab) andeastern rivers (Ravi, Beas and Sutlej). The totalflows of the western rivers belong to Pakistanwhile India has the right to the waters of theeastern rivers. All the rivers of the Indus systemare perennial.The irrigation system of Pakistan, fed by theIndus and its tributaries, is the largest integratedirrigation network in the world. The systemconsists of three major storage reservoirs, 19barrages, 12 inter-river link canals, 43independent irrigation canal commands, and over107,000 watercourses. These are complementedby a surface drainage system. The total length ofthe canals is 61,000 km whereas watercoursesand farm channels measure another 1.6 millionkm. A watercourse generally commands 80 to320 hectares. The system draws an average of106 MAF of surface water each year for irrigation,supplemented annually by pumped groundwaterof some 43 MAF. The overall irrigation efficiencySindh State ofEnvironment &Development411. Reported in Kawish, Hyderabad, 2001-2002

Tahir QureshiDrain carrying industrial effluentSindh State ofEnvironment &Development42of the IBIS is around 36 percent 2 . Map - 4.1 showthe barrages and dams on the Indus RiverSystem in Pakistan and Map 4.2 show theirrigation system in Sindh.The irrigation canals of Sindh were extendedand improved by the British in the late 1800s.By 1910, the irrigated area had expanded to 1.4MHA. Sukkur Barrage, completed in 1932,increased the annual cultivated area to 2.37MHA. The completion of Kotri Barrage (GhulamMuhammad Barrage, 1955), and GudduBarrage (1962) brought the rest of Sindh'sirrigation system under barrage control. Thetotal command area under the three barrageswas 5.1 MHA in 1997-98 3 .There are 13 existing surface drainage systemsin Sindh that serve a total area of over 2.5 MHATable 4.3: Average Water Withdrawal from Barrages in Sindh (in MAF)and have an aggregate length of about 4,800km. Additional drains are under construction.During the year 1999-2000, the total irrigatedarea using all sources in Sindh was of the orderof 2.52 MHA. This included 2.39 MHA in thecanal commands and 0.13 MHA irrigated byprivate wells and tube wells 4 .The irrigation system presently comprises of 14canals, 1200 distribution channels and 47,400watercourses. On an average, Sindh hasdrawn 45 MAF during the period of 1970 to1997 5 . The average water withdrawal fromthree barrages during the same period isshown in Table 4.3.Data from 1980-81 to 1997-98 demonstratesthat about 95 percent of the farmland in Sindhgets water from the irrigation system and theGuddu Sukkur Kotri TotalYearly average 9 26 10 45Source: 25 years of Sindh in Statistics, Government of Sindh, 19982. NWFP Agriculture University and Wageningen Agricultural University, 1997. Water Management in NWFP. The Netherlands3. Government of Sindh.1998. 25 Years of Sindh in Statistics. Bureau of Statistics. Karachi4. Asian Development Bank /Government of Pakistan. 2001. National Water Sector Profile5. Government of Sindh.1998. 25 Years of Sindh in Statistics. Bureau of Statistics. Karachi

Table 4.4: Average Irrigated Area of Sindh (1970-97) (MHA)Command of Sindh barragesIrrigated landGeographicalarea Area Percentage of Area Percent ofgeographical areageographical area14.091 6.3 45 4 29Source: 25 Years of Sindh in Statistics, Government of Sindh, 1998Table 4.5: Province-wise Land-use (1997-1998) (MHA)ProvinceGeographical areaCultivatedareaNet areasownArea sownmore thanonceTotalcroppedareaPercent ofgeographicalareaPunjab 20.63 12.34 11.11 4.85 15.96 77.4Estimated EstimatedSindh 14.09 5.68 3.04 0.91 3.95 28NWFP 10.17 1.91 1.57 0.59 2.16 21.23Balochistan 34.72 2.11 0.97 * 0.97 2.8Source: Draft South Asia Water Vision 2025, Country Report, Pakistanrest is cropped with the help of tube wells 6 . Theaverage irrigated area of Sindh is depicted inTable 4.4 and Table 4.5 shows province wiseland use. Data on the area being cropped withrainwater has not been collected by any privateor public agency.The Crisis in AgricultureThe low irrigation efficiency of the IBIS andwaterlogging (affecting an estimated 37.6 percentof the gross command area) and salinity poseserious threats to the sustainability of irrigatedagriculture. The twin problems of waterloggingand salinity are most pronounced in Sindh. Theprovince contains more than half the waterloggedand salinity affected areas of Pakistan.Due to defective irrigation practices (such asflood irrigation, absence of properly organizedmanagement and distribution) and lack ofdrainage facilities, more than 50 percent of thecultivated area in Sindh is severely affected bywaterlogging and salinity 7 . However, with thecurrent drought having lowered the water table,what needs to be surveyed is the land that hasbeen reclaimed due to its impact.According to some reports a reduction of 25percent in the production of Pakistan's majorcrops is attributed to soil salinity alone. In Sindhwhere the problem is much more severe, it isestimated that the impact may be closer to 40 to60 percent. In addition, there are seriousenvironmental and poverty impacts associatedwith waterlogging and salinity 8 .Land UseLand in Sindh is under different uses such ashuman settlements, agriculture, industries,roads, canals and distribution channels, drains,forestry, and fisheries. A large part constitutesthe arid zone (62.4 percent of the land) spreadover an area of 88,000 km 2 . This includes theSindh State ofEnvironment &Development436. Government of Pakistan, Agriculture & Livestock Economic Wing, Ministry of Food, 2000. Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 1998-99.Islamabad7. Asian Development Bank. 2000. 'Rapid Assessment of LBOD'; Manila8 . Mirani, M. 2002. Status Paper on Water Resources in Sindh. IUCN

Table 4.6: Land Use in 1997- 98Land useArea (MHA)Forest area 0.69Not available for cultivation 6.26Cultivated 5.68Current fallow 2.64Net area sown 3.04Area sown more than once 0.91Total cropped area 3.95Geographical area 14.09Source: Draft South Asia - Water Vision 2025, Country Report, Pakistanwestern hilly tract of Kohistan and the easterndesert area of Tharparkar. Table 4.6 describesthe land use distribution in the Province. Theabsence of comprehensive land use datamakes it difficult to discuss scientifically therelation between water and land use. However,an attempt has been made in the followingsection.Agriculture in Sindh is primarily dependentupon canal irrigation. For example, in 1998-99,out of the total cultivated area of 2.88 MHA,2.53 MHA was irrigated through the canalsystem and only 0.13 MHA was croppedthrough tube wells. Data on rainwatercultivation is not available. During the year1999-2000, the total irrigated area using allsources in Sindh was 2.52 MHA, whichincluded 2.39 MHA in the canal commands.Table 4.7 depicts the irrigation sources for allprovinces of the country.It is worth mentioning that out of 6.26 MHA ofland not available for cultivation, more than 2.0to 3.0 MHA can be brought under cultivation,provided Sindh gets its due share from theIndus River system and new canals andirrigation channels are constructed.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development44Mukhtiar AzadA tube well of saline water in LBOD Nawabshah

Muhammad Anees ShahzadLansedown Bridge on Indus connects Sukkur and RohriEvery year, the twin menace of waterloggingand salinity, shortage of water, and seaintrusion degrade thousands of hectares ofland. In Thatta district, for example, 0.48 MHAland has been affected by sea intrusion alone.Continued drought of more than three yearshas increased desertification in the province,particularly in the area bordering the arid zoneand the tail-end of the irrigation channels.Population IncreaseDue to Sindh's finite water resources and itsincreasing population, the province is facing aserious water crisis. The current populationgrowth (2.8 to 3.0 percent) in Sindh is highlyunsustainable considering its limited naturalresources, particularly water. The high rate isdue to urban growth because of economicmigration from other countries as well as fromother provinces. In 1971-72, when the populationof Sindh was 14.156 million, the water supplywas 39.3 MAF. After 27 years, water availabilitywas 48.8 MAF when its population increased to30 million in 1998. Thus, per capita waterresources declined fast due to the highpopulation growth and the inefficient usage ofavailable water in the Indus River System.Table 4.7: Irrigation Sources in Different Provinces for 1999-2000TotalMHAGovtcanals%Canal &tube wells%Privatecanals%Tubewells%Canalwells%Wells%Others%Total%Punjab 13.84 28.4 50.5 …. 19.1 0.7 0.9 0.4 100Sindh 2.52 94.8 ….. ….. 5.2 …. …. …. 100NWFP 0.89 43.8 ….. 41.6 6.7 …. 4.5 3.4 100Balochistan 0.81 49.4 ….. 11.1 28.4 …. 2.5 8.6 100National 18.06 39.4 38.7 2.5 17.0 0.5 1.0 0.9 100Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development45Source: ADB/GOP, National Water Sector Profile, 2001

Box 4.1: Waterlogging and SalinityWaterlogging: Natural sub-surface drainage through down-valley movement of groundwater isrestricted because of the flatness of the Indus Plain. Persistent seepage over the years fromunlined canals and large network of distributary channels and irrigation surpluses from the fieldhas caused the water table to rise close to land surface creating waterlogged conditions.The area with groundwater level less than 1.5 m is considered a disaster area by WAPDA. It isa primary candidate for drainage treatment. In pre-Sukkur barrage days, the groundwater levelin Sindh was below 30 feet. Intensive use of Indus water for irrigation has altered thehydrological balance of basin-seepage losses and deep percolation has resulted in gradual risein the water table resulting in waterlogging and salinity in many areas. The Indus basin has a flattopography, porous soil, and semi-arid climate with high evaporation rate. In these conditions,the requirement was to develop a proper drainage system in parallel with an irrigation system tocontrol waterlogging but that was not done.Salinity: There are two major causes of salinity: Irrigation water contains high dissolved soilds(TDS) and when this water evaporates, the salt gets left behind. Secondly, capillary actionmoves water to the ground surface which, if not transpired by plants, evaporates leaving saltbehind.About 10 tons per year of salt is brought in by Indus river in Sindh while around 4 tons per yearof salt is mobilised through the usage of groundwater through tubewells. The water from tubewells contains high amounts of TDS, and its injudicious use has contributed significantly tosalinity. The irrigation system is required to supplement the natural rainfall but it must becomplemented by an effective drainage system to ensure a satisfactory balance betweenmoisture and salt concentration in the root-zone. It ensures that root-zone contains sufficientmoisture to allow crops to extract water required for transpiration and at the same time does notremain saturated for an extended period.In Sindh, the construction of a drainage system started in 1970, with the initiation of small-scaleprojects such as the Salinity Control and Reclamation Project (SCARP). The move culminatedin launching two major drainage systems on both sides of Indus; that is the LBOD and RBOD,in 1986 and 1995, respectively.The sodic soil containing high amounts of exchangeable sodium can also be reclaimed byreplacements of exchangeable sodium with calcium that will improve soil permeability andleaching. Gypsum is normally used as chemical amendments to reclaim sodic soil. In thebiological technique, salt tolerant plants, like Kaller grass, Jentar and rice are grown since theyare tolerant to saline soil conditions.Source: Bhutto, Abdul Waheed, Land Degradation of Sindh, Dawn October 2002Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development46Shrinking DeltaOriginally, the Indus Delta occupied about 2600km consisting of creeks, mudflats and forestsbetween Karachi in the north and the Rann ofKutch in the south. There were 17 major creeksmaking up the original delta, but due to reducedflows below Kotri after the construction ofTarbela Dam and other barrages, only the areabetween Hajamro and Kharak creeks nowreceives water from the Indus with KhobarCreek as the main outlet to the sea. The activedelta is now only ten percent of its original area.The Irrigation Department of Sindh has revealedthat, as a result, seawater intrusion has causeda tidal infringement over 0.485 MHA of land inthe coastal area, which is about 33 percent ofthe total land (1.525 MHA) in the districts ofBadin and Thatta. Also, due to the intrusion ofthe sea and the drastic reduction in fresh watersupply, the mangrove cover in the delta hasbeen seriously affected. If the conditions persist,it will not be long before the Indus delta would becompletely devoid of mangrove cover.

Muhammad Ali QadriThe livelihood of Manchar Lake is threatened by increased pollutionPollutionWater pollution in the Indus occurs through:Municipal discharges: as most of the citiesand towns in Sindh discharge theirmunicipal waste into the Indus River,particularly organic matter which causesdepletion of dissolved oxygen of the riverwater. In extreme cases when theassimilative capacity is exceeded,anaerobic (septic) conditions ariseespecially during months of low dilution orwhen there are water shortages in theIndus. These conditions cause groundwaterpollution.Industrial water discharges: Ions of sodium,potassium, calcium, magnesium,carbonates and bicarbonates and otherinorganic variables like fluoride, silica andcyanide pollute water resources. Metalssuch as cadmium, chromium, copper,mercury, lead, zinc and nickel are alsoeffluents discharged by industries.and the RBOD adversely affect Sindh'swater resources.Water Distribution IssuesInter-provincial conflicts over water distributionhave been reported, including the constructionand regulation of reservoirs and link canalsupstream and future water resourcesdevelopment. Sindh being a lower riparian ofthe Indus River System has concerns regardingwater development schemes upstream thatmay affect its economic, ecological and socialgrowth.Water Accord 1991The latest accord on water distribution amongthe provinces came into existence in 1991 andlaid down the following clauses.Water apportionment for Sindh includesthat sanctioned for urban and industrialuses for Karachi and will be given priority.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development47Return agricultural flows through drainagestructures: particularly through the LBODThe need for other storage facilities on theIndus and other rivers was admitted and

Muhammad Ali QadriGuddu Barrage on Indus Riverrecognized by all the participants. This hasbeen taken to include the proposedKalabagh Dam.The requirements of LBOD will be met outof the flood supplies in accordance with theagreed sharing formula.The need for a certain minimum escapage tosea, below Kotri, to check sea intrusion wasrecognized, Sindh held the view that theoptimum level was 10 MAF, which wasdiscussed. It was decided that further studiesneeded to be undertaken to establishminimal escapage needs downstream.Sindh based political parties and civil societyforums are concerned about the nature of theaccord and the apportionment of water asdesignated by it. They fear that if the issue ofwater distribution is not dealt with it would haveunprecedented human, economic, andenvironmental disasters in the Province.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development48The Indus River System Authority would beestablished to implement the accord withrepresentation from all four provinces. Itsheadquarters would be based in Lahore.No restrictions on Provinces to undertakenew projects within their allotted shares.No restrictions were placed on smallschemes not exceeding 5000 acres aboveelevation of 1200 ft.The system-wise allocation will be workedout on a 10 day basis and record of actualaverage system uses for the period 1977 -82 would form the guideline for developinga future regulation pattern.One of the major causes for concern, asperceived by Sindh, is that the availability of waterin the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) maynot be what it has been projected to be. In thiscontext the people of Sindh are apprehensivethat the construction of Kalabagh Dam and otherwater reservoirs proposed in WAPDA's Vision-2025 would, due to the non-availability of surpluswater in the IBIS, prove to be unsustainable andthat these projects would most likely reduce theprovince's water share in the future. Similarly, it isalso feared that the construction of the GreaterThal Canal would further divert Sindh's share ofRiver Indus waters.Another issue that is of considerable concern isthat of the upstream diversion of Indus water

through link canals during periods of acutewater shortage, which is considered to be at thecost if Sindh's share as recognised in the WaterAccord. Furthermore, it is of great importancethat the quantum of required water flow in theIndus below Kotri be determined. Sindh fearsthat the depletion of downstream flows of Induswater will cause irreversible damage to thesocio-ecology of the Indus Delta and the Sindhcoastline. In order to address these concerns itis imperative that the authority and role of IndusRiver System Authority (IRSA) be upheld.Water Resource DevelopmentRegarding water resource development, asignificant contribution to Sindh's requirementshas not been made after the construction of theGuddu Barrage. Though the Jamrao Canal hasbeen re-modelled, the Chotiari Reservoir hasbeen constructed, and a substantial number ofwatercourses have been lined, there is a needfor more initiatives. There is a need to invest inthe construction of the Sehwan Barrage, ReniCanal, Thal Canal and to remodel the entireirrigation system to increase water efficiencyand the availability of water. The governmentrecently announced the construction of the ReniFlood Canal but is facing opposition from thefarming community, which doubts the projectedbenefits and sustainability of the project. TheChotiari Reservoir has also reportedly causedlarge-scale displacement of old fishingcommunities of which there is strong criticismfrom civil society organisations.The lining of watercourses can help preventwaterlogging. So far, four percent of thewatercourses of Sindh have been lined (lengthwise),compared to 50 percent of thewatercourses in the Punjab. Recently, thefederal government announced Rs. 10 billion toupdate the irrigation system in the province, butit has to be seen how this money is spent. Inaddition, the federal research institutions suchas the National Agriculture Research Centreand Pakistan Agriculture Research Centre arelargely invisible in Sindh and have not helped indeveloping models for tackling watermanagement issues.Continued conflict among the provinces overthe distribution of Indus water, defective water,inefficient cropping patterns, use of outdatedirrigation technology and lack of investment forthe remodelling of the irrigation system, areSindh State ofEnvironment &Development49Tahir QureshiWater bodies require regular maintenance activities

major obstacles in conserving water in theprovince. As a result, whenever drought recursin the country, a large number of people sufferfrom the unavailability of water. Thisexacerbates poverty, deteriorates the health ofthe people, promotes unemployment, anddegrades the environment.Due to lack of funds and an ineffectivemanagement system, the public researchinstitutions working in this sector have notsucceeded in undertaking applied researchprojects or transferring conservationtechnologies on a wide scale. While publicuniversities have the expertise and theinfrastructure to conduct such research,financial and institutional constraints preventthem from doing so.EMERGING TRENDSIt is extremely difficult to forecast the waterneeds of Sindh for the future due to severalunpredictable and complex socio-economic anddemographic factors and the non-availability ofreliable data. There is also uncertaintyregarding future economic development inSindh in the coming 25 to 50 years. The fourscenarios of water availability to Sindh depictedin Table 4.8 have been assumed, consideringthe changing climatic pattern. This helps tounderstand the possible shortages for Sindh ifthere are drought conditions or if water flowingfrom the Indus is reduced considerably.The declining water availability in all scenariosis due to the fixed share of Sindh in the IBIS.More than 70 years' recorded data show thatannually Sindh will not get more than 45 MAF.Due to scarcity of freshwater the riverine forest,irrigated plantations, mangrove forests andwildlife have been adversely impacted. Therehas been a loss of biodiversity and somespecies of fauna flora have disappeared or areat the verge of extinction.The farmers, or hari, are becoming significantlyimpoverished due to water scarcity, among otherfactors. In several areas, particularly the tail endsof water channels and watercourses, outmigrationhas begun due to a perpetual shortageand irregularity of water supply. Frequent andwidespread demonstrations are held by thepeople against water shortages in the province,which have become increasingly politicised.The arid zone (including the desert along theeastern border and the hilly area along thewestern border of Sindh, covering 60 percent ofthe province's geographical area), the coastand the waterlogged areas (Badin, Thatta, areabetween Khairpur and Naushero Feroz alongwith the left side of the National Highway), therice growing region in upper Sindh and the tailareas of Nara Canal are likely to remainperpetually poor regions due to recurring waterrelateddisasters, neglect by the government,degradation of land and shortage of water.More recently, the disposal of saline water inthe Manchar Lake from the RBOD has resultedin the depression of fish resources and thedegradation of land in the catchment area of thelake. Thousands of fisher families have left thelake due to this environmental destruction andTable 4.8: Future Availability of Water in SindhSindh State ofEnvironment &Development50YearPopulation( million)Water flow to Sindh (MAF)Per Capita Water Availability(Cubic meter)45 40 35 251998 30 1852 1646 1440 10292002 34 1634 1452 1271 9082010 43 1292 1148 1005 7182020 56 992 882 772 5512030 75 741 658 576 412Note: Due to inceasing migration and high birth rate, a grwoth rate of 2.8% for Sindh has been assumedSource: 25 years of Sindh in Statistics, Government of Sindh, 1998

Muhammad Ali QadriThe shrinking Indus Deltathe families who have decided to stay areexperiencing increasing poverty (see Box 4.2:Manchar Lake).Migration has increased from all the rural districtsof the province where water is unavailable forirrigation and drinking purposes. The Sindhimedia regularly reports this phenomenon andexperts predict that this internal migration will notonly continue but also increase if water is notmade available to water deficit areas.STAKEHOLDERSThe Water sector is such a large and complexone that no single institution can act on its ownto work for a sustainable supply. It requiresmulti-sectoral, multi-disciplinary, and multiinstitutionalactions for its security,conservation, and sustainability. In Sindh, thefollowing institutions are the major stakeholdersin water management:The Federal GovernmentAccording to the constitution of Pakistan, thefederal government is responsible for policymaking and investment in water resourcedevelopment, and ensuring the fair distributionof water amongst the four provinces. It is alsoresponsible for efficient farming and irrigationpractices researched by institutions such asPakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC)and National Agriculture Research Centre(NARC).The Sindh GovernmentAfter the federal government, the Sindhgovernment is mandated for water distributionwithin the province, the planning anddevelopment of water resources, research infarming and irrigation, and the mobilisation offarmers and other stakeholders for waterconservation. Currently, it is only involved inwater distribution.The Farming CommunityFarmers are the largest users of water in theprovince with 97 percent of the water used foragriculture. They have an important role to playin the conservation of water. The governmenthas introduced institutional reforms aimed atmobilising farmers for the efficient use of waterSindh State ofEnvironment &Development51

Box 4.2: Manchar LakeManchar Lake, a threatened wetland dying from pollution and mismanagement, was once consideredthe largest freshwater lake in Asia. It is located about 12 miles west of the town of Sehwan Sharif andspread over an area of 100 square miles that was once renowned for its beauty and the large populationof migratory birds and wild fowl. According to a survey conducted in 1930, there existed about 200different species of fish in the lake. Today, 14 of these species have perished and several others areunder severe threat of extinction from the lake.The water supply for Manchar Lake depends on water flows from River Indus via Aral Wah and DanistarWah, storm water and hill torrents from Kirthar Hills and effluents from drainage units via Main NaraValley Drain. Over the last two decades, the fresh water intake of the lake has declined significantlyrelative to the saline and toxic effluents discharged into it.The history of the pollution problems of Manchar Lake goes back to 1921 when the Main Nara Valley(MNV) drain, originally an inundation canal, was remodeled to take in raw sewage from the towns ofupper Sindh and central Punjab (including Larkana, Shikarpur, Sukkur, Khairpur, Dera Ghazi Khan andMuzaffargarh). This remodeled MNV drain became the only source of drainage in the right bank areaof the Sukkur Barrage. Under the RBOD project, the MNV drain was further widened and remodeled todrain the saline water of Salinity Control and Reclamation Project (SCARP), with tube wells and theeffluent from industries in District Dadu, adding toxic waste and chemicals to the lake. Theestablishment of dams and diversions in the upstream of Indus created a water shortage in Indusdownstream, resulting in the lack of fresh water flow to Manchar.Surveys have confirmed that a record fish catch of about 2,300 tones per annum has dwindled to justover 400 tones per annum. Migratory fauna, including beautiful cranes, no longer fly to the lake. Notonly does the lake stand completely abandoned by its flying visitors; the indigenous population of birdshas also diminished considerably. The testing of samples of lake water shows that the range of salinityin the lake has reached 4,000 ppm against the desirable limit of 500 ppm, obviously reducing itsnutrition level for sustenance of natural habitats. Furthermore, the present level of toxic particles inManchar Lake is more than 8,000 ppm as compared to the safe human consumable level of 800 ppm.IssuesSindh State ofEnvironment &Development52Pollution of lake water due to disposal of effluents of industries and SCARP tube wells(causing high toxicity and salinity levels of lake water), solid waste disposal (including nondegradablepolythene bags, petrochemical products) and sewerage.Degradation/destruction of natural habitat/ecosystem leading to loss of biodiversity of localflora and fauna.Unsustainable and environmentally harmful fishing practices (fishing nets of non-natural fibres,calcium carbonate mixed with food grains, diesel and petrol discharges from motors fixed onboats).Manchar Lake is an unprotected wetland (not among the eight declared Protected Wetlandsin Pakistan).Economic impact, loss of livelihood, and mass migration (the average household income isbetween Rs. 1,000 and Rs 3,000 per month).Nonexistent civic facilities and infrastructure, little or no access to health facilities, and poorhousing.Prevalence of TB, anaemia, malnutrition, gastroenteritis and water-borne skin diseases. It hasbeen estimated that more than 80 percent of the women and children suffer from thesediseases.Source: IUCN

and for the operation and maintenance ofirrigation channels. The results have yet toemerge.The Private SectorThere are a large number of domestic,industrial, and commercial users of water.There is no adequate and reliable data on theirwater use, including their water efficiency. Theempirical evidence shows that water efficiencyis low and there is a definite need to conservewater used by the private sector. Withimprovement in the water market, waterefficiency of the private sector water users canbe significantly increased.Research and Academic InstitutionsThere are scores of public and privateuniversities and several research institutions inthe province that play an important role inBox 4.3: The Left Bank Outfall Drain ProjectThe Left Bank Outfall Drain Project (LBOD), a multi-million Rupee venture, was designed and launchedwith the twin objective of providing a long term solution to the drainage problem of Sindh and to salvagethousands of acres of fertile land rendered barren by the dual menace of water-logging and salinity.However, the LBOD has proved to be another one of the mega projects that have fallen miserably shortof their envisioned objectives.ImpactsThe Tidal Link of LBOD, designed and constructed with the cost of Rs. 785 million, despite theobjections of the local communities on its design, has resulted in the degradation of land andincreased the incidence of poverty in Badin and Thatta districts close to the sea. Interestingly, itwas during the construction of this link that the local communities of these districts opposed thelink project vehemently, terming it as dangerous for the fertile lands and the environment of thearea. Their objections were based on the unnatural design of the sub-project, which was goingto choke the natural flow of drainage in the area. As the Tidal Link project was completed in 1995,the concerns of the local communities started proving valid. The banks of the newly constructedTidal Link were washed away by the floods in the same year, resulting in inundation of fertilelands with toxic drainage water.No provision had been made for the accommodation of effluent from the Kotri surface drain inthe design of the Tidal Link. Water from Kotri surface drains was previously drained through lakesinto natural creeks but this channel was obstructed by the construction of the Tidal Link. Hence,this drainage water, which always evaporated in the winter season, has now become stagnantand has been the cause of the rising water table and the ensuing problem of water-logging andsalinity across thousands of acres in Badin district.Mostly all the drains of Kotri surface drains have a back flow due to the intrusion of seawater,which has also contributed, to the raising of the water table in the area and the degradation offertile lands.The construction of the Cholri Weir was also opposed on the same premise. In 1998, a majorportion of this weir was wave washed by sea tides. Officials confirmed that about 400 feet out ofthe total 1,800 feet weir had been wave washed posing great threat to the water level of the lakesand the lands of the area. The cause of the project’s failure was attributed to defective design.Despite the time and money spent (Rs. 5 billion) on the project, the Chotiari Reservoircomponent of the LBOD is yet to be completed.The environmental impact of the LBOD project has been devastating. The intrusion of seawaterinto the lakes has rendered them highly saline, destroying the local ecosystem and disturbing theecological balance. The water level of the lakes remains high, not allowing the effluents fromsurface drainage of Badin district to flow into them. The soil is becoming increasinglywaterlogged and saline, which is affecting agricultural lands in the vicinity.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development53Source: IUCN

producing human resources in the water sectorand can contribute to the transfer of waterconservation technologies.Civil Society ForumsPolitical parties, NGOs, public advocacygroups, women groups, media and othersconstitute the civil society in Sindh. Somecitizen organisations such as Sindh Agricultureand Forestry Workers' Cooperation (SAFWCO),Sindh Rural Support Programme (SRSP),Thardeep Rural Development Programme(TRDP) and National Rural SupportProgramme (NRSP) are playing an effectiveand active role by promoting the conservationof water and demanding its equitabledistribution. Their activities include organisingworkshops and conferences, training in landand water conservation, credit for small scaleirrigation, mobilisation of the media, andlobbying with the government. But there is needfor a more proactive role as well as networkingwith each other for water rights, waterconservation, and equity in water distribution.International DonorsMany UN organisations and internationaldonors have been actively involved inimproving irrigation efficiency, the conservationof water and the development of institutionsengaged in the water sector. However, theirattempts at building a drainage system, such asthe LBOD, have resulted in majorenvironmental and ecological disasters andhave increased Pakistan's international debtconsiderably. (See Box 4.3: The Left BankOutfall Drain Project).FUTURE ACTIONTo ensure sustainable water supply foragriculture, drinking and industrial uses, and forprotecting the natural environment of Sindh, theprovince must ensure better management andconservation of its water resources.For increased water supply, building of carryoverreservoirs in the northern part of thecountry should be made a priority. If these arenot built, the current water share of Sindh in theIBIS will not be sufficient to meet Sindh'sgrowing domestic, industrial, agricultural andenvironmental needs of water.Given the finite and limited land and waterresources of Sindh, the population growth of theprovince has to be reduced through populationplanning. At the same time, industrialisation hasBox 4.4: The Right Bank Outfall Drain ProjectSindh State ofEnvironment &Development54The Right Bank Outfall Drain (RBOD) is a long term project to drain out sewage and waste from townsand agricultural lands on the right bank of the River Indus. These areas are both saline andwaterlogged. Under the Right Bank Master Plan, developed with the assistance of the OverseasDevelopment Agency (ODA), WAPDA has undertaken some drainage works on a priority basis. Manyproposals were suggested. These include the construction of a link canal that would dispose of theeffluent from the RBOD into the Indus. The EPA proposed the option of disposing the RBOD effluentinto LBOD through a siphon, crossing the river. Draining the effluents into man made or natural pondsin the Katcho area beyond FP Bund was also an option, as was constructing a drain on the right bankparallel to the Indus River up to the Arabian Sea for directly disposing off the drainage water into thesea.Instead, the water was disposed into Manchhar Lake through the Main Nara Valley (MNV) drain.Manchar was adversely affected by this. (See Box 4.2). Therefore, it has been decided that anotherroute to the disposal of drainage water will be adopted. It will now be drained into the Arabian sea. Thecompletion of the 24 km long Indus Link will end the degradation of Manchhar, but will pose problemsof its own. Environmentalists fear that this would endanger human life, the agricultural system andenvironment in and around the Kotri barrage. The proposed link is designed to connect the MNV drainwith the Indus near Bhan Saeedabad town in Sehwan subdivision of Dadu district. This will disturb thebio-diversity of the River besides posing a threat to human life and irrigation systems in lower Sindh.Source: http://www.iucn.org/reuters/1999/articles/winningpakistan.htm. Brohi, Sikander, Disastrous Impacts of Indus Link Outfall of RBOD

Box 4.5: Water Management Project Launched in SindhIn October 2003, the Science and Technology Ministry launched a project for efficient watermanagement in the irrigated areas of the Southern Indus plain. To be executed by the Pakistan Councilof Research in Water Resources through the Drainage Research Centre, Tando Jam, in five years, Rs.40 million had been allocated for it. It will be implemented in the selected areas of Hyderabad,Nawabshah, Thatta, Mirpurkhas, Larkana, Sukkur, Dadu and Badin districts.Water management and agriculture related issues and problems in the southern Indus plainwill be identified.A plan for sustainable water resources management will be developed to enhance waterproductivity.Pilot projects will be set up with the farmers' participation.A survey of the selected districts will be carried out to document the status of water resourcesmanagement and agriculture practices.Skimming well technology, laser levelling, bed and furrow irrigation system, zero tillagetechnology, irrigation scheduling, pressurized irrigation system, use of low quality groundwater and other techniques will be introduced at the fields under the project.Source: http://www.dawn.com//2003/10/15/nat11.htmto be increased to reduce economicdependence on agriculture for getting maximumeconomic returns from the available watersupply.For its development and sustainability, thewater sector needs strengthening of apartnership between all stakeholders, includingcivil society forums. All institutions and forumsrelated to the water sector need to cooperatewith each other and support the commonprogrammes for water resources developmentin the province. And finally, the ecological,socio-economic, and environmentalrepercussions of development projects shouldbe carefully studied before they areimplemented to make sure that no moredisasters take place. For this, the involvementof local communities and their knowledge in theplanning and implementation process isabsolutely essential.The coastal ecology of Sindh needs to beprotected. That calls for a minimum watersupply below Kotri as provided in the WaterAccord. Conservation of lakes/wetlands,riverine areas, rangelands and the Indus delta,has to be made a priority, as theseenvironmentally sensitive areas need specialattention and measures for their conservation.Low water-use efficiency is the country'spressing problem and it needs to be increasedand brought to the highest possible levelthrough the use of latest irrigation technologyincluding the promotion of water-efficient cropsand land levelling. This also calls for exploringother options for example, desalinisation so asto increase the supply of water.Increased use of groundwater has threatenedthe natural groundwater balance and has led tosevere damage to the soil environment as wellas to the supply of drinking water. Excessivegroundwater extraction must be curbed in orderto maintain this balance. Policies should bethus framed to ensure the equitable distributionof water among these zones in periods of watershortage.Water users, particularly farmers and the privatesector, should be involved in water conservationprojects. Without their participation, watersustainability cannot be ensured.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development55

CHAPTER 5Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentAgriculture

griculture is the foundation of Pakistan's economy. Itcontributes about 25 percent to the Gross DomesticProduct (GDP) of the country. Sindh is a majorcontributor of staple crops in the country, producing 35percent of rice, 28 percent of sugarcane, 20 percent ofcotton and 12 percent of wheat, respectively 1 . A majorityof the people of Sindh depend on agriculture as their Amain source of livelihood.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development57

Sindh Agriculture Information Department, HyderabadGarlicslow rates. The low availability of quality seed ofcrop varieties continues to be of major concernfor agriculture. The use of crop inputs such asfertilizer and pesticides has increasedconsiderably without a corresponding increasein yield levels. The supply of substandard andadulterated pesticides and fertilizers is alsoaffecting crop yields and the cost of production.There is increasing degradation of the resourcebase such as soil, and current farming practicesdo not adequately address the issue ofsustainability of crop production systems. Thisis in addition to the high cost of inputs andunstable market prices.The farming community is, for the most part,below the poverty line and this is a majorconstraint to the development of agriculture.Farm mechanization is limited to the use oftractors and wheat threshers. Laser levellersare a recent introduction with considerablepotential for enhancing yield levels and betteruse of irrigation water. Current water scarcityrelated problems demand the adoption ofefficient water management practices.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development58About 40 percent of the land in Sindh is arableland and 5 percent of it is rangeland. The totalcultivated area in Sindh is 5.88 million hectaresand the net area sown is 2.39 million hectares.The total cropped area is 3.10 million hectares,of which 0.71 million hectares are sown morethan once 1 . Sindh grows a variety of field andhorticultural crops. Wheat, cotton, rice, andsugarcane are the major field crops, whichconstitute 68 percent of the total cropped area,while mango, banana and chillies are the majorhorticultural crops. Among the horticulturalcrops, Sindh produces 73 percent bananas, 34percent mangoes, and 88 percent of thechillies. Of the total cropped area of 3.1 millionhectares in the year 2000-01, almost 50 percentof the area was under food crops (wheat, rice,maize, sorghum, millet and barley), 25 percentunder cash crops (cotton, sugarcane). Theremaining area was under fodder (9.1 percent),pulses (4.7 percent), condiments (4.1 percent),oilseeds (3.8 percent), fruits (3.3 percent), andvegetables (1.4 percent).Crop yields in Sindh are generally low and haveremained either stagnant or have increased atTHE AGRO-ECOLOGICALZONESThe irrigated areas of the province have beendivided into three major agro-ecological zones,two of which are further divided into sub-zones,as given below. Zone A Rice/wheat zone of the right bankof river Indus (upper Sindh)Sub-zone A1Sub-zone A2Main areaPiedmont soilregion Zone B Cotton/wheat zone of the leftbank of river IndusSub-zone B1Sub-zone B2Guddu Barragecommand areaSukkur Barragecommand area Zone C Rice/wheat/sugarcane zone oflower Sindh1. Agriculture Statistics, 2000-01

In addition to the above three zones, there aretwo more zones in Sindh. Map 5.1 shows theAgro-ecological Zones in Sindh. Zone D is adesert area in the east of Sindh, and Zone E isthe western hilly zone. Main agricultural activityis, therefore, concentrated in the Zones A, Band C. Table 5.1 shows the main features of theagro-ecological zones including climate, watersupply, soil and cropping pattern.Zone A: It covers the districts of Shikarpur,Jacobabad, Larkana and the northern taluka ofDadu district. There are six main canals (threefrom the Guddu Barrage and three from theSukkur Barrage) feeding zone A, three of whichare perennial.Zone A1 covers the districts of Shikarpur,Larkana and the northern taluka (Mehar andTable 5.1: Main Features of Agro-Ecological Zones including Water Supply, Soil Salinity andCropping PatternFactorClimateSource: Sindh Agriculture Extension and Adaptive Research Report (1994)a. Mean annual rainfall, millimetresb. Months experiencing more than 20 mmc. Annual evaporation, millimetresd. Winter: Mean minimum monthly temperature, January/DecemberSummer: Mean maximum monthly temperature, May/Junee. Altitude, meters above sea level (masl)f. Thousands of hectaresg. Tube well potential for drainage/Rabi water sourceh. Percentage of area with severe upper soil salinity problemsi. High value crops: vegetables, orchardsAgro-ecological zones of SindhA1 A2 B1 B2 CRainfall mm a 75-100 75-100 75-120 120-230 180-250Rain period b Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Jun-Sep Jun-SepEvaporation c 150-175 150-175 175-200 200-225 150-225Humidity Low Low Low Low-High HighWinter temp 0 C d 8 8 8 12 10Summer temp 0 C 44 44 42 40 30Altitude masl e 40-60 40-60 40-60 5-40 0-5Water SupplyPerennial percent 55 percent 65 percent 0 percent 100 percent 50 percentIrrigation area f 5,000 2,100 3,100 16,600 3,800Tube well potential g High Low High High LowSoilsMain types Calcareous Piedmont Calcareous Calcareous Salinesilt loam clays silt loam silt loam silt/claySalinity h 10 percent 5 percent 15 percent 15-50 percent 70 percentCroppingMain Kharif Rice Sorghum Cotton Cotton RiceOther Kharif Rice Fallow Rice High value SugarcaneSugarcane VegetableMain Rabi Wheat Wheat Wheat Wheat SugarcaneOther Rabi Mixed Fodder Fallow Fodder Fodder FodderVegetable VegetableSindh State ofEnvironment &Development59

Khairpur Nathan Shah) of Dadu district. Dadu,Rice and NWC Canals of Sukkur Barrageirrigate the zone. Rice is the major crop of thezone, followed by wheat while Rabi pulses andoilseeds are dubari crops. Wheat, sugarcane,oilseeds, Rabi and Kharif vegetables as well asguava and dates are also grown under thecommand of Dadu and NWC perennial canals.Zone A2 covers the region of Jacobabad andLarkana districts. Here the soil is richer in claysthan the soil of Zone A1, potentially more fertileand less prone to salinity problems. However, itis slower to drain. The major crop of the zone isrice in Kharif, followed by wheat, Rabi pulsesand oilseeds as dubari crops.Zone B: Zone B covers the left bank of riverIndus in the districts of Ghotki, Sukkur,Khairpur, Naushero Feroze, Sanghar,Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas and Tharparkar. Theentire zone is Indus flood plain. Saline soils areencountered throughout the zone. The problemtends to be more acute in the east of Ghotkiand Sukkur Districts (Zone B1) and in easternSanghar and Mirpurkhas District (Zone B2).Cotton and sugarcane are the main Kharifcrops of Zone B1. Oilseeds like sesame andsunflower are also being cultivated increasinglyin the zone due to water scarcity. Wheat,oilseeds and vegetables follow the Kharifcrops.Zone B2 lies in the command area of fourperennial canals (Rohri, Khairpur Feeder Eastand West and Nara) of the Sukkur barragecovering the districts Khairpur, NausheroFeroze, Sanghar, Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas, andTharparkar. The major Kharif crops of the zoneare cotton and sugarcane, followed by sesame,sunflower, and groundnuts. In the Rabi season,wheat is the major crop followed by rapeseed,mustard, sugarcane, Rabi vegetables, andonion. The zone also produces mango, banana,chiku, papaya, citrus, and jujube.Zone C: Zone C consists of lower Sindh, and isfed from the Kotri Barrage. It includes the IndusDelta and covers the districts of Thatta, Karachi,Badin (except taluka Matli and northern parts ofTando Bago) and taluka Tando Mohammad Khanof District Hyderabad. Zone C is more saline thanany other area in Sindh. Salinity and waterloggingare most severe in this zone where drainage isdifficult due to an absence of a gradient.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development60Sindh Agriculture Information Department, HyderabadAbundance in a valuable cash crop: Cotton

The climate of Zone C is mild and humid, and ithas the highest rainfall in Sindh (180 to 250 mmper year). However, its agricultural production islow. The main crops are rice and sugarcane inKharif, which are followed by wheat andvegetables in perennial areas. The mainvegetables grown here are onion and tomatoand the zone also produces banana, chiku,papaya and coconut. Palm oil plantation hasbeen successfully introduced in this zone.Types of SoilThe Soil Survey of Pakistan has groupedapproximately 80 percent Sindh soils into eightland capability classes according to theiragriculture potential and the relative suitability forsustained agriculture use (see Table 5.2). Soilsplaced in Class I are generally very responsive tohigh inputs of water, improved seed, fertilizers,labour and also to improved managementtechniques, while lower classes havecorrespondingly decreasing response to inputsand management. Approximately 10 percent ofclassified land in Sindh falls under Class I and 20percent under Class II and 15 percent underClass III. Arable area constitutes approximately50 percent of the classified area in Sindh.Salinity is one of the major soil problemsconfronting agriculture in Sindh. The problem isgenerally considered to be the result of the canalirrigation system, but countrywide soil surveyshave established that most of the existingsaline/saline sodic soils are not related to thepresent irrigation system, and their formation isthe consequence of the gradual redistribution ofsalts already present in the soil. However, thecanal irrigation system has certainly aggravatedthe situation. This kind of salinity, identified assecondary salinity, is relatively temporary and canbe easily eliminated by adopting appropriatemeasures. Major factors responsible for thedevelopment of secondary salinity include lateralseepage of water from the canal system and itsevaporation from the surface of adjoining soils, therising of water table due to excessive percolationfrom the canal system and over-irrigationpractices, inadequate availability of water, andaccumulation of salts in low lying areas throughrunoff from surrounding saline soils.Table 5.2: Extent of Land Capability Classes in the Surveyed Area of SindhClassSindh('000 ha)Pakistan(' 000 ha)Sindh asPercentof TotalAgricultural PotentialI 1,097.8 5,362.2 20.5 Very high for general agriculture; moderate for riceII 2,326.9 7,009.1 33.2 High for general agriculture; low to moderate for riceIII 1,496.9 4,888.0 30.6 Moderate for general agricultureIV 742.5 3,623.8 20.5 Low for general croppingV — 171.1 — High for forestry or range developmentVI 8.3 1,270.3 0.7 Moderate for forestry or range developmentVII 2,226.3 18,647.4 11.9 Low for forestry or range developmentVIII 3,188.7 32,561.1 9.8 No potential for any type of economic agricultureSindh State ofEnvironment &Development61Unclassified 364.9 1,835.3Total 11,452.3 75,368.319.915.2Source: 1. Pakistan's Soil Resources: Pakistan National Conservation Strategy Sector Paper 4, 1993: data updated by Soil Survey ofPakistan in 20002. National Fertilizer Development Centre, Islamabad (2002)

The extent of soils affected by various types ofsalinity and sodicity in Sindh and otherprovinces is given in Table 5.3.Waterlogging is another major problem inSindh. An area is considered waterlogged whenthe underground water table is at a depth of fivefeet from the soil surface or reaches the rootzone of the crops. Data shows that 3.8 millionhectares of agricultural land in Sindh had awater table within 0 to 5 feet and 5.2 millionhectares at 0 to 10 feet in October 1999 2 . Thesituation has changed over the past three yearsdue to severe drought in the country andshortages in the supply of irrigation water.The presence of adequate quantities ofessential nutrients and organic matter are thebasic components of fertile soil. Of themacronutrients, Sindh soils, like most soils ofPakistan, are invariably deficient in nitrogen.Phosphorus is deficient in 80 to 90 percent soilsTable 5.3: Soils Affected by Various Types of Salinity and Sodicity in Sindh and OtherProvinces (‘000 ha)Type of SoilSoil with surface/patchysalinity and sodicityIrrigatedUnirrigatedGypsiferous saline/salinesodicsoilsIrrigatedUnirrigatedPorous saline-sodic soilsIrrigatedUnirrigatedSindhPunjabProvinceNWFPFATABalochistanPakistanSindh asPercentof Total118.1 472.4 5.2 3.0 598.7 19.70 0 0 0 0 0743.4 152.1 0 76.6 972.1 76.5536.3 124.5 0 160.1 820.9 65.3257.0 790.8 25.7 29.4 1102.9 23.3150.1 501.0 7.8 364.0 1022.9 14.7Dense saline-sodic soilsIrrigatedUnirrigated32.5 96.7 0.9 0 130.1 25.0379.7 530.0 8.9 714.8 1633.4 23.2Total 2217.1 2667.5 48.5 1347.9 6281.0 35.3Source:1. Pakistan's Soil Resources: Pakistan National Conservation Strategy Sector Paper 4, 1993: data updated by Soil Survey ofPakistan in 20002. National Fertilizer Development Centre, Islamabad (2002)Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development62Table 5.4: The Irrigation Water Withdrawal during 1998 - 2002 (MAF)Year Kharif Rabi Total1998 32.537 15.624 48.1611999 32.523 12.251 44.7742000 26.574 8.503 35.0772001 25.682 7.100 32.7822002 22.110 9.982 32.092Source: Pakistan's Soil Resources: Pakistan National Conservation Strategy Sector Paper 4, 1993: data updated by Soil Survey of Pakistanin 20002. Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan, 2000-01

Sindh Agriculture Information Department, HyderabadFarmers in the rice fieldsdespite the use of phosphate fertilizers for thelast four decades. Potassium levels aregenerally adequate in the majority (60 percent)of soils whereas some, 40 percent of soils, aremarginal to deficient in supply of potassium.Levels of organic matter are very low (

Table 5.5: Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Sindh during the Past 20 Years(1980-81 to 1999-2000)Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development64Year(+) 4.4Five-year averageProduction*(Million tonnes)Rice1980-81 to 1984-850.72 1.50 2.081985-86 to 1989-90 0.67 1.39 2.061990-91 to 1994-95 0.65 1.51 2.331995-96 to 1999-00 0.69 1.91 2.79Percent change over 1999-2000Area (Million ha)Yield (T/ha)Wheat1980-81 to 1984-85 1.02 2.02 1.981985-86 to 1989-90 1.04 2.21 2.131990-91 to 1994-95 1.08 2.30 2.141995-96 to 1999-00 1.12 2.63 2.34Percent change over 1980-81 (+) 11.1 (+) 54.3 (+) 38.12000-01 0.81 2.23 2.752001-02 0.88 2.10 2.40Percent change over 1999-2000 (-) 23.5 (-) 30.0 (-) 8.5Cotton1980-81 to 1984-85 0.64 1.45 0.381985-86 to 1989-90 0.60 1.27 0.361990-91 to 1994-95 0.49 1.23 0.431995-96 to 1999-00 0.60 2.19 0.62Percent change over 1980-81 (+) 5.8 (+) 69.0 (+) 59.92000-01 0.52 2.14 0.702001-02 0.55 2.44 0.76Percent change over 1999-00 (-) 13.6 (+) 2.8 (+) 19.0Percent change over 1980-81 (-) 9.6 (+) 37.0 (+) 51.62000-01 0.54 1.68 3.112001-02 0.46 1.16 2.51Percent change over 1999-2000 (-) 33.2 (-) 45.41 (-) 18.2Sugarcane1980-81 to 1984-85 0.17 6.96 41.01985-86 to 1989-90 0.21 10.10 47.41990-91 to 1994-95 0.25 13.87 54.51995-96 to 1999-00 0.25 14.84 58.5Percent change over 1980-81 (+) 69.6 (+) 185.4 (+) 68.52000-01 0.24 12.05 45.42001-02 0.24 11.42 47.4* Cotton production is expressed as million bales of lint and cotton yield means lint yield.(-) 20.1 (-) 23.5Source 1. Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan (2000-01)2. Sindh Agriculture Extension, Hyderabad

and released by the Provincial Seed Councilfrom time to time. A listing of the varieties ofcotton (13), wheat (11), rice (13) and sugarcane(2) released since 1970's is given in Appendix5.2: Crop Varieties Released in Sindh by theProvincial Seed Council up to 2002. It isimpressive to see new crop varieties beingreleased after every two to three years.However, it is a matter of concern that most ofthese varieties did not get the acceptance of thefarming community. In practice, there are only acouple of varieties of each crop that arecommon with the growers. In case of wheatcrops, TJ-83, Sarsabz, Kiran-95 and Inqlab(Punjab-based variety) are in demand. For ricecrops, IRRI-6 is the most common variety. Asignificant recent development is theintroduction of Basmati rice as a result of waterscarcity. In the case of sugarcane, some of thecommonly grown varieties such as BL-4 andPR-1000 and a recently developed varietyThatta-10 have not as yet been officiallyapproved.Plant Fertilizer and PesticideQuality ControlsFertilizer data for Sindh shows that nitrogen useincreased by 59 percent from 0.323 to 0.515million tonnes, and phosphorus by 92 percentfrom 0.077 to 0.148 million tonnes during 1990-1991 to 2000-2001. During the same period,the use of potash has shown a variable trendwith a decline from nine to four thousandtonnes. The average use of fertilizer in 2000-01was 161 kg/ha, which includes 124 kg/hanitrogen, 36 kg/ha phosphorus and 1 kg/hapotash. For the same year, the average use forthe entire country was 135 kg/ha, whichcomprises of 103 kg/ha nitrogen, 31 kg/haphosphorus and 1 kg/ha potash. The rate offertilizer use in Sindh is relatively higher thanthe other provinces.Meanwhile, micro-nutrient studies in Sindh haveestablished that zinc is the most deficientmicronutrient and zinc fertilization isrecommended for rice. Studies on banana havealso indicated zinc as a deficient micronutrient.Similarly, cotton has shown response toapplication of boron. Most of the micronutrientresearch is limited to field crops and no work hasbeen done on fruit trees. Further work isnecessary to clearly establish the nature andextent of micronutrient deficiency problems,crops affected by these deficiencies and thecost-benefit analysis of micronutrient fertilization.The Directorate of Plant Protection, AgricultureExtension, Sindh, is responsible for qualitycontrol measures under the Sindh FertilizerControl Act. Authorized officers of AgricultureExtension have the mandate to regularlysample the fertilizers from markets and havetheir quality ascertained from the officiallyrecognized laboratory of the AgricultureChemist (Soil Fertility) at Tandojam. Thenumber of fertilizer samples analysed anddeclared unfit during the past three years isgiven in Table 5.6. Public concern about themarketing of substandard and adulteratedfertilizers is growing.Plant pests are managed primarily by usingpesticides. Table 5.7 gives the details of thetypes and quantities used. A major part of thepesticides is used for controlling pests oncotton, fruits, vegetables, and rice. The privatesector has played a major role in promoting theuse of pesticides with aggressive mediacampaigns on television and radio that haveTable 5.6: Progress of Fertilizer quality control measures during three years (2000-2002)ActivityYear 2000 Year 2001 Year 2002Samples drawn 433 267 328Samples found unfit 63 59 31F.I.R. lodged 55 42 07No. of cases challenged 55 42 12Total cases decided 29 21 04Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development65Source: Directorate General, Agriculture Extension Sindh

Table 5.7: Quantity of Pesticides sold in Sindh during 1996-97to2000-2001(in Million tonnes)Pesticide1996-97 1997-98 1999-00 2000-01Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 734.09 1061.63 876.47 362.766Carbamates 331.63 317.48 548.87 508.522Phosphate 5487.70 5006.59 2305.07 1138.302Weedicides 131.87 175.65 102.71 133.940Rodenticides 21.17 34.79 ---- ----Pyrethroids 406.86 670.46 534.14 478.809Soil insecticides 28.40 53.25 --- ----Fungicides 322.81 390.32 132.703 149.880Others 815.20 628.38 320.09 -----Total 8279.73 8338.55 4820.05 2772.219Source: 1. Directorate of Agriculture Extension Sindh, Hyderabad2. Development Statistics of Sindh 2001Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development66helped to convince and motivate farmers to usethem, but despite the sharp increase inpesticide use, the problems have not beensolved. On the contrary, the excessive andindiscriminate use of broad-spectrum chemicalshas led to many pest outbreaks and hasdamaged human health and the environment. Ithas also disturbed the agro-ecosystem andkilled non-target bio-control agents andenvironment friendly organisms including birds.Such a disturbance in the agro-ecosystem hasinduced pest resurgence and increased theresistance in the naturally occurring pestpopulations. The populations of naturalenemies in cotton growing areas have declinedas much as 90 percent in the last decade 3 .Moreover, pesticides poisoning affects anincreasing number of people every year andthousands of women cotton harvesters andtheir unborn children are adversely affected. Arecent study reveals that the use of pesticideshas caused contamination of soil and water,residues in the food chain and has badlyaffected the health of farm workers 4 .Monitoring of the quality of pesticides is theresponsibility of Sindh Agriculture Extension.Under the provisions of the AgriculturalPesticide Ordinance, 1971, inspectors areauthorized to draw samples of pesticides andsend them to the government analyst fortesting. The number of samples analysedduring the past three years and their status datais given in Table 5.8. This is the area of majorpublic concern.THE ROLE OFGOVERNMENT BODIESThe Agriculture Department, Government ofSindh looks after the requirements of theagriculture sector in the province. The threewings of the Agriculture Department areAgriculture Research, Agriculture Extension,and Agricultural Engineering & WaterManagement. Each wing is headed by aDirector General, who is supported by aDirector and their staff in discharging theresponsibilities associated with each wing. Inaddition, the Sindh Seed Corporation, headedby the Managing Director and the CaneCommissioner, also constitute importantcomponents of the Agriculture Department.Agricultural research in Sindh started with theestablishment of the Agriculture ResearchStation at Sakrand in 1926. After the opening of3. Hasnain 19994. Food and Agriculture Organisation

Table 5.8: Progress of Pesticide Quality Control Measures during 2000-2002ActivityYear 2000 Year 2001 Year 2002Samples drawn 1036 618 626Samples analyzed 955 618617Samples found unfit 81 71 116F.I.R. lodged 76 45 29No. of cases challaned 63 11 12Total cases decided 36 04 07Source: Directorate General, Agriculture Extension SindhSukkur barrage in 1932, the need for moretrained labour was realized and an AgricultureCollege was established at Sakrand in 1939-40.During 1955, the Sakrand set up was shifted toTandojam, and in 1962, a full-fledgedAgriculture Research Institute was establishedthere.Between 1973 and 1991, the provincialAgriculture Department established fouradditional institutes of agriculture research.Besides this, district soil and water testinglaboratories were also established in 12districts under the administrative control of theAgriculture Research Institute, Tandojam. Adirector heads each institute. In view of theincreasing number of institutes and theirspecific management requirements, a post ofDirector General, Agriculture Research Sindh,Hyderabad (later shifted to Tandojam) wascreated and started working from April 1987 soas to have centralised administrative andfinancial control and to coordinate researchwork in Sindh.Five important research institutions and soiltesting laboratories that now work under theDirector General are: Agriculture ResearchInstitute (ARI), Tandojam (District Hyderabad);Rice Research Institute (RRI), Dokri (DistrictLarkana); Sindh Horticulture Research Institute(SHRI), Mirpurkhas; Wheat Research Institute(WRI), Sakrand (District Nawabshah); Quid-e-Awam Agriculture Research Institute (QAARI),Naudero (District Larkana); and the District Soiland Water Testing Laboratories at Thatta,Badin, Karachi, Mirpurkhas, Sanghar,Nawabshah, Naushero Feroze, Dadu, Larkana,Shikarpur, Sukkur and Jacobabad. The centrallaboratory at Tandojam provides support to alldistrict laboratories. These laboratories wereestablished in 1983-84 to provide facilities ofsoil, water, and fertilizer sample analysis andalso for advisory services to the farmersregarding efficient use of fertilizers. In order totake this service to the doorstep of farmers,nine Mobile Soil and Water Testing Laboratorieswere added in 1993-94.The five research institutions have a total of 477research scientists working in them, of whichnine hold PhDs. The yearly non-developmentresearch budget has increased from Rs. 62.15million in 1991-92 to Rs 194.1 million in 2001-02. Forty-seven percent of this went to staffsalaries.The operational budget constituted 13.9percent of the budget in 1991-92, whichincreased to a maximum of 23.8 percent in1994-95, and gradually reduced thereafter toonly 6.53 percent in 2001-02. The developmentbudget also registered a tremendous decreasefrom Rs. 40 million in 1993-94 to only Rs. 4.77million in 2000-01. This was followed by itsincrease to Rs. 13.72 million in 2001-02.The Pakistan Agricultural Research Council,Islamabad, extends support to the provincesthrough nationally coordinated researchprogrammes. The budgetary provision for theseprogrammes was Rs. 2.4 million for Sindh in theyear 1999-00. There are also a number ofagriculture related federal research institutionsin Sindh. These include: the Nuclear Institute ofAgriculture (NIA), Tandojam; Cotton ResearchInstitute, Sakrand (CRIS); Drainage ResearchCentre (DRC), Tandojam; and SugarcaneResearch Institute, Thatta.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development67

Muhammad Anees ShahzadSunflower Crop, in full bloomSindh State ofEnvironment &Development68Private sector organizations such as fertilizerand pesticide companies, sugarcane industries,and the farming communities also make acontribution to the research and developmentefforts of the public sector, through programmessuch as the development programme of HabibSugar Mills, Nawabshah and the recentlyestablished Sugarcane Research Institute atDewan Sugar Mills, Thatta.Sindh Agriculture ExtensionThe extension wing of the Provincial AgricultureDepartment is responsible for the introductionand dissemination of improved crop productiontechnologies and crop varieties, fertilizers,pesticides, weedicides, and farm machinery,and for the collection of crop statistics. It alsoaims to provide information to the growers onissues such as the insect pest outbreaks andthe adulteration of pesticides and fertilizers.Implementation of various acts/laws such asCotton Control Act, Agriculture PesticidesOrdinance, Sindh Fertilizer Control Act andAgriculture Produce Market Act is also theresponsibility of agriculture extension.After the devolution of agriculture extensionservices to district governments in 2001, theorganizational set up has undergone somechanges. Instead of ten, there are now fivedirectorates. These are: Coordination, PlantProtection, Training, Agriculture Information,and Agriculture Marketing and one JointDirector Agriculture Statistics.The Director Coordination is responsible forcoordination with all the components ofagriculture extension including technicalplanning and implementation, supervision ofdata collection, preparation of agriculturestatistics and looking after variousdemonstration farms (seed farms and adaptiveresearch farms). The Joint Director, AgricultureStatistics, works in close coordination with theDirector Coordination. He is responsible for thecollection and preparation of crop yield andproduction estimates for the province throughsampling techniques.The Directorate of Plant Protection isresponsible for registration and licensing offertilizer and pesticide dealers, quality controlof pesticides and fertilizers, suggestingsuitable amendments in Agricultural Pesticidesand Fertilizer related act/rules, coordinationwith district governments regardingenforcement of different acts/rules related to

pesticides and fertilizers and monitoring ofpest problems.Training activities for Sindh AgricultureExtension are provided by two AgriculturalTraining Institutes (ATI); one at Jacobabad andthe other at Sakrand. From 1996, Female FieldAssistants have also been enrolled at ATI,Sakrand.The Directorate of Agricultural Marketing, underthe provisions of Agricultural Produce Market(APM) Act 1939 and other related provisions,help regulate the purchase and sale ofagriculture produce (while protecting theinterest of the growers) and the establishmentof agricultural produce markets in the province.The budget for agriculture extension hasincreased by only 22 percent in 10 years, fromRs. 235.38 million in 1992-93 to Rs. 288.43million in 2001-02, while the salary componenthas increased by 144 percent in the sameperiod. This is reflected in the proportion of theoperation and maintenance (O&M) budget,which reduced from 53.5 percent in 1992-93 toonly 6.9 percent in 2001-02. This in itself sumsup the problems the extension process faces inSindh.Private sector agencies dealing with seed,fertilizer, pesticides, and agricultural machinery,along with some NGO's, are sharing agricultureextension services with the public sector,particularly where their business interests canbe served. Private sector companies carry outaggressive marketing campaigns including highprofile farmer meetings, village level meetings,demonstrations, field days and publicity throughelectronic and print media to ensure farmersupport. The government needs to reassert itspriorities and, at the very least, regulate suchTable 5.9: Comparison of Available Seed with Percentage of Total Capacity of SSC andSeed RequirementYearWheat SeedProcessed/Available Seed(Metric Tonnes)Capacity(Metric Tonnes)PercentageCapacityUtilized20 percentSeedRequirementof SindhAchievement(percent ofTotalRequirement)1997 2,501.32 10000 25.00 19880 2.521998 3,208.40 10000 32.00 19880 3.231999 4,075.36 10000 40.75 19880 4.102000 3,567.08 10000 35.67 22216 3.212001 3,223.60 10000 32.23 22800 2.83Paddy Seed1997 863.60 1600 53.97 2000 8.641998 147.68 1600 9.23 2000 1.481999 461.80 1600 28.86 2000 4.622000 313.20 1600 19.57 1800 3.482001 105.72 1600 6.60 1800 1.17Cotton Seed1997 740.00 – – 9000 1.641998 860.00 – – 9000 1.911999 1,230.00 – – 9000 2.732000 879.00 – – 9000 1.952001 578.16 – – 7546 1.53Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development69Source: Sindh Seed Corporation, Hyderabad

Sindh Agriculture Information Department, HyderabadTackling disease and pests: Spray on Cotton cropSindh State ofEnvironment &Development70commercial campaigns that may not be in thebest interests of the farming community.Sindh Seed CorporationThe Sindh Seed Corporation (SSC) wasestablished by the government in 1983 toproduce, multiply, procure, process anddistribute genetically pure and certified seed tothe growers to enhance crop production inSindh. The SSC has an area of 5,945 hectarescomprising six basic seed farms at Sakrand(372 ha), Setharja (1041 ha), Ruk (107 ha),Ghotki (1417 ha), Lakhi (110 ha) and Lodhra(2,598 ha). The area is sufficient for productionof basic seeds of various crops required in theprovince. So far the basic seed production fromthese farms has not been able to meet theneeds of the problems. Major problems facedby these farms include lack of cooperation bytenants with SSC staff to carry out varioustechnical procedures, scarcity of irrigationwater, large portion of salt-affected soils andgeneral management constraints.A Seed Processing Plant complex was also setup at Sakrand in 1980-81. It consists of aCereal Seed Processing Plant, Cotton GinningPlant, and Cotton Delinting Plant. It has a totalprocessing/ginning capacity of 19,400 metrictonnes of wheat, 2,800 metric tonnes of paddyand 6,600 metric tonnes of cotton. The planteven if fully functional cannot meet even afraction of the wheat and cotton seedrequirements of the province. The seriousnessof the problem is illustrated in Table 5.9 below.Thus there is a tremendous scope fordevelopment of seed industry in Sindh throughprivate sector investment.In its meeting held in June 2001 the SindhCabinet decided to close the SSC by June2002. However, due to pressure from allstakeholders (the federal government and theprivate sector), the Sindh government isreconsidering its decision. In addition, inOctober 2001 the government established theFoundation Seed Cell (FSC), under the DirectorGeneral Agriculture Research Sindh, for basicseed production.Agricultural Education andResearchSindh Agriculture University (SAU) Tandojamis the only institution providing agriculture

elated education in the province. It producesgraduates and post-graduates in AgricultureExtension, Agriculture Research, AgricultureEngineering, Water Management andLivestock wings of the AgricultureDepartment. The University has a currentenrolment of up to 4,000 students inbachelors, masters and doctoral degreeprogrammes. In recent years, the annualenrolment has reduced to around 200students per year against the intake capacityof 800 students per year. The University alsohas a highly qualified teaching faculty of 220of which 25 percent possess Ph.D. degrees.The Z.A. Bhutto Agriculture College at Dokri isa constituent college of SAU Tandojam andoffers bachelors degree in various disciplinesof agriculture.In the light of new developments all over theworld, particularly in developing South Asiancountries, curriculum appraisals are needed inorder to incorporate a more historicallyinformed critique of agricultural practices beforeand after the British came to India. A betterunderstanding of the so called GreenRevolution in this region and its detrimentalaffects also needs to be incorporated in thecurriculum and in research organisations.ISSUES, OPTIONS ANDINTERVENTIONSLand DegradationA major issue related to land degradation is thedepletion of soil fertility and organic matter. Toarrest the decline in soil organic matter, the useof organic sources of plant and animal originneed to be popularised. Whenever possible,crop residue must be recycled and organicmanures included as a necessary input on aperiodic basis. The inclusion of legumes andgreen manure crops should also be given aplace in crop rotation.The sugar industry produces a large quantity ofsugarcane filter cake every year, which is a richsource of organic matter with macro andmicronutrients. It is gaining popularity with thefarming community as a source of organicmatter providing plant nutrients and improvingsoil conditions.Soil salinity and waterlogging constitute a majorproblem to agriculture in Sindh. Past attempts totackle this problem have not been verysuccessful and consistent research effort and itsapplication to field situations is essential to helpthe farming community. At present, soil salinityresearch is limited in the provincial agricultureresearch system for reasons of limitations ofstaff, equipment, funding and mobility.Efficient Use of IrrigationWaterExcessive and inefficient use of water is also amajor problem confronting the agriculturesector. This issue can be tackled by the lining ofwater courses to prevent seepage and loss; byusing laser levelling technology to level fields sothat excessive water required to reach higherareas can be curtailed; replacing flat basinirrigation methods--now in use--by bed planting;introducing higher efficiency irrigation systemssuch as drip, truckle and sprinkler; and bypreventing excessive pumping out ofgroundwater which is depleting freshwater andreplacing it with water from the deeper salineaquifer. Examples of all the above interventionsare available in Sindh.Cropping Patterns to SuitWater AvailabilityIn order to meet the challenge of water scarcity,the government decided that low delta cropssuch as sugarbeet, cotton, oil seeds shouldreplace the high delta crops like sugarcane andrice in accordance with the soil and climaticconditions of the area and the place of thealternate crops in economy of the country. Thiseffort should continue but the marketability andeconomic feasibility of the produce for thefarmer has to be studied and promoted.Varietal DevelopmentProgrammeHigh yielding crop varieties of desiredcharacteristics are an essential need of theSindh State ofEnvironment &Development71

Sindh Agriculture Information Department, HyderabadOnion SeedSindh State ofEnvironment &Development72farming community and for the agricultureprogress of Sindh. A number of wheat, cottonand rice varieties have been released in theprovince but the level of adoption by the farmingcommunity is very low except for some wheatvarieties. The seed multiplication from plantbreeders' seed to certified seed and its supplyto the farmers is considered to be the weakestlink and thus a barrier in the adoption of newpractices. Moreover, the newly releasedvarieties do not often match the farmer'scircumstances which results in non-adoption ofnew varieties by the farming community. Plantbreeding programmes should, therefore, betailored to farmer's needs, in addition to anassured supply of seed.Adulterated and SubstandardPesticides and FertilizersFor obtaining desired yields from the use offertilizers and pesticides, the supply ofunadulterated and quality pesticides andfertilizers is essential. The AgriculturePesticides Ordinance (APO) and FertilizerControl Act should be revised to remove flawsin the laws regulating pesticide and fertilizerindustries in the country and to increase thepunishment and fine to those sellingsubstandard and adulterated products. Inaddition, the existing laboratories of PesticideQuality Control at Hyderabad and Rohri shouldbe strengthened through the provision ofnecessary equipment and staff trainings.Management of Plant VirusesCotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) and BananaBunchy Top Virus (BBTV) have resulted inmajor crop damage. For the CLCV, the solutionlies in evolving and introducing CLCV resistantvarieties. Long-term solution of the BBTVproblem lies in the use of virus-free bananaseed for all banana plantations along withnecessary regulatory steps to avoid virusinfection from the neighbouring virus-infectedbanana fields. Unfortunately, there is no trainedplant virologist in Sindh and the facilities forresearch on plant viruses are also lacking. Theissue may be addressed by staff trainings andstrengthening of research activities byestablishing a Plant Virology ResearchSection/Centre.

Agriculture ResearchManagementA comprehensive approach is required toaddress the issues constraining the progress ofagriculture research in the province. Thisincludes substantial restructuring of theagriculture research system along with a majorshift in policies governing the system. Theseelements include a reorientation of researchpriorities. For instance, the identification ofindigenous varieties of seeds that are lesswater intensive, the development of organicfertilisers and pesticides, and the reintroductionof crop rotation to improve soilquality.New priorities include: human resourcedevelopment and a respect for merit;restructuring of agricultural research so as tomodernize it and relate it to current needs; theoffering of attractive career opportunities toscientists and incentives for quality research;and an increased research budget. Thesestandards are fundamental to the developmentof research in agriculture.Large Yield Gap and High Costof ProductionCrop yields in Sindh are relatively better than inthe other provinces, yet there is a large yieldgap which needs to be narrowed down throughappropriate interventions. Improving themarketing environment and an integratedapproach towards agriculture education as wellas research and extension can help evolve newinterventions that can reduce the yield gap.The increasing cost of various inputs such asseed, fertilizer, pesticides, labour, petrol, oiland lubricants (POL) for tractors/machinery,increases the cost of production. Recently, theincreased reliance on tube well water hashighly inflated the cost of production andreduced profit margins. Technologies with highoutput-input ratios are therefore required todecrease the cost of production and increasethe profitability of farmers while increasingcrop production levels. Some of thesemeasures include: improving land preparationand planting methods; providing for efficientuse of irrigation water such as laser landlevelling, bed furrow planting, use of zeroSindh Agriculture Information Department, HyderabadWheat Collection Centres facilitate farmers in selling the output from their cropsSindh State ofEnvironment &Development73

tillage drills for planting wheat after rice;quality seeds of promising crop varieties;evaluation and introduction of efficientfertilization techniques such as foliarfertilization and fertigation techniques;adoption of composting techniques for soilimprovement and for organic recycling andenhancing the efficiency of manures;application of biofertilizers; mulching in fruittrees to improve the soil and the physical,chemical and biological environment for cropnutrition; rational use of pesticides throughintegrated pest management; and postharvesttechniques to avoid crop losses andvalue-addition to the crop produce.The Participation of WomenWomen play a major role in agriculturalproduction and livestock raising. Women'sparticipation is particularly high in theproduction of cotton, rice, pulses andvegetables. The measures proposed below aremeant to recognize the role of women and toimprove their skills: training of femaleagriculture extension workers in order toapproach women farmers more easily;improving the skills and efficiency of ruralwomen through appropriate technology; and arange of extension services.The traditional knowledge systems developedby women agriculturalists over centuries oftending to common ailments of livestock, theuse of organic pesticides, and water harvestingsystems needs to be collected and codified.Crop Estimation ProcessCrop estimation is a vital part of the agriculturalsector. It is essential that reliable crop estimates(area, production and yield) are available tostudy the trends of growth and to formulatepolicies and plans for the future. However, thereliability of the crop estimation process inSindh has been questioned at various forums.As a result of decentralization in 2001, the staffresponsible for crop estimation has beenplaced under the control of the districtgovernment. This is seriously hampering thework of crop estimation in the province. Thereare also problems of mobility of staff and the oldsampling frame, which does not take intoaccount the change in the crops and croppedarea in the deh (village) of the province in thelast 30 years.For the crop estimates to be reliable, oldsampling frames need to be replaced and thecrop estimation staff needs to be withdrawnfrom district governments and placed under anindependent Statistical Cell and provided withperiodic training, necessary mobility, andrequired equipment.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development74Sindh Agriculture Information Department, HyderabadSugarcane harvest by womenSTAKEHOLDERSThis includes functionaries of the federal and theSindh government dealing with agriculturedevelopment in the province, public institutionsfor Agriculture Research and Extension,Agriculture Engineering and Water Management,Sindh Agriculture University, Pakistan AgriculturalResearch Council, the sugar industry, the farmingcommunity, NGOs, and the private sector relatedto agriculture, and marketing agencies. The roleof these stakeholders has been described in thesections above.

FUTURE ACTIONThe following actions are required to addressthe problems faced by the agriculture sector inSindh.Research development and extension in:Land Resources ManagementEfficient Use of Irrigation WaterFarm MechanizationCrop ProductionPlant ProtectionHorticulturePost Harvest Technology and QualityAssuranceMarketing of Agricultural ProduceThe strengthening and/or development of:Support systems such as the DistrictSoil and Water Testing Laboratories,Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratoriesat Hyderabad and Rohri, and the newlaboratories at Mirpurkhas and LarkanaAgriculture ExtensionAgriculture Research Social sciences at academicinstitutions to understand theimplications of current agriculturalpractice on output and to developstrategies to meet the challenges ofWTO and other internationalagreements Coordination between the NGOs, theprivate sector, farming communities,public sector institutions and theacademiaThe Ten Year Perspective Plan (2001-2011) ofagriculture development in Pakistan coversthe majority of options presented above.Accordingly, the main objectives of agriculturedevelopment in the next decade are: toachieve self-reliance in agriculturalcommodities, ensure food security, providesurplus for export of high value crops, fruitsand vegetables, promote import substitution,and improve management practices. Theprovince of Sindh is part of the developmentprogramme and the provincial AnnualDevelopment Plan (ADP) and research anddevelopment (R&D) plans of the province aremeant to address the issues confrontingagriculture in Sindh.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development75

CHAPTER 6Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentFreshwater andMarine Fisheries

Fisheries play an important role inthe national economy and areconsidered an important sourceof livelihood for the inlandfishermen and coastalinhabitants. During the periodJuly-March 2003-04, total fishproduction was estimated at 630,000 metrictonnes of which 452,000 metric tonnes wasproduced by the marine sector and 178,000 metric tonnes by inlandfisheries. About 50 percent of this was produced by Sindh. Anestimated 101,256 metric tonnes of fish and fishery products, valued atRs. 7.9 billion, was exported during that period. The total number ofpeople engaged in this sector during 2003-04 was estimated at395,000. Of this, 125,000 people (31.6 percent) were engaged in themarine sector and 270,000 people (68,4 percent) in inland fisheries. Incomparison, the total number of people engaged in this sector during2000-01 was estimated at 360,000.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development77

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development78In general, the consumption of fish in Pakistanis very low (less than 2 kg per capita), withSindh consuming the highest among theprovinces at 4.25 kg per person per year, whichis still quite low. The consumption increased asa result of the conversion of fishing fromsubsistence to a commercial activity in the1960s with the creation of the FisheriesDepartment by the government and the Foodand Agriculture Organization (FAO). Thisintervention coincided with the development ofthe poultry industry in Pakistan, particularly inKarachi. The poultry industry depended heavilyon fish feed and factory owners along with theFisheries Department offered loans for themechanization of boats and the purchase ofnets 2 .PRESENT CONSTRAINTSToday, the threat of overfishing, degradation ofthe ecosystem and unsustainable exploitationof marine resources is a growing concern,along with an alarming rise in pollution levels infishing waters. These are major factors causingdepletion of the coastal and deep-sea fishstock.The Karachi Fish Harbour (KFH) is the onlyharbour equipped for the adequate landing andprocessing of export. Balochistan, with a longercoastline, also transports its harvest to Karachifor processing and export, since the facilities inBalochistan are inadequate. The KFH is heavilycongested, with over 2,500 fishing trawlerscausing acute environmental problems anddegradation of the marine ecosystem. Thesefactors result in heavy post-harvest losses.The fishing industry in Sindh operates in inlandwaters, within 12 nautical miles off the coast.The area for fishing beyond the 12 nautical milerange is out of reach for local fishermen sincethey do not have the right type of crafts toexplore it. The Deep Sea Fishing zone beyond35 and up to 200 nautical miles has beenexploited by foreign vessels under a jointprogramme between them and the Governmentof Pakistan. Unfortunately, this has been donewithout any transfer of technology to Pakistanor substantial revenue earning for the country.The authorities have so far been unsuccessfulin checking or preventing the over exploitationof biomass or the stopping of trans-shipment ofthe catch in the high seas. The exploitation ofthis zone has been carried out without any freshassessment and fish stock surveys inPakistan's territorial waters. Resource depletionas a result of overfishing and pollution hazardsalso remains unrecorded. The last marine stocksurvey was carried out by FAO in 1985, andsince then no fresh survey has beenundertaken. Foreign vessels have beenpoaching on the turf of local fishermen, causingunrest among them and degrading the marineecosystem by pushing the resources beyondthe maximum sustainable yield (MSY).Out of the 1,050 km coastline of Pakistan, about350 km lies in Sindh province and is consideredto be the most productive. It comprises of amuch broader continental shelf, extending 110km from the coast, which is indented by anumber of creeks in the Indus Delta. Thecontinental shelf of Sindh, an area of primeimportance for the fisheries of Pakistan, hasbeen subject to overexploitation. Over 16,000fishing boats of all categories are engaged inextensive fishing along the coast as shown inTable 6.1.Fishing in Pakistan has so far been dependenton natural sources. There is no move fordiversification of resources to culture fisheriesand reduce the pressure on wild stock. Anumber of development projects were executedin the fisheries sector without meeting thedesired goals. As a result, the sector is in a debtof over 120 million dollars, in foreign loanstaken mainly for Sindh.The Sindh Fisheries Department gained thestatus of a separate directorate in 1974. On therecommendation of ADB, the post of directorgeneral was created in 1989. Since then, theDepartment of Fisheries, Sindh has beenstriving hard to manage the fisheries resources.The province holds a premier position in thefisheries sector of Pakistan. It commands almost100 percent of brackish, 65 percent of1. Economic Survey of Pakistan 2000-20012. Hasan, Arif. 2002. The Unplanned Revolution. City Press, Karachi

Table 6.1: Trends in Types of Fishing Crafts1960 1970 1980 1985 1990 1993 1995 1998Trawlers 86 443 1296 1631 2000 2028 2252 2522Gill netters 160 707 909 1249 2063 2369 2812 3398Mechanised Sail boats 0 0 1333 4417 5972 6524 7256 7945Sail boats 3061 5343 5859 3112 5478 5793 5918 6324Source: Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan; unpublished datafreshwater, and 71 percent of marine fishresources of the entire country. The exploitationof inland and marine resources (up to 12 nauticalmiles) in a judicious and sustainable manner toensure conservation and development has beenthe responsibility of the Fisheries Department ofSindh. These resources constitute about 350species of marine, over 120 species offreshwater and 15 species of commerciallyimportant marine shrimp 3 . (Details regarding themain fisheries of commercial value are given inAppendix - 6.1: Fish Species of the IndusBasin.) In the year 2000, the Directorate ofFisheries Sindh bifurcated into the Director ofFisheries Inland, stationed at Hyderabad andDirector of Fisheries Research andDevelopment, stationed at Karachi.Fishing rights on about 1202 public waters inSindh are given on a yearly lease through anopen auction and licensing system. The localfishermen are allowed to bid and participate in it.Sindh Fisheries Ordinance, 1980 governs fishing.Besides the above fishing waters, there are fivemain waters where fishing rights are giventhrough individual licensing to fishermen. Theseare: Manchar Lake in Dadu District, Lake Bakarin Sanghar district (now Chhotiari reservoir),Sindh Dhoro in Jacobabad district and RiverIndus below Kotri Barrage. There is noconsistent policy regarding this and it is alwaysopen to changes by vested interests andpolitical influences.The major inland and coastal fishing zones inSindh are shown on Map 6.1.The main constraints to the fish farmingindustry are the absence of credit facilities,water shortages, lack of supply of quality fishseed and technical expertise. Mismanagementin the fisheries sector is the main cause of mostof the problems and constraints facing thefishing industry. This mismanagement hasresulted in the misuse of foreign funds for thissector.Equipment procured during the execution ofdevelopment projects has not been properlyutilized and more often than not has beendestroyed due to misuse. For instance, theKorangi Fish Harbour constructed for berthingvessels and setting up of industries for deepseacatch remains inoperative since itscompletion in 1995.Various infrastructure facilities developed by theState are either not operational or have beenabandoned. These include: the Pilot ShrimpFarm Garho; Fishermen Marine TrainingSchool; Fish Farmers Training and ExtensionCentres of Upper and Lower Sindh; Carp FryCentres at Kandkot, Mandodero (Sukkur) andHosri (Hyderabad).Beds of bivalve shells, particularly of oysters,are also suffering from the ecological changesin the Indus Delta due to the reduced inflow ofIndus water below Kotri and also because ofsilting and marine pollution.As mentioned earlier, fish production and fishquality have suffered considerably because oflack of landing facilities along the coastline. Amajority of fishing crafts unload their harvest onthe beaches where considerable spoilage offish occurs, which also pollutes the physicalenvironment of the coastal regions.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development793. Fisheries Department, Government of Sindh

Tahir QureshiUnhygienic handling of fish at harbourSindh State ofEnvironment &Development80EMERGING TRENDSThe expansion and modernization of the fishindustry has brought about permanent social,economic and physical changes 4 . The nuclearfamily has evolved, as opposed to the age-oldjoint family set-up and people previouslyengaged in agriculture and forestry have takenup fishing as their occupation on seeing theeconomic benefits of this industry. Thesubsistence barter economy of these activitieshas now been replaced by a cash economy.However, the economic benefits are counterbalancedby the high cost of living and the debtsthat the fishing communities have to bear.Fishing settlements have expanded, but thephysical and social infrastructure they require,has yet to be developed. Activities such asloading, unloading, packaging and storagecreate considerable solid waste of an inorganicnature but due to the absence of sorting andremoval of garbage, the beaches remainlittered with plastic bags, crates, containers,nylon nets and rubber tyres. In the absence ofthe seasonal ban on fishing by deep seatrawlers, there is concrete evidence of marinelife being depleted.The boat-building industry has expanded andwith it diesel and oil requirements, which are notproperly disposed off, resulting in marinepollution. Agriculture and forestry, replaced byfishing, have declined, although people areconsuming larger quantities of grain and usingmore firewood. No new trees are being planted,although the quantity of timber used for makingboats has increased. While the fishingcommunity understands the two majorenvironmental issues it faces; denudation of thecoastline by trawlers and overtaxing theexisting water sources, it is not properlyorganized to struggle against these concerns orto undertake reforms.The unsustainable exploitation of fisheriesresources, non-adoption of conservationmethods and damage to the ecosystem are thereasons for Pakistan's failure to compete in theinternational market and also for theenvironmental crisis in this sector. Otherreasons are poor hygienic conditions at the4. Hasan, Arif. 2002. The Unplanned Revolution. City Press, Karachi

harbour, landing sites, and at processing units.Only four processing units qualified initially forcertification of export when an EU inspectionteam visited KFH in 1998. At present, thenumber has gone up to 14 out of over 40 unitsestablished in and around KFH.The revenue earnings for the last five yearsthrough auctions of fishing waters in all 13 ruraldistricts of Sindh have not been encouraging.Despite that, there is a hundred to four hundredpercent increase in the price of fish in themarket. This trend of both diminishing returnsand increasing cost of fish in the market isincreasing.The system of leasing out yearly fishing rightsto individual contractors who later employfishermen at an exploitative wage, has not beenin the interest of the fishermen and is the causeof low production and damage to the alreadyfragile ecosystem in the wetlands. The lessee(contractor) buying fishing rights on a yearlylease comb out the entire biomass includingsub adult and juvenile fish from the waters.Neither the contractor nor the FisheriesDepartment keeps any record and statistics offish production and stock of fish. Fishermenoften complain of no credit facilities and nonparticipationin fishing lease auctions. If thisprocess continues, marine life in Sindh will bedrastically depleted.Fish farmers training and extension centreshave been established at Mandodero (Sukkur)and Chilya (Thatta) for the promotion of fishfarming, extension services, supply of fish seedand technical assistance to fish farmers ofupper and lower Sindh. Hatcheries and fishseed supply centres were later established inBadin, Bubak (Dadu) and Larkana from 1995 to2000. While there is a five to ten percentincrease in the number of fish farms in each ofthe above districts since 1996; where there isan adequate supply of canal water, a number offish farms have also closed down because ofthe short supply of Indus water. This trend willcontinue unless Sindh can get its rightful shareof Indus water and unless water managementand O&M facilities are improved.There are about 2400 fishing boats operating inthe Indus estuary, catching a variety of fish andshrimp. The annual catch of fish and shrimpTahir QureshiShrimps contribute 60 percent of our fishing exportfrom the creeks of the Indus delta is estimatedto be 1000 metric tonnes, but post-harvestlosses are incurred due to a lack ofinfrastructure and poor handling of the catch.Such post-harvest losses are increasing.There is a consensus among experts thatshrimp resources are being over exploited. Thecatches have already surpassed the MSY of15,000 million tonnes per year due tounregulated shrimp catching fleet andenvironmental degradation. A similar fate awaitssquids and cuttlefish, the catching of which hasincreased due to an export demand.Maritime fisheries, which are of utmost value,have not been upgraded and their status hasremained that of a small industry, beingpracticed on small wooden boats of 1 to 40gross registered tonnage (GRT). Some 200 to250 boats of the same size are added everyyear, congesting the fishing area. It employsaround 360,000 illiterate, unskilled anduntrained artisan fishermen, operating withoutthe application of any relevant technology. Thishas serious repercussions for the sustainabilityof the sector both in commercial andenvironmental terms.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development81

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development82The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) located35 to 200 miles off the coast, has beenexploited by foreign fishing vessels that takeaway Pakistan's valuable resources withoutbeing brought to the port or being made part ofthe export process.The deep-sea fishing policy of 1995 wasrevised in August 2001 to allow fishing in theEEZ within 20 nautical miles instead of 35.Strict vigilance and a tough punitive regime tosafeguard the interests of small fishermen werealso proposed but the same old weaksurveillance system prevails.The outlets in Badin that are the main source ofshrimp production are now less attractive forauctioneers because of the discharge ofuntreated toxic effluents from half a dozensugar mills and other industries in their vicinity.The auctioneers refused to bid for the outletsthis year which was a big blow to the SindhFisheries Department, which will be deprived ofthe revenue and the country denied foreignexchange earnings. The non-implementation ofNational Environmental Quality Standards(NEQS) and the ineffectiveness of SindhProvincial Department of Fisheries (DoF) andthe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) areendangering the wetlands of this region due toindustrial pollution.The USA threatened to ban the import ofPakistani shrimp unless the protection of theArabian Sea green turtle is assured by putting aTurtle Excluder Device (TED) in all trawlers forcatching shrimp in Pakistani waters. Thecarrying of the TED was made compulsory forall trawlers catching shrimp when a US teamvisited Pakistan in January 2000 for physicalverification and inspection. US law requires thatno American firm import seafood from a countrythat flaunts this rule. This is a positive trend butthe Government of Sindh has yet to develop themeans to impose and monitor these conditions.An annual two-month ban on catching shrimpimposed in accordance with the Sindh FisheryOrdinance 1980 shows that in the last 15 years,the ban was not allowed to be completed exceptin 1993, when it was enforced for 61 days.STAKEHOLDERSDirectorate of Fisheries SindhThe Sindh Fisheries Department gained thestatus of a separate directorate in 1974 with itsheadquarter in Karachi. Presently, it is workingunder the Department of Agriculture, Livestockand Fisheries, Government of Sindh. Thedevelopment of inland, as well as marineresources up to 12 nautical miles from the coastfalls under its jurisdiction. The judiciousexploitation and conservation of fish resourceshas been the responsibility of the Department. In2000, it was divided into the Director of FisheriesInland, stationed at Hyderabad and a Director ofFisheries Research and Development, stationedin Karachi.Marine Fisheries Department,(MFD) KarachiThe MFD was established in 1951 and is headedby a director general with the responsibility ofresource assessment and management ofmarine fisheries activity in Pakistan's EEZ. Theresponsibilities include the inspection of fishproducts for export, the publication of nationalfisheries statistics, implementation of foreignfinancedresearch, and the setting up ofdevelopment and training projects.National Institute ofOceanography (NIO)The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) isunder the Federal Government, Ministry ofScience and Technology and is based inKarachi with a portfolio of carrying out resourceorientedresearch. It is also involved in studyingenvironmental parameters as they affect fishstocks, shrimp culture, and in the collection ofbaseline oceanographic data.Centre of Excellence in MarineBiologyThe Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology isaffiliated with the University of Karachi but is an

M. Ali QadriBoat houses are still used by the Fishing community in Sindhautonomus body headed by its director. It isinvolved in all kinds of marine biology research(including zooplankton, fauna, etc). It hasMPhil and PhD students.Department of ZoologyThe Department of Zoology at the University ofKarachi has bachelors and masters studentsdoing zoological research. The department hasa fisheries section. It serves as a launching padfor people interested in working at the Centre ofExcellence in Marine Biology.Karachi Fisheries HarbourAuthority (KFHA)The Karachi Fish Harbour was established withthe assistance of UNDP/FAO in 1959. Itcomprises of a navigation channel, water basin,fish market, ice plants, processing plants, boatbuildingyard, and allied facilities. In the lateeighties, the KFH was given a face-lift withfinancial assistance from the EuropeanEconomic Community (EEC) and a body, theKarachi Fisheries Harbour Authority (KFHA),was promulgated through an ordinance in 1984with the responsibility to run, maintain andoperate the KFH. The KFHA functions underthe administrative control of the Department ofAgriculture, Livestock and Fisheries,Government of Sindh, to implement thegovernment policies according to the guidelinesand recommendations of the EEC.Since 1999, the KFH has been under thecontrol of the federal government which hasappointed a working Commodore of thePakistan Navy as its chairman.Korangi Fisheries HarbourAuthority (KoFHA)The KoFHA was established under OrdinanceNo. XVI of 1982 for making arrangements forthe planning, construction, operation,management and maintenance of KorangiFisheries Harbour and exploitation of fisheriesresources beyond Pakistan's territorial waters.The KoFHA is an autonomous body operatingunder the Ministry of Food, Agriculture andLivestock, Government of Pakistan.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development83

Fishermen's CooperativeSociety (FCS)Boat owners and traditional fishermen formed thissociety in 1945 to manage the sale of fish handedby members' vessels, import machinery and gear,and provide welfare services to members. A levyof 6.25 percent of the total value of fish sold at anauction is raised to run the expenses of the FCS.National FisheriesDevelopment Board (NFDB)The NFDB is the highest fisheries relatedgovernment body formed in 2001 by the ChiefExecutive of Pakistan to formulate and implementfisheries related policies at the national level.FUTURE ACTIONFishermen, fish farmers and their communitiesneed to be assisted regarding the extension ofcredit facilities. They should be encouraged toestablish and maintain effective cooperativesocieties from village to district level and givencredit facilities through government, nongovernmentand donor agencies. Theseorganizations and cooperatives need to bestrengthened so that they can pressurise thecompanies and middlemen to accept thesystem of deducting commission from the valueof a catch rather than purchasing the catch atless than market rates from their creditors 5 .The district fisheries officers in each districtneed to maintain data on the statistics of fishingas well as a record of harvest and stockbiomass for sustainable exploitation,conservation and stock replenishment.The use of abandoned infrastructures, sick unitsand the unproductive hatchery units should behanded over to viable fish farmers to run on acooperative basis. Infrastructure facilitiesincluding roads, electricity and telephone, wherepossible, should be provided to fish farms.Gradation of fishing boats and trawlers shouldbe undertaken and reduction in the number ofwooden boats operating within 12 miles zoneshould be carried out.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development84Saima Pervaiz BaigLocal fisherman operate in inland waters, within 12 nautical miles off the coast5. Ibid

Pervaiz NaeemA bird’s eye view of the congested Karachi harbourBigger boats should be encouraged, along withsteel hull boats with onboard engine andfreezing and insulation devices. The woodenboats and small trawlers should be convertedfor specific fishing functions like squid catching,anchovies and crab fishing, etc. Registration ofnew boats and issuing of fishing permits shouldbe stopped till the gradation of the existingfishing fleet is completed.Comprehensive training programmes forfishermen on better methods of fishing, use ofgear, conservation and protection of marineecosystem from overexploitation, harmfulfishing nets and pollution should be initiated.These should also include training in postharvesthandling, preservation andtransportation of catch, and mounting andmending of fishing nets. There is a need to buildthe confidence of the fishermen by sharing theirproblems so that training programmes can bemore effective.The two fish harbour authorities, KFHA and theKoFHA, are run by the provincial and federalgovernments, respectively. The KoFHA can bemerged with the KFHA, which has beenworking under the guidelines of EEC, the mainimporter of seafood from Pakistan. The KFHAcan then be restructured and run by competentand trained professionals.The auction of fisheries waters in the provincesneeds to be streamlined. The present auctioningof waters on yearly lease has been counterproductive.An independent survey of the 1,202fishing waters in Sindh and of the lakes,reservoirs, dams and flood controlcompartments, should be carried out by anindependent consulting firm with the involvementof relevant NGOs, fishermen's organisations andthe private sector involved in the industry.Suggestions for development, improvementsand judicious exploitation under EIA, should be apart of their Terms of Reference (ToR). A jointbody of fisheries and irrigation departments ofthe province and WAPDA can work to coordinatethe development and exploitation of theseresources.Joint venture operations with bigger fishingvessels (100 to 250 GRT) should beencouraged with local participation and transferof fleet. The NEQS and Pakistan FishInspection and Quality Control Bill 1997 formaintaining marine environment and hygienicconditions, checking quality, and certification forexport needs to be implemented more rigidly.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development85

CHAPTER 7Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentLivestock andPoultry

majority of the population ofSindh is directly or indirectlyengaged in agriculture and livestock farming. Landlessfarmers, in particular, depend upon livestock farms fortheir subsistence where more than 75 percent of therural population practice livestock farming. The provincehas a fine breed of livestock which are amongst thefinest in the tropical world. There are livestock andagriculture farms both in the private and public sectorsAwith an average area of 4.3 hectares.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development87

Sindh has 25.455 million and 11.861 millionheads of livestock and poultry birdsrespectively. The number of householdsreporting livestock and poultry is 4.284 millionand 0.840 million 1 . Details are given in Table 7.1below.LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIONThe livestock population of the province forms asizeable proportion of the national livestockpopulation and is distributed throughout theprovince with marked concentration in irrigatedareas.Over the past five decades, improvement in theperformance of breeds and methods ofexploitation of their genetic potential has beennegligible as reported by national andinternational scientists. There has been nobreakthrough in milk and meat production peranimal. Consequently, no genetic change hasoccurred in highly regarded Red Sindhi andTharparkar cattle or in the Kundhi buffalo orany other class of livestock as far as itsproduction performance is concerned. The percapita availability of milk in Sindh hasreportedly reduced to 14 ounce (oz) from 22oz, available in 1943. Out of 22 oz available atthat time, 16 oz were consumed as raw fluidmilk and 6 oz were available for conversion toimportant dairy products like butter and desighee (cooking oil of animal origin). Today, desighee has become a very rare and costlycommodity because of shortage of per capitaavailability of fluid milk.Nutritional StatusThe 25.455 million heads of livestock in Sindhannually require 12.52 million tonnes of TotalDigestible Nutrients (TDN). Similarly, the totalyearly requirement of Digestible Protein (DP) isassessed to be 2.05 million tonnes. Against thisrequirement, the calculated availability of TDNper annum is 4.456 million tonnes and that ofDP is 0.56 million tonnes, entailing an annualshortage of 1.47 million tonnes of DP and 5.69million tonnes of TDN 2 . This demonstrates thesituation of livestock nutrition in the provinceand it can be concluded that livestock remainundernourished and the production of milk andmeat per animal is adversely affected. In such asituation, improvement in the genetic potentialof livestock is difficult.Breeding StatusThere is a general shortage of purebred stock inthe province. According to conservativeestimates, there is only ten to fifteen percentTable 7.1: Livestock and Poultry Population in SindhSindh State ofEnvironment &Development88SpeciesNo. of Livestock andPoultry (million)Percent of NationalPopulationNo. of HouseholdsReporting Livestock(million)Buffaloes 5.615 28 0.988Cattle 5.404 27 0.898Goat 9.734 24 0.852Sheep 3.710 16 0.189Asses 0.694 19 0.378Camels 0.225 28 0.924Mules 0.01 9 0.007Horses 0.063 19 0.048Poultry 11.861 40 0.840Source: Livestock Census, 1996. Pakistan Census Organization, GoP, Lahore1. Livestock Census, 1996. Special Report on Pakistan. Pakistan Census Organization, GoP, Lahore2. Livestock Census, 1996-98. Pakistan Census Organization , GoP, Lahore

Dr. Ghous Baksh IsaniRed Sindhi bullpure bred stock. With the passage of time,because of a lack of knowledge about themerits of the breeds, the number of pure bredstock is declining due to indiscriminatebreeding.Diseases of large ruminants: Haemorrhagicsepticaemia, Rinderpest like disease,Bovine viral diarrhoea, Foot and mouthdisease, Scours (white diarrhoea),Fascioliasis and Trypanosomiasis (Surra).The shortage of purebred bulls 3attributed to:can beThe high cost of managing and feeding ofsires and breeding bulls which is becomingunbearable for small farmers.The non-availability of true to type breedingbulls.A weak artificial insemination programme.Animal Health StatusMany infectious, contagious and parasiticdiseases affect various classes of livestock inthe province. The most commonly prevailingdiseases among different species are givenbelow. Diseases of small ruminants:Enterotoxaemia, Contagious pleuropneumonia,Anthrax and Fascioliasis.Disease Prevention StatusThere is a network of veterinary hospitals,dispensaries and veterinary centres at district,taluka and union council levels, respectively.These institutions provide treatment todiseased and sick animals. They also treatanimals in the field through mobile veterinarydispensaries. In addition, at district level, anetwork of disease diagnostic laboratories isworking for diagnosis of poultry and livestockdiseases. There are 153 veterinary hospitals,16 mobile veterinary units and 13 artificialinsemination units. Besides treatment of sickanimals, these institutions carry out work ofdisease control through preventive vaccinationsSindh State ofEnvironment &Development893. Ibid

against infectious and contagious diseases anddrenching against parasitic diseases.POULTRY PRODUCTIONTwo types of poultry production exist in theprovince: commercial and subsistence.Commercial poultry production practised in theurban areas is based on the rearing ofcommercial poultry strains (layers and broilers)of exotic origin, whereas, subsistence or noncommercialpoultry farming is based onindigenous poultry strains or breeds.In Sindh, the poultry sub-sector has shown adeclining trend from 1976 to1998. In 1976, thenumber of layer birds in Sindh was 1.789million, which increased to 4.129 million in1985, and declined to 2.389 million birds in1997-98. The share of layer birds declined from62.99 percent (1976) to 26.97 percent (1997) inSindh, whereas in Punjab, during the sameperiod, its share increased from 34.01 to 64.94percent. Nearly the same trend was observed inthe number of broilers, the number of tableeggs and poultry meat. Table 7.2 illustrates theseriousness of the situation.CAUSESThe poor understanding of the importance oflivestock and poultry breeding is reflected in thelow proportions of the Annual DevelopmentProgram (ADP) funds allocated to the sector 4 .Livestock contributes 11 percent to the nationalGDP and 28 to 31 percent to the totalagricultural output.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development90Table 7.2: Percent Share of Sindh in Poultry Production in PakistanYear Layers Maintained Broilers Produced Table Eggs Produced Poultry Meat1976 62.99 62.00 62.99 58.001977 61.49 61.00 61.49 57.001978 60.00 60.25 60.00 56.501979 58.00 58.60 58.00 54.751980 55.11 56.84 55.1 53.601981 56.62 52.66 56.62 54.001982 53.81 49.64 53.81 50.401983 55.40 50.86 55.40 51.751984 47.00 48.00 47.00 49.221985 45.00 43.18 45.00 40.691986 43.59 40.29 43.59 33.331987 36.83 41.27 36.83 36.931988 35.79 35.78 35.79 32.271989 31.17 40.05 31.17 37.001990 30.00 38.00 30.00 36.151991 28.50 36.62 28.50 35.501992 28.17 35.82 27.17 33.681993 27.74 33.10 27.74 31.901994 27.34 32.15 27.12 30.581996 26.28 30.30 28.07 29.151997 26.97 32.55 28.12 29.50Source: Livestock Census, 1996 -1998. Pakistan Census Organization, GoP, Lahore4. Rendall and Lockwood, 1982

An important cause for the low performance ofthe sector in Sindh is because the majority oflivestock breeding is carried out in the ruralareas of Sindh on a traditional system withoutthe use of modern innovations. Evencommercial dairy farming in urban areas lacksmodern initiatives. On these farms, the herdsare managed under traditional systems withoutdue attention to hygiene, housing, and properfeeds and fodder. A high incidence of diseaseprevails because of a lack of knowledge aboutthe benefits of timely vaccination and othermeasures of disease control.Disease is a major deterrent to livestockbreeding and poultry production in the province,in addition to poor nutrition and theunavailability of feed resources. Despite allefforts, disease diagnosis and monitoringsystems are weak, as is the epidemiology ofdiseases. There is relatively little information onthe incidence of diseases, animal mortality,geographical distribution, seasonality ordynamics and epidemiological interactionbetween hosts, disease agents and theenvironment.The general consensus among researchers,planners, development specialists andprogressive farmers is that feed resourcelimitations are the most pervasive constraintslimiting animal number and productivity.Assessment of livestock feed resources carriedat national, provincial, regional and farm levelsindicate shortage of conventional feedresources. There are also many nonconventionalfeed resources that are not fullyexploited at the farm level.Vaccines are often inadequate to meet theneed at the provincial level. In addition, thequality of vaccines is poor or they are nothandled astutely in the field. The responsibleorganisations are unable to identify specificstrains of infectious agents (e.g. foot andmouth disease) for vaccine production. Modernbiotechnology for the production ofrecombinant vaccines has yet to be developedsatisfactorily in the province. Veterinarydelivery system is also inadequate, and it isestimated that less than 25 percent of the stockis being vaccinated while the remaining 75percent remains under risk.Badar AbroPoultry is common in rural areasEMERGING TRENDSThe production of livestock has increasedmostly in numbers instead of an improvement inthe production performances of the breeds. Toimprove the potential of the livestock sector,there are major issues that need to beaddressed, which are a conducive environmentfor the animals including a strong infrastructure,and a marketing system, which allow forincreased livestock production. In addition,public sector initiatives are declining because ofa lack of monetary resources, a problem, notbeing adequately addressed by otherinstitutional arrangements.Despite the importance and potential value ofthe breeds in the province, many of them havebeen neglected. There is a need to fully studythese indigenous genetic resources in order tomake a valuable contribution to theenvironment to which they are adapted.STAKEHOLDERSThe organisations and institutions concernedwith livestock and poultry in Sindh are givenbelow:Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development91

Photograph name ?Commercial poultry productiion, practised in the urban areas, is based on the rearing of commercial poultry strains of exotic origen (Layersand broilers)Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development92Public Sector OrganisationsAnimal Husbandry Department,Government of SindhThe department has a network of veterinaryhospitals, dispensaries and union councilcentres which have the primary responsibilityto prevent and treat all kinds of domesticanimals. Looked after by qualified veterinarydoctors, the department provides treatment tosick animals and performs preventivevaccination against infectious and contagiousdiseases and drenching against parasiticdiseases. Administratively, in each district,assistant directors supervise all veterinarypara-veterinary staff. Each assistant directormonitors the functioning of all veterinaryhospitals, dispensaries, and veterinary centresin his district. The department organises horseand cattle shows on different occasions to raiseawareness among farmers, wherecompetitions are held for milk production andthe owners of purebred animals are awardedprizes.Poultry Research Institute, KarachiThis is the only research institute on poultry inthe public sector which was established by theFAO. For some time, the institute wassupervised and monitored by a qualified foreignadvisor under a FAO/UNDP programme andlent its support to the emerging poultry industryin Sindh. Its mandate is to carry out researchwork on disease, nutrition, management,production economics and other aspects of thepoultry industry.Sindh Poultry Vaccine ProductionUnit, KarachiThis unit is working on the preparation ofvaccines against poultry diseases like the NewCastle disease.Central Veterinary DiagnosticLaboratory, Tando JamThis institute was established under aFAO/UNDP programme. This directorate has a

network of collection centres at various districtheadquarters from where samples, diseaseaffectedbody parts, tissues and faecal materialare sent for investigation and diagnosis. Thisdirectorate is mandated to carry out serologicalsurveys of commonly occurring diseases oflivestock.Vaccine Production Unit, Tando JamThe Vaccine Production Unit in Tando Jamproduces vaccines for large animals.Other institutions: Faculty of Animal Husbandry andVeterinary Sciences, Tando Jam Directorate of Animal Breeding, Hyderabad. Livestock Experiment Station, Korangi,Karachi Livestock Experiment Station TandoMuhammad Khan Livestock Experiment Station, NabisarRoad Livestock Experiment Station, Rohri Kamori Goat Farm, Dadu Arid Zone Research Station, UmerkotFUTURE ACTIONThere are several options to increaseproductivity per unit of livestock. Biotechnologyhas an immense potential to revolutioniseanimal production. The province of Sindh hasexcellent tropical breeds of livestock which arewell recognised all over the world. Sindh'scattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, and camel breedsare multipurpose breeds and have a geneticpotential. In order to conserve and improveproductive capabilities of such animals, and forthe development of livestock health, there areseveral options for future action.Improved performance requires a betterunderstanding of the fundamental relationshipswithin the farming system. Far too often,livestock has been seen as a singledimensionalcommodity and insufficientallowances have been made for the multi -purpose animals in a village setting.With the exception of commercial poultryproducers, research results generated at publicinstitutes and agriculture universities should betransferred to the farmers through technologytransfer and an effective extension system.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development93Dr. Ghous Buksh IsaniTreating a sick buffalo

Widely promoted technology packages in thepast have neglected the enormous variabilitybetween farm resources and animal practicesin Sindh. The technical packages imported fromother countries lacked an understanding of theevery day livestock techniques practiced by thelocal farmers and the basic rationale behindthese practices.Livestock is customarily maintained onconventional feeds coming from naturalrangeland vegetation, fodder crops, cereals,and milling by products in the irrigated areas ofthe province. There is considerable evidence toindicate that the availability of these feedresources is declining rather than increasingagainst constant pressure of increasinglivestock population, frequent droughts, andincreasing pressure on cultivable land for theproduction of crops for human consumption.There are untapped resources for feeding oflivestock which have not been fully utilised(Table 7.3).For instance, Sindh has 21 sugar millsscattered in the rural parts of the province. Theby products of the sugar industry such asbagasse, cane molasses, pith and others canbe utilized for manufacturing feed for variouscategories of livestock to meet feed shortage.The assessed nutrient shortage can also beimporved by the silage of the banana plant andby treating dry manure with chemicals anddehydrating it (in order to reduce microbialcontents and pathogens to make it more safefor animal feeding).Crop residue like wheat, rice straw and cottoncrop residue can be fed after their on-farmphysical or chemical treatment. Different typesof chemicals are used for improving thedigestibility and nutritive value of straw forlivestock feeding. In Sindh, 2.172 million tonnesof wheat straw is fed annually to the livestock inuntreated form. There exists a scope forincreasing the nutritive value of this feed bytreating them with urea molasses.Despite its importance, livestock has been aneglected part of agriculture in Sindh. No visibleimprovement can be made in the absence of asense of urgency and low investment inresearch and policies for sectoral development.Lack of technical labour availability appears tobe another weak area. Although the researchpriorities have not been set, it is suggested thatresearch should be focused on:Surveys to identify the characteristics ofdifferent livestock systems and tounderstand the characteristics of differentsub-systems of livestock production suchas dairy production, meat production, anddraught animals. Determination of an economicallyattainable level of livestock production andidentification of socio-economic constraintsto attain higher levels of production.Analysis of factors affecting decisionmakingwhen investing in livestock indifferent socio-economic conditions, as wellas within the context of a total farmingsystem.Artificial insemination, a modern tool for bringingrapid improvement in livestock, can be explored.In Sindh, out of households reporting ownershipSindh State ofEnvironment &Development94Table 7.3: Availability of Feed from Non-conventional ResourcesFeed StuffsAvailability(Million Tonnes)Dry Matter(Million Tonnes)Crude Protein(Million Tonnes)Total DigestibleNutrients(Million Tonnes)Molasses 0.421 0.324 0.0013 0.293Bagasse 2.337 1.169 0.0004 0.0005Banana plant 2.969 0.008 0.005 0.0046Total 5.727 1.501 0.0067 0.2441Source: Livestock Census, 1996. Pakistan Census Organization, GoP, Lahore

Sindh Agriculture Information Department, HyderabadBuffaloes are a major source of milkof cattle and buffaloes, only 1.81 percenthouseholds reported use of artificial inseminationfor their livestock 5 . This indicates that about98.47 percent farmers have no access to artificialinsemination service for their herds.Based on this research, an effective extensionsystem needs to be established and sustained.This cannot be done without considerable fundsand without the involvement of academicinstitutions, which need to produceprofessionals and technicians who can planand manage the research, development, andextension process.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development955. Livestock Census, 1996-98. Pakistan Census Organization , GoP, Lahore

CHAPTER 8Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentArid Zones

he arid zones of Sindh represent 17 percent of the aridland of Pakistan and can be classified as subtropicaldeserts. They cover an area of over 68,000 km of theprovince and can be roughly divided into three evensizeddistinct regions of Thar, Nara and Kohistan. Out ofa total area of 14.09 million hectares (MHA), 9.28 MHATform rangeland in these areas.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development97

Table 1 in Appendix 8.1: Flora in the DifferentRegions of the Sindh Arid Zones gives detailsof the flora in the different regions of the aridzones of Sindh. Map 8.1 shows the locations ofarid zones in SindhLOCATIONTharparkarThe Thar region covers 23,000 km and has apopulation of nearly one million people 1 . Thisregion is mainly in the Tharparkar district andextends southwards along the Rann of Kutch.Thar or Tharparkar (including Nara) is the Sindhpart of the Great Indian Desert and is locatedbetween 240 to 280 North latitude and 670 to710 East longitude. The climate of Thar is aridin the north, and semi-arid in the south. Rainfallvaries from north to south. Poor rains areencountered about every three to four yearsand a complete drought occurs once in everyeight to ten years. The average range carryingcapacity increases immediately after the rainsbut reduces to 7 to 10 ha per five sheep duringperiods of low rainfall. 2NaraThe Nara region stretches over 22,000 km. Itsupper portion lies in Sukkur (population908,373,000), Khairpur (population1,546,587,000), Nawabshah (population1,071,533) and Sanghar (population 1,453,028)districts. Thar and Nara are located on the leftside of the river and form the eastern boundaryof the province.KohistanThe Kohistan region covers 23,000 km andoccupies four percent of the total landmass ofthe province, consisting of parts of Dadu (90percent of the area with a population of1,688,811), Larkana (6 percent of the area witha population of 1,927,066) and Thatta (4Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development98Muhammad Ali QadriNearly one million people live in Thar in villages such as this one1. Government of Pakistan, 1981, District report census of Tharparkar. Population Census Organization. Statistics Division, Islamabad2. Ishaque, M.S, 1993. Sheep Production in Pakistan. Sheep Management Systems. Ed, Mackintosh. Pakistan Agriculture ResearchCouncil. Islamabad

Muhammad Ali QadriSand dunes surround a Thari village: the soil in arid regions is generally infertile because of severe wind erosionpercent of the area with a population of1,113,194). Ecologically, it is categorized as atropical sub-mountainous zone and is classifiedas a tropical maritime rangeland. Kohistan liesalong the western boundary between Sindh andBalochistan and extends in the south along theIndus Delta.These three regions comprise of vast sandytracts broken up by undulating sand dunesand/or barren mountains. The soil is generallyinfertile because of severe wind erosion andvegetation consists mostly of stunted scrub andbush although trees such as the kundi (Proposcineraria) occasionally dot the landscape. Thenutritive grasses provide fodder for the livestockthat comprise of cattle, camels, goats, andsheep.The amount of rainfall varies from year to yearand the annual average for some areas is aslow as 100mm. Most of the rain falls betweenJuly and September over a period of two tothree days. Although rain occurs in the form ofheavy showers, it creates no runoff. All therainwater is absorbed by the dehydrated sandysoil. After the rainfall, pastures regenerate andsubsoil aquifers get replenished. However, afterFebruary, when the dry period starts, the landsget completely grazed and the subsoil waterdepletes and becomes saline. Sweetwater isscarce throughout the year and drought recursevery third year 3 .The arid region of Sindh is perhaps one of themost underprivileged areas of Pakistan withextreme poverty, little or no physicalinfrastructure, a hostile terrain and difficult livingconditions. The local population is deprived ofbasic services. Various line departments of thegovernment have, at one time or anotherinitiated a number of schemes for servicedelivery, but with poor results 4 .The arid areas of Sindh have a diversity ofecosystems, habitats, and species. Due toovergrazing, degradation of soil cover andfrequent droughts, the ecosystem and habitatsof wildlife of the arid zones are badly affected.The palatable species of grass are vanishingand being replaced by plant species notpreferred by the grazing livestock. The Ibex ofSindh State ofEnvironment &Development993. Government of Pakistan, 1973. Rangelands of Pakistan, National Range Management Committee. Government of Pakistan. Islamabad4. Ibid

Khuda Bux AbroWater collection from a well in TharSindh State ofEnvironment &Development100Kohistan and the Black deer and peacocks ofTharparkar are animal species unique to thisregion. These species are in danger ofextinction because of illegal hunting practicesby Pakistanis and foreigners. Details of theimportant animals of Sindh arid zones are givenin Appendix 8.2: Important Mammal Speciesof Wild Animals of the Arid Zones of Sindh.CLIMATEThe climate of the two regions, Thar andKohistan is arid subtropical-monsoonal. Themean minimum and maximum temperaturesvary from 5 0 C to 45 0 C. High temperatures areexperienced in summer in which plant specieswith low vigour and shallow root systemscannot survive. Maximum temperature is highin these regions, especially in the dry seasonwhen there is little cloud or moisture in theatmosphere to absorb the sun's radiation. Notonly is lack of moisture in the form of rain thechief factor causing arid conditions, but low airhumidity in itself has an adverse effect uponplants and animals.In Kohistan, extreme temperatures are as highas 45 0 C in summer and as low as 3 0 C in winter.Mean annual rainfall varies from 150 to 200mm, most of which is received during summer.Strong winds blow from the south-west to northwestat 60 km per hour. Due to severe winderosion, the top-soil is thin and most of therocks contain limestone. Areas in the valleyscontain silt to loamy silt with a thick layer ofsand. The velocity of the winds increases assummer advances in both the regions. Theseconditions make even rain-fed agriculturedifficult.In Thar, during the months of May and June,violent winds blow with a velocity of more than40 km per hour and cause severe wind erosion,especially in cultivated areas and in areas thatare subject to heavy grazing. At the end of Aprilor in May, and sometimes in June, the windvelocity reaches 60 miles per hour. Theatmosphere is charged with dust and fine sandwhich moves the most where the sand dunesare under heavy grazing pressure or wherecultivation had destroyed the vegetation.

LIVESTOCK ANDRANGELAND CONDITIONSThe region has a total population of 4.87 millionheads of livestock valued at Rs. 7.5 billion and7.5 million heads of poultry valued at Rs. 375million. Livestock production is the maineconomic activity of the people of the aridregions, about 76 percent of whom areengaged in raising livestock 5 . The livestockwealth is considered a mark of dignity andproduction systems are the result of aninteraction between climate, soils, altitude,availability of water and indigenous flora andfauna.Livestock raising is carried out on a permanentbasis in settlements like villages and townswhere water and other amenities of life areavailable throughout the year. Areas plagued bywater shortages, however, witness a migratorypattern as people migrate with their livestock tothe flood plains of the Indus or to the barrageareas in the dry season or in periods of drought.Rangelands provide most of the forage (up totwo-thirds) for livestock feed in the arid regions.The rangelands are mostly state property. Mostof the people graze their own livestock, butherders are also employed especially duringand after the rainy season when crops are sownand farmers do not allow the animals to enterthe fields.Milk is a major source of protein in the aridareas, including camel milk, which containslarger quantities of vitamin C and minerals thanthe milk of cattle or buffalo. After the rains, milkproduction increases because of higheravailability of fodder. Surplus milk which isbeyond the needs of the family is sold to thehotels in the major towns or converted intobutter and ghee.Wool and hair is produced as a by-product ofthe livestock industry and is as important asmilk and meat production in the arid regions.The wool is coarse; therefore it is used in thecarpet industry while the goat and camel hairare used locally for preparation of differenthousehold articles and for making shawls,blankets and rough cloth. The hair of animals ismostly used for preparing ropes.The breeding of livestock is an unscheduledactivity in the arid zones. The traditional naturalsystem of breeding is still being practiced andthe farmers are unaware of artificialinsemination or other modern techniques thatcould be used by them.Most common diseases among animals in thearid regions are anthrax, black quarters, footand mouth disease, enterotoxmia, contagiouscaprine and ovine pleuro pneumonia. The fewveterinary dispensaries and hospitals cannotmeet the demand as medicines and vaccinesare invariably in short supply. Resulting in aperturbing statistic; less than 25 percentanimals are vaccinated.During drought periods when the rangevegetation is exhausted, livestock are stall fed,which is a costly proposition. The absence of aroad infrastructure makes importing fodder fromthe barrage areas far too expensive. Due tounder and malnutrition, animals lose their bodyweight very rapidly and become emaciated.Ultimately, a high rate of mortality occurs in theherds and the farmers suffer economic losses.There are no livestock improvement anddevelopment projects in either public or privatesector in the arid areas. There is a general lackof awareness about the merits and demerits ofthe breeds, and although there is anunderstanding of the economic benefits ofimproving the rangelands, there is nounderstanding of how to do it.The arid regions do not have a well-developedmarketing system and are mostly serviced fromthe irrigated farming areas of Sindh. The areaswhere livestock raising is concentrated have noaccess to a road network. Most people travel onfoot or on camel. Still, with the influx of largenumbers of six-wheeled drive trucks (calledkhera) and jeeps, Thari people have become alittle more mobile.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development1015 . Agrodev. 1998. Physical Characteristics and Resource Endowment. Agrodev Canada Inc

Nasir Ali PanhwarA dried up well: water scarcity due to desertificationSindh State ofEnvironment &Development102DESERTIFICATION OFPASTURE LANDSPasture lands in the arid region are beingdesertified for a number of reasons. The mostimportant of these is a change from a bartersubsistence economy to a cash economy. As aresult, communities are increasing theirlivestock since this is the simplest means ofgenerating cash. Due to this, over-grazing istaking place. The approximate stocking ratio forexcellent rangeland conditions is quoted as 30cattle equivalent units per hectare. In Thar, thestocking ratio is 68 head per 100 hectare indegraded rangeland. In their present condition,the rangelands as such are incapable ofsupporting the current livestock population.Again, due to overgrazing, soil stabilisationsuffers and the desert winds carry off the topsoil making re-generation of the rangelandsdifficult.Rangeland management has also suffered dueto decline in the effectiveness of feudal andgovernment institutions which were responsiblefor its management. Changes in the eatinghabits of the desert communities, coupled withan increase in population has taxed the meagretimber resources of the rangelands resulting inincreased use of timber as fuel and for houseconstruction.WATER CONSERVATIONTraditionally, the feudal system was responsiblefor the development and maintenance of watersources. Rainwater was channelled todepressions in the desert which is known astari. These were desilted annually throughbegar or forced labour which was organised bythe feudal authority. Wells were regularlydeveloped and maintained by the koaria, or welldiggers, who were professionals in the field.However, with the decline in the effectivenessof feudal authority, collective action on a noncommercialbasis for the maintenance andoperation of water sources has declined and inmost cases is no longer in practice.EMERGING TRENDSThe most important change in the arid regionsof Sindh is that the feudal authority, which

Box 8.1: Thardeep Rural Development Programme (TRDP)In 1987, after a long drought and near famine conditions, UNICEF, Save the Children's Fund (SCF-UK),and the government of Pakistan initiated a short term relief programme. This programme followed a droughtassessment which also proposed a long term development programme for Thar. As a result, TRDP wascreated. From a relief programme, TRDP moved on to become a research and extension organisation tofacilitate the ongoing transformation of Thari society. Interventions such as implementing a savingsprogramme and developing necessary skills and tools were undertaken. The programme now operates in86 villages of Tharparkar through six TRDP field units.The programme includes a revolving seed bank, micro-enterprise development, rangeland management,environmental rehabilitation, education and health, water source development, and its operation andmaintenance. The local communities and organisations are closely associated with all these programmes.Conditions in the areas where TRDP is working have improved considerably.Source: Thardeep Rural Development Programmeorganised collective work for the developmentand maintenance of water sources and relatedinfrastructure, has become ineffective. Many ofits members have abandoned herding andagriculture and taken to trade, commerce andwhite-collar professions. This is coupled withthe emergence of a cash economy which hasbrought about a major change in the caste -ridden arid zone communities. New forms ofassociations and community organisations arerequired to replace the functions that the feudalauthority once fulfilled. Attempts at this arebeing made by some NGOs, prominent amongthem being Thardeep, which operates fromMithi, in Tharparkar (see Box 8.1: ThardeepRural Development Programme).The trend of uprooting shrubs, cutting trees forfuel wood, and overgrazing due to overstockingand population pressures, are increasing. If thiscontinues, the already exhausted rangelandswill not be in a position to support the existinglevel of livestock population of the arid regions.As a result of continuous and uninterruptedSindh State ofEnvironment &Development103Tasneem BhattiTransport in Kohistan, District Dadu

degradation of natural resources, thepopulation will have little choice but to migrateto the urban centres for their livelihood. Thistrend is already gaining ground rapidly 6 .Trees such as khejri (Prosopis cineraria), rohiro(Tecoma undulata), beri (Zisyphus mauritna)that normally grow in good soil conditions havealmost disappeared. Trees and shrubs thathave replaced them are the Ak (Calotropisprocera) and Aristida fumiculata. Both aremultiplying rapidly and are indicative ofdegraded rangelands. Phog (Alligonumpolygonoides) is an important soil stabiliser andin the areas where it has become scarce, soilerosion is taking place. Because of selectivegrazing, it seems that only shrubs and trees thatare unpalatable to the animal population arelikely to survive. Unfortunately, these plants arenot good soil stabilizers 7 .As a result of desertification, the land will not beable to meet the demands of the animalpopulation even in years of good rainfall. Ifanimal husbandry has to continue to be asource of livelihood, then either fodder wouldhave to be imported to the desert or a massiveprogramme for rangeland management andrehabilitation would have to be undertaken.Importation of fodder is an expensive option inthe absence of road infrastructure, of whichthere is very little in the arid regions.A network of veterinary hospitals, dispensariesand veterinary health centres has beenestablished in all the arid zones of Sindh. Theseinstitutions are looking after the health of allspecies of domestic animals. A centraldiagnostic laboratory is working for diseasediagnosis and serological surveys in theprovince including the arid zones. These areimportant developments, but NGOs arerequired to act as a liaison betweengovernment inputs and the arid zonecommunities to make them accessible andeffective and also to establish an equitablerelationship between the public sector and thecommunities.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development104Nasir Ali PanhwarCarcass of a dead animal: animals suffer due to the frequent droughts6. Hasan, Arif. 2001. The Unplanned Revolution: Observations on the Process of Socio-economic Change in Pakistan. City Press Karachi7. Ibid

Nasir Ali PanhwarRainwater harvesting at Karoonjhar hillsSTAKEHOLDERSLivestock RaisersLivestock owners are aware of the problems ofdesertification and its causes but they have nolong term vision of how these problems can beovercome. As a result of poverty, they keepincreasing their cattle since alternative sourcesof livelihood are not available to them.Collective action is required to overcome theseproblems, which can only be effective ifcommunity organisations replace the nowineffective feudal institutions. Models for suchorganisations are being created in some aridregions through the work of NGOs such asThardeep.Forest DepartmentThe Forest Department has the mandate tomanage and improve rangelands, watersheds,forests and tree plantation. The department hasnot achieved any success in the arid zones ofthe province as far as the conservation,improvement and sustainable use ofrangelands is concerned except in therehabilitation of the Dhabeji range.Department of AgricultureThe Department of Agriculture has a hugeinfrastructure in the province based onextension departments and research institutes.Yet, they have not made any breakthrough indry-land agriculture or in the yield of irrigatedcrops. The research wing has not been able tointroduce high yielding varieties of fodder cropsfor the arid zones and has pursued sectoraldevelopment without integration with livestockproduction.Sindh Arid Zones DevelopmentAuthority (SAZDA)SAZDA has multi-dimensional responsibilitiesfor the development of different sectors of thearid zones including the conservation ofresources but it has so far failed to fulfil itsobligations and mandate.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development105

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development106Department of AnimalHusbandryThe primary responsibility of the Department ofAnimal Husbandry is to provide treatment tosick animals and carry out prophylaxis andbreed improvement work. The department hasconsiderable infrastructure, veterinary care andanimal production but the work of thedepartment is hindered because of an absenceof road infrastructure that makes logistics bothdifficult and expensive.Arid Zone Research Centre,UmerkotThe institute is a sub-centre of the Arid ZoneResearch Institute of Quetta and is sponsoredby the Pakistan Agriculture Research Council(PARC), Islamabad. The research centre isworking on the rehabilitation of rangelands buttheir work is very limited in scale.FUTURE ACTIONInfrastructureThe creation of an effective road infrastructureis critical for the arid areas of Sindh. It wouldenable the communities to sell their livestock ata better price to urban markets; transport fodderfor animals in period of drought; reduce the costof every day items (such as tea, food, clothing)which are now in demand after the introductionof the cash economy; and establish a moreequitable relationship between thecommunities, the transporters and middlemen.Both extensive social and economic benefitsare reaped in parts of Thar where road buildinghas taken place.It has been noted that there may be underutilisationof rainfall resources during the yearsof heavy rains and much of the water availableduring the rainy season is not stored. Thereforean essential resource is wasted. There is apressing need for water resource managementthrough the construction of small dams andreservoirs in Thar and small water collectionand/or slow action dams in Mahal Kohistanwhere a good number of nain flow during therainy season.LivestockGovernment policies regarding themanagement and improvement of rangelandsin the arid zones need to be implemented. Workon the crossbreeding of Kacchi sheep with theAwassi breed has not proved to be verysuccessful. Similarly, experimental work carriedon Thari and Red Sindhi cattle breeds atlivestock experiment stations in Nabisar Road,Tando Muhammad Khan and in Karachi has nothad any impact on the private sector. This maybe because packages for transfer oftechnologies have not been developed. Inaddition, no appropriate policies have beenframed at both national and provincial levelsregarding the development of livestock andfeed resources during periods of scarcity.These need to be drafted and implemented. Ithas to be understood that the improvement anddevelopment in livestock production isdependent on the state of the rangelands.Improvements in the conditions of the areasand effective programmes involving the localcommunities are required.The quantity of wool sheared in Thar iscomparatively inferior and turns pale and yellowdue to long exposure to the sun and heat, whichlowers the value of the wool. Pale or yellow woolhas very low affinity towards dyes. This is acrucial problem, requiring further study andresearch. Before shearing, the animals are notwashed, which means their wool contains a lot ofdirt, sand and vegetable materials that lowers itsmarket value. Extension programmes to promotebetter curing practices need to be developed.The problem of livestock feeding during leanperiods or periods of feed scarcity can beresolved through the use of modern technologyand by using unconventional feed resources.For example, briquettes can be prepared byusing wheat straw, cane molasses and urea.Such supplements are not only easy to store forlong periods but can be carried over longerdistances without difficulty.Windmills may be installed in the range area tolift water from open surface wells. Water

spreading can be tried as it helps in controllingsoil erosion and movement of sediment, andalso results in the conservation of water forincreasing forage production.Reseeding of grass is an option, particularly inthose ranges where the desirable species ofgrass are lost either due to overgrazing or soilerosion. A lot of emphasis is being placed onimprovement of such ranges through artificialreseeding in Pakistan.One of the main causes of depletion of theranges in Sindh is the practice of cutting anduprooting trees and shrubs for use as fuel.Efforts have to be made to select and promotethe planting of multipurpose trees and shrubsthat can be used for providing fodder foranimals and fuelwood for domestic cooking.There is a need for research and developmentprojects if improvement is to be made of therange areas for which resources are needed.These projects would facilitate marketing,supplementary feeding, credit, and health coverand disease prevention for animals.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development107

CHAPTER 9Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentForests

n area of 1.126 million ha or eight percent of the area ofSindh comes under the control of the Sindh ForestDepartment. Of this, riverine forests and irrigatedplantations cover a mere 2.29 percent area, clearlyindicating that the province is deficient in forestresources. The remaining area under the control of theSindh Forest Department consists of mangrove forests Aand rangelands.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development109

Table 9.1 outlines the forest types in Sindh Map9.1 shows the types of forest in Sindh.FOREST TYPESPrior to World War-II, the forests of Sindh werewell stocked. This resource was exploited overtime but due to excessive felling of mature treesto meet fuel requirements for defenceinstallations and for the railway system, loss offorest cover intensified during the war.The advent of the Indus flotilla in 1825 and therailways in 1858 brought about commercialexploitation of forests in Sindh. From 1857 to1895, the felling of trees was carried outruthlessly. There was no progressive proactiveapproach to redress this damage. From 1895 to1935, except for a short period of three yearsduring World War I, the demand for foresttimber remained relatively low, which enabledsome reforestation to take place.A progressive management programme for treefelling was initiated in 1935 and followed fornearly twenty years; however it was upset bythe advent of World War II in 1939. There wasan intense demand for firewood and coal fromthe Sindh forests while Karachi, too, had grownand needed firewood for fuel. For the first timein history, the use of coal was rationed inKarachi.Meanwhile, over-felling increased to such anextent that areas due for felling in 1957 were cutdown in 1944, thirteen years ahead of time, tillthere was no mature crop left. Highly denseforests fell prey to mismanagement on the onehand and the war demands on the other 1 .The fauna and flora of the Sindh have beenadversely affected as a result of overexploitation.In its 1987 position paper, the SindhForest Department stated that: "An inventorycarried out lately shows that almost 50 percentof the riverine forests are so degraded that theirproductivity is no longer of economic value. Theposition is bound to deteriorate further ifeffective measures are not adopted to provideimprovement of the water regime to augmentthe source in order to make the forestlandproductive. If it is not done, apart from thedwindling position of wood production, the usualprotective effects of the forests will be lost, as aconsequence to which the entire ecologicalsetup is likely to degenerate". A list of trees,shrubs and other plants of the forests of Sindh isgiven in Appendix 9.1: List of Trees, Shrubsand Other Plants of the Forests of Sindh.The Sindh forests harbour a large number ofmedicinal plants such as mithozehr (aconitumnapellus),bankhewro (agave americana),gulkhero (althaea-rosa), kanwargandal(aloevera), phog (calligonum polygonides),sagghal (chenopodium-album) and golarho(coccinia cardifolia).Gum, which also has medicinal properties, isextracted from the babul tree while Lac isanother forest produce obtained through lacinsectsthat are now almost nonexistent.Thatching materials used for the construction ofroofs for houses are also obtained from theforest undergrowth.Riverine ForestsRiverine forests owe their existence to theflooding of the River Indus and are the mainstaySindh State ofEnvironment &Development110Table 9.1: Forest Types in SindhCategoryProductive forestsTypeRiverine forestsIrrigated plantationArea (Million Acres)Percentage of TotalLand Area of Sindh0.5960.203 1.710.58Protective forests Mangroves Rangelands 0.8521.131 2.453.25Source: Forest Department, Government of SindhGrand total 2.782 7.99 Say: 8.001. Feasibility report of the Riverine Forests of Sindh

Sindh Forest DepartmentRiverine forests found within the protective embankments on either side of River Indusof forestry in Sindh. They are located along theIndus within protective earth embankmentsconstructed to confine flood water.Presently, riverine forests cover an area of85,000 ha (35 percent) densely populated and27,000 ha (11 percent) sparsely covered withtrees. Moreover, 39,000 ha (16 percent) iscovered with shrubs and small-sized trees,which are the main source of fuelwood 2 . Therest of the 38 percent consist of bare landcovered with scattered shrubs. The main treespecies grown are babul (acacia-nilotia) 60percent; kandi (prosopis-cinraria) 14 percent;mesquite (Prosopis-juliflora) 12 percent; lai(tamrx-dioca) 9 percent and others 5 percent.These forests are diminishing at a rapid pace.Mangrove ForestsOnce considered to be mosquito-ridden swampsand wastelands, mangroves are areas of greateconomic potential and ecological importance.These forests are located in the deltaic region ofthe river Indus in Karachi and Thatta districts withan average annual yield of 0.2m 3 /ha. A salttolerant species Avicennia marina (timmer)constitutes 99 percent of the total vegetationgrowing in these areas. Distribution of mangrovespecies in Pakistan is given in Table 1 ofAppendix 9.2: Mangrove Species in Pakistanand their Depletion. These forests, besideshaving environmental value, also protect theKarachi and Bin Qasim ports from siltation anderosion. They are a breeding ground for shrimpsand other edible cetaceans that provide foreconomic activity in the export market. Mangroverestocked forests also provide low-grade timberfor house construction, poles for boats, fuelwoodfor curing and fodder for livestock. Having beenneglected in the past, they are now beingprotected and their scientific management isemphasised. (See Chapters 10, 11 and 12 formore on mangrove forests).Based on satellite imagery, the mangrove forestsin Sindh are the sixth largest in the world buthave recessed from 263,000 ha in 1977 to about160,000 ha in 1991 3 (for details seeSindh State ofEnvironment &Development1112. Forest Department, Government of Sindh3. Farah and Meynel, 1992

Tahir QureshiConstruction of breakwater is disturbing the ecological balance of the mangrovesSindh State ofEnvironment &Development112Table 2, Appendix 9.2). One of the major reasonsfor this decrease is the absence of Indus water inthe delta due to the non-implementation of the1991 Indus Water Accord between theprovinces. Due to a lack of water in the delta,there has been sea intrusion in half of the KetiBunder taluka (district) 4 . Two tappa and four dehin Sakro taluka, and three tappa in the KharoChan taluka have lost their fertility for the samereason. Sea intrusion in 2002 also devastatedeight taluka of the Badin and Thatta districts 5 .Irrigated PlantationsDevelopment of irrigated forestry began in the1960s and increased throughout the 1980s andthe 1990s with the allocation of funds under theAnnual Development Programme and theinvolvement of foreign donor agencies. Over45,000 ha of irrigated plantation zones inGuddu and Sukkur barrages were established.In addition, irrigated plantations were initiatedunder the Forestry Planning and DevelopmentProject with the United States Agency forInternational Development (USAID) in the earlynineties, and an area of over 2,080 ha wasplanted.Under the auspices of another foreign donor,the Asian Development Bank (ADB), 18,965 haof new irrigated plantations have beenestablished or rehabilitated throughout theprovince. However, the scope and success ofraising industrial species in these plantationshas been greatly limited. This is due to anumber of factors including reduced supplies ofwater, increases in waterlogging and salinity,and inadequate funding from the government.Around 33,000 ha (40 percent) of the irrigatedplantations are densely covered with trees and17,500 ha (21 percent) are sparsely covered. Theremaining 31,500 ha (39 percent) are either bareor are used for other purposes. Tree speciesfound here include babul (58 percent), shisham(dalbergina sissco) (20 percent), eucalyptus (10percent), mesquite and others (12 percent). Othervarieties grown in the irrigated plantations ofSindh are salmalia mala baricum, morusalba,syzygium cumunii, conocarpus lancifolius andleucaena leucocephla.4. Prof. Muhammad Ali Shaikh, Agriculture in Sindh5. As expressed by the secretary Power and Irrigation, Government of Sindh on October 26, 2002 in a meeting in Karachi

RangelandsThe rangelands declared as protected forests in1958 have been discussed at length in Chapter8 Part 2 on Arid Zones.Social ForestryIn 1973, the Sindh Forest Department launcheda modest social forestry programme underwhich container plants, bedded nurseries, windbreaks and shelter belts were raised. Babulseeds were also provided to farmers and thegeneral public at subsidized rates. Encouragedby the positive response to this programme, thedepartment launched a more extensive socialforestry programme from 1988 to 1996. Inaddition, there has also been a USAIDsupported initiative in 1985-86 and 1994-95,known as the Forestry Planning andDevelopment Project. Another initiative underthe same name has also been sponsored bythe ADB in 1991-92 and 1999-2000. Almost 90percent of all timber and firewood used in theprovince are extracted from privately ownedlands. This illustrates the potential of the socialforestry sector for the future.FOREST RESEARCH INSINDHForest research began in the early fifties byestablishing a Silviculture Research Division inHyderabad. This led to the establishment ofvarious other research centres for planting andpropagating certain fast growing forest speciesof industrial importance. A hybrid of the poplartree was introduced for industrial use. Variousclones of P. deltoids, and P. Euamericana wereplanted to establish archives in Miani, Khatharand Mirpur Mathelo research stations.After the successful introduction of variousspecies of eucalyptus, some exotic varietieswere also introduced, including Lancefoleus inthe early sixties, which proved successful insaline and waterlogged conditions. AustralianAcacias too showed good results. They can beused for fuel, fodder and timber. Research wasalso conducted to study the effect of salineeffluent of the Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD)on various species and on the mangroveecosystems as well as their rehabilitation.NEW INITIATIVESEcotourismAreas in different ecological zones have uniquevegetation, wildlife, physical and climaticfeatures. These can be used to attractecotourists and lovers of nature.Ecotourism can generate income for localpeople who are normally poor and are plaguedby low employment levels. For example, theDokri plantation range of Larkana division hasthe oldest archaeological heritage of Moen-jodaro,situated in the Bagi Forest. This can bedeveloped for ecotourism.SericultureActivities related to the production of silk havetraditionally been regarded as women's work,and the introduction of sericulture can helpimprove economic and hence social conditionsfor them. A Sericulture Wing was established inSindh during 1977, and the developmentprogramme for rural women in the province wasinitiated in 1980 by the Women's Division,Government of Pakistan.Training has been provided in the districts ofHyderabad, Sukkur, Ghotki, Tharparkar(Naukot), Nawabshah and Sanghar. Theknowledge necessary for the rearing ofsilkworms and the production of cocoons waseffectively imparted upon 500 rural families.However, this initiative is still in its infancy andhas not yet achieved the status of an industry inthe province, due to a lack of financial andtechnical resources.ApicultureA modest programme was initiated in theprovince through the "Introduction of Apiculture inSindh" scheme in 1982 for a period of three yearsby importing six honey bee colonies fromSindh State ofEnvironment &Development113

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development114Australia. The rearing of honeybees is beneficialfor agriculture and other tree crops such asmustard, sunflower, burseem, ber, arita,mesquite, coconut and ariciennia. Trainingprogrammes for women and rural communitiesalong with bee culturing were initiated at the time.Lack of regular funds as well as the absence ofa qualified consultant to monitor and guide thedevelopment work affected this programmeadversely.CAUSES FOR PRESENTCONDITIONSIt is evident from the above that thesustainability of forests in Sindh is threatened.The causes are mismanagement, social policyand climate change.The present management system does notallow for independent and professionally soundwork in the interest of forests and communities.It is centralised and the revenue generated isnot reinvested in the harvested forest area.These issues tend to de-motivate professionalsand workers of the forestry department.Some of the hard facts pertaining to forestmanagement indicate a high level oflandlessness among households, a deplorablelaw and order situation, lack of basic facilitieslike health, education, employment andtransport to local people. These dismal socialindicators contribute to illicit and indiscriminatefelling of trees.Another major aspect of forest degeneration isthe presence of a large number of landownersaround the riverine areas. These landownerswield political power through which they areable to acquire forestland either on lease orillegal occupation. It has been observed thatareas with tree cover have been completelydenuded after such leases have been given. Asa result, in 1984, the Sindh government bannedall forest leases.The climate change in recent years has broughtlong periods of drought. Reduced inundation6. Office of the Budget and Accounts Officer Forests, Sindh7. Daily Kawish, 22 April 2002coupled with increasing transpiration (due torising temperatures and global warming) fromthe trees and plants have impacted forest wellbeingin Sindh.The pressure of population and cattle aroundthe forest blocks is increasing every day andthe forest service staff is now undertremendous pressure to save whatever is left.With almost no support from local publicleaders in preserving forest wealth andeducating people regarding the value of forests,their task is all the more difficult.The Sindh Forest Department was treated as arevenue-generating establishment; thus thefinance department set ambitious annualrevenue targets. As a result, large areas wereharvested each year without considering themanagement plan prescriptions and whetherthese areas would be restocked owing to thereduced annual inundation from the Indus.In addition, the department remains a low priorityarea. Hence, meagre funds are allocated for thesector as a whole especially for undertakingsilvicultural operations such as weeding,cleaning, desiltation of irrigation channels andthinning. The provisions made rarely equate towhat is required. In fact, with time the gapbetween demand and supply for funds widens.The Sindh Government for the forestry sectorincreased funds allocated from Rs. 118.252million against a demand of Rs. 120.525 millionin 1996-97 to Rs.177.936 million against ademand of Rs. 212.946 million in 2001-02 6 .The district nazims of Sukkur, Ghotki, Shikarpurand Jacobabad are urging the government toclear the forest areas and demanding thedissolution of a ban on cultivation because theyclaim that these forests provide a refuge fordacoits. It has been reported in the local pressthat it is feared that other nazims will followsuit 7 . This poses a serious threat to the forests.There are several reasons for the deteriorationof mangrove forests. Although they havetraditionally provided fisherman and grazerswith fodder, timber, and fuelwood, their overexploitationby selective cutting of usefulspecies has added to the ecological pressures.

Tahir QureshiHoneybee keeping in the mangrovesA 1989 survey indicated that 50,000 grazerswere permanently settled in villages along themangrove tract. A further 10,000 arrive to grazethousands of camels in the forests for the foursummer months when the Indus is flooding.The number of grazing animals in the IndusDelta is given in Tables 1 and 2 in Appendix9.3: Grazing Animals in the Indus Delta.Oil discharged by ships visiting the Karachiharbour pose an additional threat tomangroves. When deposited onpneumatophores, the oil cuts off oxygen supplyto the roots. Around 3,000 to 4,000 ships visitthe port each year. In the course of routineoperation, ships discharge oily ballast, bilgewater and cargo tank washings. Spills from oiltankers and general cargo vessels, domesticwaste, and washouts from the port area andindustrial effluent flowing in from Lyari and Malirrivers are significant sources of pollution.Details regarding these issues are given inChapter 11 (Coastal and Marine Ecosystems).EMERGING TRENDSThe Devolution Plan 2000 advocates theassignment of the forest extension to the districtas part of the Agriculture Department. The tasksallocated to the district governments include:maximisation of afforestation; the creation andmaintenance of new resources includingamenity forests and recreational parks; andframing and enforcing management plans.In 2002, the Sindh government constituted asteering committee, which supervises themanagement of Kacho areas falling within theprecincts of the districts of Sukkur, Shikarpur,Ghotki and Jacobabad. This committee workingunder the guidance of the Minister ofAgriculture, Forest, Wildlife and Environmentwas commissioned to dispose off all themarginal and arable state-owned land withinthe district boundaries of Sukkur, Shikarpur,Ghotki and Jacobabad following the presentland grant policy. It is assigned the task offormulating a short and long term biodiversity,conservation, ecosystem improvement andpoverty alleviation plan in the Kacho areathrough various viable mitigating measures toincrease productivity and reduceunemployment. It will also explore developmentprojects and involve local communities in theirimplementation and subsequent management.The committee is empowered to establish alocal banking system along the lines of theSindh State ofEnvironment &Development115

Khushhali Bank, enabling it to provide short andlong-term loans to local residents withoutcollateral to allow them to establish aninfrastructure for agro-silvo-pastoral-orientedprojects.Riverine ForestsDepletion of forest resources reached such analarming proportion that harvesting had to bebanned in 1993 for two years. This action of thegovernment facilitated conservation of thegrowing stock. Fortunately, all successivegovernments have maintained this restriction.As a result of a declining trend in the annualinundation from the Indus, a nominal area isrevived every year in the riverine forests. In1988-89, 4,634 ha was regenerated; in 1997-98, 1,692 ha; and in 2000-01, it dwindled to amere 877 ha.Mangrove ForestsThe forest department has successfullyreintroduced the highly salt tolerant Rhizophoramucronata which are already bearing fruit andregenerating naturally through their roots. Thedepartment is now concentrating on thisrelatively fast growing species for futureafforestation of the mangrove areas of Sindh.IUCN's Coastal Programme has beencoordinating with various agencies including theForest Department in a joint effort to deal withpollution and mangrove rehabilitation. Longterm interventions require a restriction on theuse of timber from the mangrove forests byraising fuel wood plantations and increasingfodder production in neighbouring communities.Involvement in the rehabilitation and protectionof un-stocked areas of mangrove forests hasalso been proposed. Priority is given toconserving 240 km of the coastline fromerosion; preventing cultivated fields locatedbeside the coastal belt from winds and storms;reducing siltation of Bin Qasim Port; sustaininglimited quantities of fuel wood and fodder forlocal needs; and preserving the uniqueecosystem for posterity.Irrigated PlantationsOver the years, various schemes have beendeveloped for the expansion of irrigatedSindh State ofEnvironment &Development116ECK, IUCNIUCN, mangrove restoration project

plantations. A list of some of these is given inAppendix 9.4: List of Schemes for IrrigatedPlantations.Moreover, the Forestry Sector Master Plan(FSMP) proposes certain interventions for theperiod 1995-2020, during which the target to beachieved is the afforestation of 25,000 ha at therate of 1,000 ha annually.STAKEHOLDERSThe stakeholders in the forestry sector in Sindhinclude the forest department, farmers andcommunities, particularly women who are thewood users, as well as NGOs, politicians, andadministrators. Through their collaboration,awareness needs to be created about thedegradation that has already set in and thenecessity to retard retrogression. They need tobe made aware of the benefits of a participatoryapproach for resource development, itssustainability and environmental stability.Provincial Sindh ForestDepartment/LocalCommunities/NGOsSindh's forests have declined in terms ofproductivity. The department has to find ways ofworking with the local communities that are residingin and around these forests with their livestock whoneed fuel, fodder and wood for their hutments andfor agricultural implements. The foresters have todepend upon them for the maintenance andprotection of the resources they use.Forest ContractorsContractors are the foremost predators of theforest as they are able to form pools tomanipulate bids, violate forest regulations andseek support for their illegal activities from localinfluentials and law enforcers.Coal Mining Industry inBalochistanThe industry depends significantly on Sindh'sforests for the supply of all types of babul pitprops, ballies, and wooden planks of kandi forthe exploration of coal.Wood UsersVillagers must be encouraged to establishforest based cottage industries in their locales.The government should provide incentives andcreate linkages between producers andmarkets. The producers need to be trained inproper spacing, thinning, and pruning of treesand seasoning, preservation, and preparationof wood according to the requirements of themarket.Mangrove Forest StakeholdersLocal communities (fisherfolk, grazers andcattle-owners) need to be educated, motivatedand made aware of the importance of thisresource. Technical advice must be imparted fortheir own interests; to look after the naturalwealth of the coastal areas and to achieve theconservation of growing stock and balance inproviding forage facilities. Attempts should bemade by the territorial staff to enforce rotationalgrazing and browsing in these forests.Apart from the stakeholders mentioned, theSindh Forest Department, agencies working onthe conservation of mangroves, environmentalagencies, researchers, social scientists andanthropologists are also important and must notbe neglected.Irrigated PlantationStakeholdersThe stakeholders are the same as for theriverine forest and have the same roles.However, there are some new actors for theirrigated plantations who are identified below:Public institutionsAn institutional set-up for the implementationand monitoring of policies and strategies isnecessary. There are four state institutionsresponsible for the establishment,Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development117

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development118maintenance, and protection of forests. Theseare the Forest Department, IrrigationDepartment, Police and the Magistracy.Unfortunately, they have failed to fulfil theirmandates and there is an urgent need forbringing about radical changes in these publicsector institutions.FarmersAwareness needs to be created among farmersconnected with the degradation that hasalready set in and the necessary steps neededto retard it. They need to be educated about thebenefits of raising trees on their farmlands inorder to lessen the burden on forests.Local CommunitiesPoverty has increased over the last twodecades. Social and economic welfare of alarge part of the rural population is dependenton the cutting of forest trees, as well as ongrazing and browsing. An alternative means oflivelihood for them needs to be created byimparting necessary training in sericulture andapiculture.FUTURE ACTIONWhile particular recommendations for futureaction are given separately for the various typesof forests, the steps to be taken generally aregiven below.For any headway to be made in the forestrydepartment, a radical and revolutionary changein the system needs to be introduced withreward for good measures and retribution forunprofessional work. At present, there is nodistinction between the worker endowed with asense of responsibility and devotion to duty andthose with a total lack of commitment. Lack ofincentive is one of the major issues confrontingthe forest department.Currently, all research in forestry is beingcarried out by the Siliviculture ResearchDivision at Miani and Mirpur Mathelo with oneDFO and one RFO. The staff is insufficient totackle these activities. A research institute,complete with a library, a computer lab, andresearch fellows, on the lines of the PunjabForest Research Institute Gatwala, needs to beestablished in Miani.The official policy needs to be dynamic enoughto adjust to changes in the pattern of woodconsumption that has taken place due to rapiddevelopment in the province. The promotion offorest related industry must form a componentof all present and future plans.Agro-forestry seems to be the only feasibleoption to increase forest wealth. According tothe assessment of the Chief Conservator ofForests, Sindh, 50 percent of the Sindh ForestDepartment is unproductive. This should beleased out on easy terms for a period of not lessthan 10 to 15 years. The government must alsoarrange loans for the development of land oneasy instalments. The installation of woodseasoning, preservation and processing unitswill also help in enhancing the quality of woodand will increase utilisation of locally producedtimber. In addition, whenever governmentwastelands are distributed among landless hari(peasants), the condition of planting areasonable number of trees on the land allottedto them must be imposed.The forests are shrinking very fast due toadverse climatic conditions, biotic pressure,and financial constraints, as well asrequirement of land and water for production offood and cash crops. No new areas are likelyto be earmarked for tree plantations. It istherefore necessary to adopt ways to motivatefarmers and landowners through incentives andtechnical help to raise wind breaks and shelterbelts on their lands.The government needs to implementprogrammes to minimise environmentalpollution and environmental hazards. Thesecould be through: tree conservation andplanting; developing a framework andprogrammes for establishing green wind breakson arid lands to check erosion anddesertification; establishing green areas in allcities with a population of 50,000 or more;reserving at least 25 percent area in newtownships and industrial estates for use asparks, recreation spaces, and green belts;formulating, enacting and enforcing pollution

standards for emissions and dischargeimpacting the wildlife of protected areas andwetlands; and strengthening the capacities ofrelevant institutions to implement anti-pollutionmeasures.In the developing world, women are the mainusers of most forest resources such asfirewood, grass and leaf fodder, leaf litter,medicinal herb and barks. In social forestry, theresources that are being created need carefulprotection, which is possible if women areinvolved in projects and are educated.To deal with increased violation of forest laws, itis imperative for the department to have its ownmagistrates for speedy and effective disposal ofoffences pertaining to illicit cutting of trees andillegal encroachment of forest land.To rehabilitate mangrove forests, a two-prongedapproach needs to be adopted. Replanting insparse areas while providing alternate sourcesfor fuelwood and fodder will help reduce thedependence of the local people on these forests.Tahir QureshiLocal grazer standing in a scrub forestSocial forestry needs to be encouraged forwhich the government needs to introduce somefarmer-friendly policies such as:No water rate/ushr be charged from landunder closely spaced plantations calledhurries. (Most hurries of babul/kikar are onprivate farmland).Babul hurry growers need to be providedinterest-free loans by government banks oneasy instalments.Circular No. 481, dated 06.03-1858, issuedby the Commissioner Sindh, Sir BartlyFrere, to his collectors for free grant of landup to four hectare to farming families inorder to raise tree crops may be re-issuedby the present government on the sameconditions.Education and motivation programmes maybe launched by the government incoordination with NGOs to impart technicalknow how on forestry and its importance.NGOs with their local orientation andintegrated approach to rural developmentcan promote community-based,participatory forestry programmes thatbenefit economically or sociallydisadvantaged groups. It has beenobserved that NGOs take on activities thatgovernment ministries or departments andaid agencies cannot or will not tackle bythemselves.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development119

CHAPTER 10Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentWetlands

ften referred to as ‘biologicalsupermarkets 1 ’ because of their extensive and rich foodwebs and biodiversity, wetlands are among the mostproductive ecosystems in the world. Since Pakistan issituated on the flyway to Central Asia and South Asia,the birds breeding in Central and Northern Asia, migratethrough Afghanistan to the Indus Valley, particularly tothe wetlands across Sindh which are major winteringOgrounds of migratory water birds.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development121

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development122Sindh's coastal and estuarine wetlands serveas spawning, rearing, and nursery grounds forthe production of shrimp, lobster and fish. Theyalso serve as critical breeding, rearing, stagingand wintering grounds for a number of globallyimportant fish and shellfish species. During themigration season, thousands of water birdsfrom 108 species use this habitat. A detailedlisting of these species can be found inAppendix 10.1: Details of Bird Counts inWetlands of Sindh. The location of wetlands inSindh is shown in Map 10.1.The international community first came to knowabout the importance of Pakistan's wetlandswhen it became a signatory to the RamsarConvention in 1976 2 . The Convention, formedin 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty thatprovides a framework for national andinternational cooperation for the conservation ofWetlands. The Convention adopted aninternational definition for wetlands underArticles 1.1 and 1.2 that is currently accepted by138 signatory countries 3 . In 1976, whenPakistan signed the Convention, the totalcovered area of wetlands of Pakistan wasapproximately 7,800 km and the number ofinternationally important wetlands was eight 4 .By 2003, this number grew to sixteen, six ofwhich are located in Sindh.The UN declared the year 2003 as theInternational Year of Freshwater. In thisconnection, three new wetland sites, all inSindh - The Indus Delta (472,800 hectares),Rann of Kutch (566,375 hectares) and DehAkro (20,500 hectares) have been listed,making the total number of Ramsar sites inPakistan nineteen. These sites have gainedimportance due to their unique biodiversity andhabitat which shelters a large number ofspecies. The three proposed sites provideshelter to over 40 species of migratory waterbirds that come from the colder Central Asianregions to spend their winters in thecomparatively warmer environment of theprovince. A list of Ramsar listed sites along witha list of other important wetlands in Sindh isgiven in the tables in Appendix 10.2: List ofWetlands in Sindh. In addition, the Ramsarsites are described in Box 10.1: RAMSAR:Recognized Sites in Sindh. Refer to Map - 10.2:for the location of RAMSAR Sites in Sindh.THREATS TO WETLANDSIt is important to understand that wetlands arenot just environmental sites but possesssignificant economic importance. The localcommunities harvest several wetland species offauna and flora for food and for economic gain.Sindh's wetlands feed an ever-increasinghuman population and a substantial dependentpopulation of wetland species, both plant andanimal. If wetlands suffer, then the peopledependent on them are also adversely affectedalong with the interconnected ecosystem.Prior to the construction of the Kotri Barrage inthe 1950s, approximately 84 MAF of water and225 million tonnes of sediment were dischargedannually into the Indus delta. Since thedamming of the Indus, approximately 100million tonnes per year of sediment isdischarged 5 . The low discharge of bothsediment and water has had a negative impact,especially on the coastal wetlands. Since nosediment nourishment takes place, the rate oferosion increases coupled with seawaterintrusion. At present, 60 percent of the totalarable land is waterlogged. In addition to therise in the water table, a number of localized lowlying productive areas have been convertedinto seasonal or permanent wetlands, such asthe areas in Badin and Thatta districts. Due tosalinity and waterlogging, many locations havebecome so saline that they are unable tosupport any bird or plant life.There is an inextricable link betweenagriculture, irrigation and wetlands. Some of theprominent wetland sites are reservoirs anddams that have become important for water birdhabitats. However, these wetlands are nowsuffering because of ineffective management in1. Mitsch, W.J. and Gosselink, J.G. 1993. Wetlands Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, Second Edition2. Savage, CDW. "The Wildfowl and Wetland Situation in West Pakistan" in Proceedings of Technical Meeting on Wetland Conservation,Ankara-Bursa-Istanbul, 9-16 October 1967, IUCN Publications New Series No. 12 122-1283. www.ramsar.org4. Scott, D.A., 1989. A Directory of Asian Wetlands. IUCN, Gland5. G.R.Keerio, and M.A Bhatti. 1999. "Major Factors of Degradation of Indus Delta Mangrove Ecosystem." Proceedings of the NationalSeminar on Mangrove Ecosystem Dynamics of the Indus Delta, 1999: Sea Level Rise: Possible Impacts on the Indus Delta, IUCN, 1991

Box 10.1: RAMSAR: Recognised Sites in SindhThe Indus Dolphin Reserve is spread over 135 km from the Sukkur upstream to the Guddu Barrage. In1974, the entire area was declared the home of the endangered Blind Dolphin (IUCN Red Data Book). Themajor threats it faces include split populations of the dolphins due to dams and barrages on the River Indus,reduction in habitat size during dry season, high turbidity, pollution, and hunting. The number of dolphins atthe site has increased from 150 in 1974 to 620 in 2001.Keenjhar (Kalri) Lake is a large freshwater lake providing drinking water to Karachi. It is located in Thattadistrict. It was declared a Ramsar site in 1976 and later became a wildlife sanctuary under the SindhWildlife Protection Ordinance. An annual Waterfowl Census has been carried out since 1971. Somebaseline information indicates 65 species of fauna whose number had increased from 50,000 to 150,000in the 1970s to 205,000 in 1988 6 .Major threats to the lake include illegal fishing operations, an excessive number of motorised fishing boatsand the use of synthetic nets in the lake. The grazing of domestic animals and unchecked recreationalactivities are other significant threats.Drigh Lake is a small, slightly brackish lake with extensive marshland. The lake was declared a wildlifesanctuary in 1972, and became a Ramsar site in 1976. Threats include diversion of water; and overgrownTypha and Tamarix resulting in increased grazing ressure. The number of wintering birds visiting the sitehas decreased over the years from 32,000 in 1973 to 17,400 in 1987-88.Haleji Lake is a perennial freshwater lake with marshes and a brackish seepage lagoon. Considered agame reserve in 1971, this lake was declared a wildlife sanctuary and in 1976, the lake proceeded tobecome a Ramsar site. Haleji serves as an important source of water for Karachi besides being a popularrecreational destination.Threats to the site include the overlapping of the management of the lake by the Karachi Water andSewerage Board (KWSB) and the Sindh Wildlife Department; the unauthorised and illegal fishing, huntingand cutting of trees and siltation, as well as eutrophication. The number of birds visiting the site was 60,000to 100,000 in the 1970s. In 1988, the figure was 103,000.Jubho Lagoon is a shallow, small brackish water lagoon with mudflats and marshes that support a largeconcentration of migratory birds including flamingos and endangered Dalmation pelicans, a rare species inthe world. This was declared a Ramsar site in 2001 because of the efforts made by IUCN Pakistan.Nurruri Lagoon is also a brackish, privately owned lagoon with barren mudflats that is visited by largeconcentrations of migratory water birds. It was also declared a Ramsar site in 2001. Increased salinity, seaintrusion, population pressures, agricultural and industrial pollution are major threats to this site.Deh Akro is a wildlife sanctuary consisting of four major habitats; desert, wetland, marsh, and agricultural.Located 330km northeast of Karachi, it is a natural inland wetland ecosystem, which supports a variety ofrare and endangered wildlife species. This area hosts a considerable number of rare fauna. Manyindigenous fish species are also found here. Water scarcity during a persistent dry spell is adverselyaffecting this area.Runn of Kutch is part of the great Thar desert and comprises of stablized sand dunes, with broad interdunalvalleys of alluvial soil, connected across the frontier with India, which includes permanent salinemarshes, coastal brackish lagoons, tidal mudflats, and estuarine habitats. The site supports many locallyand globally threatened species, including the Great Indian bustard (Choriotis nigriceps), Houbara bustard(Chlamydotis undulata), Sarus crane (Grus antigone), and hyena (Hyeana hyaena) and supports more than1% of the biogeographical population of flamingos.Indus Delta is the fifth largest delta in the world. The fan-shaped delta consists of creeks, estuaries, mudflats, sand dunes, mangrove habitat, marshes and sea bays. It shelters 82,669 mangroves, mostlyAvicenna marina which comprises 97% of the total mangrove area in the country and is said to be thelargest coastal mangrove forest in the world. A large number of species of birds (including the threatenedDalmatian pelican) of fish and shrimps, and of dolphins (Plumbeous dolphin, Finless porpoise, andBottlenose dolphin), humpback whale and reptiles are found here. The area is rich in archaeological andreligious heritage.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development123Source: IUCN and RAMSAR6. D.A Scott., 1989. A Directory of Asian Wetlands, Gland, IUCN

the catchment areas where forests are beingharvested at an unsustainable rate (seven tonine km per year). As a result, loose topsoil iswashed into the river systems and silting of thecatchment areas occurs, reducing the life spanof dams and reservoirs.Natural wetlands such as the Indus Delta arealso suffering because excessive use of waterfor agriculture deprives them of their share.Small wetlands created by the seepage fromirrigation systems are targeted for use asagricultural land 7 . The water that does reach thenatural inland-located wetlands is drained fromagricultural land and carries silt, fertilizer, andpesticide runoff, causing additional problems ofsilting and eutrophication. Haleji Lake, anartificial wetland, is presently facing theproblem of eutrophication. The lake is rich innutrients and supports a dense plantpopulation; however animal life is threatened bya lack of oxygen 8 .The other major threats to wetlands arehunting, unplanned growth of humansettlements, disturbance from recreation andreclamation for urban and industrialdevelopment. Mai Kolachi is an example of thisphenomenon. The coastal wetlands of thisregion are habitats for shrimps, various speciesof fish and birds. The area has been reclaimedfor city expansion, adversely affecting thefishermen of Baba Bhit who have inhabited theregion for centuries. Potable water supply tourban centres is provided by some of thewetlands such as Haleji Lake, which has beenharnessed as a freshwater resource forKarachi. Wetlands are also threatened bycatchment degradation, soil erosion andsiltation.Over the years, seepage from agriculturallands and the canal irrigation networks hasformed many artificial wetlands that havebecome important for migratory birds such ascranes and ducks. Waterlogging and salinityaffect many of these wetlands to an extentwhere they can no longer support animal andbird life. The adverse effect of the LBOD andthe RBOD on the wetlands of Sindh isSindh State ofEnvironment &Development124Sana RazaBirds at Haleji Lake in Thatta District7. Pakistan's Wetlands Action Plan. WWF8. Ibid

Jamshed MasoudDilapidated boat houses at Manchar Lakediscussed in Chapter 12: Flora of Sindh 9 .Manchar Lake, once the largest freshwater lakein Asia has suffered the same fate.Approximately ten thousand people inhabitedareas surrounding it. The devastation caused toit due to agricultural pollutants, forced the localsto move to other parts of Sindh. Agriculturalpollutants from Upper Sindh and Lower Punjabwere drained into it through the Main NaraValley Drain. The waterlogged and saline waterblended with the freshwater that was once usedfor agriculture and fishing, depreciating thequality of water to an extent that it was nolonger being used for the same purposes.Over the past years, many wetlands have beendegraded and have lost their significance due tounsustainable exploitation, increased levels ofurban and domestic effluent discharge into theaquatic environment, and drought-likeconditions prevailing in the province. TheNurrurri Lagoon is confronted with theseproblems. The land provides livelihood to about3,000-4,000 people in surrounding villages,chiefly through fisheries. Invasive species, suchas Typha and occasionally Tamarix, are seen tobe hindering the growth and diversity of nativeflora, and population pressures, includingaccelerating agricultural and industrial pollution,offer challenges.Wetland areas have decreased due to the overexploitationof their resources by the localcommunities. As the human population continuesto grow, it will contribute significantly towards theprocess of biodegradation. It is only recently afterecological and environmental surveys that someawareness regarding the importance of wetlandshas been created. One of the causes ofdegradation of Kalri Lake is the influx of tourists inthe area combined with inadequate maintenanceof the area. The poor supply of water from K.BFeeder also affects the lake.EMERGING TRENDSWetland conservation receives a minusculeamount of monetary support from theSindh State ofEnvironment &Development1259. Khurshid, N. 1991."A Step Towards Wetland Conservation: An Overview of Pakistan's Wetlands with Action Plan" LBOD EIA Report.WWF-Pakistan, Lahore

Muhammad Anees ShahzadDead fish at the bank of Manchar LakeSindh State ofEnvironment &Development126government because it is viewed as a lowpriority area. The value that the government orlocal communities living in and around wetlandsgive to them is based upon the immediatebenefit they derive in terms of income andlivelihood. However, this is a myopic, short-termperspective that overlooks sustainability ofthese sites.Many development institutions view theelimination of wetlands as a small price to payfor the benefits of their reuse for other activitiessuch as agriculture 10 . However, much of thisconversion of resource use has resulted ingreat hardship for populations dependent uponsuch areas. Dams and other river basinschemes have damaged the ecology of Sindhcreating many social, environmental, economicand political problems.NGOs have played a major role in supportingand directing government efforts to improvewetland conservation. The World Wildlife Fundfor Nature (WWF)-Pakistan initiated its WetlandConservation Programme in 1989. IUCNPakistan too, has been active in conservationefforts since its establishment in 1984, and hasplayed a key role in the development of wetlandprogrammes in Pakistan to safeguard habitatsand protect biodiversity. IUCN Pakistan hasalso been involved in the implementation of anumber of mangrove conservation projectssince 1987.More recently, remote sensing techniques havebeen applied on the monitoring of wetlands.Space and Upper Atmospheric ResearchOrganisation (SUPARCO) is using satelliteimagery for obtaining relatively preciseinformation on the estimates of spatial extentsand surface area which can effectively be linkedto data on seasonal variation, weed cover,vegetation cover and environmentaldegradation. Similar techniques to observe thechanges that have taken place on some of thedhands have shown that the boundaries of thewaterbodies have altered over the years to forma single source 11 .10. Dugan, P.G. 1990. Wetland Conservation: A Review of Current Issues and Required Action. IUCN. Montreux11. Mathrani, M; Usani, H.R. and A. Memon, Environmental Impact of Seawater Intrusion around Tidal Link Using Satellite Imageries andGIS presented at the International Seminar on Natural Hazards Monitoring, January, 2002, Karachi, Pakistan

Muhammed Anees ShehzadCrocodiles at a hatchery in Haleji LakeSTAKEHOLDERSRole of GovernmentOrganisationsWetland conservation is on the agenda of thefederal and provincial governments and NGOs.However, a comprehensive strategy orlegislation exclusively pertaining to this issuehas not been developed. Wetlands andwaterfowl conservation is a provincial subject inPakistan and is overseen by the respectiveprovincial wildlife or forest departments.Ministry of Environment, LocalGovernment and RuralDevelopmentThis ministry is a federal government institutionand is responsible for formulating andimplementing federal policies related tobiodiversity. It is also the focal point for variousconventions relating to biodiversity or theenvironment, to which Pakistan is a signatory.The Government of Pakistan has promulgatedthe Pakistan Environmental ProtectionOrdinance 1997 and the provincial wildlifedepartments are the implementing bodies forenvironmental legislation or policies.The National Conservation Strategy (NCS),launched in 1992 by the Ministry ofEnvironment, has achieved some success andis being jointly implemented by the government,some NGOs and members of civil society. TheNCS analyses Pakistan's environmentalproblems and offers recommendations for thesuccessful implementation of the policy. Thegoals of the NCS are conservation of naturalresources, sustainable development andgreater efficiency in the use and managementof resources.National Council for theConservation of Wildlife (NCCW)The NCCW is a department of the Ministry ofEnvironment, Local Government and RuralDevelopment. It is mandated to represent thegovernment and present the Country Report tothe RAMSAR Convention and liaise with otherconventions and international agencies, as wellSindh State ofEnvironment &Development127

as coordinate its work with the provincialgovernments in matters of wildlife conservation.In 1996, the NCCW formed a WetlandManagement Committee on behalf of theGovernment of Pakistan with the participationof all provincial wildlife departments, theZoological Survey Department and someNGOs.The Zoological Survey Department(ZSD)The ZSD is a federal department under theMinistry of Environment, Local Government andRural Development (LG&RD). It is responsiblefor conducting surveys and research on wildlife,wetlands and waterfowl. The departmentundertakes annual bird counts at importantwetland sites.Sindh Wildlife Department (SWD)The SWD is a custodian of wildlife in theprovince of Sindh and is responsible for themanagement of habitats including wetlands.The department manages the RAMSAR sitesand implements decisions taken by the federalgovernment for the management of these sites.The Water and Power DevelopmentAuthority (WAPDA)WAPDA, within the Ministry of Water andPower, is responsible for: the development ofwater resources and the supply of irrigatedwater; prevention of waterlogging andreclamation of waterlogged and saline lands;drainage and flood control; generation,transmission, and distribution of power; andland navigation. It undertakes policyimplementation as a federal governmentagency that oversees and manages reservoirsand link canals. As WAPDA owns and managesmany important man-made and naturalwetlands, it plays a significant role in wetlandmanagement and conservation.National Wetland ManagementCommittee (NWMC)The formation of the NWMC in February 1996by the National Council for the Conservation ofSindh State ofEnvironment &Development128Muhammad Anees ShehzadLittle Egrets at Lungh Lake

Muhammad Anees ShehzadTerns at Haleji LakeWildlife within the Ministry of Environment,Local Government & Rural Development is animportant step. This committee includesrelevant government departments, provincialwildlife departments, and NGOs. The primaryidea behind its formation was to provide a focalpoint for networking between relevant federaland provincial departments and NGOs, as wellas the need to develop a National WetlandStrategy/Policy. It also deals with local wetlandissues and problems.Non-GovernmentalOrganisations (NGOs)Currently, there are two international NGOsworking in the field of wetland conservation inPakistan:World Wide Fund for Nature-Pakistan (WWF-Pakistan)WWF-Pakistan has a wetlands conservationprogramme targeting freshwater and coastalecosystems throughout the country. Its currentWetland Conservation Programme wasinitiated in 1989.Under the National Wetland Programme a"Wetland Action Plan" was developed in 1991.The action plan is aimed at summarising thethreats faced by wetlands in Pakistan togovernment agencies and highlighting theimpact of loss of various functions that thewetlands provide.IUCN PakistanIUCN has been active in wetland conservationsince its establishment in 1984. Its activitiesinclude the rehabilitation of mangrove forests inthe northern Indus Delta and the Korangiecosystem project in collaboration with theSindh Forest Department. IUCN Pakistan isalso involved in the National ConservationStrategy being implemented jointly by thegovernment, NGOs and members of civilsociety which also has a wetland component. Incollaboration with the Zoological SurveyDepartment, IUCNP got eight RAMSAR sitesdeclared in Sindh and Balochistan in 2001.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development129

LegislationWetland LegislationEach province has its own provincial wildlifeprotection act. For the province of Sindh, it isthe Sindh Wildlife Protection Act 1972, revisedin 1996.International ConventionsPakistan is a party to a number of internationalconventions including the Convention onWetlands (RAMSAR); International Conventionon Migratory Species (CMS); Convention onBiological Diversity (CBD); Convention onInternational Trade on Endangered Species(CITES) of Flora and Fauna.need of a review and its implementationensured.The Pakistan Wetland Action Plan was developedby the Ministry of Environment and WWF-Pakistan in 2000 and needs to be implemented.The current conservation policies on naturalresources are framed by the Government ofPakistan in the Ministry of Environment,LG&RD. The most recent conservation policiesof the Government of Pakistan regarding themanagement of natural resources are thefollowing: Conserving biological diversity andmaintaining ecological balanceContaining environmental degradation inthe watershedsFUTURE ACTIONPromoting income generation and selfemploymentin the rural areasSindh State ofEnvironment &Development130Stakeholders play a pivotal role in the effectiveimplementation of existing Wildlife Acts for theprotection of species and habitats. Goodgovernance is vital for the desiredimplementation. Positive results can beachieved if the responsibilities forimplementation are clearly defined, along withsupportive policies, rules, legislation andinstitutional reform. Monitoring with a feedbacksystem can provide indicators that determinethe success/failure of the managementstrategy. Baseline information establishedthrough qualitative and quantitative surveys isalso a requirement. Accessibility of informationand reliable tools would make the monitoringprocess more accurate and useful.There is a clear need to resolve overlaps andconflicting issues between the variousgovernment and non-governmental agenciesand to review the location of responsibilities andrecommend measures that will benefit themanagement of wetland resources.Promoting NGOs and private voluntaryorganisations to create public awarenessIntegrated and participatory managementof natural resourcesThe National Conservation Strategy (NCS1992) further emphasised the need for thefollowing measures:Maintaining essential ecological processesPreserving the biodiversity of naturalresources to restore degraded naturalresources cost-effectivelyEnsuring sustainable use of naturalresources Ensuring balanced and diversifieddevelopment that maintains, if notincreases, the sum of options available tofuture generationsThe National Wetland Management Committeeestablished by the Ministry of Environment in1995 needs to be reactivated andrecommendations made in the NEQS need tobe implemented to avoid the use of wetlands asdumping sites. The hunting legislation is also inImproving the efficiencies with whichnatural resources are usedGiving priority to preventing deterioration ofthe fragile ecosystems with largedownstream effects

These policies will require tremendousresources and a great deal of time forimplementation. The implementation of theNCS is to be initiated through launchingprogrammes for protecting watersheds, forestryand plantations, restoring rangelands andimproving livestock; protecting biodiversity andsupporting capacity building both at theinstitutional as well as at the professional level.These efforts can only be achieved if funds areavailable and through the participation ofcommunity based conservation groups. Theprogramme is ambitious and as such difficult toimplement. Therefore, it is necessary to setclear priorities related to the availability offinancial and human resources.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development131

CHAPTER 11Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentCoastal and MarineEcosystem

akistan's coastline is 1046 kilometres long and theExclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an area ofabout 240,000 km 2 . 1 The maritime zone of Pakistan,including the continental shelf, extends up to 350nautical miles from the coastline. The Indus Canyon inthe east dominates the coastal shelf, which is flat andPsoft, and stretches deep into the ocean.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development133

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development134DESCRIPTION ANDPRESENT SITUATIONThe coastline of Pakistan lies in the provincesof Sindh and Balochistan and is shown on Map11.2. The part of the coast in Sindh isapproximately 350 km, while the one inBalochistan is 700 km. The two coasts havedifferent climatic and physical characteristics.The Sindh coast is at the tail end of thesouthwest monsoon, and the Balochistan coasthas a Mediterranean climate.PHYSICALCHARACTERISTICSThe Sindh coast can further be subdividedinto the Indus Delta/creek system and theKarachi coast. The Sindh coastal region islocated in the southeastern part of the countrybetween the Indian border along the Sir Creekon the east, and the Hub River along theBalochistan coast on the west. The Indusdrains through approximately 300,000 sq. kmof the Indus watershed, of which 50 percentare located outside Pakistan: in India, China,and Afghanistan. The Indus Delta (2,560 sq.kms) 2is the most prominent ecologicalfeature of the coast and covers 85 percent ofthe coastal belt 3 . Map 11.2 is a map of theIndus Delta and Map 11.3 shows a satelliteimage of the Delta. The coastal morphologyis characterised by a network of tidal creeksand several small islands with scatteredmangrove vegetation which constitute thelargest arid land mangroves in the world andthe thirteenth largest mangrove forests interms of coverage.Cyclones on the Sindh coast are not commonbut do occur periodically causing considerabledamage to coastal villages. After 1947, majorcyclones occurred in June 1948, November1993, and in May 1999.Situated between the Indus Delta on thesoutheast and Hub River on the west, theKarachi coastal belt is about 100 km in length 4 .Most of which, with the exception of scatteredpatches of mangroves, is devoid of any kind ofvegetation and consists of shallow lagoons, seacliffs, stacks and terraces, wave cut platforms,sea caves and notches. The Lyari and MalirRivers flowing through Karachi are nonperennialin nature and drain into the ArabianSea. They carry substantial quantities ofuntreated urban, municipal and industrialeffluents.The coastal waters have high salinity (>36percent) 5 due to high evaporation rates,combined with negligible rainfall. Oxygen-poorwater layers sometimes rise to the surfacealong the coast, leading to fish mortality. Thewildlife along the Pakistani coast consists ofboth marine and terrestrial species.Land UseThe Indus deltaic coast is sparsely populatedwith small fishing communities living along thecreeks. Neither major infrastructuredevelopment nor significant commercialindustrial activities have been cultivated inthese areas. The most prominent ecologicalfeature is the mangrove forest. Karachi, on theother hand, is the main commercial andindustrial centre of Pakistan, encompassing twodeep-sea ports, several fish harbours, jettiesand a developed urban infrastructure. A navalfacility and a shipyard are also located alongthe Karachi coastline as are several powerplants.Biodiversity : Ecosystem,Habitats and Species DiversityThe main habitats for migratory birds andother waterfowl are wetlands, estuaries andlagoons. The vegetation is dominated bymangrove forests of which eight species have1. United Nations ESCAP in Cooperation with Environment and Urban Affairs Division, Government of Pakistan / National Institute ofOceanography, Government of Pakistan - 6390 - Coastal Environmental Management Plan for Pakistan2. Ibid3. Ibid4. Ibid5. Dr. Hein Van Gils, M. Shabbir Baig, LARUS-HC, Netherlands, EU-SSP, Pakistan- 6392 - Environmental Profile of Balochistan,Pakistan

Tahir QureshiVegetation along the coast is dominated by mangroves, of which eight species have been documentedbeen documented with Avicennia marina beingthe most abundant (95 percent) 6 . The forestcovers an area of 200,000 hectares inKorangi, Phitti, Wadi, Khudi, Khai, Patiani,Dabho and Bhuri creeks of the delta system inthe west and in Kanjher, Pakhar and SirCreeks in the east. This ecosystem provides arich habitat for wildlife of terrestrial and marineorigin.The mammals of the mangrove forest in theIndus Delta include tropical dolphins, tortoises,jackals and occasional visitors such as toothedwhales. Scant information is available onreptiles however three species of lizards, onespecies of poisonous snake and two species ofmarine snakes have been reported. In addition,about 200 species of fish have been reportedfrom the delta area 7 .The Indus Delta with its coastal wetlandsattracts a number of migratory birds, particularlywaterfowl. In all, 56 species of birds belongingto 6 orders and 14 families are found alongSindh's coastal waters. Some of these birdsare residents and others are migratory innature. The Green Turtle (Cheldonia mydas)and Olive Ridley Turtles (Lapidochely,Olivacea) inhabit the shores of the Karachicoastline where they come to nest 8 .The coast of Pakistan sustains seaweedresources which increase in the post southwestmonsoon period. The coastal waters areparticularly rich in sardines and anchovies.The inter-tidal habitats of all protected muddyand sandy beaches and of salt water creeksand backwaters swarm with mud skippers. Onexposed rocky shores, gastropod molluscsdominate, followed by decayed crustaceans.The shrimp, crab and lobster fauna consists ofabout 25 species of Penaeid shrimp, threespecies of spring lobster and three species ofedible crabs. Shrimp are the most importantcommercial food source in the delta and in theshallow benthic coastal waters.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development1356. United Nations ESCAP in Co-operation with Environment and Urban Affairs Division, Government of Pakistan/National Institute ofOceanography, Government of Pakistan - 6390 - Coastal Environmental Management Plan for Pakistan7. Ibid8. Ibid

Coastal Ecosystem:Identification of Micro Regionswith Specific HabitatsIn addition to the RAMSAR Sites discussed inChapter - 10 (Wetlands), a number of areasalong the Karachi and Sindh coast also supportsensitive ecosystems. These are discussedbelow.Sandspit BackwatersSandspit, an open sea front located 18 kmsouth-west of Karachi city, is a popular publicbeach. Two fishing villages are located in thearea (population 5,000). It contains shallow tidallagoons, inter-tidal mudflats, and 1640 ha ofmangrove swamps. The area is sandy alongthe seacoast and becomes muddy as it extendsinto the backwaters.Avicennia Marina is growing naturally in theback waters of Sandspit and IUCNPreintroduced Rhizophora mucronata andCeriops tagal in artificial plantation in 1977.About 50,000 species of waterfowl such aswaders, pelicans, flamingos, egrets, herons,gulls and terns use the area as a winteringground and Ardeids breed in the area. Twospecies of turtles, Green Turtle and OliveRidley, use the beach as a nesting ground.Karachi Harbour BackwatersThese include the Chinna Creek and BoatingBasin backwaters. This area represents aunique backwater coastal ecosystem consistingof wetlands and mangrove forests. It has agood potential for recreational development.Indus Delta Creek MangroveEcosystemThe Indus delta consists of a network of 17major and several minor creeks and mangroveislands in three districts of Sindh, namelyKarachi, Thatta and Badin 9 . Almost all humansettlements are on the islands located betweenthe channels. Productive activities in theSindh State ofEnvironment &Development136IUCNAerial view of Indus Delta9. Sindh Forest & Wildlife Department and The World Bank - June 14-16, 6399 - Proceedings of the National Seminar on MangroveEcosystem Dynamics of the Indus Delta

Sana RazaOil Tankers traffic at the Karachi Port. Karachi has two deep sea ports: Karachi Port and Port Qasimcoastal areas can be divided into three broadclassifications. Fishing and related activities (inwhich an estimated 90 percent of the populationis involved), reference agriculture and forestryas well as the services sector, which employs 8and 2 percent of the population, respectively 10 .Regulatory BodiesRegulation and control (registration/authorisinguse of landing sites) of the fishing industry ismaintained by the Marine Fisheries Departmentat the federal level, and by the Sindh FisheriesDepartments at the provincial level. TheKarachi Fish Harbour Authority and KorangiFish Harbour Authority operate separately.Fishermen's Cooperative Societies have alsobeen formed at the provincial levels and forKarachi. They manage the sale of farmed fishand offer a forum for conflict resolution.Recently, a National Fisheries DevelopmentBoard was established to initiate a process ofcapacity building of the fishing communities andfor the sector at large.The forestry sector is also regulated at thefederal and provincial levels. Control andjurisdiction of the activities undertaken alongthe Karachi coastline, including shipping andtrade, are shared by a number of federal,provincial and local agencies and institutions,including the port authorities, the provincialgovernment, local government and urbancantonments.Threats to Marine and CoastalAreasThe beaches and coastal waters of Sindh arerelatively free of man-made pollution, except atthe harbours, urban discharge points andwaterfront development sites. Because thereare no industries or dense populations alongthe coastal belt, there is no large scalepollution except along the Karachi coastline.However, projects both in Sindh andBalochistan such as the Gwadar Deep SeaPort, Mirani Dam, construction ofjetties/villages, coastal highways, and theSindh State ofEnvironment &Development13710. United Nations ESCAP in Cooperation with Environment and Urban Affairs Division, Government of Pakistan / National Institute ofOceanography, Government of Pakistan) - 6390 - Coastal Environmental Management Plan for Pakistan

mining of coal in Thar (Sindh), and copper/goldin Saindak (Balochistan), are likely to result inthe growth of human settlements along thecoast.Coastal PollutionIndustrial/Urban PollutionSeventy percent of the total industry of Pakistanis located in Karachi and in the Bin QasimIndustrial Area adjacent to it. Most of this islocated in the Sindh Industrial Trading Estate(SITE), Landhi Industrial Trading Estate (LITE),Korangi Industrial Area, and West WharfIndustrial Area.The Sindh Industrial Trading Estate covers anarea of about 1600 hectares and houses 2500industrial units. They discharge 69 MGD 11 ofeffluents that carry pollutants including heavymetals, organic matter (including benzene andtoluene), oils and greases, and other toxicchemicals. The effluents are dischargeduntreated into the Lyari River which drains intothe Arabian Sea through the Karachi harbour.The river also carries calcium, alum, sulphates,magnesium, sodium, potassium, arsenic,halides and bicarbonates. SITE is responsiblefor about half of the total industrial polluteddischarges of Karachi. For details regarding thetypes of pollutants and their extent see Tables 1and 2 in Appendix 11.1: Major Pollutants andTheir Load in the Industrial Waste from theKarachi Region.Landhi Industrial Trading Estate and theKorangi industrial area discharge their effluents(23 MGD) 12 to the mangrove mud flats ofKorangi Creek. This effluent is from thetanneries of Korangi, the National Oil Refinery,and the Pakistan Oil Refinery.Karachi Steel Mills discharges between 550 to750 m3/hr of heated wastewater after its use inthe mills, directly into the Gharo creek 13 . Thisadds to the thermal pollution of ocean waters.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development138Muhammad Anees ShehzadPercupine Fish found on the coast of Karachi11. United Nations ESCAP in Co-operation with Environment and Urban Affairs Division, Government of Pakistan/National Institute ofOceanography, Government of Pakistan) - 6390 - Coastal Environmental Management Plan for Pakistan12. Ibid13. Ibid

Sana RazaIndustrial Pollution: Effluent being discharged into Lyari River which drains into the Arabian SeaMany other large industries such as SindhAlkali, ICI/PTA and Export Processing ZoneAuthority (EPZA) are part of LITE. In addition,there are three power plants along the Karachicoast: Karachi Nuclear Power Plant, KorangiThermal Power Plant and Bin Qasim PowerPlant. These facilities use huge quantities ofseawater for cooling and discharge heatedeffluent and other pollutants into the ocean.This discharge contains chlorine used for thecontrol of bio-fouling organisms in the plants.Another source of thermal pollution is theKarachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP)located 18 km northwest of Karachi. It is a 137MW heavy-water modulated and cooled,natural uranium horizontal tube reactor. Aboutthree-fourths of its heat is released to the seathrough a long effluent channel 14 .Comprehensive data or analysis linking theeffect of industrial and urban discharges on theflora and fauna and other aspects of the coastalecosystems is not available.Dumping of Solid WasteDue to lack of adequate sanitation facilities,solid waste generated in the small coastaltowns and villages, as well as a significantportion of the municipal and industrial waste ofKarachi, is dumped along the coast. This isflushed into the coastal ecosystems at hightide. Urban Karachi generates about 8,000 to10,000 tonnes of solid waste per day.Approximately 60 percent of this wasteremains uncollected and is either burnt ordeposited directly into storm drains or coastalrivers which ultimately transport it to thecoastal waters. This is one of the major causesof the reduced aesthetic and recreationalpotential of the coastline. Components ofwaste, such as plastic bags, are known todamage mechanised fishing crafts and harmmarine life. This is a problem that is growing inmagnitude and could increase if the coastalareas are developed without planning for theeffective management and disposal of solidwaste.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development13914. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 77 - 6386 - Environmental Problems of the Marine and Coastal Areas of Pakistan,National Report

Tahir QureshiIndustrial and domestic pollution being discharged into the Arabian Sea through the Lyari RiverSindh State ofEnvironment &Development140Pollutant Discharges viaTerrestrial StreamsOutfall drains also bring runoff from agriculturalfields to the coastal waters. Agriculturalpollutants such as pesticides, herbicides andfertilisers carried by the drains have adverseimpacts on the coastal ecology.In Pakistan, salinisation and waterlogging areparticularly acute in the Indus Valley, which isirrigated by the Indus River Irrigation System 15 .Remedial measures to control salinity wereinitiated in 1958 through the Salinity Controland Reclamation Project (SCARP), which areongoing. Non-saline water areas are pumped inorder to ameliorate waterlogging problems. Thesaline water of the Punjab and NWFP provincesis dumped directly into the Indus, while twolarge outfall drains, namely the LBOD and theRBOD, carry the saline water of Sindh province.The LBOD discharges into Shah Samdoo creekthrough a tidal link which adversely affects thecoast. RBOD presently discharges into thefreshwater Manchar Lake in the middle of Sindhprovince.It has now been decided to divert the RBODdischarge to the sea near Gharo Creek, whichis already strained due to heavy industrial andport activities. Groundwork for the project isunderway. This is considered a major pollutionthreat to coastal ecology, but no data ispresently available indicating the exact makeupof the RBOD discharges. An EIA has notbeen initiated either, as required byenvironmental legislation.Oil PollutionAbout 2,500 ships and 200 oil tankers visit theKarachi harbour through the Manora Channelannually and some 20 million tonnes 16of cargois handled as a result. There is large scaleshipping traffic at Port Qasim. The sources of oilpollution in Manora channel are bilges, washingsfrom engine rooms of vessels, discharges andleaks from bunkering points, and leaks and small15. Directory of Asian Wetlands16. United Nations ESCAP in Co-operation with Environment and Urban Affairs Division, Government of Pakistan/National Institute ofOceanography, Government of Pakistan) - 6390 - Coastal Environmental Management Plan for Pakistan

spills occurring during loading and unloading atoil piers. Some oil is also brought to the channelthrough the Lyari river discharge. It is estimatedthat all the sources of oil pollution in the Karachiharbour contribute about fifteen to twentythousand tonnes 17of oil per year within theharbour and adjacent waters connected with itthrough the Manora channel. Oil pollution alsooccurs due to the National Oil Refinery andPakistan Oil Refinery discharges into KorangiCreek. Apart from this, the Sindh coastlineappears to be relatively free from oil pollution.Box 11.1 : The Tasman Spirit Oil SpillThe SpillageOn the 27th of July 2003 an oil tanker, Tasman Spirit grounded the channel of the port of Karachi. Thevessel was carrying a cargo of 67,535 tonnes of Iranian crude oil for delivery to the Pakistan RefineryLimited (PRL). During the eve of August 13th the tanker broke and significant quantities of oil leaked intothe ocean. Over the course of five days, 27,000 tonnes of cargo had been lost. On the 22nd of Augustfurther structural collapse led to a supplemental discharge of approximately 100 to 200 tonnes of oil. OnAugust 29th and September 4th further releases of oil were reported. Therefore, a series of oil spills over aperiod of three weeks commencing from the 27th of July occurred rather than just one leakage. Altogether,40km 2 of the sea bed was covered with oil residue.Resources at RiskThe coastal environment in which the Tasman Spirit oil spill occurred is a rich and diverse tropicalmarine/estuarine ecosystem. It includes extensive mangrove forests (dominated by Avicennia marina);habitats for Green and Olive Ridley sea turtles, dolphins, porpoises, beaked whales and several species oflizards and sea snakes. About 200 species of fish and various species of crustaceans including shrimp,crab and lobster exist in the region. These are important components of the marine food web and vital forartisanal and commercial fisheries. Over 50 species of birds, some migratory and some resident, utilise thearea as a resting ground. Geographically, the area consists of tidal estuaries, river and creek systems,mudflats, sand beaches and relatively shallow offshore marine waters with moderate current speeds andturbulent mixing.To the west of the grounding site are turtle nesting sites along Hawkesbay and Sandspit. Within the port ofKarachi lie Pakistan Navy installations, oil terminals, salt ponds, mangrove forests and an artisanal harbourmainly for shrimp fishing as well as shipyard facilities, which are all potentially sensitive to oil contamination.To the east of the grounding site are mangrove forests, which are vital for the ecosystem and serve manypurposes. They are land stabilisers and have an extensive root system that binds the soil preventing soilerosion, deforestation and contribute to sustainable development. The firmly rooted mangroves serve ashatcheries for the larvae of fish and other marine life forms that dwell in these waters and subsist on them.These forests serve as resting grounds for more than 60 species of birds.Clifton Beach, a popular recreational spot that houses several restaurants and facilities for the public, wasseverely affected. This beach is visited by many people everyday and a residential area exists along thebeach. Under prevaling weather condtions 11,000, tonnes of volatile organic compounds (VOC) evaporatedcausing air pollution. Local residents were exposed to 40-170ppm VOC for 15-20 days.Response to the Oil SpillEfforts were focused on the use of dispersant and booming to keep the oil away from reaching the oil piersin the port, and skimming and manual clean up of the beach and the floating oil debris in the port. DHA,City District government and KPT workers cleaned the Clifton Beach area through manual methodsfollowed by periodically ploughing the affected beach at low tide. Clean up operations continued till a fewmonths after the spill.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development141Source: IUCN Pakistan17. Ibid

Stefan Micallef, UNEPTasman Spirit, an oil tanker carrying over 60,000 tonnes of crude oil, ran aground on 27th July 2003 and caused a major oil spill disasteron the coast of KarachiSindh State ofEnvironment &Development142Among the creeks of the Indus delta, GizriCreek and Korangi Creek are most affected byoil pollution from the waste oil discharges ofrefineries, industries and municipal activities ofsources located in the Korangi area.New oil fields are being explored in districtBadin in the south of Sindh province. TheGovernment of Pakistan has also recentlyprepared an Offshore Drilling Policy andconcession rights have been issued in theIndus delta. These developments may increaseoil pollution considerably.No comprehensive data on the impact of oilpollution on the coastal ecosystems exists.However, the Pakistan Maritime Security Agencyhas prepared a National Oil Spill DisasterContingency Plan for tackling the problem of oilspills. Agencies like the Karachi Port Trust (KPT)have acquired related equipment for it. See Box11.1 for an excerpt on the Tasman Spirit Oil Spill.Sediment TransportAccording to some estimates, the increasedlevel of coastal erosion found along thecoastline may be attributed to the reduction inthe sediment load reaching the coast throughthe Indus River.Turbidity in the coastal waters of Pakistan,particularly in the saltwater creeks, is high. Animportant feature of the Indus delta is that itreceives the highest wave energy of any river ofthe world. During the southwest monsoon theDelta front receives more wave energy on asingle day than the Mississippi delta receives inan entire year. Evasion effects of wave actionwere previously balanced by high dischargesfrom the Indus which have now beensubstantially reduced. Thus wave energycauses severe erosion in some areas. It seemsthat sediments are brought into the creeks fromthe corrosion-prone open coast beaches aswell as through small rivers and inlets.At Karachi, the Lyari River dischargesconsiderable amounts of suspended matter intothe Manora channel throughout the year. Part ofthis settles at the bottom and may beresponsible for the chronic siltation problemsthe channel suffers, owing to which, it has to bedredged throughout the year.

Sana RazaOvercrowding at the Karachi PortPort OperationsSignificant pollution risks are associated withport construction and operations. Dredging is amajor activity involving sediment transportwhich is carried out constantly along the portarea in Karachi. Dredging takes place duringthe development of new harbours and ports, fortheir extensions and to maintain the depth ofchannels, dock entrances and estuaries.Dredging is required annually for removingabout 500,000 m 3 of silt and sand which getsdeposited in the navigational channel ofKarachi harbour during the monsoons 18 . Debrisand material removed by dredging operationsare dumped about 50 nautical miles south ofManora breakwater wall or in the open sea 19 .Dredging activities also take place in PortQasim.Coastal Land Use ChangeThe coastal development plan for the Karachiprepared by the KDA in 1987 exists to date.However, development along the coast doesnot follow the plan requirements, in fact, iscarried out in violation of it. This developmentcomprises of both formal housing andrecreation projects; the creation of unauthorisedfishing villages as well as informal settlements.The impact of these activities on the coastalecology/hydrology has not been documented.However, the coastal profile is highlydisorganized in the absence of proper landmanagement.Land reclamation activities are limited to theKarachi coast where land is reclaimed in theharbour area for port management relatedactivities and in the urban cantonments forhousing, commercial and recreational projects.These activities have resulted in severe erosionalong the coastline due to turbulent waveaction. The progressive disappearance ofBundal Island in the Korangi Creek area can beattributed to the altered coastal hydraulicregime due to the land reclamation carried outby the Defence Housing Authority (DHA) andthe channelling of access creeks to Port Qasim.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development14318. Ibid19. Ibid

CAUSES FOR COASTALENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONSCurrently, neither an umbrella national legislationto protect coastal and marine resources ingeneral nor in any specific area of ecologicalsignificance exists. However, relevantprogrammes on wetlands under the RamsarConvention and Pakistan National ConservationStrategy do cover and protect some of the coastalecosystems. Over 260,000 hectares ofmangroves forests were declared as protectedareas in 1958 and the wildlife of the Indus delta isprotected under the Sindh Wildlife Ordinance,1972.An extensive administrative framework oflocal, provincial and federal agenciesoperates along the Pakistan coast but there isno coordination between them. To most ofthem, conservation is not a priority eventhough in recent years many of their staffhave attended nationally and internationallyorganized forums and seminars onenvironment-related issues.In the absence of legislation, designatedresponsibilities, appropriate well-definedprocedures and the means of institutionalcapacity building, management of marine andcoastal areas is difficult if not impossible.NGOs, such as IUCN, WWF, Shirkat Gah, areinvolved in this sector and have developedmodel conservation projects with thecooperation of local coastal communities butthe constrained resources of NGOs can onlyhave a limited impact without support from stateinstitutions.The Environmental Protection Act, 1997 andthe NEQS serve as the main legislative andregulatory instruments in Pakistan, but they donot specifically address the issue of coastalpollution. For example, there are no provincialor federal laws that explicitly aim to protectmarine resources against possible damage dueto the reduction of freshwater flows through theIndus delta.Data Availability and ReliabilityVarious organisations, both governmental andnon-governmental, are engaged in researchSindh State ofEnvironment &Development144Sindh Agriculture Information Department, HyderabadKarachi Port: Dredging is required annually for removing the silt and sand that gets deposited in the navigational channels

and documentation related to the variousaspects of coastal ecology and environment.However, these efforts are not coordinated tospecifically address the coastal zone'secologically sensitive areas as a compositeecosystem. As a result, information about anyparticular zone or area of ecological importanceis available only in bits and pieces and thedynamics of the coastal ecosystems are notproperly understood or addressed. Tools andequipment required for the testing and analysisof the coastal zone ecology and environment ona long term, scientific basis are inaccessible.These factors are a major constraint onenvironment-related research, planning andimplementation.Policies, Legislations,Jurisdiction and EnforcementThe presence of a multiplicity of agencies,institutions and organizations involved in themanagement of the coastal regions of Sindh,particularly in Karachi and its surroundingareas, hinders the development of coordinatedpolices and plans for the coastal region. Neitheran administrative framework dealing specificallywith coastal and marine resource management,nor relevant legislation and regulations, hasbeen established so far. Moreover, acoordinated plan for Sindh's coastal regionshas never even been proposed or discussed.An important aspect of such a plan would bemeasures to prevent any further loss ofdischarge to the delta region from the Induswhich is causing sea intrusion. Damagingsocial, economic and ecological repercussionsare expected because of the inccurring loss offauna and flora due to this phenomenon.Muhammad Anees ShahzadA biodiverse specimen: the Gintar FishA number of resource managementprogrammes and initiatives are taking place inSindh to promote the ecological well being andsocio-economic uplift of the coastal areas. Theagencies involved in these programmes includethe NIO; SUPARCO; Centre of Excellence inMarine Biology, University of Karachi; the IUCNPakistan and WWF Pakistan. However, the lackof coordination between these organizationsand an absence of an integrated vision aremajor constraints to these efforts.STAKEHOLDERSEMERGING TRENDSThe Karachi Fishermen Cooperative Societycan play a vital role in leading advocacy efforts.Recently, the Pakistan Fisherfolk Forum andSindh Taraqi Pasand Mallah Tanzeem havebeen formed to mobilize communities andnetwork with other groups for protecting andpromoting fisherfolk livelihoods. Theseorganisations, whose membership hasballooned to include several thousand, haveinitiated a campaign against industrial fishing.Policy MakersThe Ministry of Environment and Urban Affairs isa relevant umbrella policy-making body. It is thefocal institution working in the field ofenvironmental protection in Pakistan and has anoverall responsibility in all environmental matters.Regulatory AgenciesThe implementation and regulation of theEnvironmental Protection Act is theSindh State ofEnvironment &Development145

Muhammad Anees ShehzadTurtle enclosure at SandspitSindh State ofEnvironment &Development146responsibility of the Environmental ProtectionAgency, Sindh, whereas the Pakistan MaritimeSecurity Agency, established in 1986 by theGovernment of Pakistan, oversees Pakistan'sinterests in the maritime zones and the EEZ. Inaddition, the Director General, Ports andShipping, Federal Ministry of Communications,is responsible for regulating all port andshipping related matters.Administrative BodiesThe Karachi Port Trust is responsible for themanagement, administration and developmentof all port-related activities at the Karachi Port.Similarly, the Port Muhammad Bin QasimAuthority is responsible for the management,administration and development of all portrelated-activities at Port Qasim.The Sindh Coastal Development Authority hasthe overall mandate to coordinate and managethe coastal areas of Pakistan and the Karachiand Korangi Fish Harbour Authorities in Sindh,in cooperation with the Sindh FishermenCooperative Societies that manage fishingrelatedactivities along the coast.Resource ManagementOrganisationsRegulation and the supervision of the artisanaland mechanised fishing activities along thecoast are carried out by the federal andprovincial fisheries departments, in coordinationwith the Fish Harbour Authorities.Close collaboration with the federal andprovincial forestry and wildlife departments isessential, as they are responsible foradministering and managing the forestry sectorin Pakistan.FUTURE ACTIONEfforts to control the marine pollution in theterritorial waters of Sindh can be bolsteredthrough the enforcement of the Sindh FisheriesOrdinance 1980 with necessary amendments tocover agricultural effluents.Provincial laws relating to over-fishing interritorial waters are quite comprehensive. As aminimum measure, these regulations need tobe seriously enforced including the imposition

of severe penalties. The seasonal ban onfishing can only become effective when appliedto all commercial fishing crafts without anyconcessions or exceptions. The use of finemeshed nets and foreign trawling also needs tobe checked and regulated.To counter environmental threats such asinland salt water intrusion and salinisation ofagricultural land, the relationship of the Indusdischarge with the Sindh coast mangroveforests and coastal and deep sea fisheriesneeds to be evaluated, along with theireconomic and social implications. This wouldjustify the water discharge required for thedelta. This is all the more important sincemany new irrigation schemes are beingproposed for the upper reaches of the Indusbasin which will lower the discharge levelsdownstream.Through the Exclusive Fishery Zone(Regulation of Fishing) Rules 1990 and theTerritorial Waters and Maritime Zones Act 1976,the federal government can take steps toprevent pollution in the deep sea. However,provincial efforts for conservation andprotection of fishing communities are likely tobe far more effective when federal actionscomplement provincial regulations.Establishing a separate coastal zone authorityfor Karachi should be considered,acknowledging its economic importance,ecological status, and the complexity of issues.The establishment of elected local governmentsin the country (under the recently implementeddevolution of power process), with greaterpowers and functions than ever before, couldfacilitate the effective planning andimplementation of Improved Coastal ZoneManagement (ICZM) strategies and actions.The preparation of an updated data bank of thephysical, climatic, hydrologic and ecologicalfeatures and processes of the Pakistan coast isessential if realistic planning and institutionaldevelopment is to be carried out. For this,financial resources will have to be committed.This process could be undertaken incoordination with a number of global networksand organizations involved in such activities.Organizations such as National Institute ofOceanography (NIO), SUPARCO, MaritimeSecurity Agency (MSA) and academic bodiessuch as the University of Karachi, NEDUniversity of Engineering and Technology,Karachi, can play an effective role in thisprocess.The fisheries sector is economically the mostsignificant actor along the coast as it employs amajority of the local inhabitants. However, itsimpact and potential could be significantlyenhanced if the fishing community is financiallyempowered and its technical and operationalcapacities and capabilities are improved. Thisrequires investment in the indigenousdevelopment of fishing technology and meetinginfrastructure needs such as a network of jettiesand cold storage facilities at important landingsites. These, in turn, have to be linked withmarket centres.For greater involvement of the public in coastalrelated issues and to make an impact at thegrassroots level, it would be desirable if localcouncillors, particularly women, are providedopportunities for obtaining training in coastalresource management.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development147

CHAPTER 12Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentFlora

indh is endowed with a rich diversity of flora. This flora,apart from its aesthetic value, is used as fodder, in ruralhomes, in industry as well as in the production ofSmedicines.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development149

Pakistan is among the leading exporters ofmedicinal plants in the world with an estimatedannual export worth of ten million USD. Variousspecies of medicinal plants are found in Sindhincluding Ziziphus nummularia found in the SaltRange, Opuntia ficus - indica found inTharparkar and the Prosopis cineraria whichare common in Thal, Cholistan and Tharparkar.These plants are used in health care products,in traditional medicine (either as raw, singleherb preparations or as manufactured finishedproducts, including substances of psychotropicand ritual/religious value) as well as rawmaterial for the pharmaceutical industry. Thelocal population uses them as culinaryadditions, spices and colourings as well as innatural cosmetics and perfumes.Like other developing countries, Pakistan isexperiencing depletion of its flora resourcebase at an increasingly high rate. This isbecause of a rise in the population, its povertyand the exploitation of natural resources. Forexample, mangrove forests are beingdiminished due to the decreasing supply offreshwater from the Indus and by thedeforestation activities of poor communitieswho have no other affordable energy options.Similarly, Commiphora whightii in Tharparkaris being adversely affected by drought.Badar AbroThe Cactus plant is common in the arid lands of SindhAlthough Sindh is for the most part arid or semiarid,there is definite geological andarchaeological evidence of a fairly humidclimate in the past 1 . The Indus civilization wasthe abode of marsh-loving animals. Evidencesuggests that until 500 BC, Sindh was wellwooded, with subtropical forests that wereBox 12.1: The Neem Tree, an important medicinal plantAzadirachta indica or ‘neem’ is a fast-growing plant reaching up to a height of 15-20 m. It is an evergreentree, but it sheds most or nearly all of its leaves, when dry conditions persist for long. It is a shady treegiving off white flowers that have a honey-like smell. In the Sub-continent, there are about one-crore 80lakh neem trees. They are usually planted on the roadsides or near the bazaars to help in the protectionagainst the sun.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development150Neem can grow in any warm and dry place; it gives best results where rainfall exceeds to more than 400-1200 mm yearly. It grows well in certain acidic soils but does not survive in the waterlogged and salinesoils. The leaves of the tree are beneficial and used as a natural remedy for certain diseases. Its seedsand the leaves help to kill bacteria, fungi and certain harmful pests and insects. Due to the pollution inour environment, various lethal diseases have become common. The neem tree is now gainingimportance as the advantages are making people realise its importance. Neem is known to cure certaindiseases like malaria and it helps to get rid of stomach worms.Since time immemorial, people have used the neem tree for different purposes. Research has provedthat the various compounds of the tree are good for medicinal purposes. Neem also helps to control theferocity of floods and maintain the fertility of land. It has been used as a natural antibiotic to help combatvarious diseases in animals as well as human beings.Source: IUCN Pakistan1. Khan, F.K., 1991. A Geography of Pakistan, Environment, People and Economy, Oxford University Press, Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad

Sana RazaA Neem Treeinhabited by many animals including elephantsand wild buffalos.Available information about the ecologicaldistribution of vegetation in Sindh is scanty,outdated and therefore, unreliable. Theliterature that is available makes acomparative study difficult as it does not coverthe defined geography of Sindh. The scientificaccuracy of data in many cases is alsoquestionable.There are only a few studies that help in thedelineation of the ecological zones of thecountry in general, and of Sindh in particular 2 . Acareful scanning of fascicles reveals that almost114, out of a total of 209 families, constitute theflora of Sindh. These consist of 944 species. Tohave a better understanding of the flora ofSindh, it can be divided into the following majorhabitat types:ECOLOGICAL ZONESRefer to map 12.1 for details on ecologicalzones in Sindh.Littoral and mangrove: This zone possessesmangroves that are fairly widespread. In Sindh,these forests are confined to a few areas andrepresent a genetic stock adapted to localconditions. These areas serve as a dwelling forplant and animal species vital for biodiversity inthis ecosystem.Plant species in these regions are Avicenniaalba (=A. officinalis), Ceriops tagal (C.candol/eana), Halopyrum mucronatum andBrugujera conjugata. In most regions there is apure stand of only Avicennia. In higher areas,not subject to daily inundation, there is a lowscrub of Salsola imbricata and Suaeda fruticosawith scattered bunches of grasses such asSindh State ofEnvironment &Development1512. Hooker, 1904; Stewart, R.R. 1972. An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir, Fakhri Printing Press,Karachi; Iqbal, S.H. & Sheikh, M.I. 1987. Vegetation of Mountain Regions of Pakistan, Resource Potential of Mountain Region ofPakistan (Shams, F.A & Khan, K. eds.), Centre for Integrated Mountain Research, Punjab University, Lahore; Ali, S.I. and Qaiser, M.1986. A Phytogeographical Analysis of the Phanerogams of Pakistan and Kashmir, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. 898:89-101; Bano, F., Malik.S, Shah, M.& Nakaike, T. 1995. A Note on Topography, Climate, Geology and Ecology of Pakistan Cryptogams of Himalayas. Vol.3.Nepal and Pakistan (Watanabe, M. & Hagiwara, H. eds.), National Science Museum, Tsukuba, Japan

Urochondra setulosa (=Heleochloa dura) andHalopyrum mucronatum. For more details seeTable 1 in Appendix 12.1: Flora of Sindh in itsMajor Habitats.Riverine: This zone comprises of habitatslocated in the immediate vicinity of the IndusRiver and its tributaries up to the base of thefoothills in the north. Due to the control ofseasonal flooding through irrigation barragesand increased intensity of cultivation adjacentto the main riverbanks, this zone is rapidlydisappearing and the riverine forests aredrying out.Plant species in these regions are ClimaxAcacia nilotica (=A.arabica), and in less stableareas, Tamarix indica, Tamarix aphylia, Populuseuphratica with grasses such as Saccharumben galense (=Erianthus munja, Saccharummunja) and Saccharum spontaneum.Swamps and the jheel: These areas aresubject to summer flooding and often becomedry by April or May. Typical examples are foundaround the East Nara and Sanghar, Ghauspur(Jacobabad district) and Manchar (Dadu district).The most commonly found plant species inthese regions are Taniarix dioica. Otherdominant shrubs and grasses are Phragrniteskarka, Typha angustata, Paspalum paspaloides(=P. distichurn), Imperata cylindrica, Arundodonax, Sacdaruni spontaneum, and in waterpools Valhsneria spiralis, Neiunbium nuciferumand Hydrilla verticillata are present. For moredetails, see Table 2 in Appendix 12.1.Tropical thorn forest: This is a major habitatoriginally occupying the entire Indus plain fromthe foothills to the coast, but due to humanactivity over the course of more than onethousand years, most of this forest has beenlost. Its principal edaphic feature is deep soil,where the tropical thorn forests survive in smallpockets. A few have recently regenerated inareas such as airfield peripheries (for soilstabilization), around graveyards, anduncultivated areas such as saline flats or thepatt. In Sindh, they are mostly found on the rightbank of the Indus around Kashmore.Plant species in these forests are Prosopiscineraria (=P. spicigera), Capparis decidua,Salvadora oleoides, Tamarix aphvlla, Ziziphusnummularia, Calotropis procera, Suaedafruticosa with grasses such as Aristidaadscensionis and Octhocloa compressa(=Eleusine compressa). Some of these speciesare scattered shrubby trees which are affectedby lopping. In the waterlogged and saline areasof the south, Salvadora oleoides is replaced bySalvadora persica and Tamarix indica and inthe southwest the calcareous rocks aredominated by Euphorbia caducifolia.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development152IUCN PakistanDate trees provide fruit and fodderSand dune desert: There are five main sanddune deserts in Sindh. They are widelyseparated from each other. One of these islocated between 610 and 1,060 meters (2,000and 3,500 feet) above sea level. The others areless than 152 metres (500 feet) above sea level.Thar is a typical example of the latter type.Plant species in these deserts are Prosopiscineraria (=P. spicigera), Tamarix aphylla,Euphorbia caducifoha, Capparis decidua,Salvadora oleoides, Commiphora wightii (=Cmukul), Ziziphus nummularia, Grewia tenax,Cassia senna (=C. angustifolia), Calligonumpolygonoides and Blepharis sindica. For moredetails, see Table 3 in Appendix 12.1.

Dry, sub-tropical, semi-evergreen scrubforest: These are tracts with ridges ofsandstone and limestone escarpments,interspersed with low soil deposits in thenorthern regions of the province. Generally,they are heavily overgrazed by domestic stockand pocked by severe gully erosion. They arefound in the hilly areas of Kohistan at anelevation of 3,000 feet and above.Clumps of cactus-like Euphorbia dominate thelandscape of Kohistan, which is subject tohumid winds during the monsoon season but ishot, dry, and relatively frost-free for the rest ofthe year. Other species in the region are Acaciajacquemontii, Maerua crassifolia, Commiphorawight ii =C. mukul, Ziziphus nummu/aria,Rhazya stricla, Euphorbia caducifolia, Grewiatenax, and Blepharis sindica. For more details,see Table 4 in Appendix 12.1.CONSERVATION ISSUESConservation of flora resources is a low priorityalthough Article 7 of the CBD acknowledges theimportance of flora by identifying them as one ofthe components of biodiversity. Although effortsare made to conserve wildlife, plants are almostalways excluded from this. There is a Societyfor the Protection of Flora but it has not beenvery effective. Interaction between thestakeholders and interest groups, especiallybetween researchers and the NGOs active inthis field, has been weak. This has resulted inuncoordinated and ineffectual campaigns thathave not been able to muster support orgenerate enthusiasm from the communities andgroups who could have benefited from them.Maintenance of organized data is essential forthe future monitoring of the sector. However,there is no institution specifically designated tomaintaining and storing data on biodiversity foranalysis and dissemination. The NationalHerbarium, the Pakistan Museum of NaturalHistory, and the Karachi University Herbariummaintain some data on the flora, and additionalinformation is available in universities andprovincial forest departments but, unfortunately,the data collection and research at theseinstitutions is not coordinated.Badar AbroWater Lilies are an important aquatic plant found in wetlandsNatural catastrophes, overgrazing, andimproper exploitation of resources are some ofthe major causes identified in the reduction ofgreen areas. Furthermore, the construction ofSukkur Barrage in 1932 turned scrub forest intopaddy land but also increased waterlogging inSindh, which led to the destruction of much ofthe flora in its command area 3 .Although legislation like the Forest Act, NEQSand the Wildlife Protection Act exist, they arenot enforced. Political interests, feudal influenceand involvement hamper the implementation ofthese legislations. In addition, theadministrative set-up is run on an ad-hoc basiswith a limited budget and often without anylong-term planning. As a result, few trainedpeople remain employed in these institutions.EMERGING TRENDSThere is a growing awareness among variousstakeholders that this sector needs closerattention. The National Herbarium, a federalinstitution, is engaged in data collection on theSindh State ofEnvironment &Development1533. Hasnain, S.Z. and Rahman,O. 1957. Plants of Karachi and Sindh. Monograph No.1. Department of Botany, University of Karachi. Karachi

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development154floral diversity of Pakistan with over 100,000plant specimens stored with primary field data.It has prepared the first account of the Flora ofPakistan, which acts as a baseline documentfor plant diversity of the country. The Herbariumhas initiated the preparation of databases tofacilitate scientists in the country andinformation exchanges with other regionalinstitutions. A database to prioritize medicinalplants for conservation is near completion. Thisinformation will be useful in assessing themarket demand and conservation status of rareplants. It will also assist in the formulation ofnecessary steps for the cultivation ofthreatened species to ensure sustainablesupply to markets and in determining researchpriorities. However, the flora of Sindh continuesto be threatened due to droughts, watershortages, desertification because of the overexploitationof and stocking of rangelands, andbadly conceived drainage and irrigation projectssuch as the LBOD, RBOD and the Chotiarireservoir.A number of projects of the WWF-Pakistan andthe IUCN involve communities in preserving theflora in their regions and managing it on asustainable basis. However, such projects aretoo few to make a substantial difference unlessthey can be replicated effectively.STAKEHOLDERSThe Local PopulationA majority of the local population isdisinterested in the preservation of flora when itconflicts with their short-term economic needs.For the most part, they are not organizedcommunities and have difficulty in receiving andtranslating information into workabledevelopment models.Interest GroupsThese include the hakim (traditional healers),herb collectors, NGOs and botanists. The scantnumber of these people restricts their ability toact as key stakeholders. Also, they arefragmented and do not have a platform forcollective action. They are not linked in any wayto government and academic researchinstitutions. Consequently, they cannot promoteor effect policy decisions and theirimplementation.The GovernmentThe Government of Pakistan is party to someinternational agreements that compel it to playa role at national and regional levels. However,various government institutions that deal withflora related issues need to coordinate theirefforts.World Wide Fund for Nature-Pakistan (WWF)WWF-Pakistan has been a consistentstakeholder in this sector. It networks with otherpartner organizations along with localcommunities in its work. For example, theMangrove Conservation Project (1997-2002), atSandspit in Karachi, laid special emphasis onthe capacity building of the local community andpromoted its active involvement in mangroveplantation and its sustainable management. Anursery has been established at Sandspit fordemonstration and awareness-raising activities.Around 700 ha of mangroves are earmarked forsustainable management in partnership withlocal communities.At present, the WWF-Pakistan is working on aproject titled 'Tackling Poverty in Pakistan'sCoastal Communities through SustainableLivelihood Project' which is being implementedfrom March 2003 with support from theEuropean Commission. The project aims atimproving the sustainable livelihood of peopleliving in four coastal communities, two of which(Keti Bunder and Sandspit) are located inSindh.FUTURE ACTIONAs a first step, strengthening of institutions isrequired in order to expand and improve theinformation base through various researchprojects. This will lead to the development andinstitutionalization of systems to monitor thecomponents of biodiversity.

Since the publication of the first issue of theFlora of (West) Pakistan in 1970, about 32years ago, new data has been added and freshmaterial is now available for study. Hence, it isimperative to update the publication anddisseminate it widely.It is necessary under Article 7 of CBD, toprepare authentic and reliable inventories ofendangered and threatened plant species sothat effective steps may be taken under otherarticles of the Convention. It is imperative thatthe capacity building of the implementingagencies is undertaken by tapping indigenousresources.Documenting information of successfulgovernment and NGO interventions that recordand preserve flora should be a first steptowards the replication of these interventions.Following this, strong lobbying should beundertaken to approach the federal andprovincial governments and donor agencies tofund similar activities.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development155

CHAPTER 13Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentWildlife

istorically, the province of Sindh was known for itsdiverse range of habitats, ecosystems and severalunique species of wildlife. However, the present state ofalmost all wildlife species in this region is bleak.Immediate action needs to be taken to address thispredicament although it may already be too late forHsome species that have already become extinct.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development157

BIRDS OF SINDHBirds from the South Asian subcontinent, EastAfrica, Europe and much of Asia are found inthe Sindh, which serves as a caravanserai forEurasian avifauna travellers. Some fly in to stayfor the winter, while the rest fly through. Formany species the province serves as abreeding ground while others procreate in otherareas but have been spotted in this region.There are resident species specific to Sindh,whilst others come from far and wide.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development158Muhammad Anees ShehzadThe Wilson's Storm Petrel which may be sightedoff the coast of Karachi breeds on the continentof Antartica. The Lesser Golden Plover, seenaround Karachi is known to breed only in theKamachatka Penninsula lying nearly a thousandmiles north of Japan 1 . The flocks of the BlueCheeked Bee-eater spend their winter over awide range of countries in East Africa. Theycross the Arabian Sea to arrive in Karachi andthe Makran Coast from the end of April to May.Sindh has four resident species of ducks ofwhich three are tree ducks like the LesserNorthern Eagle Owl or Great Horned Owl is found in SindhMuhammad Anees ShehzadBarn Owl or Hewt Owl ( Tyto Abba ) is found in Sindhwhistling teal, Cotton teal and Marbled teal;while the Spotbill duck is a marsh duck. Thenumbers of both diving, as well as surfacefeeding ducks, have declined. Marbled tealbreeds on salty open marshes on both sides ofNara canal and on lagoons located on leftbank of Rohri canal in Nawabshah district.Although, all four species are declared"protected" species under the Sindh WildlifeProtection Act, 1993, they continue to behunted. The remodelling of Nara canal,excavation of a seepage drain on its right bankand the construction of Chotiari reservoir indistrict Sanghar of Sindh are likely to transformthe landscape and the environment of theentire area. The existing wetlands of Chuchand Wasoo located on the right bank of Naracanal in Nawabshah district which arebreeding grounds of Marbled teal and Lesserwhistling teal, would then disappearaltogether. Those on the left bank of Naracanal are going to be submerged under a hugecolumn of water from the Chotiari reservoir.The loss of habitat and illegal trappingactivities are perhaps the greatest threat tomost game birds.1. Roberts, T. J., 1991-1992, The Birds of Pakistan. Oxford University Press

Among the Order Galliformes, the grey andblack partridge are considered the mostfavoured game birds by sportsmen due to thesucculent quality of their white meat, which isconsidered a delicacy. Both species were onceof very common occurrence but in recent timestheir numbers have declined considerably and,at some places, the birds have been completelyexterminated. There are several factors thataccount for this, particularly illegal trapping andthe loss of habitat. The Black partridges werefound in agricultural areas particularly close tosugarcane fields. The increased use ofpesticides adversely affects this species sincethey feed on poisoned worms. This causeschemicals to accumulate in their body fatreserves or reproductive systems causinginfertility or impotence. The carcinogeniccompounds in pesticides also cause thinning ofthe egg shells that break before hatching.The Indian peafowl, also from the OrderGalliformes, was once common in the desolateand undisturbed areas of the south-easterncorner of Sindh. Their numbers are, however,dwindling. In the 1940s they were quiteabundant in many areas in Sindh with sufficientwater supplies, such as the Sanghar andMirpurkhas districts. But after independencehunters and trappers diminished theirpopulation greatly; unlike the predominantlyHindu community of Tharparkar, they did notregard these birds as sacred. Today there are alarger number of birds in the extreme southernborder regions where the Hindu community stillprotects them. However this species cannotescape the nexus formed between the officialsand trappers in Thar.Bird watchers have narrated seeing hundreds ofGrey Lag geese found grazing on tender wheattufts along the Manchar banks near Shah Hasan.A whole flock was reported whirling over theIndus near Jamshoro in 1978. Another smallflock of Grey Lag was seen and filmed onHudero Lake in 1992 and teams on Hamal Lakein Larkana district have recorded regularsightings during mid-winter waterfowl counts.Over the years, there has been a decline in thenumber of species that is attributed to the loss ofhabitat coupled with changes in temperature withSindh now experiencing less severe winters.Muhammad Anees ShehzadWestern Reef Heron at Manchar LakeThe first sighting of the Sirus crane, a localizedspecies of Rajasthan, was reported in 1978when three birds were seen nesting on a largepond at Sangah Talhah near Virawah,Nagarparkar 2 . The current status of the speciesin Sindh is that of an endangered one. Theother two species of cranes (the Commoncrane and the Damoiselle crane), migrate inlarge numbers from the Palaearctic region,pass over Balochistan, and enter Sindh duringearly October, using the Hub Dam and theIndus open flood plains in Kacho areas as astopover. These birds migrate further southtowards the Great Runn where they spend theirwinters and safely return to their nestinggrounds in the month of March. The status ofthese two species is still safe and static.The Eurasian Black Vulture or the Cinerousvulture can also be found in Sindh. They breedin Balochistan and NWFP but migrate to Sindhduring winters. In the 1950s sizable groups ofCinerous vultures could be seen on the outskirtsof Karachi at refuse dumps. They have alsobeen sighted at the Khadeji Falls, 20 km fromKarachi, which is a favourite winter roostingground. The waterfall is losing its appeal forSindh State ofEnvironment &Development1592 . Ali, Khursheed. Reappearance of the Sirus Cranes in Pakistan

migratory birds as it is drying up because of lowwater level in the drain that brings water up thefall 3 . There are several other factors that affectthe population of this species in Sindh. Sincethere is an increased demand by European andAmerican zoos to display these rathermagnificent birds, they are being transported toartificially created habitats. A recent epidemic ofan unknown infectious disease that affectedthese vultures has contributed to their decline.Family Otididae was once well represented byits members especially the Houbara bustard(taloor). This is not a resident species howeverlarge populations would spend their winters inthe borderline-desert areas of Cholistan andThar. The movement of these birds isincreasingly dependent on the availability offood, as well as seclusion and freedom fromdisturbances. The local hunters and Arabfalconers have ruthlessly hunted this shy andwary bird. No attempts have been made toconduct regular counts at the completion ofmigration or precise bag counts that can beobtained from the falconers at the end of thehunting season. However, the migratory patternshows considerable decrease. Prior to thearrival of foreigners that are invited to the regionpurely for hunting expeditions this species wasabundant enough for the birds to be spotted inthrongs rather than as solitary.The status of the Great Indian bustard (goramo)is also endangered in Sindh. This species, oncea resident of Nagarparkar and arid areas ofSindh adapts to semi-desert and grass-steppeconditions. In the 1970s small numbers weresighted in border desert regions in Cholistanand in the Thar desert 4 . It is now a vagrant dueto disturbance by local and foreign poachers.Family Rostratulidae is represented by threespecies of snipes, two species of Godwits and theEurasian curlew. However, the numbers of Jacksnipe, Common snipe and Pintail is decreasingdue to disappearance of its habitat which ismostly estuaries and mudflats in lower Sindh.Family Pteroclididae (Order Pteroclidiformes) iswell represented by its members in Sindh. AllSindh State ofEnvironment &Development160Muhammad Anees ShehzadThe vibrant male peacock3. Khan, Z. A. 2000. Khadeji Falls Dryingup, losing Attraction. Dawn http://www.dawn.com/2000/04/16/nat16.htm4. Roberts, T. J. 1991. The Birds of Pakistan, Vol. 1. Oxford University Press, Karachi

Muhammad Anees ShehzadSaker Falcon (Falconcherry ) is found in desert and hilly areasbut Pallas or Imperial sandgrouse are residentspecies. Among the sandgrouse the Spottedand Chestnut bellied sandgrouse outnumberother species and are fairly evenly distributedall over the arid areas of Sindh. Both specieswere breeding effortlessly but their numbershave decreased considerably due partly to thesevere and continuous drought that hasresulted in the disappearance of water-holes(toba and small water-ponds), and because ofindiscriminate hunting.Family Columbidae (Order Columbiformes) isrepresented by five species, of which the mostcommon are the Indian Ring dove (or Collareddove) and Little Brown dove (or Laughingdove). Their numbers are decreasing sharplydue to feeding on wheat grains treated withorgano-phosphorous compounds.From the Falconidae Family, the Laggar falconis a resident species of the less cultivatedareas in the province. It is found throughoutlower Sindh, especially along canal banks withtree lined embankments in Badin district andthe drier parts of Dadu district, inhabiting scrubdesert areas, low hills or gullies. It has beennoted that this species was able to adapt tothe urban environment, nesting in areas inKarachi up to the late 1940s however thecondition of modern day Karachi inhibit thispattern of behaviour and none have beenspotted within urban areas for the past fewdecades.Other species belonging to the FalconidaeFamily found in Sindh are Merlin, Northernhobby, Saker falcon and Peregrine falcon all ofwhom are visitors from the Palaearctic region.The Northern hobby is a summer breedingvisitor to the northern mountain regions of thecountry; however it has been spotted in hillyareas near Karachi and in Thatta. The Merlin isa winter visitor and has been sighted in Dhabejiand Mirpur Sakro in Thatta district of Sindh.Being a migrant species, single birds areusually spotted as opposed to resident speciesthat are found in pairs or clusters.The Saker falcon, which is found in drier hillyareas of Sindh, is becoming increasingly rare.The Saker falcon can be trained to hunthoubara and gazelle and hence is sought afterby Arab Falconers. This has undoubtedly led totheir rapid disappearance from the region as afemale in good plumage would fetch as muchSindh State ofEnvironment &Development161

Muhammad Anees ShehzadFlamingos, an important migratory bird found in SindhSindh State ofEnvironment &Development162as US$ 50,000 in 1983 5 . The Peregrine falconsuffers the same fate. This species could fetchup to US$ 60,000 in the mid-eighties. Atpresent, owing to its scarcity and inflation, itsvalue has increased considerably. ThePeregrine falcon is a winter visitor, mostlyrestricted to the coastal marshes, lakes, and thedhand in lower Sindh. Occasional individualscan be encountered along the mangrove creeksand Karachi seacoast.There are various species of raptors abundantin Sindh but only a few are associated with thehunting of game animals. The Goshawk is arare migrant visitor to Sindh, favouring woodedareas. It is associated with the sport of falconryparticularly by landowners, who train them tohunt hares and Grey partridges.Among the resident species are White Eyedbuzzard, Shikra, Red-headed merlin andKestrel. The White Eyed buzzard is the mostwidespread raptor in the province since it is welladapted to irrigated cultivation and woodedareas as it is to fairly treeless scrub desertareas. The Shikra is quite common throughoutthe Indus plains. It is more partial to irrigatedforest areas than desert facies. The RedHeaded merlin is a resident species andbelieved to be largely sedentary. Occasionalbirds can be spotted in the desert borderregions of Tharparker and Cholistan, outsideKarachi in Malir. It is probably rarer in otherparts of Pakistan. Like all other species offalcons in the region, with the single exceptionof Kestrel, the Merlin population has declinedconsiderably due in some measure at least tothe falcon trade 6 . These raptors are used asdecoys for capturing Sakar and Peregrinefalcons from the Thar desert and the Kohistantract. Since these birds feed on field mice,snakes and other reptiles, the population ofsome pests has increased. The imbalance inbiodiversity is a vicious cycle as the increase inpests affects agricultural production, humanconsumption and the livelihoods of the farmers.Trappers and hunters have victimised thecommon quail which migrates to this areaduring September from southern Punjab and5. Ibid6. Ibid

Table 13.1: Important Birds of SindhS.No. English Name Scientific Name Local Name1 Great Bustard Ardeotis nigricps Barri Tiloor, Hukna2 Houbara/Macqueen's Bustard Chlamydotis macqueeni Tiloor, Houbara3 Common/ Blue Peafowl Paro cristatus Neela More, Mor4 Black Francolin/ Partridge Francolinus francolinus Kala Titer, Karo Tittar5 Grey Francolin/ Partridge Francolinus pondicerianus Bhura Titer, Achho Tittar6 Yellow Legged Green Pigeon Treron phocnicoptera Harrial Kabutar7 Red Turtle Dove Streptopclia tranquebarica Surkh Fakhta8 Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus Hawasal, Painn Pakhhi9 Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor Lum Dheeng/ Laakho Jani10Oriental Darter/ Anhinga/Snake BirdAnhinga melanogaster Jall Kawwa11 White Stork Ciconia ciconia Safaid Laqlaq/ Achhhi Toor12 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala Rangeen Laqlaq, Chit rod toor13 Greater Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis Rangeen Isnif14 Sociable Lapwing Vanellus gregarius Tattihri, Sehkari teeto15 Pheasant tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus Peehoo, Peehoorri16 Spot Billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha Hanjar Batakh, Khanjar17 Marbled Teal Marmaronetta angustirostris Mar Marin Batakh18 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Neel Sar, Neergi19 Brahminy/ Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea Surkhab, Lallo Hanj20 Brown Headed Gull Larus brunaicephalus Bhori Sar Kina21 Caspian Tern Sterna caspia Caspian Dhumrah, Kekrah22 Indian Skimmer/ Scissors-Bill Rynchops albilcullis Qainchi Chounch/Pann Cheer23 Sarus Crane Grus antigone Sarus Koonj24 Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca Shahi Oqab25 Pallas's Fish Eagle Haliacctus leucorhyplus Palasi Oqab, Machh manga26 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Behri/Kala Shaheen27 Saker Falcon Falco cherrug Charagh/Saker Baaz28Eurasian Eagle Owl/Great- Babo buboOqabi UlluHorned Owl29Lesser Golden-backedWoodpeckerDinopium benghalense Sunheri Khatkhat30 Sindh Pied Woodpecker Picoides assimilis Sindhi Khatkhat31 Blue Cheeked Bee Eater Merops persicus Barra Mugs khor/Traklo32 Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus Sunheri Peelak,Peelkio33Indian Treepie/Rufous TreepieDendrocitta vagabunda Nabatati Zagh/Katar Khaan34Common/ Punjab Raven/Desert RavenCorvus corax subcorax Doodh kaag/Paharri Kawwa35 Pied Crested/Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus Choti Dar Koel/Tarro36 Rosy Starling/ Rosy Pastor Sturnus roseus Tillear, Gulabi Myna37 Jordan's Babbler Chrysomma altirostre Jorden Ki Ghoghai, Doomni, Pinjhrro38 Sindh Jungle Sparrow Passer pyrrhonotus Sindhi Gorria, Jungli Chirria39 Red Avadavat/ Red Munia Amandara formosa Surkh Piddi, Garrho Cheeho40 Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus Baya, Borrhi.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development163Source: Sindh Wildlife Department

Muhammad Anees ShehzadPair of common CranesSindh State ofEnvironment &Development164Rajasthan. These birds are lured by trappersthrough recorded sounds when they migratefrom Sindh to the Makran coast and onwards toneighbouring Oman.See-see partridges are also trapped and soldopenly in the bird market near Empress Market,Karachi. The status of See-see partridge andChukar or Blue Rock partridge has not beendisturbed and the birds are localized to Kirtharrange and the foothills of the Kohistan tract.IMPORTANT MAMMALS OFSINDHFamily Cervidae is the only widely representedfamily in Sindh. Until today, the hog deer haswithstood hunting pressure though it has beenbrutally persecuted ever since the earlytwentieth century. Their numbers dwindledsharply after Makhi dhand was deforested andinhabited by the British Government in 1942.Uncontrolled hunting in the Nara canal area andin the adjacent prosopis forests has almostexterminated its population from this once richhabitat. It has survived well in riverine forestsand a few have been well-preserved in the Keti-Jatoi riverine tract by a wildlife enthusiast,Mujtaba Khan Jatoi, and also by Mir Ali MuradKhan Talpur in his privately owned Mahranogame reserve near Kot-Diji, Khairpur. TheSindh Wildlife Department has also initiated asuccessful captive breeding programme of hogdeer at lagoons and swamps near Haleji Lakeby creating an ideal but artificial environment.There has been no inundation of riverine forestssince 1994 and wild populations of hog deer areat risk both from hunters and because ofenvironmental stress.The common gazelle, one of the most beautifuland highly adaptive animals of Sindh with itslarge protruding black eyes, was once found inthe arid, gravelly plains of Kirthar, Lakhi, west ofGhaibi-dero and Nasirabad up to an elevationof 3,000 feet towards the highest peak in Sindh(Kuti-ji-Qabar). The animal has literally beenexterminated from Jungshahi, Jhimpir,Ghaibidero, and Kotri to Amri. Only a fewanimals now survive in the remote and ruggedravines of the Kirthar National Park, MahalKohistan Wildlife Sanctuary, Hub Dam WildlifeSanctuary, Bahnir range near Sari in Kohistan,Achro Thar in Sanghar, Jumo Samoo and

Muhammad Anees ShehzadA male and female Hog Deer at Mehranoborder areas of Chachro, Nagarparkar andWinhi in Diplo taluka. Unfortunately, night safarihunting is exterminating this species. Thisillegal hunting increases during the earlymonsoon showers when the animals come outto graze on tender grass shoots. Another causeof their declining numbers is attributed to heavypoaching whereby young fawns are collectedand sold in Karachi from where these aresmuggled to the Gulf States concealed in theholds of fishing trawlers. Prior to theintroduction of jeeps, which are now used fornight safari hunting, large herds of gazelleswere stalked by hunters on camels.Rojh, the Blue bull common in bordering India,is restricted to a small area called Asalri nearNagarparkar, and has a natural refuge inProsopis glandulosa (Devi) thickets. Under are-introduction programme, 12 black buckswere imported from a ranch in Texas in 1974under the IUCN species survival programmeand released at Khar breeding centre in KirtharNational Park. The Black buck herd bredprofusely and some 12 pairs were given to MirAli Murad Khan Talpur for breeding at theMehrano captive breeding centre. At present,there are more than 450 animals at Mehrano.Another small herd was given to GhulamMujtaba Jatoi for breeding at his game reservein Kandiaro where the herd population hasgrown to more than 45.The Sindh urial or Wild sheep (gad) and theSindh ibex or Wild goat (sarah) were found inlarge numbers in the Kirthar range, Pub range,Lakhan range and in off-shoots of the Kirtharrange in Mari, Mongthar and Lusar in thevicinity of Moidan. They were also found inLakhi range, west of Johi, extending from ShahGodro to the high mountain peak near Kuti-Ji-Qabar. Their number has decreased to around110 ibex and 13 urial. The ibex was completelywiped out from Moidan by 1968, which wassubsequently declared a National Park in 1974.The area is well protected and every year theSindh Wildlife Department conducts an annualcount that shows a constant increase in thepopulation of ibex, urial and gazelle. There arestill some cases of sporadic poaching. Thepopulation in game reserves has increasedconsiderably and regulated trophy hunting hasbeen allowed in these areas from the year2001. The Kirthar Reserve, which spans308,733 acres, is said to house up to 10,695ibex (November 2000 survey).Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development165

Hyenas inhabit rough, rocky and hilly areas andare absent from forested areas. They used tobe commonly found in the Indus plain of Sindhbut are now near extinction in the areas west ofthe Indus. They are, however, still found in sanddune laden areas east of the river, in arid tractsof the Indus plain, where human settlementsare sparse, and in the Dadu and Larkanadistricts. They spend most of the dayunderground in burrows or in caves.There has been a considerable decline in thenumber of Black bears which were found inSindh. This is directly related to an increase inhuman population in these areas; as many ofthe bears are shot down to prevent them frominvading croplands. A survey carried out by theWWF (1993) recorded that around 1600 bearswere captured. By now the number of bear cubsin captivity has risen. The full grown mothersare usually killed during the capture and thecubs are caught by dealers and sold to nomadicgypsies, known as Qalanders for sums of aboutthree thousand rupees. These men train thebears to dance and wrestle for publicentertainment purposes. The same survey(1993) revealed that 115 cubs were capturedevery year.The Indus dolphin is one of the world's mostspecialised freshwater dolphins. It is derivedfrom the Sea Dolphin, which is an importantmammal in the coastal waters of Pakistan.Some of these dolphines migrated from the seainto the Indus River and become isolated due tothe construction of barrages. Due to theirhabitation of the Indus River's murky waters,these dolphins developed a number ofdistinctive features. The Indus dolphin isconfined to silt-laden flowing rivers. It avoidsturbulent areas and has never been reported inthe tidal waters of the Indus. This may be due toit being sensitive to salinity. Schools of differentsizes have been recorded along the river atdifferent locations but are concentratedbetween the Sukkur and Guddu and Taunsa,and then Taunsa and Chashma barrages 7 . Theconstruction of irrigation barrages has dividedthe dolphins' population. Their movementshave become restricted, as they are not able topass through these irrigation head-works.Hence the reproduction rate has been falling asSindh State ofEnvironment &Development166Rafiq Ahmed RajputA male Neel Gai (Blue Bull) in the wild at Rann of Kutch, near Nagarparkar, Sindh7. http://indusdolphin.org.pk/about/factsheet.asp8. Ibid

Table 13.2: Important Mammals of SindhS.No. English Name Scientific Name Local Name1 Sindh Ibex / Persian Wild Goat Capra aegagrus blythi Sarah, Pahari Bakra2 Afghan Urial / Asian Wild Sheep Ovis vignei blanfordi Gad, Pahari Dumba3 Indian Desert Gazelle / Chinkara Gazella bennettii Chinkara, Hiran,4 Black Buck / Indian Savana Antilope Antilope cerricapra Kala Hiran5 Hog Deer / Parah Deer Axis porcinus Phara, Barasingha6 Blue Bull / NilgaiBoselaplustragocamelus7 Indian Wild Ass / Gorkhar / Onagar Equus hemionus21 Mouse-like HamsterCalomyscus hotsoniHamsterNeel Gai, RojhKhur Jungli Gadha,GorkharKhuchhar8 Striped Hyaena Hyaena hyaena9 Indian Desert Wolf Cains lupus pallipus Bherria, Bagharr10 Indian Desert Fox Vulpes vulpes pusillus Lomrri, Lomarr11 Caracal / Red Lynx Felis caracal Siah Gosh, Harola12 Jungle Cat / Swamp Cat Felis chaus Jungli Billi13 Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrinus Machhi khor billi14 Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica Mushk Billi, Rasse15 Honey Badger / Ratel Mellivora capensis Bijju, Gor Pat16 Scaly Anteater / Pangolin Manis crassicandata Chiunti Khor, Chhalerano17 Indus Blind Dolphin Platanista minorBulhann, Susu Dolphin,Andhy Dolphin18 Smooth Coated Otter Lutrogale perspicillata Udh Bilao, Luddharr19 Flying Fox / Fulvous Fruit Bat Rousettus leschenaultiiUrra Lomrri,Meva KhoreChimgadar,20 Blue Whale / Sulphur Bottom Whale Balaenoptera musculus Neeli Whale, MangrailSource: www.sindhwildlife.comChoohathe genetic pool has shrunk. Furthermore, theyare adversely affected by excessive inbreeding,which can result in reduced fitness or physicaldeformities 8 . The development of irrigationsystems has reduced the amount of water thatflows through the rivers during the wintermonths. Occasionally dolphins stray into canalsand irrigation systems where the water level isnot deep enough. Pollutants in the river alsoaffect the survival of these species.Organizations such as the Indus DolphinProject have been researching this mammaland have managed to contain the rapidextinction of this species. Strict protectionmeasures have also aided these efforts. Themost recent surveys conducted by the SindhWildlife Department have recorded 602individuals in the Dolphin Reserve (between theGuddu and Sukkur barrages) and 18 betweenthe Sukkur and Kotri barrages. This is anencouraging increase from the 150 dolphinsthat were counted in the Reserve in 1974.The Sindh bat is quite rare and locallydistributed. Specimens have been collected inSouthern Balochistan and northward in Sindhnear Shikarpur, but no other sightings orcollections have been recorded in Pakistan. It iswell adapted to the climatic conditions of theSindh State ofEnvironment &Development1678. Ibid

Muhammad Anees ShehzadFemale Black BuckSindh State ofEnvironment &Development168desert and is therefore usually confined towarmer sub-tropical belts. There have beenrecordings of this species in Iran andAfghanistan as well.The Sindh wild hare is historically found all overSindh. Despite being a game animal andthreatened by the disappearance of its habitatdue to the expansion of agriculture, it has heldits own because it is a prolific breeder.The Indian wild ass or onager is a species ofwild horse that is almost extinct. The fewspecimens that remain are found in the GreatRann of Kutch in the Tharparkar district ofSindh. The main predatory force for this speciesare humans, though wolves have attempted tocarry off foals. The South-African Horsesickness (virus) and 'Surra' (caused by a bloodparasite) diseases are both fatal for this species,and both of these are endemic in Sindh.The Indian pangolin or Scaly anteater is welladapted to desert regions and prefers barrenand hilly districts. Specimens have been foundin a variety of locations across Sindh (on the leftbank of the Indus, hilly regions of the westernpart of Dadu and Larkana districts, in the Hubriver valley and the Kirthar range). The pangolinis a highly specialised and adapted feeder andis therefore beneficial to man. There areenormous economic losses, both in agriculturalcrops and buildings, all due to damage done bytermites. Unlike its African cousin, who feeds oncrustaceans, anthropoids and other insects, theIndian Pangolin feeds exclusively on ants,termites and their eggs.Mangrove Jackals have migrated to the coastfrom landlocked areas. They have long hair andhave adapted to their new habitat by developingthe capacity to eat fish.REPTILES ANDAMPHIBIANS FOUND INSINDHA small population of species from theCrocodylidae family. Marsh Crocodiles alsoknown as the mugger or Broad snoutedcrocodiles are found about 16km north ofKarachi, close to the famous shrine of the 13thcentury saint Kamaluddin, better known as

Lincoln DanielCrocodile at Haleji LakeManghopir. The number of crocodiles living atManghopir has decreased but a large numberof pilgrims and visitors still come to this place tofeed them meat, believing that if the crocodileseat their offering, their wishes will be fulfilled asmyths surround their existence.The marsh crocodile tends to be found inshallow bodies of water (both fresh andbrackish). It is an adaptable creature and is ableto move over land to find bodies of water ifprevious ones have dried up. They have beenknown to colonize man-made ponds known as'tanks', as well as lakes, ponds and jheels. Nearthe salt lakes of Sindh the mugger has beenknown to occupy burrows on the sides of hills.The mugger is under threat mainly because it ispoached to obtain the whitish yellow leatherthat makes up the skin on its belly. Its numbershave also decreased due to loss of habitat andpoaching of its eggs.Gharials or Gavials, also from theCrocodylidae family used to be found aroundthe flowing rivers of the Indus river systemduring breeding season and otherwiseprefered relatively calm waters as it enabledthem to breathe with greater ease. Gharialsare long-lived creatures but they have nowbecome extinct in the wild as the areas theyinhabited were dammed up for both irrigationand hydroelectric purposes, preventing themfrom nesting on the adjoining banks. Theireggs were sought after for both food andmedicinal purposes, and male gharials werehunted for their snouts that are said to haveaphrodisiac qualities. Individuals that wereaccidentally caught in fishing nets were eitherkilled by the fishermen when the nets werehauled in, or were drowned.Indian cobras or Naja naja naja found in Sindhare native to Pakistan, Sri Lanka and India.They are quite adaptable to a wide range ofsurroundings and can be seen in wild forests,cultivated areas and rice fields. Although theIndian cobra is not an endangered species, it ishunted and killed for its distinctive skin, which isused in the production of handbags.The Oxus cobra is quite similar in appearanceto the Indian or Spectacled cobra. The Oxuscobra is extremely rare in Pakistan. It is found inthe Northern Areas of Pakistan at elevations ofup to 2,100m. They have also been recorded inNWFP, Balochistan and in parts of Sindh.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development169

The Indian python is normally a jungle dweller,but occurs in open forests with rocky outcropsas well. In the absence of forests it is found inrivers and lakes. In Sindh it has been reportedto exist around the Indus delta, in the Thattaand Tharparkar districts, and at Haleji Lake.Hunting for commercial use of their skin hascaused a decrease in the number of thesesnakes. Factors such as loss of habitat,animosity and killing for medicinal purposeshave also contributed to the decline of thespecies over the past few decades.Table 13.3: Important Reptiles and Amphibians of SindhSindh State ofEnvironment &Development170S.No. English Name Scientific Name Local Name1 Indian Ocean Green Turtle Chelonia mydas Samundri Subz Katchhwa2 Pacific Olive Ridley Turtle Lepidochelys olivacea Sumundri Zaituni Katchhwa3 Spotted Pond Turtle Geoclemys hamiltoni Talabi Katchhwa4 Indian Sawback River Turtle Kachuga tecta Daryai Katchhwa5 Starred Tortoise Geochelone elegans Sitara Katchhwa6 Marsh/Snub-Nosed Crocodile Crocodylus palustris Magar Muchh, Mugger, Wagu7Yellow / Striped Monitor -LizardVaranus flavescens Goh, Dhari Dar Goh8 Fat-tailed/Leopard Gecko Eubleparis maculariusHann Khann, CheetaChhupkali9 Banded Dwarf Gecko Tropiocolotes helenac Dhari Dar Chhoti Chhupkali10 Sindh Broad Tailed Gecko Teratolepis fasciata Sindhi Moti Dum Chhupkali11 Orange Tailed Sand Skink Eumeces schncideriNarangi Dum Regmahi, Makhchatti12 Indian Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactgylus Regmahi, Makh Chatti13 Indian Spiny Tailed Lizard Uromastix hardwicki Sandha, Sandho14 Indian Chameleon Chamaeleo zeylanicus Rung Badal Girgit15 Indian Rock Python Molurus Azdaha, Arrarh blah16 Russelle Sand Boa Eryx conicus Russelle ki do muhi17 Oxus / Black Cobra Naja oxiana Kala Naag, Cobra18 Indian Common Krait Bungarus Caeruleus Sang choor,Peeun Blah19 Russelle's Viper Vipera russelii Ghorriala, Dumbhar Blah20 Red Spotted Diadem Snake Sphalcrosoplis arenarius Shahi Naag, Korarr21Pakistan Ribbon / SandSnakePsammophis leithi Regi Samp, Shehgi22 Glossy Bellied Racer Coluber ventromaculatus Paharri Samp, Par Blah23Common Rat Snake /DhamanPtyas mucosusDhamman, Kua mar24 Sindh River Snake Enhydris pakistanicus Daryai Samp25 Beaked Sea Snake Enhydrina schistosus Chonch dar Samundari Samp26 Annulated Sea Snake Hydrophis cyanocinctus Dhari dar, Samundari Samp27 Slender Blind Snake Typhlops porrects Andha Samp, sampolia28 Tiger Bull Frog Rana tigerina Maindak Dedhar29 Indus Toad Bafo andersori Khushki Ka MaindakSource: www.sindhwildlife.com

The Green turtle is confined to the tropicalwaters of both hemispheres, adults inhabitingthe vicinity of marine algal growth (their mainfood). In Pakistan they are found on theKarachi coast of Sindh and the Makran coast ofBalochistan. They are the only herbivorousspecies of the marine turtles as they feedsolely on algae and different varieties of seagrass, depending on where they are. Theseturtles are threatened by human interference.The once deserted beaches of Hawksbay andSandspit have been breeding grounds for thisspecies for decades. However the increase indevelopment in these areas has threatened theturtle population. Newly born turtles would seekout the sea by the reflection of ambient light ofthe surface of the water. The profusion oflighting by human settlements on the beachmakes the hatchlings disoriented and they setout in the wrong direction where they are eatenby dogs or crows. Commercial poaching hasfurther reduced their population, as eggs arehigh in demand for human consumption inparts of Asia.Like all other marine turtles, the Olive Ridleyturtles are widely distributed throughout thewaters of the tropics, especially around those inthe Indo-Pacific and the East Atlantic regions.They are the most common turtle on the Indiancoasts. They are still considered widespreadalthough their nesting sites are being depletedby the increase in human development oncoastal properties.They are an omnivorous species. In captivity,they have been known to feed on dead fish,crabs and other crustaceans as well as thesofter parts of molluscs. They also feed oncertain species of jellyfish. The main factorsthat threaten these turtles are the commercialharvest of adults, incidental capture in shrimptrawls and the harvesting of their eggs. Alsobecause they feed on jellyfish they are subjectto suffocation by swallowing plastic bags,which they frequently mistake for thesecreatures.There is also a large population of freashwaterturtles in wetlands and other areas. However,their numbers are under threat due to illegalcatching and the existence of a ready market inSoutheast Asia and the Middle East.CAUSES FOR THEPRESENT SITUATIONThe dwindling wildlife resources in Sindh areincreasingly exposed to natural calamities andhazards inflicted by humans.Hunting was a sport, limited to the affluent,feudal sections of Sindh. Prior to the 1960s,firearm licenses were not allotted extensivelyand wildlife could sustain the hunting pressure.Feudal landowners exploited wildlife for leisureand personal consumption. However, sincethey controlled the lands they also contributedtowards the preservation of wildlife in theprovince. But, social and administrativechanges after the 1960s, altered priorarrangements. In an attempt to control thedepletion of wildlife, the government imposedrudimentary hunting laws to control excessivehunting without any significant results becausegame animals and birds continued to declinerapidly.Non-arable land, once the habitat of countlessGalliformes and other wildlife species, has beenbrought under the plough and, as a result, thewildlife habitats have either shrunk in area orhave disappeared altogether.Continuous drought, particularly in arid areasand climatic change, has resulted in naturalcalamities. In 1994, an extended wet period inlower Sindh was followed by abnormally hightemperatures during the summer in Ghotki,Khairpur and Sanghar districts. Furthermore,the tropical cyclone of 1999 adversely affectedthe coastal belt of Badin and Thatta districts,resulting in large scale elimination andmigration of wildlife from their original habitat.The non-availability of job opportunities in therural areas and the resulting poverty has upsetthe balance between the human populationand the availability of natural resources. Thepoor are tempted to trap animals and birds,both endemic and exotic, in return for nominalfinancial returns from dealers in this clandestineand illegal trade. Thus skins of many furanimals, monitor lizards, snakes and otherreptiles, besides countless bird species, areregularly trapped and sold in the market due toSindh State ofEnvironment &Development171

the non-availability of alternate sources ofincome. The very custodians of wildlife such asgame watchers and game inspectors are oftenresponsible for encouraging trappers in returnfor bribes.Some causes of the decline in wildlifepopulation is due to: the loss of water in theIndus river; poor seasonal flooding andinundation of Kacho areas; low to belowaverage rainfall after 1992; shrinking of inlandwaters; drying-up of dhand, dhora andconversion of wetlands into agricultural lands inthe coastal belt, particularly in Thatta,Ghorabari, Mirpur Sakro, Jati, Sujawal, MirpurBathoro, Badin and Tando Bago taluka. Inaddition, wherever wetlands exist, the quality ofwater has become unhygienic due toinadequate recharge from natural resourcesand contamination from effluent and dumping ofsaline sub-soil water from the tubewells. This isespecially true in the case of Hamal, Manchar,and Nurruri Lakes. The LBOD has destroyedthe wetlands in Nawabshah, Badin and Thattadistricts where these have either dried-up orbeen so adversely affected that the waterfowlthat used to inhabit or frequently visit theseareas are forced to spend winters elsewhere.There have been attempts to monitor huntingactivity. Hunting permits are issued by theSindh Wildlife Management Board to a numberof sportsmen but these permits are invariablymisused. As it is, the hunting season is far toolong and the wildlife that survives it, cannotsustain the pressure over a prolonged period.EMERGING TRENDSTwo early expeditions led by Guy Mountfort in1967 and 1968 to assess the wildlife status ofPakistan laid the foundation for managingwildlife resources along scientific lines. Theidea of creating protected areas such asnational parks, wildlife sanctuaries and gamereserves was introduced in the country andother recommendations were made to thegovernment such as the creation of a separatewildlife service and its incorporation into forestservices.After 1970, the Sindh government took theinitiative of drafting wildlife legislation andpromulgated it as the Sindh Wildlife ProtectionOrdinance, 1973. This legislation has beenamended from time to time, keeping in view theSindh State ofEnvironment &Development172Muhammad Anees ShehzadSweetwater Turtle (Terrapin chitra indica)

Muhammad Anees ShehzadThe Indus Dolphin, also known as the Blind Dolphinrequirements of wildlife protection andconservation. Kirthar National Park, covering anarea of 1192 square miles, was created in theyear 1975 and 35 wildlife sanctuaries and 15game reserves were brought under the wildlifeenactment.There are a number of protected areas in Sindh.These areas contribute to the protection andmaintenance of biodiversity, and of natural andassociated cultural resources, managed throughlegal or other effective means (IUCN, 1994).A wildlife sanctuary is an area, which is setaside specifically as an undisturbed breedingground for the protection of wildlife 9 . It is arestricted area, the use of which is denied to thepublic. No exploitation of the land is allowedexcept for reducing fire hazards, epidemics,insect attacks or natural calamities. NationalParks such as the Kirthar National Parkmentioned above, are accessible to the publicfor and facilities for recreation, education andresearch are provided, however, the wildlife inthese areas must not be harmed within a threemiles radius of the park's boundary.In order to control excessive hunting activity,game reserves were created. Hunting andshooting of animals in these areas areregulated under a special permit. Permitsspecify the maximum number of animals thatmay be killed or captured, the area in which itcan be done and the hunting period duringwhich these activities can be carried out.Map 13.1 gives the location of National birdsand Game Reserves and Map 13.2 gives thelocation of Wildlife Preservation Projects.The Indus blind dolphin population wasdeclining at an alarming rate before the WWFInternational and the Sindh WildlifeManagement Board invited Dr Giorgio Pilleri,the Director of the Brain Anatomy Institute andProfessor of Neuroanatomy and ComparativeNeuropathology at the University of Berne,Switzerland, to study the biological behaviourand echolocation of this unique aquaticmammal. On his recommendations, theGovernment of Sindh created an Indus DolphinReserve to ensure the survival of this species ina very disturbed environment. EncouragingSindh State ofEnvironment &Development1739. Rao, A.L, National Parks and Reserves, The Nature of Pakistan, 1986

esults have been achieved through effectiveconservation and scientific management whichhave also been documented.A great impetus was given to wildlifeconservation in 1990 when the WildlifeDepartment was regrouped with the AgricultureDepartment. A number of new schemes forwildlife management along scientific lines werelaunched. These included captive breeding ofendemic waterfowl species, captive breeding ofNara hog deer, biological studies of ungulatesfound in Kirthar National Park, establishment ofgame reserve in Kundah Reserve Forest,breeding of the marsh crocodile and itsreintroduction in its original habitat, andmultiplication trials of Black buck forintroduction into wild habitats in Khairpur andNawabshah districts. The results achievedovershot the targets that were envisaged in theSindh State ofEnvironment &Development174Table 13.4: Protected Areas in SindhS. No. Name of Protected Area Area(ha) District Habitat1 Kirthar National Park 308733 Dadu/Karachi Arid/Semi AridWildlife Sanctuaries2 Bijoro Chach 121 Thatta Wetland3 Cut Munarki Chach 405 Thatta Wetland4 Deh Akro-II 20243 Nawabshah Wetland complex5 Dhoung Block 2098 Shikarpur Riverine Forest6 Drigh Lake 164 Larkana Wetland7 Ghandak Dhoro 31 Jacobabad Wetland8 Gullel Kohri 40 Thatta Wetland9 Gulsher Dhund 24 Hyderabad Wetland10 Hub Dam 27219 Karachi Wetland11 Hudero Lake 1321 Thatta Wetland12 Haleji Lake 1704 Thatta Wetland13 Hilaya 324 Thatta Wetland14 Keti Bunder North 8948 Thatta Wetland15 Keti Bunder South 23046 Thatta Wetland16 Khadi 81 Thatta Wetland17 Khat Dhoro 11 Larkana Wetland18 Kinjher Lake 130468 Thatta Wetland19 Kot Dinghano 30 Nawabshah Wetland20 Lakhat 101 Nawabshah Wetland21 Lung Lake 19 Larkana Wetland22 Mahal Kohistan 70577 Dadu Arid/Semi Arid23 Majiran 24 Thatta Wetland24 Marho Kotri 162 Thatta Wetland25 Miani Dhand 57 Hyderabad Wetland26 Mohabat Dero 16 Nawabshah Wetland27 Munarki 12 Thatta Wetland28 Nara Desert 223590 Sukkur/Khairpur Desert29 Norang 243 Thatta Wetland30 Rann of Kutch 320463 Badin/Tharparkar Desert& Marshy31 Samno Dhund 23 Hyderbada Wetland32 Sadnai 84 Thatta Wetland33 Shah Lanko 61 Thatta Wetland34 Takkar 43513 Khairpur Desert/Semi DesertSource: www. sindhwildlife.com

schemes. Most of the schemes were completedin the first phase but, unfortunately, the secondphase of the schemes was not implementeddue to financial constraints.Prominent wildlife conservation interventionsinclude the change in the alignment of theNational Highway Authority's Karachi toPeshawar motorway to avoid the bifurcation ofthe Mahal Kohistan Wildlife Sanctuary and theKirthar National Park. The mid-winter waterfowlcount initiated by the Sindh WildlifeManagement Board in association with theAsian Wetland Bureau and the InternationalWaterfowl Research Bureau has also beeninitiated. A programme for the rehabilitation ofthe Lung Wetland by the Sindh Wildlifedepartment has been completed. Otherconservation interventions include mitigatingmeasures to save the Marbled teal, the hogdeer and marsh crocodile, which have becomeendangered due to the ecological damagebeing caused by the Chotiari reservoir.The Government of Pakistan granted licencesfor the exploration of hydrocarbons through theMineral Development Department to PremierOil Company in the Dumbar region in KirtharTable 13.5: Game Reserves in SindhS.No.Game Reserves Area (ha) District Eco-zone1 Deh Jangisar 314 Thatta Arid/Semi Arid2 Deh Khalifa 429 Thatta Arid/Semi Arid3 Dosu Forest 2312 Larkana Riverine Forest4 Hala 954 Hyderabad Riverine Forest5Indus River Dolphin GameReserve (From Sukkur toGuddu Barrage)44200Jacobabad /Ghotki / Shikarpur& SukkurRiver Indus6 Khipro Forest 3885 Sanghar Irrigated Forest7 Mando Dero 1234 SukkurSemi Arid &Culitivated8 Mirpur Sakro 777 Thatta Semi Arid9 Nara 109966 KhairpurDesert &Wetland10 Pai Forest 1969 Nawabshah Riverine Forest11 Sahib Samo 349 Hyderabad Riverine ForestSindh State ofEnvironment &Development17512Surjan, Sumbak, Eri &Hothiano406302 Dadu Arid/Semi Arid13 Tando Mitho Khan 5343 SangharSource: www. sindhwildlife.comDesert & SemiArid

National Park and Mahal Kohistan Wildlifesanctuary despite criticism from IUCN, theWorld Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and thepublic. However, due to the advocacy of civilorganisations, the Premier Oil Company, beforestarting exploratory operations in the protectedareas, carried out EIA studies. Further, abaseline survey of the park area was conductedto assess the potential and the components ofthe park. A detailed survey of ungulates found inthe park and the sanctuary has been carried outto determine the total number of animals. In thiscontext, a committee was also set up to developthe Kirthar National Park Management Plan.The above trends point to the development ofincreasing consciousness in civil society,government institutions, and the corporate sector,regarding the need for conservation of wildlifeand the preservation of its natural habitats.STAKEHOLDERSSindh GovernmentSindh is a pioneer in organising and managingwildlife scientifically and on a sustained basis,with active public participation. After thedismemberment of the 'One Unit' and thecreation of an independent provincialadministrative set up, the game department wasmerged with the Sindh Forest Service. Wildlifelegislation was enacted to tackle the problems ofthis sector, under the Sindh Wildlife ManagementBoard headed by the Chief Minister of theprovince. This legislation set a precedent for allthe provinces to protect their endemic wildlife.The Sindh Wildlife Management Board has beenproactive but the Government of Sindh has alsoplayed a part by creating a separate WildlifeDepartment to build capacity and strengthen therole of actors in this sector.NGOsThe role of NGOs in wildlife conservationmeasures has been considerable. Along withimparting training to wildlife staff, fundingspecies survival programmes and arrangingseminars, they have impacted on schoolcurricula by initiating orientation programmeson wildlife in schools to motivate the youngergeneration to preserve wildlife heritage. Theseinclude IUCN, World Wide Fund for NatureSindh State ofEnvironment &Development176Muhammad Anees ShehzadAfghan Urial at Kirthar National Park

Muhammad Anees ShehzadSindh Ibex at Kirthar National Park(WWF), International Waterfowl ResearchBureau, (IWRB) and the Asian Wetland Bureau(AWB). Without their assistance, theachievements made by the Sindh WildlifeDepartment would not have been possible.IndividualsLovers of wildlife who have preserved wildlifeby establishing private sanctuaries and gamereserves are stakeholders too, and deserve tobe mentioned. Mir Ali Murad Khan Talpur hasdevoted his life and assets to preserving thewildlife of Sindh at his privately managedMahrano Wildlife Research and BreedingReserve in Khairpur.The Shaikh Zaid bin Sultan Al-NahiyanWildlife Trust has made a major contributiontowards conservation and management ofwildlife in Sindh. It has done so by providing a500-acre enclosure at Khar Wildlife ResearchCentre, where Black buck, urial, chinkara andthe goitred gazelle have been successfullybred for reintroduction into their originalhabitats.The Corporate SectorThe oil and gas sector and associatedagencies involved in mining and explorationactivities are also a major stakeholder as theiractivities may have an impact on the wildlife ofthe area being mined. An example is that ofKirthar National Park.The Premier Oil Exploration Company, in a jointventure with Shell Oil Company, Pakistan, wasawarded a licence for exploring fossil fuel andgas, and carried out drilling operations in KirtharNational Park and in Mahal Kohistan WildlifeSanctuary. The Premier Kufpec Pakistan (PKP)has a permanent stake in the park and thesanctuary area and has funded various wildlifemanagement programmes besides thepreparation of a Management Plan for theKirthar National Park. They have also beenproviding ecotourism facilities.FUTURE ACTIONAlthough the protection of wildlife involvesboth administrative as well as technicalSindh State ofEnvironment &Development177

Muhammad Anees ShehzadPainted ZandgrouneSindh State ofEnvironment &Development178expertise, actively involving the local people inconservation measures has proved to be asuccess, especially in remote areas. There isa dearth of job opportunities in these areasand the association of energetic and youngpeople in conservation related wildlifeprogrammes has provided jobs and helped thesector. Salaries for these people can be raisedfrom the proceeds of hunting and fromfinancial assistance received from wildlifetrusts of Arab dignitaries who are provided withhunting permits. This trend needs to besupported through innovative programmesand projects.Organised publicity on wildlife issues in thepopular media and inclusion in school syllabimay be of great importance. Publishingliterature on the current status of wildlife in theprovince to give exposure to future generationsalso needs to be promoted.There is a no institution in the province thatimparts training in wildlife management with theresult that trained personnel for this disciplineare not available. A university course on wildlifemanagement may be introduced at any one ofthe universities in Sindh.The declining numbers of game birds suggeststhat instead of alternating opening and closinghunting areas each year, the department shouldregulate this by carrying out a census ofendemic game birds after the breeding seasonis over. Based on such a census, the number ofbirds to be hunted on each permit and the spanof the hunting season can be determined.Since it is not possible to restore wildlife habitatsin the agriculture zone, farmers can be providedincentives to provide refuge and cover to birds.This can be done by raising small wood-lots orgrove plantations for roosting; and carrying outland development to leave scattered brush andscrub jungle where the birds can breed easilyand escape from predators.The experience gained from establishing gamereserves in forests such as Pai, Khipro andKundah, could be used to establish similargame reserves in every civil district. Game birdscan thereby be provided a chance to breed andmaintain their existence despite pressure fromhunters and poachers.Game farming is generally practised all overthe world for the purpose of sport, and there

Muhammad Anees ShehzadBlack Bucks at Mehrauoare possibilities of establishing such farms inthe private sector. The government canencourage individuals who are inclined toestablish private game farms. The incentives inthe form of subsidised soft loans, importfacilities for raising game birds, game animals,and expertise can be provided to initiatehunting as an industry.The proceeds of trophy hunting sharedbetween local people who work for theprotection of wildlife and the staff, have broughtencouraging results elsewhere in the country. Itis suggested that this practice be adopted in thegame reserve areas of Sindh to curb illegalhunting and reduce the chances of poaching.The devolution of power has taken place at theprovincial level but the department of wildlifehas not been devolved to the district. Ifprotection of wildlife is devolved to the districtlevels, there may be more public participationand the chances of wildlife conservation couldperhaps be addressed more effectively.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development179

Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentP A R T III

BrownSectorsSindh State ofEnvironment &Development


PART IIIChapter 14 Minerals and MiningCoal 189Oil & Gas 189Repercussions of Mineral Exploitation 190Emerging Trends 191Stakeholders 191Future Action 194Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development183

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development184Chapter 15 UrbanisationPhysical Conditions 198Social Conditions 198Housing 200Land Use Changes 201Water 202Disposal of Effluent 202Solid Waste Disposal 203Vehicular Traffic 205Air Pollution 206Noise Pollution 206Transport 206Institutional Arrangements 207Causes for the Present Situation 208Stakeholders 211Future Action 212Chapter 16 Industrial DevelopmentThe Service Industry 217Packaging Industry 217Rice and Flour Mills 217Farm Products 217Vegetable Products 218Dairy Industry 219Poultry Industry 219Medium and Large Scale Industry 220Vegetable Oil and Ghee 220Tanning Industry 220Pharmaceuticals 221Mineral-based Industry 221Cement 222Salt 222Coal 222China Clay 222Oil and Gas Deposits 222Pakistan Steel Mills 222Automobiles 223Effects of Industrial Units on the Environment 223Causes for the present situation 224Emerging Trends 225Stakeholders 227Future Action 228

Chapter 17 EnergyList of BoxesEnergy Production 232Energy Consumption 236Issues and Trends 236Stakeholders 237Future Action 240Box 14.1 Impact on the people 192Box 14.2 Sindh Coal Authority 193Box 15.1 Waste Pickers and the Recycling Industry 204List of TablesTable 14.1 Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Mining and Quarrying 189Table 14.2 Production and Revenue Earned from Coal in Sindh 189Table 15.1 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal in Karachi 205Table 15.2Migrants Status of Population in the Urban Areas ofSindh and Punjab 1981- 98 (in thousand) 209Table 16.1 Manufacturing, industrial production and employment 219Table 16.2Share of Domestic Demand, Export Expansion and ImportSubstitution in Economic Growth 225Table 17.1 Coal Reserves in Sindh (Million Tonnes) 232Table 17.2 Coal Production in Sindh (Million Tonnes) 234List of GraphsGraph 17.1 Crude Oil Production in Pakistan 233Graph 17.2 Natural Gas Production in Pakistan Producers - 2001 233Graph 17.3 Crude Oil Processed by Refineries in Pakistan 235Graph 17.4Installed Capacity of Electric Generation inSindh including Private Power Producers, 2001 235Graph 17.5 Electricity Consumption by Provinces 237Graph 17.6 Sectoral Consumption of POL Products in Sindh 238Graph 17.7 Daily Load Pattern of KESC Grid during Winter and Summer 238Graph 17.8 Suitable Wind Power Generation Sites in Pakistan 239Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development185

CHAPTER 14Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentMinerals andMining

uring the period from 1990 to 2000-2001, Sindh earned Rs. 1,018.938 million as royalty from its largemineral deposits. This excludes the revenue generated from oildeposits. The national economy has undergone drastic changesover the last three decades in the composition of the GDP.However, the mining and quarrying sector grew by 3.8 percentbetween July 2001 and March 2002, with major contribution bycoal and natural gas which grew by 2.5 and 5.6 percent,Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development187Drespectively.

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development188Presently, Sindh is a major producer of oil andgas. About 60 oil and 44 gas fields have beendiscovered with the average daily production ofoil of up to 34,794 barrels per day and 422,432million cubic feet of gas per year (412,604million cubic feet as associated gas and 9831million cubic feet as non associated gas). Thusmore than 56 percent oil and 37 percent gas ofPakistan's daily production is in Sindh. Besideoil and gas, 26 minerals from Sindh, contributeto the national economy. These, along with therevenues they generate, are given in Appendix14.1: Total Revenues Earned in Rupees fromMinerals in Sindh.Before 1947, few minerals except coal wereknown for Sindh. Later, the Geological Surveyof Pakistan (GSP) and Mineral DevelopmentCorporation were established, but thesedepartments worked primarily on exploringminerals. However, after the secession of EastPakistan, the Mineral Development Departmentwas established in 1971, which began carryingout Mineral Assessment Schemes in 1985. As aresult, a few new minerals were discovered butlittle was done in terms of mineral prospectingand exploration.For exploring oil and gas deposits, Burmah OilCompany drilled the first well in Sindh inKhairpur in 1925. After 1947, the pace ofexploration for oil and gas accelerated whenPakistan Petroleum Limited discovered gas inKhairpur (1957), Kandhkot (1959) and Mazarani(1959). At the same time, Stanvoc Oil Company(SVOC), which later became Esso, discoveredthe Mari gas field in 1957. SVOC also drilledwells in Talhar (1957), Mirpur Bathoro (1958),Nabisar (1958) and Badin. Nabisar showedsome gas deposits while Talhar showed both oiland gas. Burmah Oil Company (BOC) and HuntOil Company drilled wells at Lakhra (1958),Badhra (1958-59) and Phulji (1958) where onlynational gas was discovered.In 1961, the Oil and Gas DevelopmentCorporation (OGDC), was established and theydiscovered gas at Sarisingh (1966), Kothar(1973) and Hundi (1977). This was also thetime when the coastal area of Sindh witnessedspurts of explorations. Sun Oil Company drilledon-shore wells at Korangi Creek (1965), PatianiCreek (1964) and Dabbo Creek (1964) with nosuccess.The discovery of Khaskheli Oilfield in 1981 wasan important event, and the area becameimportant for further exploration. A largenumber of oil and gas fields have beendiscovered since then.After 1947, minerals of economic importancesuch as building stones, limestone, celestite,Fuller's Earth, some poor quality coal, glasssand, gypsum, flint stone and alum shale werediscovered in Sindh.Limestone is found extensively in the hilly tractsof Sindh and is used in the manufacture ofcement. Three sizeable cement factories areworking in Karachi, Hyderabad and Rohri.Celestite occurs in the form of veins inforaminiferal limestones near Thano Bula Khan.Fuller's Earth is found extensively interbeddedwith limestone from Gaj to Ranikot. The bestoccurrence of Fuller's Earth is in Khairpur alongthe base of the foraminiferal limestone scarp inthe hills east of Khairpur town. It also occursnear Thano Bula Khan and Hyderabad, andnear Jhimpir and Jherruck railway stations.Some poor quality Fuller's Earth occurs in theGaj limestone cropping in Karachi.Coal, or lignite, occurs as a thin seam in theSonhari beds of the Upper Ranikot series nearJhimpir, Meting and in Lakhra. Glass sand isfound around Jungshahi in Thatta district inconsiderable quantities but is of moderatequality.Gypsum in crystal form and fibrous veins occursin tertiary clays and shales over a large part ofwestern Sindh. Gypsum is used for cementmaking.Flintstone, in the form of nodules, isassociated with limestone of the Eocene age.The most accessible locality where largequantities are found is around Rohri and in theadjoining hills of Khairpur. Alum was previouslyprepared from pyritous shale obtained in thehills of western Sindh but this was discontinuedbecause of the low price of imported alum.Minerals, too, are now being widely used inmany industries. Cement industries are beingset-up in the province utilizing limestone andgypsum and clay is used in ceramic tilemanufacturing factories. However, there is aneed for establishing more mineral-basedindustries in the province.

Table 14.1: Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Mining and QuarryingYear USD (Million) % Share FDI1997-1998 99.1 16.51998-1999 112.8 23.91999-2000 79.7 17.02000-2001 84.7 26.32001-2002* 121.7 42.3Source: Economic Advisor Wing (July-March)The Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in themining and quarrying sectors was 17 percent in1999-2000, but continued to increase thereafter(Table 14.1). Its share in total FDI increased to42.3 percent in July-March 2002, as against 26.3percent in the previous year. Overall, mining hasemerged as the largest recipient of FDI.COALThe history of coal mining in Sindh dates backto 1852. Coal from all the fields in Sindh islignite to sub-bituminous and occurs in thebasal parts of the tertiary sequence, ranging inage from 50 to 60 million years. The majorcoalfields are in Lakhra, Meting-Jhimpir, Sondaand Thar. Table 14.2 highlights production andrevenue earned from coal in Sindh.The Lakhra coalfield in Dadu District lies 16 kmto the west of Khanot railway station on theKotri-Dadu section of the Pakistan Railwaysand covers an area of about 200 km 2 . TheMeting-Jhimpir coalfield is lignite A to subbiturninousB in rank. It is soft and friable andsuffers from spontaneous combustion onexposure.Analysis of coal from Sonda coalfield, situatedclose to the national highway linking Karachiwith Hyderabad, indicates it to be a relativelylow sulphur coal as compared to other Pakistanicoals.The presence of coal in the Thar desert wasfirst indicated in the drilling for freshwater byBritish Overseas Agency in 1988 near thevillage of Khario Ghulam Shah, about 15 kmeast of Islamkot. This has led to a modest fourboreholecoal test drilling programme by GSP,Sindh Regional Office in Thar since 1992.These are the thickest coal beds yet found inPakistan, with a maximum thickness of 30meters.Refer to Map 14.1 for Location of Coal Depositsin SindhOIL AND GASDetails regarding oil and gas fields in Sindh andtheir outputs and issues are covered in Chapter17: Energy Resources of Sindh.Table 14.2: Production and Revenue Earned from Coal in SindhLocation ofMines/LeaseProduction(in Tonnes)1998-99 1999-2000Revenue(in Rupees)Production(in Tonnes)Revenue(in Rupees)Thatta6143 292658 12896 2660940Dadu 1267026 1756292 981662 442442Tharparkar N. A N. A N. A 10380Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development189Source: Director General, Mines and Minerals

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development190REPERCUSSIONS OFMINERAL EXPLOITATIONThe exploitation of mineral resources is anenvironmentally damaging activity causinglarge scale deforestation, and the destruction ofwildlife and other socio-economic resources. Itcosts the local people their homes, their grazinggrounds, burial grounds, and even theirlivelihoods (for details see Appendix 14.2:Environmental Impact of Mining). The privatecompanies given contracts by the governmentmining authorities seldom care for theindigenous people and for the destruction theybring to their lives.The mineral sector which ranks third in Pakistanafter industrial and agricultural sectors,respectively, earns more than Rs.101 million forPakistan annually. Unfortunately, the miningand exploration processes, particularly thoseused in coal mining, are obsolete, nomadic andslow. For underground excavations, axe andpick methods are used, and surface mineralsare collected by hand. It is imperative that thissector be modernised and mechanised foroptimum benefit.Old and abandoned mines of marble and coal inmany parts of the provinces have had anadverse effect on the environment when openpits and deep, long tunnels are left which posea threat both to the safety of humans, animals,and the environment. The pits are often verysteep and cannot be reclaimed by soil coverageor by plantation.The underground mining of coal in many partsof the province, does not lead to such drasticdisruptions of the surface as open pits, but soilsubsidence can take place. Excess pumping ofwater from the mine areas can lead to thecollapse of ground surface. This problemoccurs most often where rocks are naturallyweak or highly fractured and have not beenproperly supported. This happens often in theLakhra coal mines. Subsidence has alsoresulted in the destruction of homes, roads, andagricultural land.In strip mining, once the bulk of the coal hasbeen mined, the remnants of the exhausted,coal-bearing rock and soil, known as mine spoilwaste also poses a threat to the environment.This waste needs to be covered and the topsoilvegetated to minimise acid mine drainageproblems which is seldom done.Impact on Water ResourcesPollution from mining is microbial and gives riseto many water-borne diseases. In Sindh,contamination, usually by metals, toxic waste,and chemicals, may cause environmentalpollution over a wide area by changes in thedistribution and chemistry of surface orgroundwaters. For example, in the Lakhra coalmines, the acid mine drainage that is producedwhen the iron sulphide minerals (pyrite,marcasite or pyrrhotite) are exposed tooxidation by moist air to form sulphuric acid,plus various other compounds in ore depositsand dumps, is a major source of concern. AtLakhra Power Station, 45 cusecs of water isbrought from the nearby Indus. After utilisingthis water, about 480 tonnes/hr of wastewater isdrained back without being treated 1 .Coal mining activities near the main waterchannels, like the KB Feeder supplying waternear Sonda coalfield areas, can be particularlyhazardous, if proper remedial measures are nottaken to avoid spillage into the water system.Hazards of Coal Mining on AirCoal mining produces air pollutants whichinclude dust, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide,oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide and tracemetals which may be a serious health hazard.Dust is capable of causing a substantialnegative impact in the immediate areas ofrelease. Dust is released from every surfacemine, especially from coal mines and otherquarries. It arises from mines, waste piles,beneficiation and conversion plants,transportation facilities, stockpiles and industrialsites.1. Thardeep Rural Development Programme. 2002 Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects of Coal Mining in Tharparkar District. Mithi

The primary impact on the air quality results fromburning the coal in an uncontrolled orspontaneous fire, in mines or stockpiles.Combustion of coal in brick kilns or electricpower plant releases about 4,500 tonnes ofsulphur (in the form of sulphur oxide). Dependingupon the local meteorological condition,pollutants may either be carried long distancesby air currents or they may accumulate in highconcentrations under more stagnant conditionsonce released into the atmosphere.EMERGING TRENDSMinerals are a provincial subject under theConstitution of Pakistan, except for oil, gas andstrategic commodities like radioactive minerals,and those occurring in special areas such asFATA and the Northern Areas. In line with theconstitutional framework, federal and provincialgovernments formulated the National MineralPolicy to provide appropriate institutionalarrangements, a modern regulatory framework,an equitable internationally competitive fiscalregime, and to expand Pakistan's geologicaldatabase.According to the policy, the focus of all theactivities and decision-making was to be madeat the provincial level and the federation wasexpected to provide requisite support andadvice for achieving sustainable benefits. Theestablishment of two high-powered bodies, oneat the provincial level and the other at thefederal level were approved.A political consultative forum, the MineralInvestment Facilitation Board (MIFB), under thechairpersonship of the prime minister and thevice-chairpersonship of the federal minister forpetroleum, has been set-up with its secretariat atthe Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources.The scope of MIFB is to advise the authoritiesconcerned for appropriate action to encourageflow of investments in the mineral sector andreview proposals for its enhancement. In addition,MIFB is to assist provincial governments in theselection of suitable mineral sector portfolios forintroduction by the provinces to donor agenciesand investors.Imdad SiddiquiLakhra coal field, District Daduunattractive to the investors in the old regulatoryregime. This change will put in place a set ofrules which are internationally competitive andmeet the concerns of the investors on thematters of transparency, criteria for dealing withapplications, and the grant of licenses andleases, security of tenure, provision ofinformation on mineral title, independent disputeresolution mechanism and so on.STAKEHOLDERSStakeholders in the mining sector include: theDepartment of Mines and Mineral Development,Government of Sindh; Sindh Coal Authority (seeBox 14.2: Sindh Coal Authority); the federalgovernment and its departments; multinational oilcompanies; mine owners' associations; labourersand mine labour organisations; local residents;environmentalist groups; and the media.Department of Mines and MineralDevelopmentSindh State ofEnvironment &Development191A new regulatory regime is being introduced toreplace some of the features consideredThe Government of Sindh, under the SecretaryMines and Mineral Development, governs this

department. The department regulates mineralsand mines and collects rent and royalty. Itleases out mining areas under the PakistanMining Concession Rules 1960, now known asSindh Mining Concession Rules 1973. Some ofthe organizations working under it are:Directorate of Industries and MineralDevelopmentChief Inspector MinesSindh Coal Development AuthorityLakhra Coal Development CorporationFederal Government and itsDepartmentsThe Department of Natural Resources,Government of Pakistan, also regulatesminerals, especially fuel minerals. The oil andgas sector is controlled by it. The followingdepartments fall under the Ministry of NaturalResources:Geological Survey of Pakistan, SindhRegional OfficePakistan Mineral Development CorporationOil and Gas Development CorporationDirector General, Petroleum ConcessionsMine Owners' AssociationThis association coordinates between mineowners who are actively and commerciallyengaged in the mining sector.Mine Labour OrganisationsThese include registered mine labourorganisations that fight for the rights of minelabourers.Environmental GroupsThese groups monitor the environmental impactof mining and fight for the imposition ofregulations regarding the environment.MediaNewspapers, radio and television help tohighlight the mining development in Sindh.Box 14.1: Impact on the peopleImpacts on the social environment due to mining activity in an area are unavoidable. These impacts varyin extent and magnitude. The major social impact associated with large-scale mining is a rapid influx ofworkers from other parts of the country. Labour is brought from as far off places as Mingora and Swat andpaid wages as low as Rs.200 for mining one tonne of coal from under 200 feet below sea level. Most of theworkers suffer from pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and other environment-related diseases. Local services likewater supply, sewage, demand for rented houses, schools, hospitals, and transport come under pressuredue to an increase in the population.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development192The mineral bearing fields are found in really remote parts of the province, which are the least developedwith little or no social and physical infrastructure. Moreover, mining is carried out under pitiful conditionsand labour laws are seldom implemented.Presently, over 40,000 workers are employed in the mining industry of Sindh, of which as many as 22,000are engaged in coal mining. The number of serious accidents during 1993 was 65. As many as 41 peoplewere killed and 80 were injured. Explosions of dust and natural gas kill and injure coal miners on a regularbasis. Several fatal accidents occur due to carbon dioxide and monoxide emissions, collapse of mine roofsand explosions due to methane gases.Besides mining accidents, it has also been observed that during mineral exploration, the variousstakeholders do not adhere to mine safety laws.Source: 25 years of Sindh Statistics GOS, 1998 and SFD records

Imdad SiddiquiCoal Miners in Indus Coal MineEducational and Training SectorDepartment of Petroleum and Gas, MehranUniversity of Engineering and TechnologyMiner's Training Centre, Khanote, DistrictDaduDepartment of Mining Engineering, MehranUniversity of Engineering and TechnologyDepartment of Geology, University of SindhDepartment of Geology, University ofKarachiTo attain sustainable development of themineral sector in Sindh, national andinternational mining companies have founded acoal miners' training institute near Lakhracoalfield at Khanote. The provincial governmentBox 14.2: Sindh Coal AuthorityThe province of Sindh contains 95 percent of the coal reserves of the country. The Thar coalfield, oneof the few biggest coal fields in the world, comprises about 80 percent of total coal deposits of thecountry. Realising the importance of coal as an indigenous and a reliable fuel for electric powergeneration, the Government of Sindh established the Sindh Coal Authority under the Sindh CoalAuthority Act 1993, passed by the Sindh Assembly. The authority is responsible for:a. Development/harnessing of coal resources of the province on a fast track basis with specialemphasis on developing coal as a fuel for electric power generation.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development193b. Preparation of policies, plans, and schemes for the acceleration of coal development activityin the province mainly through the promotion of private investment.c. Taking appropriate steps for promotion of foreign investment.d. Assisting investors in resolving their problems, thus enabling them to concentrate on theimplementation of their projects.

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development194has also established a police station there forthe protection of miners. Union Texas Inc. (nownamed as BP Pakistan Exploration andProduction Inc.), has also established a monotechnical institute in Petroleum Technology atBadin near Khaskheli oilfield. According to theirMemorandum of Understanding, jobs and othersocial benefits are to be offered to the locals bythe mineral/oil companies.Oil & Gas CompaniesOperating In SindhOil & Gas Devlopment Company Limited(OGDCL)Oil Petroleum Inc. (OPI)Tullow Pakistan Development LimitedOMVOrient Petroleum Inc. (OPI)Bow Energy Resource (Pak)SRLZaver PetroleumPremier OilPetroleum Exploration (Pvt) Ltd (PEL)Sherritt International Oil & Gas Ltd(Canada)Novus (Pvt) Ltd (Australia)ShellLasmo Oil Pak - ENIFUTURE ACTIONNo scientific survey has ever been carried out inSindh, or in Pakistan, for that matter, to gaugethe adverse environmental impacts of miningon human health. No specific data is availablebut it is speculated that the health of the minerssuffers due to terrible physical and socialconditions. Added to the strain of long workinghours in inadequate lighting conditions,inhalations of coal dust, insufficient oxygen andlack of proper ventilation, is the intense noisepollution of mining. Miners are known to sufferfrom black lung disease, a form of emphysemacaused by prolonged breathing of coal dust andother particulate matter. Implementation ofmining safety laws is not currently followed. It istherefore imperative that in all mining areas afull-fledged hospital is established and minersare properly treated. These conditionalitiesneed to be observed both by the governmentand the private sector.In the year 2000-2001, Sindh earned asubstantial Rs.147.4 million from mining, butthere is a need for exploring new minerals.Financial assistance needs to be provide to themining sector and the import of miningmachinery should be made tax free so thatmechanised mining may be encouraged in theprovince.A separate wing or cell for the exploration ofminerals needs to be established in theDepartment of Mines and MineralDevelopment. This wing or cell could employmining engineers, drillers, and other technicalstaff and a five-year target could be fixed for theexploration and development of minerals.While Sindh is earning huge amounts from themineral sectors, the areas such as Lakhra,Sonda, Meting, Jhimpir, and Tharparkar remainunderdeveloped. They lack basic infrastructuresuch as roads, water, and electricity. There is aneed to develop them with the cooperation ofmine lease holders, as well as communities likemine labour organizations and foreign investorsand donors.The emission of sulphur oxides and particulatesduring the coal-burning process is extremelyharmful and significantly adds to environmentaland health problems 2 . A secondary effect ofgaseous emission from the coal-fired LakhraPower Station may cause acid rain.Environmental pollution control must beincorporated into each stage of coal fuel cycle.An Environmental Management Cell withappropriate training facilities needs to beestablished in each thermal power plant.Environmental impact assessment needs to beconducted for each individual project to placeon record the potential impacts and appropriatemitigation measures.2 Ibid

Ali Raza RizviOil field in Badin: Sindh is the largest fossil fuel producer in PakistanMining authorities need to be made aware ofthe villages coming within the mining fields thatare not mere names on the map but areaswhere people have lived for generations. Theymust be taken into confidence while makingmajor decisions, and should be consideredprimary stakeholders. The selection of privatecompanies to handle mining must be made onthe basis of their willingness to invest inappropriate technologies aimed at protectingthe natural as well as the socio-economicenvironment. Concern for the indigenouspeople and the sustainability of their culture andlivelihoods must reign supreme.A training centre was established by WAPDA atJamshoro Thermal Power Station for trainingworkers for coal-fired power stations but due tofinancial crises it has remained inoperative forthe past three years 3 . The centre needs to bemade functional and future skilled and unskilledpeople may be trained there for the TharCoalfield Power Stations.Subjects pertaining to mining and power shouldbe introduced in polytechnic institutes inaddition to separate diploma courses on PowerTechnology and Mining.A separate Sindh Mining Training Board shouldbe established 4to plan and implement humanresource development and utilizationprogrammes in coal mining technology. Withthe provision of the Apprenticeship TrainingOrdinance extended to the Thar Coal MiningProject, the latter will be able to develop trainedand skilled manpower.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development1953. Ibid4. Ibid

CHAPTER 15Urbanisation andUrbanisation

indh is the most urbanised province of Pakistan due tothe fact that Karachi, its capital city is the largest urbancentre of the country. Understanding the environmentalrepurcussions of urbanisation are therefore particularlySpertinent to the development of Sindh.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development197

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development198Sindh has an urban population of 14.84 million(out of a total population of nearly 30 million)living in 163 urban centres, including tencantonments 1 . This constitutes 48.9 percent ofthe total population of the province, which ismuch higher than the percentages for Pakistanas a whole (32.5 percent), Punjab (31.3 percent)Balochistan (23.3 percent) and the NWFP (16.9percent), respectively. Demographic data forthe province since 1901 is given in Table 1 ofAppendix 15.1: Demographic Data Sindh.Table 2 in Appendix 15.1 gives the rural / urbanbifurcation and illustrates the first majorincrease in the urban population whichoccurred between 1941 and 1951. This wasdue to the migration from India in 1947. Theeffect this migration had on the demography,sociology and politics of Sindh is discussedlater in this chapter.The table in Appendix 15.2: Pakistan MainCity Population Data 1998 shows thaturbanisation in Sindh is very different from therest of Pakistan. None of the provincial capitalsof the other provinces contain a majority of theurban population resembling Sindh. Also,Sindh's three major cities (Karachi, Sukkur, andHyderabad) contain 71 percent of the urbanpopulation of the province whereas the fivemain cities of the Punjab contain a mere 48percent. As does NWFP, however the 48percent is distributed amongst three maincities 2 . This is because Karachi, Pakistan's onlyport and its major business and industrialcentre, is in Sindh. This reality determines thenature of urbanisation in the province.With its somewhat better infrastructural facilitiesand employment market, Karachi continues toexercise a strong pull on the population of thelesser developed regions of Pakistan. It has apopulation of 9.269 million or 63 percent of thetotal urban population of Sindh according to the1998 census. Unofficial estimates raise thisfigure to 13 million, or ten percent of thepopulation of the country. In addition, 20 percentof the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP),45 percent of value added, 40 percent ofemployment in large scale manufacturing, 50percent bank deposits, 25 percent of federal and40 percent of provincial revenues arecontributed by Karachi 3 . In spite of this, 75percent of Karachi's labour force is employed inthe informal sector, which contributes 50 percentto Sindh's industrial production 4 .The percentage increase in population during the1981-98 period for Karachi was 77.97 percent,for Hyderabad 54.38 percent, and for Sukkur72.25 percent, as against a Pakistan urbanaverage of 78.19 percent and a Sindh average of51.61 percent 5 . From this, it is evident that onlySukkur and Karachi are attracting rural-urbanmigration, and also that there is inter-city orurban-urban migration taking place fromHyderabad whose population has recorded alower growth than average. Map 15.1 show thelocation of urban settlements in Sindh.PHYSICAL CONDITIONSPhysical development indicators for the urbanareas of Sindh do not, on an average, present afavourable picture even though they are muchbetter than the indicators for the rural areas.Table 1 in Appendix 15.3: PhysicalConditions in Sindh, shows us that there iscongestion (3 persons per room), piped water isavailable to only 68.2 percent of the population,and independent latrines to only 50 percent ofthe dwellings. Also, only 50 percent houseshave an RCC roof. However, electricityconnections are available to 93 percent ofhouses 6 . The table also shows that conditionshave not improved considerably since 1980when the earlier census was taken. Despite this,(Table 2 in Appendix 15.3 ) conditions are betterthan the Sindh average. Physical conditions inurban Sindh do not compare well with thePakistan average either, except for Karachi.SOCIAL CONDITIONSAlmost 50 percent of Sindh is urban. Ascompared to the rural areas, the indicators aremuch better but as compared to the urban1. Government of Pakistan, 1998 Provincial Census Reports, Population Census Organization, Islamabad, GoP, 19982. Source: Arif Hasan, Urban Change: Scale and underlying causes - The case of Pakistan; City Press Karachi, 20023. Khuhro, H and Mooraj, M. 1997. Karachi: Megacity of Our Times. Oxford University Press, Karachi4. MP&ECD-KDA, Karachi Development Plan 2000, KDA 19895. Government of Pakistan, Population Census Reports, 19986. Source: Arif Hasan, Urban Change: Scale and underlying causes - The case of Pakistan; City Press Karachi, 2002

Jamshad MasoodA katchi abadi in Karachiareas of the Punjab they are marginally poorer.The disparity between rural and urban Sindh isenormous and has been discussed in Chapter3. These differences (related to literacy,declining number of married women in the agegroup of 15 to 24 years, and populations below5 years of age) are rapidly increasing. In theurban areas, the use of television, a negligiblegap in male and female literacy in Karachi(which constitutes 62 percent of the Sindhurban population), and declining marriagerates, are producing a new, emancipatedsociety. The younger generation, which will bebetween the ages of 20 and 30 in the next fiveto six years will diverge from the oldergeneration and ingratiate themselves into thecontemporary world.Urbanisation has brought in its wake a majorsocial revolution. New ties have replaced oldclans and tribal affiliations. Economic pressureis forcing women to seek jobs outside theirhomes. Nuclear families are replacing age oldextended family setups. The youngergeneration, unlike their migrant parents andgrandparents, are not pioneers. They are citydwellers who are rapidly loosing their links withthe rural areas. Also, traditional communityorganisations and clan affiliations have becomeweak and in the case of Karachi, non-existent.Therefore, there is an urgent need for strongstate and municipal organisations to replace thecustomary ones. If this does not happen,anarchy and violence are bound to emerge.The development of a society with urban valuesrequires recreation and entertainment whichreflect the culture and aspirations of urbandwellers. Unfortunately, this has not happenedin Sindh. On the contrary, the political culture ofthe state has damaged the entertainment andrecreation facilities that did exist in the 1970'sand early 1980's. Owing to governmentpolicies, cinemas have closed down all over theprovince. Twenty-eight of them have beendemolished in the central districts of Karachialone, thus wiping out one of the major sourcesof family entertainment. Schools of dance andmusic were also closed down in the 1980's and,due to censorship on the performance of playsand musical programmes, such functions havebecome difficult, if not impossible to stage.There has been a decline in the standards ofmuseums and zoos, and a cutback ongovernment expenditure on the promotion ofart, culture and recreation.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development199

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development200However, the parks, beaches, and funfairs ofKarachi and other cities are full of people onweekends and days off. Also, on holidays, thecity streets all over Sindh are full of young boysplaying cricket. This is a reminder that openspaces are not available to the youngergeneration for sports and recreation.Despite the negative aspects mentioned above,religious festivals are celebrated withconsiderable enthusiasm and public involvement.Ramzan, Muharram and Dewali, are all bigevents, where apart from religious rituals, peoplealso socialize, play traditional sports and arrangemelas to celebrate these holidays.HOUSINGSindh requires about 120,000 new housing unitsannually for its growing population. However,the formal sector is able to provide no more thanabout 40,000 housing units. Karachi requires80,000 units per year whereas only 27,000building permits are issued by the buildingcontrol authorities in the city 7 . This hugedemand-supply gap is met by the developmentof katchi abadis or squatter settlements on stateland, through the informal subdivision ofagricultural land, densification of the inner citiesor is simply unmet. The katchi abadi is strictlyspeaking, illegal, whereas the subdivisions ofagricultural land have no law to support them. Inboth cases, the settlements are un-serviced andacquire services through self-help or ad-hocpolitical patronage. In Karachi, it is estimatedthat 32,000 housing units are developed in thekatchi abadi every year 8 .Half of the population of Karachi and Hyderabadlive in katchi abadis. The government of Sindhhas a Katchi Abadi Improvement andRegularisation Programme (KAIRP). TheProgramme has been in operation since 1978but has failed to meet its target because ofcomplex procedures, absence of communityparticipation, dependence on foreign loans andofficial corruption. These hindrances havedeclined considerably after 1992, when theSindh Katchi Abadi Authority (SKAA) initiated amore innovative programme to deal with theseissues.There are 1,293 identified katchi abadis inSindh of which 1,157 have been marked forregularisation. They have an estimatedpopulation of 3.53 million, a figure that does notinclude settlements created out of the informalsubdivision of agricultural land that have notbeen identified as katchi abadis.The vast majority of the working class of urbanSindh lives in such settlements. Since they areincreasingly being developed away from thecity centre, the residents have immenseproblems commuting from their homes to theirplaces of work. This factor also increases theircommuting costs considerably. Many of theseunregulated settlements are being demolishedto make way for commercial plazas and middleincome apartment housing, even thoughdemolitions are carried out in violation ofexisting government policy. In Karachi alonesince 1992, 7,438 housing units in the katchiabadis have been bulldozed 9 . Developmentprojects have also caused large scaledisplacement of urban populations. Forexample, the Lyari Expressway in Karachi willbe displacing 25,000 families. Thesedisplacements are increasing the housingproblem and also create social conflict since noproper alternatives are provided to theevacuated population.The distance of the katchi abadis from the citycentre also means that they are disengagedfrom better health, education, recreational, andcultural facilities, which adds to theirimpoverishment. The Orangi Pilot Project(OPP), an NGO working in the informalsettlements of Pakistan, has identifiedsanitation, employment, health and schoolingas the four main problems in the abadis and hasdeveloped models of community participationand local resource mobilisation to tackle theseproblems. The project has receivedinternational acclaim and recognition.The absence of social housing programmes forurban areas is increasing informal housing7. Hasan, Arif. 1999.Understanding Karachi. City Press, Karachi8. Ibid9. Ismail, Aquila. 2002. Evictions. City Press/URC, Karachi

projects. A major problem this poses is thefuture integration of ad-hoc informaldevelopments, both in physical and socialterms, into a larger plan for the city. The failureto bring about such integration is bound toincrease societal and class conflict.There are considerable sociological differencesbetween the katchi abadis and the plannedareas of urban Sindh which are evident in thesocial indicators of different low incomesettlements. These are shown in Table 1 and 2in Appendix 15.4: Social Indicators ofDifferent Types of Settlements in Karachi.LAND USE CHANGESMajor land-use changes have taken place as aresult of urbanisation. This is especially true ofKarachi and Hyderabad. The most importantalteration is the acquisition of agricultural andpastoral land for urban development. In thecase of Karachi, 1,200 goth (villages) and theirpasture areas have been absorbed by theexpanding city. As a result, the people have lostnot only their homes but also their traditionalsources of livelihood. The best agriculturallands were also located around the towns in theirrigated areas. These too have been lost, alongwith their orchards and gardens. In addition,areas that were demarcated as protected greenareas by various development plans have beentaken over by developers and also by katchiabadis. This has been possible because of apowerful politician-developer-bureaucrat nexuswhich has rendered most development andland-use plans ineffective. Through this nexus,developers are able to violate by-laws andzoning regulations, encroach upon compulsoryopen spaces and even build on naturaldrainage channels and infrastructurereservations. This has happened all over Sindh,creating severe environmental problems,especially related to the disposal of stormwater. For example, in Karachi DevelopmentAuthority (KDA) Scheme 33 in Karachi, 827.3acres of amenity spaces for parks,playgrounds, educational and health facilitieshave been taken over illegally for commercialdevelopment 10 . The Karachi Building ControlMuhammad Anees ShehzadDrinking water supply line passing through the polluted Lyari RiverAuthority (KBCA), which is supposed toimplement zoning regulations, has failed to doso. As a result, there is congestion, absence ofimportant urban facilities, and inadequateinfrastructure. SHEHRI, a Karachi based NGO,has taken up these issues and has struggled forthe implementation of zoning regulations by theKBCA through advocacy, court cases, andlobbying.The absence of any formal provision for theestablishment and increase of small scaleindustry, warehousing, storage and privatesector health and education facilities, has alsoled to major land-use changes. Most informalsector industries function from the katchi abadisthat do not have the necessary infrastructure tosupport them. As a result, warehousing andstorage has encroached onto the narrow streetsof the inner cities of Karachi and Hyderabad.Due to this densification, the middle classeshave moved out of old neighbourhoods andhave been replaced by lower income groupsthat work in the markets and warehouses aslabour. Since a large part of these are migrants,Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development20110. Hasan, Arif. 1999. Understanding Karachi. City Press, Karachi

many of the old neighbourhoods of Karachi'sinner city have become male-only enclaves.Due to these social and physical changes, therich architectural heritage of the inner cities hasbeen badly damaged and much of the oldcommunity buildings are no longer used for theiroriginal purposes. Similarly, even in the affluenturban neighbourhoods, houses have beenconverted into private schools and clinics andreadily available for commercial and industrialuse. This causes considerable inconvenience tothe residents of areas surrounding them.WATERWater is available to those urban areas of Sindhthat are in close proximity to the irrigationnetwork. Cities that are far away and have nopotable subsoil water have severe problemsand are faced with uncertain water availability.This includes Karachi, where the net availabilityis only 350 MGD as against a requirement of600 MGD 11 .Potable groundwater (available only in 28percent of Sindh land mass) used in urbanareas, is invariably contaminated with saltsdrained from the drainage basin, in addition tosewage, industrial effluent, and residues offertilizer and pesticides discharged by thewastewater disposal systems. Seventy-threepercent of the farms in Sindh use fertilizer and23 percent of the farm areas are provided withpesticide cover. The irrigation drainagechannels carry these toxic pesticide andfertilizer residues drained from the fields. SinceLBOD and RBOD have not been effective indischarging the drainage effluent into the sea,the toxic effluent has been accumulating in thesoil and moving slowly into the groundwatersources. Unless this is prevented, water willbecome a severe danger to health conditions inthe province.DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENTIn the absence of proper disposal and treatmentfacilities, municipal and industrial effluent inSindh is discharged into the nearest drainagecanals, depressions, water channels, rivers, orthe sea. The wastewater from Sukkur isreleased directly into the River Indus, whichSindh State ofEnvironment &Development202Muhammad Anees ShehzadA view of Lyari River with polluted water in Karachi11. Ibid

Muhammad Anees ShehzadMounds of garbage dumped in city streets in Karachifrom Hyderabad is discharged into the PhuleliCanal, and sewage water from Kotri isdischarged into the Kalri Baghar canal thatbrings water to Karachi. Karachi's effluent goesdirectly and mostly untreated into the sea.Sewage collection and disposal is available inSindh to approximately three million of theurban population, 28 percent only. Theunserved population includes katchi abadis, theindustrial areas, as well as the informalmanufacturing sector located in residentialareas and commercial areas. A part of theuntreated, discharged wastewater is used forfarming purposes. The produce of thiswastewater is a major health hazard. However,as wastewater increases, so does the areausing it for cultivation.In Karachi, there is provision for the treatmentof only 80 MGD of the over 250 MGD of sewagegenerated by the residential and industrialareas of the city 12 . Only 25 percent of this 80MGD capacity is utilised since the seweragesystem to carry it to the treatment plants is notin place. The untreated sewage is dischargedas a raw mix of sewage and industrial wasteinto the seasonal Lyari and Malir Rivers. Thesetwo streams were dry nalas in the past but arenow perennial sewage streams that dischargeinto the Manora Channel and the Phittee Creek.Due to this, seawater in the Manora Channel aswell as the Phittee Creek is highly contaminatedand has resulted in the loss of biodiversity in theaquatic life.SOLID WASTE DISPOSALThe management of municipal solid waste in allthe urban centres of Sindh comprisesneighbourhood garbage dumped at a kachrakundi from where it is taken by trucks anddumpers and hauled to distant landfill sites. Inthe small towns, only an estimated 30 to 40percent of solid waste is picked up. Out of this,only 50 to 70 percent is transported to a dumpingsite, which in most places is undeveloped. Mostmunicipalities undertaking collection andremoval activities do not have propertransportation fleets, nor do they have thefinances for the regular operation andSindh State ofEnvironment &Development20312. Ibid

maintenance of vehicles. The remaining solidwaste is picked up by scavengers for sale tomiddlemen who then transport it to the recyclingindustry in the larger cities.Karachi generates a very large volume of solidwaste and also has a large recycling industry.Details regarding collection and disposal aregiven in Table 15.1. Details related to therecycling industries and their relationship to themunicipal authorities and middlemen are givenin Box 15.1: Waste Pickers and the RecyclingIndustry. There is an urgent need to formallyintegrate the recycling industry into the solidwaste management strategy for Karachi, forwithout their participation, it will be increasinglydifficult to develop an efficient system of wastedisposal.Karachi has only two official dumping siteslocated to the west and north of the city 13 .These are rather difficult for the southern andeastern parts of the city to access. Since thesesites are underdeveloped a large number ofinformal sites (many of them along creeks andbeaches) have cropped up recently, creatingimmense environmental hazards for the naturaland the constructed-environment. In addition,residents and municipal authorities are forcedto burn solid waste in neighbourhoods wherewaste cannot be lifted. This causes furtherdeterioration to the environment.Box 15.1: Waste Pickers and the Recycling IndustryAbout 700 tons of recyclable waste is collected from the KMC neighbourhood garbage dumps or kutchrakundi, as they are called. This activity is carried out by about 21,000 waste pickers, most of whom areyoung Afghan boys who work in groups of 5 to 20. Each group is linked to a "contractor". For theirconvenience, waste pickers scatter the waste on to public spaces around the kutchra kundi, creating largescale environmental pollution. The pickers then separate paper, plastic, rags, bone and metal, and carrythem to sorting places in large plastic bags. If the sorting point is near the kutchra kundi, the pickersphysically carry it there or use bicycles. If it is far, a donkey cart or a Suzuki pick-up is hired for thispurpose. Most of the sorting places are located near the nala, under bridges, in open spaces meant forparks and playgrounds, in abandoned public latrines and even at bus stop sheds. The contractor paysbhatta for the use of these spaces to functionaries of government departments who own the space or toneighbourhood toughs and to the police. KMC garbage collection crews and drivers do not lift litter fromthe kutchra kundi regularly so as to help the pickers in their work. In return, the contractor pays the KMCdrivers and crew between 50 to 150 rupees per day. In addition, the cost of the diesel saved by not makingthe journey from the kutchra kundi to the distant landfill sites is also pocketed by the KMC staff.The sorting point is operated by a contractor who hires four to six boys to separate different items and topack them in separate containers. From here the packed waste is taken to Sher Shah for primary recycling,or to dealers who are also located in Sher Shah, for refined sorting. Alternatively, in a few cases, it is takendirectly to factories in Korangi, New Karachi, Orangi and in Sher Shah for reprocessing or is sent tofactories in the industrial cities of the Punjab. Pick-ups and, sometimes, trucks are used for transportation.Since these vehicles are overloaded, they pay 150 - 200 rupees per trip as bhatta to the traffic police. Inaddition, 10 - 15 rupees are paid at every police chowki (post).Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development204Paper and bone are the two main items that are collected from the dumps. Other sort of waste such asplastic, glass, and metal are removed at home by housewives and sold to the kabari. Paper is turned intocardboard and bones are boiled to remove grease from them. The grease is used for detergent factoriesand also for soap making while the bones are ground and mixed with poultry feed. The grease-removingprocess is very polluting and since these factories are located in dense residential areas in Sher Shah,there is constant conflict between the residents and the factory owners.After fulfilling duties at the dumps during the day, pickers invade all the city markets, even in high incomeareas, after they close at around 7:30 pm. Here the contractors and sometimes the pickers as well, paythe market administrators, caretakers, and shopkeepers for the waste they collect.Source: 25 years of Sindh statistics GOS, 1998 and SFD records13. Ibid

Nasir Ali PanhwarTraffic congestion in Karachi has reached an alarming levelIn Karachi, hospitals dispose hazardous wastethrough the Karachi Municipal Corporation(KMC) that is responsible for collection fromabout a 100 hospitals, clinics, laboratories, andsimilar institutions. The KMC has six vehiclesfor this purpose and two incinerator plants atMewashah that were installed in 1999.However, newspaper reports suggest that thiscollection and disposal is not efficiently carriedout, and it serves a very small percentage of thetotal hospitals and clinics in the city.VEHICULAR TRAFFICTraffic volume in Sindh has escalatedtremendously over the last 55 years and so hasthe level of air pollution on the main roads ofKarachi and in other urban centres. Forinstance, according to reports the vehiculartraffic of Karachi city has increased by a factor of32 in 40 years. Statistics illustrate that thenumber of vehicles in the city has risen fromTable 15.1: Solid Waste Collection and Disposal in KarachiTonnes Per DaySeparated by housewives 800Separated by waste pickers 700Fuel for kilns 350Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development205Used for land reclamation 350Lifted by KMC2,200Not picked up (most of it dumped in natural drains) 2,200Total 6,600Source: Hasan Arif, Understanding Karachi, City Press, Karachi, 1999

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development20620,000 in 1948-49, to 646,582 vehicles in 1988-89. There may be close to a million vehicles onthe city streets of Karachi in the daytime. Thisamounts to over 50 percent of the vehicles in theprovince as a whole. The natural consequenceof the increase in vehicular population iscongestion and an increase in the level of airand noise pollution.AIR POLLUTIONAccording to a recent study by UNICEF, 81percent of children under age five in Sindhdevelop acute respiratory infections, which isthe highest figure amongst the four provinces ofPakistan. Much of this is because vehicles emita substantial quantity of lead and carbonmonoxide into the air. In a study conducted inKarachi, the highest smoke concentration wasfound to be at Tibet Centre, where it was 270ug/m3 in 1975, 598 ug/m3 in 1982 and 623ug/m3 in 1983. This high level of pollution hasresulted in increased respiratory tractinfections, which are what nearly 23 percentpatients coming to Civil Hospital, Karachi, aresuffering from. In addition, several studies havebeen conducted to document the high level oflead in the atmosphere. These studies showthat schoolchildren and policemen studyingand/or working in those areas of Karachi wherethere is heavy traffic congestion havedangerously high blood lead levels 14 . The mainsource of lead is exhaust fumes fromautomobiles, lead-based paints and batterysmelting factories 15 .NOISE POLLUTIONVarious studies have shown that long termexposure to high levels of industrial noise cancause a degree of hearing loss. Nearly 50 to 60percent of the workers in a plant with a noiselevel of about 150 decibels (db) have beenreported to be losing hearing capacity. Theother non-industrial sources of noise includevehicular traffic, loudspeakers, radios,television, music systems, construction work,trains and aircrafts.Karachi is the hub of industrial and commercialactivities in Sindh. In 1994, a survey wascarried out to assess the degree of noisepollution in Karachi. Noise analysis data wascollected for 16 hour periods and carried out in72 selected sites. The local train whistling up to113 db was the worst polluter. The nationalLogistic Cell (NLC) trawler emitting 96 db andblowing its horn at 109 db came next. Theothers included an old taxi (average 98, peak107 db) motorcycles (average 93 db, peak 110db) and auto rickshaw (average 92 db, peak102 db). Noise levels varying from 87 to 99 dbwere found at the harbour, the vegetable meatmarkets and music shops. At night, the noise inrestaurants peaks at 94 db. Even in hospitals,high noise levels (81 to 82 db) were found 16 .The acceptable noise level is 85 db.Rapid urbanisation is contributing towards theemission of noise from traffic. Increase in thenumber of vehicles, traffic jams, defectivevehicles, and poor roads, all contribute towardsnoise pollution. Although industrial estates havebeen demarcated away from residential areas,the unplanned katchi abadi not only leads toextemporaneous industrial activity but exposesthe residents to noise and air pollution.TRANSPORTTransport is an essential part of urban life. InSindh, the public sector has completelywithdrawn from providing transport at the intracity and the inter city levels. Through thepromotion of a free trade policy, the privatesector has taken over the provision of transportfacilities. A major transport problem exists inKarachi where about 13,000 substandard minibusescater to the needs of the vast majority ofthe commuting public. There is no infrastructureto support these services. There are very fewbus terminals, depots or workshops. All theseactivities are carried out along the roadscreating congestion and strong objections fromthe residents of the areas where such transportplies. These mini-buses are purchased byindividuals (sometimes more than oneindividual) on credit from financers who act14. Beg, M.A.A. "Report on Status of Air Pollution in Megacities". Karachi: Past, Present and Future prepared for World Health Organization,June, 200115. Ibid16. Beg, M. A. A. Status Paper on Urbanization of Sindh, prepared for the IUCN, 2002

Muhammad Anees ShehzadNorthen bypass flyover bridge at Karachi, an example of improving infrastructurecollectively as a mafia. The buses have a closelink with the law enforcement agencies andthereby violate all traffic laws with impunity.Recently, attempts have been made by the citygovernment and the Sindh Ministry of Transportto introduce better bus services through theprivate sector.Efforts to build a mass transit system for the cityhave also been undertaken. Rs. 3.5 billion havegone into developing various mass transitoptions. These options include: the revival ofthe existing Karachi Circular Railway (KCR)and its extension into the suburbs; theconstruction of elevated light rail transit ways onexisting roads; and, more recently, proposalsfor a mono-rail system. For most of theseproposals, tenders on a build, operate, andtransfer (BOT) basis will be invited throughinternational tenders from multinationalcompanies, since the government does nothave the funds for Karachi's mass transitneeds. It is feared that the BOT system willraise construction costs and hence the averagecost per trip may become unaffordable for thepoorer commuters. Citizens' groups have alsoobjected to the adverse environmental effectsof building elevated transit ways through thenarrow corridors of the old city as this will notonly block out light and air but will alsoencroach upon public space and obstruct theview to a number of important historicalbuildings of the city.INSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTSMajor changes have taken place in theinstitutional set up in Pakistan after theenactment of the 2001 Devolution Plan. Beforethat, in Sindh there were four municipalcorporations (cities with over 500,000population), 36 municipal committees(populations between 25,000 and 500,000) and123 town committees (populations of less than25,000). The planning and implementation forinfrastructure of the town committees wascarried out by the provincial line departments.The municipal committees however, had someexpertise but depended heavily on the linedepartments as well. The cities which hadmunicipal corporations also had developmentauthorities that were in-charge of planning andimplementation of structure plans andSindh State ofEnvironment &Development207

infrastructure development. However, after theDevolution Plan, which has been described inChapter 23, each district has been divided intotehsil and each tehsil into union councils. Eachtehsil has a population of approximately500,000 and each union council is supposed tohave between 50,000 and 60,000.CAUSES FOR THEPRESENT SITUATIONInstitutional IssuesUrban planning in Sindh has been carried outwith the help of donors like the UNDP andUNCHR (Habitat). They were the planners forthe Karachi Development Plan 1974-85 and1986-2000 as well as the Sindh SecondaryCities Project. The Karachi Master Plan 1974-85 covered the present Karachi division, fourtaluka of Thatta, two taluka of Dadu and Hubtehsil of Balochistan. The foreign consultantsdetermined the form of the plan withoutconsidering local constraints. Nationalexpertise, especially from academic institutions,was not utilised. Another similar exercise wasinitiated in 1986 to formulate the KarachiDevelopment Plan 2000. The plan was finalisedin 1991 at the cost of Rs. 430 million. No localexpertise was involved nor was a properevaluation of the planning process or localstakeholder consultation undertaken. None ofthese plans were given legal cover.Consequently, they never became law andcould be violated. In addition, there are overtwenty-five development organisations anddepartments and at least a dozen majorlandholding agencies that govern urbandevelopment. There is no coordination betweenthem and conflicts about the control of theirareas ensue.The unmitigated rural-urban migration toKarachi and Sukkur in the last decade and toHyderabad and Sukkur during the earlierdecades after 1947, have led to the decay ofthe urban, physical and social environment. Theweakness of the planning machinery and theresults of its failure were identified in the FourthFive Year Plan document.Previous plans have suffered a similar fate. TheGreater Karachi Plan prepared in 1949 and setSindh State ofEnvironment &Development208Muhammad Anees ShehzadA view of Northen bypass Karachi, near Shershah

Table 15.2: Migrants Status of Population in the Urban Areas of Sindh and Punjab1981- 98 (in thousands)Movements of ImmigrantsTotal Punjab SindhTotal urban population 42,898(100.0) 23,019(100.0) 14,480(100.0)Non-migrants 35,990(83.9) 19,520(84.8) 12,288(82.8)Total migrants 6,909(16.1) 3,499(15.2) 2,552(17.2)Migrants within Pakistan 4,496(10.5) 1,747(9.6) 1,603(10.8)Migrants within the province 2,456(5.7) 1,747(7.6) 459(3.1)Migrants from other provinces 1,869(4.4) 365(1.6) 1,099(7.4)Migrants from AJK and NA 172(0.4) 105(0.5) 45(0.3)Migrants from other countries 1,530(3.6) 798(3.5) 661(4.5)Migrants who did not report 882(2.1) 484(2.1) 288(1.9)Source: Government of Pakistan, 1998 Provincial Census Reports, Population Census Organization, Islamabad, Government of Pakistan,1998 District Census Report of Islamabad, Population Census Organization, Islamabad, as reproduced in: Iffat Ara and Arshad ZamanAsian Urbanization in the New Millennium, Country Chapter, unpublished work, August 2002.to become effective in 1952 was shelved. TheUN assisted Newcomb Plan prepared in 1958was only partially implemented. Two masterplans were prepared one in 1974 (KarachiMaster Plan 1974-85) and the other (KarachiDevelopment Plan 2000) for 1985-2000. Bothof them were not implemented because of lackof political support.In 1983, the World Bank prepared a SindhUrban Sector Memorandum to address thegrowing concerns of "dualism between Karachiand the rest of the province and the lack ofdiffusion of the benefits of economic growth".The memorandum concluded that there was acase for deflecting some of Karachi's growth toSindh's secondary cities, as long as thestrategy was not counterproductive to theoverall economy.Also, under the above plan, industrialexpansion of the SITE area in Karachi was tobe curtailed and two new industrial areas wereto be developed in North Karachi to alleviateunemployment and to take advantage of thesuper highway leading to the hinterland. Theother new area, Pipri, was selected because ofits proximity to the new port of Bin Qasim, thesteel mills, and to the main rail and roadarteries in East Karachi. The planrecommended sites for sub-metropolitan tradeand service centres and proposed green beltsseparating industrial from residential areas inthe north of the city.As a result, a Master Plan Department wasestablished to facilitate the implementation ofthe plan, assist in the preparation of updates,and to monitor development. In addition, thefederal government adopted a number ofpolicies to decentralize economic activity. Thegovernment introduced fiscal incentives suchas a regional bias in the tax holiday structure toencourage decentralization of large-scaleindustries. However, a review of this policy aswell as of the Sindh Urban SectorMemorandum shows that none of theirrecommendations were implemented and,consequently, the plan had a negative impacton the development of Karach.It is apparent from the above that theinstitutional arrangements for the developmentand implementation of urban planning have notworked in the case of Sindh.Population Explosion andMigrationThe population of Sindh grew rapidly from4.381 million in 1941 to 6.054 million in 1951and 8.374 million in 1961. The ecology of theprovince changed completely after the 1947mass migration from India due to the sharing oflimited resources with one-and-a-half times asmany people as in 1941. The urban centres ofthe province absorbed about twice theirpopulation without the development of any newSindh State ofEnvironment &Development209

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development210infrastructure. There was an addition of aboutfive million people during each decadethereafter. The population was 14.158 million in1972, which increased to 19.029 million in 1981and to 29.991 million in 1998 17 .The rural-urban migration rate for Pakistan wasset at over 600 people per day, and showedrural migration to be the main cause for growthin urban populations. For Sindh, the addition offive million people each decade, suggests anaddition of over 1,350 persons a day, which isevident not only of intra-provincial rural to urbanmigration but also urban to urban and interprovincialmigration (Table 15.2 illustrates thiswell).The Failure of EquitableIndustrialisationBetween 1958 and 1968, the governmentdecided to industrialise the country according toadvice from the Harvard Group. Much of thistook place in Karachi and hence promoted interprovincialmigration. To regulate the growth ofcities and to balance development activities, thegovernment put a ban on new industries inKarachi and provided incentives for industrialiststo make investments in less developed areas.This met with little success as the alternativeareas lacked the necessary infrastructure.These areas included secondary or intermediatecities such as Jacobabad, Shikarpur, Larkana,Khairpur, Nawabshah, Sangarh, Tando Adam,Mirpurkhas and Tando Allahyar.The migrants to the urban areas were anxious toimprove their quality of life while the governmenthad no resources to introduce development. Aninformal sector developed to cater to theirhousing and employment needs. As a result, 75percent of the urban population is employed inthe informal sector and 50 percent of industrialproduction is from informal industries.There was also a large transfer of populationduring the decade 1977-1987, when a largenumber of rural residents left their homes forsecurity reasons. Security conditions in therural areas of Sindh had deteriorated to theextent that anarchic break-ins and robberyand kidnappings for ransom had becomecommon.The migration to the Middle East of unskilledworkers in 1972/73 and then their return in1986/87, led to the development of a consumerculture and the emergence of a middle class inwhat were previously working class urban andrural communities. This in turn led to furthermigration from rural to urban areas.Other CausesLack of financial resources has been one of thecauses for the non-implementation of plans. Forthe first decade after 1947, the government waspreoccupied in trying to settle 1.8 millionrefugees from India. This migration had alreadyresulted in massive environmental degradationdue to the absence of infrastructure. The failureto implement subsequent plans due to financialconstraints increased this degradationconsiderably. Lack of rural infrastructure,especially farm to market roads, andwaterlogging and salinity, has increased ruralurbanmigration and also rural and urbanpoverty.Another reason for skewed urbanisation wasthe complete neglect by planners of the fact thatrural and urban areas cannot develop inisolation and that planning must beaccompanied by, and coordinated with plansand programmes of agriculture, industries,transport, communications, water and power.Whatever plans were prepared for the urbanareas of Sindh were not provided legal cover.This is because the provision of legal coverwas not a priority for the politicians who useland and developmental contracts for thepurpose of providing patronage to theirsupporters. As a result, urban planning inSindh has been addressed in an ad-hocmanner. This has resulted in the failure ofgovernment to provide housing, social sectorfacilities and employment to the poorersections of the urban population. The informalsector has, in effect, replaced the functions of17. Source: Arif Hasan, Urban Change: Scale and underlying causes - The case of Pakistan; City Press Karachi, 2002

the state. No attempts have been made in thevarious development plans to support thisinformal sector or to integrate it into theplanning process.There have also been constant changes in thelocal bodies of Sindh creating confusion,insecurity, and an absence of vision in their staffand development authorities. Also, they havebeen denied their rightful share in property tax,road tax, and motor vehicles tax. There hasalso been considerable financial indisciplinedue to the absence of a process ofaccountability and transparency in thedevelopment sector and in the localgovernment in Sindh.STAKEHOLDERSFederal Government AgenciesFederal government agencies operative inurban Sindh include the Karachi Port Trust,Military Land and Cantonment Boards, PakistanSteel Mills and Port Qasim Authority. All theseagencies own land in Sindh and are involved inthe planning and development of infrastructurefor the province. The Federal Ministry forEnvironment is also an important stakeholdersince it develops guidelines for environmentalpolicies which have to be followed by theprovincial governments. Industry is also afederal subject, and given the fact that Sindh isthe most industrialized of provinces, policiesrelated to this sector have importantrepercussions on the physical and socialenvironment of the province.The Sindh EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA)The Sindh Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) is responsible for regulatingenvironmental issues in Sindh. Since theseissues cut across many sectors, the EPA has tocoordinate its work with a host of government,non-government and informal sectorstakeholders.Provincial GovernmentDepartmentsIf the Rural Development Department caneffectively improve the environmental andeconomic conditions in the rural areas,migration to the cities would be contained. TheHousing and Town Planning Department of theprovincial government is the major policymakerfor urban development for the small towns ofthe province. Similarly, the urban developmentauthorities that fall under the jurisdiction of thePlanning Department are major stakeholders.The provincial department of transport is animportant stakeholder as well, since transport isa major issue both at the intra-city and inter-citylevels in Sindh.District Governments, Tehsiland Union CouncilsUnder the new Devolution Plan the planningand implementation of various levels of physicaland social infrastructure and its subsequentoperation and maintenance is the responsibilityof the district government, tehsil and unioncouncils. Seeking funds for this developmentand coordinating their work with other relevantprovincial and federal agencies is also theirresponsibility, establishing them as majorstakeholders for urban development.Formal and Informal ServiceProvidersThere are a large range of formal and informalservice providers linked to water supply,sewage and sanitation, solid waste disposal,energy supply, telecommunication facilities,land allocation, building and development in theprivate sector, transportation, health care,education, industrialization, industrial estateand the provision of security.Civil Society Organisations andNGOsCivil society organisations and NGOs areimportant players in the urban context of Sindh.They are involved in issues related to humanSindh State ofEnvironment &Development211

ights, water and sanitation management,consumer rights, environmental conservation,labour rights, research and advocacy on urbanissues, and support to the less privilegedcommunities and settlements of the cities.FUTURE ACTIONThe most important need for the urban areas ofSindh is the development of realistic plans thattake into consideration the potential of theexisting interest groups and the state's financialconstraints. However, for this to becomepossible, a proper mapping of the cities ofSindh is required with details of their social,physical and environmental conditions. Basedon this documentation, trends should beidentified with existing good practices promotedand adverse ones regulated. GeographicalInformation Systems (GIS) should be used forthe development of these plans and GIS knowhowshould be consolidated in the relevantplanning, monitoring and revenue collectionagencies.The new local body system established by theDevolution Plan of 2001 should bestrengthened. This can be done by establishingeffective master plan departments in Karachi,Hyderabad, Sukkur and Mirpurkhas, which cansupport the planning of the smaller towns. Theplans developed by these departments shouldhave legal cover and should be prepared withthe active participation of all formal and informalstakeholders.Some of the issues that need to be addressedare related to the development of mass transitsystems for Karachi, the removal of trafficcongestion on the roads through bettermanagement practices, the creation ofwholesale markets off bypasses so as todecongest inner city areas, the development ofeffective solid waste management systems thatseek to integrate informal practices intomunicipal programmes, water conservationpractices including plugging of leakages,incentives to builders and developers forcreating housing for the middle and higherincome groups, integration of the informalhousing market into government policy forsocial housing and a realistic plan for sewagedisposal and treatment. Significant changes willalso be required in energy strategies andpractices to stabilise the emissions ofSindh State ofEnvironment &Development212Muhammad Anees ShehzadGreen areas are being promoted within city limits

greenhouse gases and leverage noise and airpollution.The success of these programmes and projectsrelies entirely upon accountability andtransparency in the planning andimplementation stages. This can be done byadvertising the project or programme at theconceptual phase; inviting objections andsuggestions to it through public hearings;establishment of a steering committee ofinterest groups to monitor its designdevelopment and implementation; regularpublication in the press regarding its accounts;and the engagement of one official who shouldbe responsible for the project from its initiationto its completion.However, to do what has been recommended inthe previous paragraph, strong institutions andhuman resources are required at various levelsand disciplines. Planning and urban designshould be introduced in the Graduate and PostGraduate curriculum at the relevant universitiesof Sindh. These courses should use the urbanareas of the province as their workshop andshould be socially responsive to localconditions. Courses in the urban and socialgeography and supportive IT discipline mayalso be introduced. Architecture schools andengineering departments should make theircurriculum relevant to the problems of the urbanareas of Sindh. No discipline can deliver unlessit has the required professionals andtechnicians. There is also a need to establishand/or rehabilitate polytechnics and technicalschools. Environment-related school curriculamust be developed so as to produce a futuregeneration that has urban values andunderstands environmental issues. Anotherimportant discipline is urban management andits various sub-disciplines.In addition to professional expertise,administrators, councillors, nazims and naibnazims require orientation and guidance. Thereis a need to develop training institutes for thispurpose. Maybe the revival of the MetropolitanTraining and Research Institute at Karachineeds to be considered.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development213

CHAPTER 16Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentIndustrialDevelopment

Agricultural and mineral resourcesare representative of the natureof industries in Sindh. Fourteenpercent of Pakistan's wheatproduction, 43 percent of rice,25 percent of cotton, 30 percentsugarcane, 30 to 50 percentvegetable crops, and 12 to 50 percent fruit crops areproduced in Sindh 1 . In addition, livestock and fisheries are majoroutputs. These resources are being exploited through a vast network ofsmall-scale industries such as rice, flour and oil mills, ginning factories,farm products processing units, brick kilns, sugar mills and cementfactories. Most of these cottage industries are family-owned businessesand do not employ a large labour force.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development215

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development216Sindh's industrial units, except for thoseconcerned with consumer products, were tillmid-2002, closing down either because of thehigher costs of production; the unfavourablelaw and order situation; and/or because taxholidays granted for a certain period were nolonger available. Some investors tookadvantage of bank loans and preferred todeclare the units bankrupt so that their debtswould be written off. As a result, an increasingtrend is observable where investors areswitching over from manufacturing to trading orthe services industry.The strategy for industrialisation in Sindhpromoted the creation of planned industrialestates and an engineering base. The firstindustrial estate to be established was theSindh Industrial Trading Estate (SITE) beyondthe Lyari River in Karachi in 1947, which wasmeant to be the industrial hub of the country,not just Sindh. SITE Karachi was provided withinfrastructure such as water, roads and asewerage network with the specific conditionthat it would be used only if the effluent from thefactories was treated according to therequirement of the Factories Act of 1934. Theplants and systems put up by industrialists werenot equipped to treat the effluent. It was arguedthat this would raise the cost of production.Instead of rejecting this argument, the stateallowed the industries to pollute the air andwater systems. Industrial estates in Landhi(1953), Korangi (1959) and North Karachitownships (early 1970s) were establishedsubsequently 2 .The establishment of industries brought aboutintensive land-use change, much of which wasnot foreseen or planned for. This causedconsiderable degradation of the physicalenvironment. Unlike SITE, Korangi, or Landhi,in the North Karachi Industrial Estate, space forsmall scale and medium size units, and forbuilding of stores and warehouses wasprovided. The managers of these units did nottake into consideration the environmentaldegradation that they would cause because ofthe high population density.SITE was not profit-oriented. Plots were allottedat nominal rates and infrastructure wasprovided by the state. The SITE engineer wasauthorised to allot land, providedentrepreneurs were committed to establishindustries on it. SITE Limited was allowed tomanage its financial affairs without assistancefrom the government, or interference from thebureaucracy. SITE was assigned to establishother estates in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur,Kotri, Nooriabad, Nawab Shah, Mirpurkhas,Khairpur, Tando Adam and other importanttowns. As a result, 24 large and small industrialcomplexes were established, but theinfrastructure facilities were insufficient andsubstandard. Bureaucratic red-tape and later apoor law and order situation prevented thesesites from developing optimally. Many of themhave remained unoccupied and inactive overthe last decade.Inadequate infrastructure facilities haveretarded industrial development in the province.The level of urbanisation in Sindh reflects this.The ratio of urban to rural population in theprovince is 49:51. When 30 percent of thepopulation becomes urban it suggests a highthreshold of economic development and over45 percent suggests a take-off stage 3 . The ratiofor Sindh suggests that the province is at anadvanced stage of development which is notthe case. The population of Karachi,Hyderabad, and Sukkur combined makes up for73 percent of the urban population of Sindh.Moreover, Karachi is the primary city of thecountry and the main centre of commercial andindustrial activity. It has a population that istwice as much as that of the rest of the urbanpopulation of Sindh, which goes to show thatinterventions aimed at the dispersal ofindustries throughout the province, were afailure.Due to the reasons given above, domestic andforeign investment has not been forthcoming.The brain drain is a persistent problem asprofessionals and entrepreneurs move toforeign countries. Increasingly insecure capitalis seeking investment abroad.1. Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan, 1997-98; Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 1992-93,1997-98; Development Statistics of Sindh, 19982. Beg , M.A.A. "The New Economic Order, Where do we Stand?" Sindh Tribune, Nov. 19953. Mumford,L. Natural History of Urbanization, in The Ecology of Man: An Ecosystem Approach, R.L. Smith, Harper and Row Publishers,New York, 1972

Public sector industries are being privatisedunder the Structural Adjustment Programme yetthere has been very little direct foreigninvestment in industry. Information technology,oil and gas, food, tobacco and beverages, arethe only components of the industrial sector thathave received substantial ($50 million USDeach) investments. Massive devaluation hasreduced the return in dollar terms, andenhanced the cost of plant, machinery andimported industrial raw materials.Refer to Map 16.1 for the location of IndustrialEstates in Sindh.THE SERVICE INDUSTRYThe service industry is a key component ofindustrial infrastructure at the primary stages. Itcaters to the handling of agricultural products atfarm level which includes threshing, storage,enhancing the shelf life of the products andfreighting. This industry has remaineddisorganised and has yet to respond to theneeds of the export market efficiently. Thisimplies that an awareness of the export marketrequirements must be created among thegrowers, packers, and forwarding agents. In theabsence of a suitable service industry, theeconomy has suffered because exportedcommodities do not conform to internationalstandards.All cash crops (fruits and vegetables, liveanimals, dairy products, and fisheries) and theminerals of Sindh are usually freighted to thenearest urban centre where they are processedon an industrial scale. Small scale processingindustries (rice mills, flour mills, oil expeller units,power crushers for sugarcane at the farm level,ginneries) have been established in theundersized towns as well. Value addition to farmproducts at the small town level is picking upslowly with an improvement in infrastructurefacilities. Establishment of large storagewarehouses, cold storage houses and vegetableand fruits preservation units facilitate storage ofperishable farm products during the glut period.PACKAGING INDUSTRYOver 90,000 tonnes of jute products areproduced in three jute mills in the province.They provide the Hessian cloth and bags forpacking wheat, rice, millets and other farmproducts. Production of cardboard and papersacks required for packaging solids or powderssuch as cement is carried out in over 15 mills.Of the units manufacturing paper and pulp inPakistan, 20 percent are located in Sindh 4 .RICE AND FLOUR MILLSOver 2 million tonnes of rice and an average of2.3 million tonnes of wheat per year areproduced in Sindh and generate considerableindustrial activity. Paddy is dehulled andpolished in about 1,200 rice mills (250 inLarkana, over 700 in Upper Sindh and 250 inthe rest of the province). Wheat and grain cropsare ground in about 126 flour mills in Sindh 5 , outof which about 45 to 50 percent are roller flourmills. Approximately, 50 to 55 percent of theflour mills are small scale grinders called chakkithat are spread throughout the province and arefound in practically all villages.Straw from rice, wheat, and other grain crops isshredded mechanically and utilised as livestockfeed. Rice husk is burnt on the field to driveaway insects that lay their eggs in the soil. It isalso used as fuel in brick kilns near the ricegrowing areas.FARM PRODUCTSAround 510,000 tonnes of fruit is grown inSindh. These include mango, banana, guava,dates, and citrus fruits. Sindh cultivates onions,chillies, and tomato which are 40 percent, 81percent, and 35 percent respectively of the totalproduction in Pakistan. Fruits and vegetablesare canned and preserved in seven mediumsizedunits and scores of smaller ones havemushroomed at the cold storage warehousesSindh State ofEnvironment &Development2174. Summary Release of Census of Manufacturing Industries 1995-96, Bureau of Statistics, Planning and Development Department,Government of Sindh, 2001; Monthly Survey of Industrial Production & Employment in Sindh, June 20015. Development Statistics of Sindh, 1998; Summary Release of Census of Manufacturing Industries 1995-96, Bureau of Statistics, Planningand Development Department, Government of Sindh, 200; Monthly Survey of Industrial Production & Employment in Sindh, June 2001;Dawn October 26, 1999 and January 14, 2003

and near the fruit and vegetable markets 6 .These use metallic cans and plastic bottles forcanning the produce. Packaging materials arebeing processed in units which import rawmaterial for their production.Onion, chillies, coriander, spices and freshvegetables (particularly potato, cauliflower,cabbage, peas, radish and carrots) and fruitsproduced at the farm level have attained thestatus of important export commodities. Theyhave to be adequately packed according to therequirement of the consignee in the destinedcountry. Packaging and marketing of theseproducts is not entirely in the informal sector butthose in the organised sector are faced withtough competition from the small informal foodproduction units.VEGETABLE PRODUCTSVegetable produce related manufacturingindustry in Sindh accounts for 158,253 tonnes,out of a total 734,518 tonnes produced in thecountry 7 . Many of these products are exportedbut the associated packaging industry andforwarding needs improvement sincemishandling of the crops accounts for 15 to 20percent losses at the post-harvest stage.Further losses of over 10 to 15 percent occur asa result of lack of quality control andmaintenance of standards in grading,preserving, storage and packing.Livestock ProductsProductivity in the livestock industry is lowbecause the rangelands which provide 90percent of the feed to animals have beendegraded by overgrazing, cutting of forage forfuelwood, and low agricultural production,particularly during winter. Supplemental feed isexorbitantly expensive and has to betransported from different parts of Sindhthrough non-metalled roads to the range areas.The livestock population of over ten millionconstitutes a valuable resource but, instead ofexploiting this potential for value addition, thestock is dispatched as live animals to theSindh State ofEnvironment &Development218Ali Raza RizviSugar mill: An Agro-based industry6. Ibid7. Development Statistics of Sindh, 1998

Table 16.1: Manufacturing, industrial production and employmentSelectedindustries1998-99UnitFactoriesCoveredProductionEmployment(in Nos.)Vegetable ghee "000" m. tonnes 23 191 1,673Sugar "000" m. tonnes 29 1,331 18,969Cement "000" m. tonnes 9 1,945 2,715Fertilizer (Urea) "000" m. tonnes 2 1,397 1,401Cotton yarn "000" m. tonnes 81 210 35,392Cotton cloth million sq. mtrs. 85Cigarettes million. nos. 2 10,527 8751999-2000Vegetable ghee "000" m. tonnes 23 187 1,607Sugar "000" m. tonnes 29 959 16,022Cement "000" m. tonnes 9 1,915 2,520Fertilizer (Urea) "000" m. tonnes 2 1,423 1,391Cotton yarn "000" m. tonnes 81 23236,548Cotton cloth million. sq. mtrs.93CIGARETTES million. nos.2 10,980 824Index of industrial production, 1999-2000170.37(Base : 1980-81 = 100)Source: Monthly Survey of Industrial Production & Employment in Sindh, June 2001nearest market. It is estimated that around350,000 animals reach Karachi from differentparts of the country during the first ten days ofEid-ul-Azha. The province does not have aregular slaughterhouse in any urban centre forthe hygienic production of a range of animalproducts. About 1.3 million animals areslaughtered in improvised slaughterhouses inSindh every year 8 .Sindh has a large number of tanneries thatprocess raw hides and skins and produceleather goods for the local as well as the exportmarket. It has four mills that produce poultryfeed for the local industry. There are five bonemills that operate under substandard conditionsbut provide material for organic fertiliser that isexported and raw material for the localproduction of gelatine.DAIRY INDUSTRYThe dairy industry is not well organised,although 32 million tonnes of milk is produced inthe province every year 9 . This can meet theneed of the population of the entire province,yet per capita availability is low. The productionsystem is in the informal sector and itsdevelopment along modern lines has oftenbeen resisted. The alternatives in the form ofmilk plants have not solved the problems facedby this sector.POULTRY INDUSTRYRaw material for poultry feed is provided by theagriculture sector, and the feed as well as theSindh State ofEnvironment &Development2198. Development Statistics of Sindh, 1998; Monthly Survey of Industrial Production & Employment in Sindh, June 2001; Dr Aslam PervezUmrani, Livestock Census and Role of livestock production in economy - Dawn (EBR section), 21 February , 20009. Ibid

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development220poultry products need to be processed.However, it has not attained the status of amodern consumer products industry.MEDIUM AND LARGESCALE INDUSTRYCotton is one of the major fibre crops of Sindh,which produces over 2.3 million bales eachyear. The industries dependent on this crop areginning, pressing and textile processing. Thereare 154 ginning, pressing and baling mills inSindh. Around 2.1 million bales were pressed inthe year 2000. Ginning separates the lint fromcottonseed, which is used by the oil mills for theproduction of cottonseed oil and alsohydrogenated ghee. Textile processing is one ofthe major industrial activities in Sindh. Out of atotal of 650 textile processing units in Pakistan,350 are located in the province. These units areinvolved in every nature of textile activityincluding 95 units that are engaged in theproduction of ready made garments 10 .Out of the 77 sugar mills in Pakistan, whichproduce over 4.2 million tonnes of refinedsugar annually, 32 are located in Sindh 11 .Molasses is also extracted in the sugar millsand from it alcohol is produced. Sindh has onlytwo of the nine sugar mills in Pakistan that usemolasses to produce alcohol, which isexported. The sugar industry in Sindh isplagued by many problems. On the one hand isthe high price of sugarcane, and on the otherhand heavy taxes on the industry andexorbitant bank charges.The sugar industry in Sindh is one of the mostorganised sectors in its institutionalarrangements. Some of the reasons for themultiplication in the number of sugar mills aregrants of continuous incentives by thegovernment, establishment of local technologyvendors (heavy mechanical complex in Taxila),commitment and hard work of mill owners, andemployees, and the progressive roles of thePakistan Society of Sugar Technologists(PSST), and the Pakistan Sugar MillsAssociation (PSMA) which provide a forum tosugar technologists and mill owners to discussand share indigenous and internationaltechnological developments in this sector.VEGETABLE OIL ANDGHEEVegetable oil and ghee processing iscategorized under food manufacturing. Rapeand mustard seed, groundnuts, sesame,sunflower and some coconut is pressed in thesmall expellers in urban centres to meet thelocal need for edible oil. Cotton seed producedduring ginning is pressed at 14 cottonseed oilmills. There are 3 that produce only vegetableoil and 15 medium-sized mills that producehydrogenated oils, or vegetable ghee. Thesemedium-sized units have integrated facilitiesfor manufacturing soap as a by-productwhereas the main raw material used is raw oilextracted from different oilseeds. Pakistanimports about 1 million tonnes of edible oil,mostly from Malaysia. About 700,000 to900,000 tonnes is produced locally, of whichSindh has a share of around 35 percent. Thevegetable oil units were, in the year 2000-2001, producing an average of 17,000 tonnesvegetable ghee, 7,500 tonnes of nonhydrogenatedcooking oil, and 48 tonnes ofsoap. The animal feed producers utilise theoilseed cake as a source of fibre, oil andprotein 12 .TANNING INDUSTRYThe tanning industry is an offshoot of thelivestock sector and of the slaughter houses inthe province. Presently, there are over 596tanneries in the formal sector in Pakistan andan equally large number in the informal sector.Of these, 170 are in Karachi while the otherurban centres of the province are processing10. Development Statistics of Sindh, 1998; Summary Release of Census of Manufacturing Industries 1995-96, Bureau of Statistics, Planningand Development Department, Government of Sindh, 2001; Monthly Survey of Industrial Production & Employment in Sindh, June 200111. Ibid12. Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 1992-93, 1997-98; Development Statistics of Sindh, 1998; Summary Release of Census ofManufacturing Industries 1995-96, Bureau of Statistics, Planning and Development Department, Government of Sindh, 2001; MonthlySurvey of Industrial Production & Employment in Sindh, June 2001

Sana RazaA Textile factory: Out of 650 textile processing units in Pakistan, 350 are located in Sindhleather in the informal sector. For leatherproduction, locally available raw materials likehides, skins and imported processingchemicals, are used. The production of leatherwas 9.2 million m 2 during the year 2000-2001with seven recognised footwear industries inSindh. Another major product of the livestocksector is wool for which there are nine woollenmills engaged in spinning, weaving, andfinishing while the same numbers of units areengaged in carpet and rugs manufacture 13 . Allof these are in the formal sector. A flourishinginformal sector in carpet and rugs manufacturealso exists.PHARMACEUTICALSThere are 43 pharmaceutical manufacturingunits in Sindh which use importedpharmaceutical raw material andpatented/proprietary medicine, convert it intothe desired form like tablets, liquid syrup,injection or capsules and market them inattractive packaging. Indigenous raw materialand intermediates have not found anyapplication in the established pharmaceuticalfactories. There are three units producingacids, alkalis, and salts, and eight unitsproducing paints and varnishes. There arealso 32 units producing miscellaneousplastics products 14 .MINERAL-BASEDINDUSTRYThe mineral sector does not contributesignificantly to the industrialisation of theprovince. A number of commercially exploitableminerals like coal, natural gas, marble,dolomite, and china clay, have now foundindustrial use but, until the 1960s, onlylimestone, clay, silica sand and gravel werebeing used and that too for the production ofcement, glassware and as building material.The present contribution of the mining sector tothe GDP is less than one percent, out of whichoil and natural gas has a major share.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development22113. Ibid14. Ibid

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development222CEMENTThere are nine cement manufacturing units inSindh that are, at present, producing an averageof 150,000 tonnes of cement per month 15 . Thecement industry is deteriorating below par dueto the excessively high price of furnace oil andthe increased cost of power. These costs can bereduced substantially through the use of coal.Coal was being used in this industry as fuel buta switchover to gas as a clean and easilyavailable fuel sidelined its use.SALTSalt works on the coast of Karachi werecatering to the requirements of all of Sindh untilthe late 1960s, but discharge of municipal andindustrial effluent into the two dry rivers, Lyariand Malir, contaminated the coastal waters andthe production of salt thereby declined. Six ofthe 12 salt works have had to close downbecause of these difficulties and also becauseone of their major clients producing soda ash (arequirement for salt extraction), in Karachi, wasforced to close down as a result of financial andmanagerial constraints 16 . The demand-supplygap has been filled by salt from the Salt Rangein the Punjab.COALCoal could contribute substantially to the powersector but, unfortunately, is not being utilised forthat purpose. The Jamshoro Power Plant,despite using poor quality coal from Lakhra coalmines, has demonstrated its utility andefficiency. Tharparkar coal is mostly lignite(which means it has a lot of moisture) but thedeposits are the largest in the world with a netreserve of 185 billion tonnes. A coal deposit of300 million tonnes is a viable source of 1000megawatts for 30 years 17 .CHINA CLAYEven though Nagarparkar clay is of superiorquality it has not been utilized effectively for themanufacture of chinaware for the local or theexport market. There are four units in Sindhproducing chinaware and ceramics; 15 unitsproducing glassware, and one producing sheetglass 18 . Many of these units have foreignfranchises and hence use local products onlywhen they conform exactly to theirrequirements, otherwise they prefer to importthe material. China clay from Nagarparkar canbe upgraded to the required level but this is notallowed by the foreign franchise.OIL AND GAS DEPOSITSDetails regarding oil and gas deposits havebeen given in Chapter - 17: Energy Resourcesof Sindh. In addition, the province has depositsof gas at Mazarani. Extraction from the wells islikely to commence in about two years.Thereare also wells which have, due to the presenceof 10 percent excess carbon dioxide, provedvery useful in the production of fertiliser at twofertiliser factories in Upper Sindh. These twounits produced 1.387 million tonnes urea and800,000 tonnes ammonia in the year 2000-2001 19 . Yet another unit produces phosphatefertilisers for which phosphate rock is beingimported from Jordan.There are also wells which have, due to thepresence of excess carbon dioxide in ten percentof them, proved very useful in the production offertiliser at two fertiliser factories in Upper Sindh.PAKISTAN STEEL MILLSPakistan Steel Mills started operating in 1984,based on imported coal and imported iron ore. Itproduced 700,000 tonnes coke, 1.021 million15. Ibid16. Beg, M.A.A, Mahmood, S.N. and Yousufzai A.H.K, 1979. Effect of the Polluted Lyari on the Coastal Environment, Proc. National andRegional Seminar for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Related Eco?Systems, (Karachi, 1979)17. Beg, M.A.A. "Energy Production in Pakistan" Dawn (EBR section), February 2001; Pakistan Energy Yearbook, 2000, HydrocarbonDevelopment Institute of Pakistan, January 200118. Development Statistics of Sindh, 1998; Summary Release of Census of Manufacturing Industries 1995-96, Bureau of Statistics, Planningand Development Department, Government of Sindh, 2001; Monthly Survey of Industrial Production & Employment in Sindh, June 200119. Development Statistics of Sindh, 1998; Summary Release of Census of Manufacturing Industries 1995-96, Bureau of Statistics, Planningand Development Department, Government of Sindh, 2001; Monthly Survey of Industrial Production & Employment in Sindh, June 2001

Tahir QureshiRefinery in Korangi Industrial Area, Karachitonnes pig iron, 400,000 ton billets, and 941,000tonnes raw steel in the year 2000-2001 20 .AUTOMOBILESThere are 13 plants engaged in the assembly ofautomobiles. In the year 2000-2001, theyproduced 409 trucks, 555 buses, 471 heavyvehicles, 9584 light vehicles, 40,267motorcycles and 33,397 cars 21 .EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALUNITS ON THEENVIRONMENTEmissions and DischargesThe units operating in the industrial estatesadequately control emission of noise and thelevel recorded at the boundary walls of suchunits has not been found to exceed 75 db (A)during daytime and 70 db (A) during thenight 22 . In the NEQS, the limit of noise is givenas 85db.Emission of gaseous pollutants from almost allthe industrial units is not physically controlled; itremains within allowable limits, except in a fewcases like the unit producing ultramarine blue inKorangi Industrial Area. The impact of thesepollutants on the ambient air is low.There is discharge of aqueous effluents fromfactories in almost all the units in the SITEwhose quantities by far exceed allowablelimits 23 . This is especially true of the textile,tanning and chemical processing industries.The effluents are discharged into the nearestnala, which ultimately falls into a river, streamor the sea or into large ponds. The impact ofuncontrolled discharges on the environment isdestructive. The discharge of effluent fromSindh State ofEnvironment &Development22320. Ibid21. Ibid22. Beg, M.A.A. "Status of Noise pollution in Karachi" Report Submitted to EPA by Associated Consulting Engineers, 1994; Beg, M.A.A andShams, Z.I. Environmental Problems of Karachi: Noise Pollution due to Vehicular Traffic, 198823. Pakistan Energy Yearbook, 2000, Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan, 2001

Sana RazaAn industrial complex in KarachiSindh State ofEnvironment &Development224SITE at Manghopir has polluted marineresources and the sea salt works along thecoast 24 .Solid waste disposal from the industries is alsodegrading the environment since, in manycases, it is dumped outside the factorypremises, especially in the case of sugar andceramic industries, or is burnt along with othersolid wastes in an incinerator on the factorypremises 25 . However, hazardous waste is beingdisposed off in Karachi by a fewpharmaceuticals and pesticide formulation unitsin appropriately designed incinerators of theirown or in commercial incinerators.Refer to Map 16.2 for Formal and InformalIndustrial Activity in Karachi.CAUSES FOR THEPRESENT SITUATIONIndustrialisation was not per se a Sindh issuebecause it was the federal government thatdeveloped the policy and implementationprocedures 26 . The province contributed bymaking available entrepreneurship, technicalexpertise and some elements of infrastructure.Industrialisation has had to face manychallenges, including the importation ofsmuggled goods from other provinces, theproduction of low quality products by anincreasingly aggressive informal sector and thegrowth of the underground economy. It has alsosuffered from ill planned government policiesthat offered incentives, concessions and24. Beg, M.A.A, Mahmood, S.N. and Yousufzai, A.H.K. "Effect of the Polluted Lyari on the Coastal Environment, National and RegionalSeminar for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Related Ecosystems" 1979; Beg, M.A.A, Mahmood, S.N. and Yousufzai,A.H.K. "Industrial Effluents, their Nature and Disposal in Karachi Region: The Polluted Streams of Sindh Industrial Trading Estate,Manghopir" 1978; "Heavy Metal Pollution in the Coastal Environment of Karachi", Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, 199225. Beg, M.A.A. on the Status of Solid Waste Problem in Pakistan and solutions, National Seminar on Solid and Hospital Waste, Organizedby Sindh Ombudsman Secretariat, 200226. Beg, M.A.A. "Performance of Manufacturing Sector in Pakistan", Chapter IX, Democracy Displaced in Pakistan, Case History ofDisasters of Social Pollution, Research & Development Publications, Karachi,1998Ghausi, S. "Industrialization Slows Down in Sindh" Dawn (EBR section), December 22, 2001

subsidies to disburse the industries in remote,rural areas in order to promote development.The other major issue was the inadequateinfrastructure provided by the federalgovernment 27 . An optimally functioning steel milland engineering industry is imperative for thedevelopment of technology to fabricate plantsand equipment for processing material if theconventional system of industrial expansion isto be adopted as the route to growth.Environmental protection and pollution controlshould have become major issues as soon asthey were identified and their negative impactwas acknowledged.The natural place for the establishment ofindustrial zones was Karachi and Hyderabadbecause of the availability of infrastructure,entrepreneurship and professional expertise.However, a ban on setting up industry in thesecities was imposed and industrial estates werecreated in the smaller towns. This policy failedsince the smaller towns did not have theinfrastructure or resources to cater toindustrialisation, leading to a surge of growth ofthe informal sector in Karachi.Sustainable development strategies demandthat provincial and local governments should beinvolved in promoting industrial units that arerelated to the local ecology such as consumeritems and agro-based industries. The nature ofindustrialisation that was encouraged requiredlarge financial inputs which were not available.Such being the case, foreign capital in the formof loans had to be sought and this hascontributed to the unsustainable nature ofindustrialisation in Sindh 28 .EMERGING TRENDSThe export of manufactured goods as a meansof reducing the Balance of Payments gap waseffective only during the early years afterindependence (1951-55), when it accounted for96.9 percent growth of the industrial sector.This is apparent from Table 16.2 where data forover 60 percent industries in Sindh is given 29 .Import substitution and Export expansionpromoted by the state did not lead to the growthof the industrial sector. Since the province hadno capacity to build capital and intermediarygoods they had to import them to keepindustrial units running. A steel mill and a soundengineering base were not in place. This wasbecause industrialisation and the proposedsetting up of a steel mill was a federal subjectand Sindh's priorities were not taken intoconsideration. The result was that the share ofindustries based on indigenous materialsgradually fell from 71 percent in 1954, to 58.7percent in 1990. This fall was due to manyreasons, including the enhanced rate of capitalTable 16.2: Share of Domestic Demand, Export Expansion and Import Substitution inEconomic GrowthPeriodDomestic Demand(Percent)Export Expansion(Percent)Import Substitution(Percent)1951-55 2.4 1.8 96.61955-60 53.1 24.6 22.91960-64 95.7 4.6 -0.31964-71 66 15.0 25.01981-89 79.7 10.2 10.11989-92 37.4 37.9 1.7Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development225Source: Competitiveness of Pakistan in Export, Ijaz Nabi in 50 Years of Pakistan Economy, edited by Shahrukh Rafi Khan, OxfordUniversity Press, Karachi, 199827. Beg, M.A.A. "Technology Development: Strategy for Self-reliance", Pakistan Business Report, April 199128. Beg, M.A.A. "Performance of Manufacturing Sector in Pakistan" Chapter IX, Democracy Displaced in Pakistan, Case History ofDisasters of Social Pollution, Research & Development Publications, Karachi, 199829. Nabi, Ijaz. "Competitiveness of Pakistan in Export", in 50 Years of Pakistan Economy, ed; Shahrukh Rafi Khan, Oxford University Press,Karachi, 199830. Ibid

utilisation, which led to higher output of importintensiveindustries 30 .The late 1980s and mid 1990s, provided anopportunity to re-orient the import substitutionexportexpansion policy and to opt forsustainable development. When this did nothappen, entrepreneurs resigned themselves toworking with bare minimum facilities and poorinfrastructure. In the process, important issuesrelated to conservation practices, pollutioncontrol, waste minimisation and social issueswere ignored. This increased the BoP gap andthe pace of de-industrialisation 31 .Environmental protection and pollution controlbecame a major issue by the late 1980s.Surveys of the quality of industrial wastewater,gaseous emissions and solid wastesdischarged into the environment clearlyindicated that the industries had to make use ofpollution control technologies to maintain somesense of balance in the environment 32 . TheChambers of Industries and Commercesidelined this issue on the grounds that theprice of treatment was high and would raise thecost of production, affecting output, which wasalready uncompetitive.In the informal sector small scale manufacturingbased on indigenous or indigenisedtechnologies producing consumer productspersist as the main contributor to economicdevelopment. The rate of growth of large scalemanufacture declined from 15.4 percent in the1950s to 3.39 percent during and after the1970s 33 . In the 1960s the rate of growth of theinformal sector was a mere 2.3 and 2.9 percent,respectively, however, in the 1970s it increasedto 8 percent. This sector accounts for 50percent of the industrial production in Sindh 34 .The index of industrial production uses 1980-81=100 as its base year. Output rose to 160 andremained so between 1989 and 1991; itincreased to 170 in 1994-96, remaining staticuntil 2002 after which it declined to about 130,indicating a slow down in industrial activity aswell as deindustrialisation 35 . Sindh had 39percent of the total industrial capacity of thecountry in 1999 - 2000. It is now reduced to 34percent, but still contributes 43 percent in largescale and 25 percent in small scalemanufacturing 36 .Constrained by the unemployment of localmanpower, educated or otherwise, it was mademandatory by the government for the localentrepreneurs to employ locals in differentunits, irrespective of their suitability for theposition or its availability. This decisionadversely impacted the performance of valueadding units such as the Steel Mills. Many suchunits had to close down their operation at theNooriabad Industrial Estates for this veryreason.The unstable security conditions in industriallocations further slowed down production. Onlyrecently, rice mill owners have protestedagainst the kidnapping and killing for ransom offamily members and have threatened to closedown all rice mills in Sindh 37 .There are other major problems which includethe non-availability of credit, cash flow andforeign exchange. As a result, there is a lack ofconfidence in the investment market. The roadSindh State ofEnvironment &Development22631. Ghausi, S. "Industrialization slows down in Sindh" Dawn (EBR section), December 22, 200132. Beg, M.A.A. "Status of Noise pollution in Karachi", Report Submitted to EPA by Associated Consulting Engineers, 1994; Beg, M.A.A andShams, Z.I. "Environmental Problems of Karachi: Noise Pollution due to Vehicular Traffic" Pakistan Journal of Science andIndustries,1988; Beg, M.A.A. Report on Status of Air Pollution in Karachi, Past, Present and Future, World Health Organization, EasternMediterranean Region, Alexandria, 1991; Beg, M.A.A, Status of Industrial Pollution in Pakistan, IUCN Workshop on Development ofConservation Strategies for Pakistan, Islamabad, 1986; Beg, M.A.A, Mahmood, S.N. and Yousufzai, A.H.K., Industrial Effluents, theirNature and Disposal in Karachi Region: The Polluted Streams of Sindh Industrial Trading Estate, Manghopir, 1978; Beg, M.A.A,Mahmood, S.N. and Yousufzai, A.H.K., Heavy Metal Pollution in the Coastal Environment of Karachi, Pakistan Journal of MarineSciences, 1992; Beg, M.A.A, on the Status of Solid Waste Problem in Pakistan and solutions, in a seminar on Solid and Hospital Waste,Organized by Sindh Ombudsman Secretariat, 200233. Beg M.A.A, "Performance of Manufacturing Sector in Pakistan". Chapter IX in Democracy Displaced in Pakistan, Case History ofDisasters of Social Pollution, Research & Development Publications, Karachi, 199834. Ibid35. Beg, M.A.A. "Performance of Manufacturing Sector in Pakistan". Chapter IX in Democracy Displaced in Pakistan, Case History ofDisasters of Social Pollution, Research & Development Publications, Karachi, 1998; Beg, M.A.A. "The New Economic Order, Where dowe Stand?" Sindh Tribune, 1995; Ghausi, S. "Industrialization slows down in Sindh". Dawn (EBR section) December, 2001; DevelopmentStatistics of Sindh, 199836. Jamal, Nasir. 'Consumer durables industry gets boost', Dawn (EBR section), September, 2002; Statistical Pocketbook of Pakistan.1999.Federal Bureau of Statistics. Government of Pakistan37. Dawn, October 26, 1999; January 14, 2003

density in Sindh is poorer (0.17 km/km 2 ) thanthe national average (0.20 km/km 2 ) and istherefore inadequate to provide transportationof farm produce to industrial units or to facilitatethe transportation of minerals from their sites tothe processing destinations 38 . Non-availabilityof water is also a major constraint because ofbad water management and decline in Sindh’sshare of Indus waters 39 . Groundwater is alsounder serious stress due to excessiveextraction, bad management, and the failure tocontain water run-off, which could recharge theaquifers. All these constraints have raised thecost of production due to which Pakistaniproducts have become uncompetitive in thelocal as well as in global markets. Thepromotion of smuggling and dumping has alsoresulted in the closure of a number of industrialunits which include Kohinoor MercantileIndustry, Pakistan Batteries, Green BallBearing, and RCD Ball Bearing which weresuccessful units in the 1970s and 1980s 40 .STAKEHOLDERSThere are a large number of stakeholders inprovincial industry since it cuts across manysectors, both national (federal, provincial anddistrict level) and international.Federal GovernmentThe federal government is responsible forframing industrialization policies and also thefiscal, developmental (physical and socialinfrastructure), trade and commerce andenvironmental policies which are related to it.The federal government is also in charge of thedevelopment of major infrastructure such ashighways, electricity and gas.Government of SindhThe Government of Sindh is responsible forsetting up industrial estates, developing andmaintaining certain components of physical andsocial infrastructure, for instance, themaintenance of law and order.Industrial EstatesThe industrial estates are also stakeholders.They are required to protect the environmentand to oversee the safe disposal of effluents,something they are not doing at present.Environmental ProtectionAgencyThe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)Sindh is responsible for overseeing theprocess of industrialisation from the stance ofcontrolling pollution and protecting theenvironment. It seeks to implement andmonitor the NEQS. The EPA needs to ensurethat the industrial units give their effluentappropriate treatment and also get industrialestates to provide combined effluent treatmentfacilities so that the units discharging smallvolumes do not have to make largeinvestments towards pollution control.Industrial EntrepreneursIndustrial entrepreneurs have invested heavilyin Sindh and require a political climate whichpromotes industrialisation and is able to providethem with security. Absence of the rule of law,job opportunities and effective recourse tocourts of justice has caused unprecedentedflight of capital and the professionals requiredfor industrial enterprises. Rates of return oninvestment are steadily declining due to theincreasing cost of utilities and heavy taxationimposed as a result of structural adjustmentsdemanded by the IMF.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development22738. Development Statistics of Sindh, 199839. Beg, M.A.A, "Performance of Manufacturing Sector in Pakistan." Chaper IX in Democracy Displaced in Pakistan, Case History ofDisasters of Social Pollution, Research & Development Publications, Karachi, 1998, Development Statistics of Sindh, 1998; SummaryRelease of Census of Manufacturing Industries 1995-96, Bureau of Statistics, Planning and Development Department, Government ofSindh, 200140. Almas, Zafar-ul-Hassan. "Slowdown in Manufacturing Sector" Dawn, February, 18, 2002; Suboohi, A. "Engine That is too Weak to Pull"Dawn (EBR Section), January 21, 2002

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development228Manufacturing SectorThe manufacturing sector is one of the mainstakeholders. Smuggled imported goods, tariffrates, and lower quality products providedthrough the informal sector challenge it. Theborder police and customs officials are alsostakeholders because they promote smugglingby receiving bribes from the undergroundeconomy.Small Investors in the InformalSectorSmall investors in the informal sector have thecapital and know-how for production but theyare not recognised by the State. Theirbusinesses are located in unauthorised sitesand many of them are not under the tax net ofthe government, using domestic utilities forcommercial production.Other StakeholdersThere are a number of other stakeholders aswell, such as manufacturers in small industries,the Export Promotion Bureau, labour unions,voluntary organisations of the arthi and baypari,and academic institutions that train personnel inthe disciplines required for the development,administration and management of theindustrial sector.FUTURE ACTIONFuture action includes: the need for identifyinglocations for units that have adequate provisionof industrial infrastructure includingmaintenance facilities; making sure that thepolicies are forward looking; consolidating thegains of industrialisation in production ofconsumer goods; attending to the brick-andmortartechnologies that weave in the productof one with the input of the other; launching abroad based programme for making theprocess self-reliant; arresting the irritants thatare responsible for the slow down inindustrialisation and environmental pollutionand attending to deficiencies.Faulty federal government policies account forthe deterioration of industrial production.Revenue collected from the industriesestablished in the province is not ploughedback into upgrading the infrastructure of theindustry or the industrial estate concerned,which is why it is in shambles. It is necessaryfor the industrial estates to be financiallyautonomous so that they have the authority torepair and maintain not only the physical butalso the industrial infrastructure.The role of the informal sector needs to berecognised, particularly given that almost 50percent of the industrial production emanatesfrom there. This sector must be upgraded andallotted the status of a production system.Serious attempts should be made to relocatethe productive units in planned estates andfinance their advancement through small andmedium enterprise development schemes.Action also needs to be taken on improving thequality of Pakistani products and inducing localindustrialists to patronise Pakistani machinery.The system of quality assurance through ISOcertification should become mandatory for allunits including those in the informal sector.Industrial planning has been ad-hoc andinconsistent. To set things right, the provincemust initiate actions to devolve the power ofgoverning the affairs of the industrial estate toeither an autonomous industrial estate authorityor an industrial estate association. The authorityor association could be charged with theresponsibility of upgrading its status andenlarging the scope of activity from a provider ofphysical infrastructure to one that provides acomplete list of industrial infrastructureincluding pollution control. It should see to it thateach component is adequately funded; andappoint a monitoring team to see to it that thefunds are appropriately utilised for the intendedpurpose.There is a good chance that by following thissequence, the industrial estates may providethe investor with the much needed one-windowoperation.Sindh has the steel mill but it does not processindigenous ore or coal. Iron ore of good qualityis available in Balochistan, while plenty of coal

is available in Sindh. The development of thetechnology for utilising these indigenous rawmaterials is imperative. A research anddevelopment base is already available with thePakistan Steel Mill for initiating this process. Ifthis happens, Sindh will become self-sufficientand will not have to rely on imported rawmaterial.An engineering base needs to be furtherdeveloped so that machinery or spare parts canbe manufactured in Pakistan rather thanimported from abroad. Strengthening theengineering base will also facilitate the localmaintenance and operation requirements ofmachinery and save foreign exchange.Finally, the EPA, Sindh should see to it that theindustrial units abide by the EnvironmentalLegislation 1997, and follow the NEQS. Anefficient monitoring system for pollution controlneeds to be put into effect.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development229

CHAPTER 17Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentEnergy

he population of Sindh is widely distributed and themajor population centres are along the Indus and theNational Highway as shown in Map 17.1. The existingpower distribution shown in Map 17.2 does not relate tothis population pattern and is, therefore, incapable ofmeeting the energy needs of people living in remoteTlocations.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development231

The major portion of the monthly income in ruralareas of the province is spent on food, leavingabout five percent to fulfil the energy demands,resulting in low standards of living. Towns wherefacilities like electricity, roads, and otheramenities are available fare better.The roads network in Sindh is quite large butdoes not cover the entire area of the provinceas shown in Map 17.3, especially the remoteareas. The absence of good roads is ahinderance to the development of energyinfrastructure in Sindh.Oil Reserves: Sindh has an abundance of oil,gas and coal reserves. The oil and gas reserveshave been shown in Map 17.4. The quantum ofoil reserves are given in Appendix 17.1: CrudeOil Reserves as on June 30, 2001 (Million USBarrels).Gas Reservoirs: Out of a total of 71 natural gasreservoirs, 55 (67 percent) are in Sindh havingbalance recoverable reserves of 15,951.8 billioncubic feet out of the Pakistan total of 24,043billion cubic feet. Annual production is 875,433million cubic feet with an annual cumulativegrowth rate of 6.6 percent 1 . At this rate ofconsumption, natural gas is likely to beexhausted within two decades of this century.The prospects of gas imports fromTurkmenistan are being explored and so is thepossibility of a gas pipeline project linking Iranwith India.Coal Deposits: Sindh has the largest depositsof coal in the country and also one of the largestdeposits in the world at Thar, which have still tobe mined. Table 17.1 gives the details of coalreserves in the province.ENERGY PRODUCTIONOil and Gas exploration: There were 18exploratory wells drilled in the year 2000-2001in Pakistan, of which 14 were in Sindh. Another31 appraisal wells were drilled in the same year,and out of these, 27 were in Sindh. This showsthe potential of oil and gas in the province.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development232Table 17.1: Coal Reserves in Sindh (Million Tonnes)CoalFieldTotalStatusLakhra 0.3-3.3 244 629 455 - 1,328 DevSondaThatta0.3-1.5 60 511 2,197 932 3,700 Non-devJherruck 0.3-6.2 106 310 907 - 1,323 Non-devOngar 0.3-1.5 18 77 217 - 312 Non-devIndusEastMeting-Jhimpir0.3-2.5 51 170 1556 - 1777 Non-dev0.15-1.2 15 53 93 - 161 DevBadin 0.55-3.1 3 13 - - 16 Non-devTharCoal0.25-12.58 3,752 10,627 81,153 79,974 175,506 Non-devTotal 4,249 12,390 86,578 80,906 184,123Heatingvalue(Btu/lb)SeamThickness Measured Indicated Inferred Hypothetical4,622-7,5546,762-10,2516,618-11,0296,600-9,6186,700-7,5006,740-7,4609,823-9,9126,223-10,288Source: Pakistan Energy Year Books, Hydro Carbon Development Institute, 1993-20011. Pakistan Energy Year Books, Hydro Carbon Development Institute, 1993-2001

Graph 17.1: Crude Oil Production in Pakistan161412MILLION BARRELS108642SINDHPUNJAB01990-911991-921992-931993-941994-951995-961996-971997-981998-991999-002000-2001YearSource: Pakistan Energy Year Books, Hydro Carbon Development Institute, 1993-2001Eighty-four percent of activity in the oil and gassector in terms of exploration is taking place inSindh, which makes it the largest fossil fuelproducer in Pakistan 2 . Graph 17.1 shows thatproduction in Sindh is gradually increasingwhereas in the Punjab it is decreasing.Natural Gas: Sindh has replaced Balochistanas the major producer of gas. The increase inSindh's output over the years is shown in Graph17.2. This trend means that investment in thissector is being made in Sindh and thereforeefforts must be made to provide jobs to the localpopulation by providing them with adequatetraining in relevant disciplines.Coal: Sindh has the largest deposits of coal inthe country as well as one of the largestGraph 17.2: Natural Gas Production in Pakistan Producers - 200145000040000035000030000025000020000015000010000050000019909119919219929319939419949519959619969719979819989919992000200001SindhBalochistanPunjabSindh State ofEnvironment &Development233YEARSource: Pakistan Energy Year Books, Hydro Carbon Development Institute, 1993-20012. Pakistan Energy Year Books, Hydro Carbon Development Institute, 1993-2001 A

Table 17.2: Coal Production in Sindh (Million Tonnes)Field 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-2001 ACGRLakhra 1,241,965 1,217,207 1,154,329 1243743 972,498 970,738 -4.8%Jhimpir 35,035 20,926 10,498 6,143 128,996 7,802 -25.9%Total 1,277,000 1,238,133 1,164,827 1,249,886 985,394 978,540 -5.2%Source: Pakistan Energy Year Books, Hydro Carbon Development Institute, 1993-2001Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development234deposits in the world at Thar 3 . Despite this, coalproduction in Sindh has been decreasing sincethe last few years as shown in Table 17.2.The private sector mines, comprisingapproximately 80 percent of the total mines inSindh, lack capital resources and technicalexpertise. As a result, only 50-60 percent of thecapacity of the mines is extracted.The production of coal in Pakistan, in general,and Sindh, in particular, has been severelyaffected by the factors given below:The techniques of coal mining are primitiveMiners are not adequately trainedCoal mines are in isolated locations andhence power is not adequately availableProduction of coal was reduced due to theintroduction of natural gas as an alternatefuel for production of powerThe quality of coal is poorThe consumption of coal in the power sector isadversely affected by the following majorfactors:Costly transportation from remote areasEase of supply of gas to different localitiesthrough pipelinesLow calorific values, deterioration duringstorage, high volatile matterAvailability of cheaper petroleum (importand local production)Lack of incentives for production of coalCoal utilisation in power production will remaina low priority in Pakistan due to the factorslisted above. The energy infrastructure hasbeen transformed to oil and gas technologiesand the reversion to coal can only take placethrough competitive pollution-free technologies.The discovery of very large deposits at Tharhas created new opportunities for low costrecovery of coal and it is anticipated that theshare of the resource in Pakistan's energyscenario will increase. Innovative indigenousefforts will be required to make the extractionand use of coal-based technologies costeffective.Oil Refineries: Pakistan has five oil refineriesof which the two older and larger ones arelocated in Sindh. The production of crude oilquantities from these refineries can be seen inGraph 17.3. Production from refineries in Sindhis continuously declining at an annualcumulative decrease of 3 percent.The refineries in Sindh are outdated. Thedecline in their output can be attributed to thefact that the technologies employed have notbeen updated and the equipment hasdepreciated.Electricity: While installed capacity forelectricity generation in Sindh rose continuouslyto meet the demands of both urban as well asrural populations, its growth has stagnatedsignificantly in the previous three years as seenin Graph 17.4.Renewable Energy Resources: Renewableenergy technologies have been experimentedwith in Sindh. Provision of electricity throughsolar energy was made at Angara and DitalLeghari villages but when WAPDA suppliedthese villages with electricity, the renewableenergy installations became redundant.Windmills for water pumping as shown in thephotograph on the next page have also been3. Ibid

Graph 17.3: Crude Oil Processed by Refineries in PakistanTONNES OF OIL EQUIVALENT3500000300000025000002000000150000010000005000000*X* * * *XX95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 2000-2001YEARXX*XATTOCKDHODAKPAK ARABX PAKISTANNATIONAL*Source: Pakistan Energy Year Books, Hydro Carbon Development Institute, 1993-2001Graph 17.4: Installed Capacity of Electric Generation in Sindh including Private PowerProducers, 2001MEGAWATTS500048004600440042001996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001YEARSource: Pakistan Energy Year Books, Hydro Carbon Development Institute, 1993-2001installed since 1980 at various locations. Thistechnology was successful but the wells thatwere chosen started producing brackish water.This resulted in reduction of demand for thistechnology, although the defect was nottechnological in nature. In Balochistan, morethan 225 wind pumps are operating incommunities where there is no electricity andpiped water 4 .A large number of wind turbines were installedalong the Karachi coast to evaluate thepotential of wind energy in Pakistan. These arenow being used to provide streetlights toDefence Housing Authority, at SZABISTUniversity campus at Gharo, and a modelvillage established by Karachi University atGharo.Biogas is another technology that has beenexperimented with. Biogas plants have beeninstalled in Mithi, Golarchi, Badin and Karachiand although their number is insignificant,communities in the area have readily acceptedthese technologies.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development2354. Khan Nasim A., Wind Mapping of Pakistan, Pakistan Council for Appropriate Technology, 2001

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development236However, none of the renewal energyprogrammes have made a substantial additionto Sindh's energy resources.ENERGY CONSUMPTIONPakistan is amongst the lowest per capitaenergy consuming countries in the world.Annual energy consumption is 0.3 tonnes of oilequivalent (TOE), which is less than 3 percentof USA and 16 percent of the world average.The POL consumption is even lower incomparison with other countries and is 0.15percent against 3.2 percent of the USA and 2percent of Japan 5 .Electricity consumption by different provinces isshown in Graph 17.5. It indicates thatconsumption of electricity in Sindh has beenalmost static over the past several years ascompared to the Punjab.Statistics for sectoral electricity consumption forthe province illustrates that 42 percent ofenergy is consumed in the domestic sector andWind pump installed near Gharo by Karachi University35 percent by the industrial sector. This pointsto the underdevelopment of the provinceespecially since it has the largest industrialsector in the country and two major ports. Inaddition, in the household sector, 72 percent ofall energy is used for cooking and only 3percent for lighting. Fifty two percent of energyused in the province is based on fuelwood, 17percent on electricity, 8 percent on gas and 6percent on kerosene. All these statistics point toa low level of infrastructural development.POL consumption in Sindh is shown in Graph17.6. It shows that power and transport are themajor consumers of POL with a very smallamount used by the agricultural sector. Theincreased utilization of POL in the transport andpower sector is the major cause of air pollutionin the province.ISSUES AND TRENDSOil and Gas: Oil and gas reserves are beingdepleted rapidly. With the current rate ofproduction, it is estimated that all indigenous oilreserves will gradually disappear in the firstdecade of this century, whilst the gas supply willhold out until the second decade. Efforts haveto be made to diversify and use alternativesincluding the renewable source of solar energy.Given that the government spends USD 3.2billion per year on the import of oil, which is agreat burden on the economy, it shouldinvestigate the use of other alternatives.Electricity: The energy consumption pattern inurban Sindh can be seen by the load profile ofKESC as shown in Graph 17.7. The total powergeneration capacity of KESC is around 950MW as shown by the lower line while thebalance required is purchased fromInternational Power Producers (IPP), KANUPP,or WAPDA at much higher rates. There is,therefore, a requirement to have powergeneration at lower costs.World Trend on Wind Energy: The globaltrend in the energy sector is to shift to thedevelopment and use of alternative renewableenergy resources. Wind power generation hasseen a growth rate of as much as 54 percent in5. Source: Khan Nasim A., Energy Resources and Utilization in Pakistan, College of EME, 2000

Graph 17.5: Electricity Consumption by ProvincesPOWER (GWH)35000300002500020000150001000050000X X X X X X95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01PUNJAB SINDH NWFP X BALOCHISTANSource: Pakistan Energy Year Books, Hydro Carbon Development Institute, 1993-2001some countries 6 . The coastal areas of Sindhare very windy and wind power can be used tomeet the future demands of electrical energy ata lower cost and without the use of fossil fuel.The best wind power generation sites inPakistan are shown in Graph 17.8 and theseinclude Chor, Badin, Karachi and Hyderabad inSindh. Efforts must be made to capitalise onthis resource. Maximum energy is required insummer and the graph shows that desirableoutput can be achieved in the summer months.A 12-month wind mapping exercise has beendone for Pakistan and the data for the month ofMay is shown in Map 17.5 7 . The area outsidethe yellow contour line of four meters persecond is considered suitable for wind powergeneration. An extensive portion of the provincetherefore has suitable wind speed duringsummer months for energy production, whichcan be utilized for power generation as well asfor water pumping.Solar Option: Solar thermal power generationis utilized all over the world as are millions ofsolar geysers and cookers. Solar energyradiation data has been calculated, compiledand published for future consumers. A contourmap of solar radiation for Pakistan for themonth of July illustrates high values of solarradiation in Sindh. Solar cookers, solar waterheaters, wind water pumping and solar/winddesalination if made cost effective, canindirectly, help alleviate poverty in the province.STAKEHOLDERSThere are several large government agenciesmanaging different technologies needed in thefield of energy and renewable energytechnologies. These include the OGDC; PMDC;Geological Survey of Pakistan; WAPDA; KESC;PPIB; NEPRA; the Meteorological Department;Department of Mines and MineralDevelopment; Government of Sindh; SindhCoal Authority; Geological Survey of Pakistan;private mine owners; mine labourorganisations; environment groups and themedia.The organisations involved in research anddevelopment of Renewable Energy (RE), bothin the government and the private sector are:Solar Energy Research CentreHyderabad (PCSIR)This centre has been conducting R&D activitiesin low level solar thermal applications and hasSindh State ofEnvironment &Development2376. Hans H. Landsberg, Energy: The Next Twenty Years, A Report of Study Group, Ballinger, 1979Otfried Ischebeck (ed.) From Fossil Fire to The Sun, Akademischer Verlag Munchen, 19977. Khan, Nasim A., Wind Mapping of Pakistan, Pakistan Council for Appropriate Technology, 2001

successfully installed a few solar desalinationplants.Directorate of New and RenewableEnergy, Ministry of Petroleum andNatural ResourcesThis department was responsible forconstructing solar wind turbine villages andbiogas plants. After establishing 18 suchvillages, the department was dissolved and thetechnology suffered a severe setback. Thesevillages were then transferred to WAPDA.Pakistan Council for AppropriateTechnology (PCAT)PCAT was established to develop appropriatetechnologies and has now been merged withPCRET.Directorate of Renewable Energy(WAPDA)This organisation is integral to WAPDA and wasdesigned to ensure the utilisation of renewableGraph 17.6: Sectoral Consumption of POL Products in SindhOTHER GOVT.4%DOMESTIC1%INDUSTRY8%AGRICULTURE1%POWER37%TRANSPORT49%Source: Pakistan Energy Year Books, Hydro Carbon Development Institute, 1993-2001Graph 17.7: Daily Load Pattern of KESC Grid during Winter and SummerSindh State ofEnvironment &Development238POWER (Mw)20001800160014001200100080060040020001 3 5 7 9 11 13 1517 19 21 23 25SUMMER MVVWINTER MVVKCSE POWERTIME (HOURS)Source: Khan Nasim A., Energy Resources and Utilization in Pakistan, College of EME, 2000

Graph 17.8 : Suitable Wind Power Generation Sites in Pakistan12WIND SPEED AT 30 METERS (M/S)108642✤* * * * XX ✤XX ✤ ✤X*✤* * *XX✤✤ ✤*X✤* *X✤X*✤XX*✤ORMARACHORBADINKARACHINORANIJIWANHYD0JANFEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DECMONTHenergy in the power sector for all villages inPakistan. Operational wind turbines wereshifted to this directorate from the Directorate ofNew and Renewable Energy under Ministry ofPetroleum and Natural Resources. Thedepartment has been temporarily closed byWAPDA.National Institute of SiliconTechnology (NIST)NIST was established to develop low costsilicon solar cells in Pakistan but failed to do so.It has been merged with PCRET.Pakistan Council for RenewableEnergy Technology (PCRET)This organisation has been involved in R&Dactivities in silicon solar cells, micro hydelprojects, biogas plants and solar thermalapplications. It has recently been created bymerging Pakistan Council for AppropriateTechnology and the National Institute of SiliconTechnology.EnerconENERCON's work has been primarily focusedon energy conservation and efficiency.Educational institutionsA large number of universities have conductedresearch on renewable energy resources.These include the NED and SZABISTuniversities in Karachi.Private Entrepreneurs inRenewable Energy TechnologiesOf the many such enterprises, those located inSindh are mostly in Karachi. They include:Nice Link Trust, KarachiFINATRA Alten, KarachiGrid Solar, KarachiSolargy KarachiSunpower Systems, KarachiTechSpan, KarachiEnergen, KarachiThese organisations have developed andpromoted renewable energy products but mostof them are unable to undertake large-scaleproduction. Lack of favourable governmentsupport and financial constraints have heldthem back. Active support for these industriescan be mustered with adequate marketdevelopment through government initiatives toSindh State ofEnvironment &Development239

educe venture losses in this field. A NationalCommission for Alternative Energy (NCAE) hasbeen established to ensure the development ofrenewable energy technologies in Pakistan buthas yet to take off.Involvement of NGOsNGOs have not been involved in providingenergy resources to villages either based onconventional sources or through theintroduction of renewable energy resources.NICE Link Trust, Thardeep, National RuralSupport Program (NRSP), and ERNP andothers, did make sporadic attempts at involvingcommunities but unfortunately, these effortshave not succeeded due to an absence offinancial resources and conceptual clarity.FUTURE ACTIONInvestment in the energy sector is determinedby the economic viability of a project. This mustchange and investment in the sector shouldalso be weighed against the social benefits itbrings to communities and to small scaleeconomic ventures.The promotion of renewable energytechnologies can meet Sindh's needsefficiently and economically. To make thispossible, the Sindh government should enactan Ordinance, prepared in 2002 to promoteRenewable Energy (RE) Technologies. Thepossible text for the Ordinance is given inAppendix 17.2 along with targets to beachieved and incentives to be provided. Inaddition, the following goals should be set.Conversion of 5,000 homes on RE by theyear 2005Development of passive solar homedesigns to suit our environment and cultureUtilise RE for a number of 10,000 gallonsper day water desalination systemsEnsure 2 percent of RE grid powergeneration in the province each yearMicro-finance 5,000 solar cookers, 1,000 solargeysers, 1,000 solar lights. This will result incash savings and provide local low-tech jobsfor poor communities that can be made a partof poverty alleviation programmes.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development240Pakistan PetroleumDehydration plant at Kandhkot gas field, Sindh

Sana RazPakistan has five oil refineries of which the two older and larger ones are located in SindhIntroduce RE technology courses in fiveschools, two colleges and one polytechnicinstitute in each district, and in alluniversitiesTrain 50 engineers and technologists in thefield of renewable energy at the postgraduate level. In the field of conventionaloil and gas energy, Sindh needs to develophuman capital so as to expand, maintainand operate the systems. Institutions wheresuch resources can be developed shouldbe created and sustained.Regarding mining, the Sindh governmentshould:Reserve the coal block that can be easilyextracted and is considered mosteconomical for indigenous developmentAllocate Rs. 500 million to mine theresourceTrain 50 engineers and technologists incoal technology at the post-graduate levelDecision-making regarding the development ofenergy resources involves many differentministries amongst whom there is little or nocoordination. This results in inefficiency whichneeds to be modified. The Sindh governmentshould create a separate ministry of energy atthe provincial level and make efforts to promotethis idea at the national level so as to removeconstraints that this sector faces today.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development241

Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentP A R T IV

SocialSectorsSindh State ofEnvironment &Development


PART IVChapter 18 Cultural Heritage and TourismHistoric Towns of Sindh 251Architecture of the Colonial Period 252Heritage Sites of Karachi 252Vernacular Literature 252Folk Festivals 253Arts and Crafts 254Traditional Music and Dance 255Sports and Amusement 257Present Situation 257Causes for the Present Situation 258The Emerging Trends 259Stakeholders 260Future Action 261Chapter 19 Environmental HealthHigh Lead Levels 264Water-Borne Diseases 265Heavy Metal Contamination 267Emerging Trends 267Stakeholders 268Future Action 269Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development245

Chapter 20 Population, Povertyand EnvironmentChapter 21 EducationIncome and Employment 272Sanitation & Water Supply 273Educational Achievement Indices 274Health Status 275Natural Resources 276Poverty Alleviation Programmes 276Pakistan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PPRSP) 276Khushhal Pakistan Programme 277Drought Emergency Relief Assistance (Dera) Programme 277Sectoral Strategies 278Issues in Poverty Reduction:Policy implications 278Stakeholders 279Future Action 280Present Situation 284Emerging Issues 293Stakeholders 296Future Action 296Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development246Chapter 22 Communication andKnwledge ManagementPrint Media 300Electronic Media 302Emerging Trends and Issues 307Stakeholders 307Future Action 308Chapter 23 Non Governmental OrganisationsList of BoxesConstraints 314Emerging Trends 315Stakeholders 316Future Action 317Box 20.1 Health Facilities in Sindh 275Box 21.1 Madrassah Curriculum 288Box 21.2 Accredited Universities and Institutions in Sindh 290Box 21.3 Sindhi Medium Schools 296

List of TablesTable 20.1 Health Statistics, 1998 275Table 21.1 Total Enrolment and Number of Public Schools in Sindh, 1998 284Table 21.2 Enrolment Ratio, Primary, 1999 284Table 21.3 Teacher-Student Ratio, Primary, 1999 (in percentage) 285Table 21.4 Number of Private Institutions by Type and Level in Sindh, 99-00 286Table 21.5 Growth in the Number of Madrassahs 286Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development247

CHAPTER 18Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development248Cultural Heritageand Tourism

Sindh's cultural history is animportant part of world cultureand deserves an important placein national as well asinternational strategies for theconservation of heritage. The first historical reference toSindh is found in the Rig Veda, the oldest written recordof the subcontinent. References are also found in theRamayan where it is mentioned as the land of "one hundredmountainous peaks". Mahabharata, the ancient Hindu epic, alsomentions Sindh. Traces of the cultural influence of the Indus ValleyCivilization of the third millennium BC are still to be found among thepeoples of Sindh.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development249

Sindh's history dates back to the early StoneAge and fossils of Pleistocene, Paleolithic,Mesolithic and Neolithic periods have beendiscovered in the mountainous areas. A largequantity of ground stone axes and tools wereexcavated at the stone age tool factories inupper Sindh at Rohri, Sukkur and Kotdiji areas;Site 101 in Thatta district; as well as at DrighRoad, Korangi and Orangi areas in Karachi. Inaddition, Sindh has two world heritage sites:Mohenjodaro, located on the right bank of Indusin Larkana district, and Makli, the world's largestnecropolis (36 km) in Thatta district.The province has five different geographicalregions with a distinct ethnography, dialect andfolklore. They are the mountains of Kohistan,the alluvial plains at the foot of the mountainscalled Ka'achho, the riverine belt of Indus orKacho, the Indus Delta, and the desert ofTharparkar. The cultural heritage sites of Sindhrange from the Stone Age to the Indus ValleyCivilization (third millennium BC) and from Jainand Buddhist to the Hindu and Muslim periodspread over all the five regions.The remnants of Jain sites exist only in Sindh'sNagar Parkar taluka of Thar where ruins of halfa dozen major temples depict the past glory ofJain architecture. The most important of thesesites is the Gori Temple near Islamkot.Buddhist sites are located all over the plainsand also in the western Kirthar Range. Thesites and monuments documented duringarchaeological surveys undertaken between1993 and 1996 by the Federal ArchaeologyDepartment, listed 26 Buddhist sites in eightdistricts of upper Sindh. The same surveyrecorded a dozen Hindu sites, while more than50 Muslim sites are recorded in upper Sindhthat include tombs, forts and mosquesbelonging to the Arghuns, Tarkhans, Kalhoraand other Muslim dynasties.Eighty-four sites in Sindh are protected underthe Department of Archaeology, Government ofPakistan, but these sites are badly attended to.These include the Rannikot Fort, believed to bethe biggest stone fort in South Asia, its wallsstretching over 20 miles. Rannikot Fort issituated 18 miles west of Sann in Dadu districtin the Kirthar range and is important not only forits aesthetic value but also as a skillful displayof military engineering.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development250Jamshad MuradMohenjodaro on the verge of collapse

Muhammad Anees ShehzadRanni Kot is believed to be the biggest stone fort in South Asia with its walls stretching over 20 milesHISTORIC TOWNS OFSINDHBy virtue of their past, unique architecture, andeventful history, many cities of Sindh areimportant heritage sites.Thatta was an important industrial and tradecentre in the early Islamic and medievalperiods. It was also a centre of learning withnumerous maddrassahs and schools of higherlearning. Thatta has many monuments that arebeing looked after by the ArchaeologyDepartment. Its wind catchers are an importantpart of its cityscape and are well-known forproviding comfort to homes in the heat ofsummer. However, the town itself has lost mostof its vernacular architecture and there is aneed to conserve what still exists.Shikarpur contains some of the most beautifulvernacular architecture in Pakistan, which isfast disappearing. Its beautiful balconies anddoors are being removed to become part of thehomes of the elite in Karachi, Lahore,Islamabad and other cities. Shikarpur was oncean important town on the trade routes to Iranand Central Asia. Its Hindu merchants hadconnections from Shanghai to Khiva, andhundi, a form of banking still practiced all overSouth Asia, was invented in this town.Besides Thatta and Shikarpur, Sukkur, Bukkur,Rohri, Hyderabad and Sehwan also boast oftraditional architecture and important historicalmonuments. Over time, traditional domesticand commercial architecture is being replacedby badly designed modern buildings. All thesetowns are in desperate need of a well thoughtout conservation project.In addition to the historic towns, there are thenomadic Mohana (fisher folk) settlements alongthe river banks and around some of the lakes ofSindh. Mohana boats are constructed withintricate mirror embedded floral and geometricpatterns. Mohana culture has been adverselyaffected by the introduction of commercialfishing and the migration of the craftsmen tourban centres of Sindh where they work in thefurniture-making trade.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development251

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development252Nasir Ali PanhwarARCHITECTURE OF THECOLONIAL PERIODThere are a large number of important buildingsof the colonial period in almost all the urbanareas of Sindh. Many of them are public sitessuch as the Law Courts, municipal offices,administrative buildings, schools, colleges,churches, clubs and buildings built by differentcommunities for their social and religiousfunctions and rituals. Most of these buildingsare in an advanced state of disrepair and decayand need to be restored and maintained. It ishoped that with the enactment of the SindhCultural Heritage (Preservation) Act, 1994,these buildings will not be defaced or alteredinsensitively.In addition to buildings of public use, the urbancentres of Sindh have large areas that have anumber of exquisite domestic and commercialarchitecture dating from the British colonialperiod. These areas are under stress due topopulation pressure and their potential for realFaiz Mahal, built by the Mirs of Khairpurestate development. Again, the implementationof the Sindh Cultural Heritage (Preservation)Act, 1994 offers some hope for theconservation of these buildings, a large numberof which have already been listed under the Act,but without a conservation plan, it will be difficultto save much of this heritage.HERITAGE SITES OFKARACHIThere are a number of cultural sites in andaround Karachi which record its long andcomplex history. For example, the ruins of RatoKot Fort are located in the vicinity of KorangiCreek. This fort is thought to have been acontemporary settlement of Debal (Bhambhorein the view of some archaeologists) conqueredby Mohammad Bin Qasim in 712 AD. Bakedearthen balls used in mechanically drivencannons, shards, glazed tiles and other artifactshave been found scattered all over the surfaceof the site.The Chawkandi graveyard, a protectedmonument of the seventeenth century, andBaloch tombs near Memon Goth of Malir, aremonumental structures of stone-carved tombs.Mokhi-Matara is yet another cultural sitesituated on the top of Narathar Hill near Gadap,located on an ancient trade route emanatingfrom Debal port to Central Asia.The Manora Fort (1784) conquered by SirCharles Napier in 1839, is also a culturalheritage site as well as the Dumlotti Wells dugby the British rulers of Sindh along the banks ofMalir River in the mid-nineteenth century toprovide potable water to their militarycantonment in KarachiVERNACULAR LITERATUREThe origin of the Sindhi language dates backmany centuries. Devnagri characters were theearliest script of the Sindhi language. The useof Persian- Arabic script was first incorporatedinto the text in 1050.1. Compiled by E. H. Aitken, Gazetteer of the Province of Sindh

Until Sindhi evolved as a language of the elite,Sindhi historians, poets and philosophers usedPersian for their writings. Much of these writingswere related to the history of Sindh. The earliestof such writings is the Chachnama 1 , aboutChach, the great Brahman king of Sindh whoruled in the middle of the seventh century. Itcelebrates the conquest of his kingdom byMohammad Bin Qasim. Other importantwritings include the Tarikh-i-Maasumi, or Tarikhus-Sind,written by Mir Muhammad Mausum in1600 AD, who was a native of Bukkur. TheTarikh-i-Tahiri, written in about 1621 AD, is ahistory of the period from the rise of the Sumrasto the death of Ghazi Beg Tarkhan. TheTarkhan-nama which is a genealogy and historyof the Arghuns and Tarkhans was written bySayad Jamal Shirazi in 1654. Then there is theTuhfat-ul-kiram, written later, which is a work ineight volumes and constitutes the mostcomprehensive and consistent history of Sindh.The first vernacular poet in Sindh appears tohave been Syed Abdul Karim, the saint of Bulriin the period of 16th and 17th AD. He composeda religious Risalo which was first written inPersian as 'Bayan ul Arifin' in 1630 andtranslated in Sindhi by Abdul Rehman ibnMuhammed Maluk. This work occupies aprominent place in the realm of classical Sindhipoetry and is said to have become the model forall subsequent Sindi poets. His claim todistinction is that he was the great-greatgrandfatherof Syed Abdul Latif Bhitai (1690-1752), whose Shah-jo-Risalo is undoubtedlythe most outstanding example of Sindhi poetry.Mirza Kalechbeg was a reformist writer of the latenineteenth century who translated works ofEnglish into Sindhi and vice versa and introducedmodern discourses into the Sindhi language.Around 1936, the Progressive Writer'sMovement was dominated by the poetry ofSheikh Ayaz and Narayan Sham (who latermoved to India) and Imdad Hussaini. Their workis highly nationalistic and deeply influenced byMarxism. Shaikh Ayaz was particularly popularwith his style of baith and wye, classical in form,but modern in content.Sindhi journalism proliferated in the mideighties when serious journals on literary andpolitical issues emerged. However, theseMuhammad Ali QadriPilgrims at Shah Abdul Latif Bhita’s Mazarliterary magazines, for instance, Sohni of TariqAshraf, did not last long. Most of thesemagazines became daily news oriented andsome even took the form of newspapers.There have been some notable Sindhibiographers like Pir Ali Mohammad Rashidi andhis brother Pir Husamuddin Rashidi, anoutstanding researcher and writer. Theirautobiographies have described social, politicaland physical conditions in Sindh in some detailduring the last century.Karachi and Hyderabad are also centres ofEnglish, Urdu and Sindhi literature andjournalism. Most of the Sindhi dailies, thecountry's major English publications and urdunewspapers are produced in these cities.Karachi publications, however, are usuallynational in character. In recent years theProvince has witnesses a surge of youngwriters in all three languages.FOLK FESTIVALSSindh has a large number of folk festivals. Themost important fisher-folk festival is held everySindh State ofEnvironment &Development253

year in the Wari Creek of the Indus delta at thetomb of Haji Ibrahim in the Shah Bandar talukaof Thatta district. On this occasion, colourfulmasts and buntings of newly polished anddecorated fishing boats surround the island ofShah Bandar.The annual Urs (death anniversary) and threedayMelo (festival) of Qalandar Shahbaz atSehwan is the biggest folk festival of Sindh.People from all the provinces of Pakistanparticipate in this festival.The second biggest congregation is at theshrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, the greatestsufi poet of Sindh. It is held at Bhit Shah inHyderabad district. The other big festivalSachal-Jo-Melo is held every year at Daraza inKhairpur district on the birth anniversary of thegreat sufi poet Sachal Sarmast. The Melo ofMarvi, the symbol of chastity and patriotism andthe heroine of one of Shah Latif's sur, is heldevery year at Bhalwa in Thar.The festival of Cheti Chand is observed ininnumerable Hindu temples of Sindh on theNew Year's Day of the Hindu calendar. Thereis a congregation of Hindus from all overPakistan and even India at one hundred tirathlocated in different places in KaroonjharMountains of Thar. The biggest annual Hindufestival of Sindh is observed at Sadhbelo, aHindu shrine on an Island in the Indus atSukkur. The biggest festival of the hilltoppeople inhabiting the mountains of Sindh isGaji Shah Jo Melo in Johi taluka of Dadudistrict. In addition, at least two-dozen folkfestivals are held every year in five distinctgeographical regions of Sindh after Rabi(winter) and Kharif (summer) crops. Thepopular Sindhi wrestling Malh is an event thatis always a part of such occasions.A colonial legacy, the annual Horse and CattleShow at Jacobabad, introduced by Sir JohnJacob more than a century ago during Britishrule over Sindh, is observed regularly in centralSindh.ARTS AND CRAFTSSindhi arts and crafts cover a wide range. Theyinclude textiles; embroidery on silk, cotton clothand leather; wood and stone carvings; andglazed pottery and ceramic tiles.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development254Muhammad Ali QadriRali: A traditional bed sheet

Thatta is famous for its woven silk lungi in brightcolours that are worn as a head dress. Halla isfamous for its hand woven cotton textiles andsusi, which is also woven to form colourfulpatterns. In Thar, blankets made from camel,goat, and sheep wool hair are woven ingeometric patterns in white, black, and red bythe women. Previously, they were woven forpersonal use but now they have a substantialmarket outside of Thar.Ajrak, a block printed fabric with rich crimson anddeep indigo colours, is perhaps the textile thatrepresents Sindh best. It is an all purpose sheetwhich can be used as a turban, a kamarband, abed sheet or a coverlet, or slung over theshoulder by men. Women use it as dupatta or ashawl, and sometimes convert it into a hammockfor a child, slung between two trees. Sindhisshow reverence to this cloth and avoid using it asa dhoti (below the waist wrap-around). The Ajrakhas become a symbol of Sindh and guests arepresented with it by their hosts.Muhammad Ali QadriSindhi embroidery has a strong Balochinfluence in the north and strong Rajisthaniinfluence in the Thar Desert. It is doneexclusively by women and is both geometricand floral in design. Previously, it was done forthe use of the family but now it has become amajor commercial enterprise and is adapting tothe needs of the market.The glazed floral and geometric design on tilesand pottery is known as kashi work. It has bothstrong Persian and Rajisthani influences. TheHalla kashi work uses blue and turquoisecolours while the Sehwan kashi work usesbrowns and yellows for the most part. Tiles withkashi work have been used extensively inSindhi architecture and in recent years therehas been a revival of their use.Sindhi carpenters and masons havetraditionally produced beautifully carved floraland geometric designs in timber, stone andgypsum plaster work. These have been used inarchitecture, boat building, saddles of packanimals, animal-drawn carts and rural buildings.Most of these skills are dying out since thesecrafts are no longer used by households for thepurposes that they were initially meant for nor isthere state patronage to keep them alive andprovide alternate livelihood to the people.Glazed floral and geomatric designs on tiles known as Kashi workpaintingTRADITIONAL MUSIC ANDDANCEMusic is the favourite form of recreation for thepeople of Sindh. The tradition of dancing andsinging in the Indus Valley goes back to prehistorictimes. The discovery of the dancingfigurine from Moen-jo-daro and the motif of adancing couple from the site of the ancient cityof Debal is evidence that indicates thepresence of music and dance from pre-historictimes.The various schools of Sindhi music are givenbelow:Waee is a form without percussion and is sungat Shah Abdul Latif's shrine. Its invention iscredited to him when he set his verses todiffering musical scales. The Waee containsLeh and Sur steeped in emotion. Fakirs trainedin the classical tradition sing all night, everynight and Allan Fakir, a secular man, is the bestknown among them. Allan Fakir is generallybelieved to be the greatest Waee singer ofSindh.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development255

Music that commands the greatest respect isdevotional in character. The poetry of sufis,usually in kafi form, is always recited, with orwithout instrumental accompaniment. It is sungwith devotional zeal till one reaches mysticalecstasy. Most singers are from the rural areas,but several of them have moved to urbancentres. The kafi is a poetic form and is thechief vehicle for communicating sufi poetrywhich is sung to the accompaniment of thealghoza 2 . Legendary sufi singers include thebakhti singers of low caste Hindus like KanwarRam, Mohan Bhaget, and Jewani Mai. Morerecent singers in the tradition are MasterJumman, Ghulam Hussain Shaikh (AbidaPerween's husband and mentor), and AbdulGhafoor. Maestros like Abida Perween, SingharAli Saleem, or Abdullah Kachi 3can transporttheir audience to twelfth century India when sufisaints like Bahauddin Zakariya and KhawjaMoinuddin promoted devotional music. Soungis another form of devotional music, which isrendered standing in front of the tomb of thesaints and owes its allegiance to the ChistiaSchool of sufi song. Sohrab Faqir from Khairpuris a well-known performer of this genre.The classical form of Sindhi music drawsheavily from the regional and folk music. TheGawalior gharana 4 (family) that settled in TandoAdam still dominates classical music in Sindh.Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai's Shah jo kalamrendition is carried out in a style he inventedand which was promoted even after his death.In the mid-nineties, the Sindh Department ofCulture decided to offer stipends to familieswho performed this traditional narration. Thishas helped in reviving this tradition.Mai Bhagi of Tharparkar best representsregional folk music. Her daughter has now takenover from her. Haider Rind, Kanwar Bhagat,Mohan Bhagat, Fakir Amir Bux, the late FakirAbdul Ghafoor and Zarina Baluch are importantnames in contemporary Sindhi music 5 .The beauty of Sindhi music lies in its simplicityand the use of few instruments as compared tomost other regions of South Asia. Theseinstruments include the yaktara, garha, chapri,nar and the dhol. Nar music consists of shortmelodic patterns and the dhol consists of shortrhythmic patterns, which may be combined.Sindhi musical instruments also include thedouble reed shahnai or sharnai, and there is awell-preserved local tradition of shahnai playing.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development256Muhammad Ali QadriAllan Fakir: the greatest Waee Singer of SindhThe indigenous musical instruments of Sindhinclude the borindo, which is a clay ball withthree holes on its body. This ancient musicalinstrument was originally excavated from theruins of Mohen-jo-Daro. Dambooro, yaktaro,sarangi, chang, nafeel, tootoori, and dholak aresome of the other local instruments that are inuse 6 .The most popular folk dances performed toSindhi music are jhummar (performed bywomen), who move slowly in circles, and the ho2. Qureshi, R B, "Music and Culture in Sindh - An Ethno-Musicological Perspective" Sindh Through the Centuries. ed Hamida Khuhro.Oxford University press, Karachi3. Names given by Kaleem Lashari, Director Sindh Archives, in an informal talk related to music4. From Kaleem Lashari5. Rhythms of the Lower Indus - Perspectives on the Music of Sindh, edited and compiled by Zohra Yusuf6. Sindh Census Report, 1998

Muhammad Ali QadriMaestros like Abida Parveen can transport their audience to the12th Century when sufi saints promoted devotional musicjamalo dance performed by both men andwomen. Both these dances are performed at thefairs and festivals in the province. The dhamal isperformed at the tombs of the saints duringwhich the devotees reach a state of ecstasy 7 .SPORTS AND AMUSEMENTThe traditional sports in Sindh are Bitharo - arough kind of prisoner's baseball; Gili Dakar,which is like tipcat, and Tisi, which is a form ofhopscotch. In addition, playing marbles andflying kites are common both in rural and inurban areas. Wrestling, in a style peculiar only toSindh, is called malakahkro, which is popularthroughout the province with competitions beingheld on holidays and Fridays that are a featureof all fairs. Cock, partridge, and quail fighting arealso common and are combined with gambling.Dharo or Chaupar, a game played with dice ona board or a cloth, were common earlier on butwith urbanization and new forms ofentertainment the traditional sports are dyingout. Most large landlords engage in hunting,falconry, and horse racing. They also arrangedog and wild boar fights where dogs attack awild boar in a pit. For the general public, thereare also horse and cattle shows of which theone in Jacobabad is the most popular.Nowadays, cricket, hockey and football areplayed by children and young men both in theurban and in the rural areas of Sindh.PRESENT SITUATIONIn 1972, the Government of Pakistan, headedby the Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, set upa National Committee to look into thepreservation of Mohen-Jo-Daro. The UNESCOMaster Plan to Save Mohen-Jo-Daro devised in1974, aimed to lower the groundwater table atthe site, which was destroying the ruins. Theplan also suggested proper conservation of theruins, promotion of cultural tourism andplantation of trees around the site.The regime of General Ziaul Haq stopped theinternational campaign initiated by the BhuttoSindh State ofEnvironment &Development2577. Ibid

government. The government of Nawaz Sharifdisbanded the Authority for the Preservationof Mohen-jo-Daro (APM) in 1997. The presentadministration of General Pervez Musharrafhas constituted the National Fund to SaveMohen-Jo-Daro (NFM) in March 2000 with theleftover APM budget of 94 million Rupees.Some conservation work was initiated butever since the burgeoning water crisis inSindh, all activities of the NFM have come toa standstill.The authorities have not only failed to preservethe excavated ruins, but have also damagedthe unexcavated structures in the name ofpreservation. While digging for the constructionof a circular drain in and around Mohenjodarofor disposing of water pumped by the tube-wellsin the nearby Dadu canal, a number of originalstructures were bulldozed.The process of decay at the Makli necropolis atThatta continues, with the federal Departmentof Archaeology complaining of insufficient fundsto repair the monuments. Theft of carvedstones at Makli has increased in recent yearsas the authorities are unable to guard the vastalmost 20 km necropolis.The destruction of Sindh's traditionalarchitecture, both in urban and rural areas, iscontinuing at a fast pace. This is because of theabsence of trained people to promote, andimplement their conservation. Similarly, Sindh'straditional crafts related to architecture aredying because they are not employed inmodern architecture.Traditional fabrics are not attractinginternational buyers at a large enough scale soas to be commercially viable. There is a needfor understanding the international market andmodifying traditional designs to suit modernrequirements. The necessary research andextension programmes to carry out thisexercise are not in place.CAUSES FOR THEPRESENT SITUATIONArchaeological SitesThe most critical factor affecting the heritagesites located in the plains of Sindh is theSindh State ofEnvironment &Development258Nasir Ali PanhwarTraditional Wrestling: Malakhro

adverse natural environment; especially themenace of waterlogging and salinity caused bybad irrigation practices. This was the mainproblem addressed by the UNESCO expertswhile devising the Master Plan to save Mohen-Jo-Daro in the early seventies.Experts suggested lowering the water table, butsuch measures could not be extended, due tofinancial constraints. Innumerable other sites inSindh are suffering due to waterlogging andsalinity.At the time of independence, the AncientMonuments Preservation Act 1904 gave somelegal protection to cultural heritage.Immediately afterwards, the Antiquities ExportControl Act 1947 was enacted to control andregulate the traffic in antiquities, both within andoutside the country.The Antiquities Act 1968 replaced both theseacts but because it was inconsistent with thefundamental rights enshrined in the PakistanConstitution, a new act in 1975 replaced it toremove certain shortcomings. Furtheramendments were made periodically in 1978and 1992.The Antiquities Act of 1975 is considered quiteeffective, provided it is administered. For itsproper administration, the federal Departmentof Archaeology needs adequate staff. Forinstance, the Talpur Committee set up by theGovernment of Pakistan in 1979recommended, besides other measures, around-the-clock vigilance at monuments/sites.At many sites, there are no watchmen at all. Atmajor sites like Makli, the watch and ward staffis too small in number to prevent thefts ofantiquities and trespassing.Urban Built HeritageUrban built heritage which is located in all themajor cities of Sindh is under pressure fromrapid population growth and the resulting realestate development. It is also under pressurefrom the expansion of inner city wholesalemarkets and industrial activity that requiresstorage and manufacturing spaces for whichthe urban development authorities have madeno provisions. This state of affairs can only berectified if proper structure and/or master plansare made for the urban areas and areimplemented. The awareness and the politicalwill to do this are lacking. The universities andprofessional academic institutions do notproduce trained personnel who can undertakeconservation related programmes and projects.THE EMERGING TRENDSThe Sindh Cultural Heritage(Preservation) Act, 1994An important trend has been set in the provinceby the enactment of the Sindh Cultural Heritage(Preservation) Act 1994. Through properimplementation, not only monuments but alsoarchaeological sites can be saved fromdemolition.The Antiquities Act of 1975 was revised,amended and updated in 1976 but it was afederal act and was able to fulfil the individualneeds of the provinces.Compared to the federal Act, the Sindh CulturalAct 1994 is more comprehensive as it aims atpreserving and protecting "ancient places andobjects of architectural, historical, archaeological,artistic, ethnological, anthropological and nationalinterests" in Sindh. So far, over 700 buildingshave been listed as protected.However, there are no funds available todevelop the institutions required to monitor anddocument the listed buildings, to providetechnical assistance and incentives to theowners to look after or develop adaptive reuseplans for them. In the absence of suchinstitutions, the land- grabbing developers havedemolished many listed buildings.The enactment of the law and the initial listingof buildings have had a fairly positive impact.The demolition of at least the listed buildingshas been arrested. The listing has also createdawareness of the importance of the builtheritage in the areas where the buildings arelisted. A cell has been set up in the KarachiBuilding Control Authority (KBCA) for approvingdevelopment and/or rehabilitation plans for theSindh State ofEnvironment &Development259

listed sites. Thus, awareness has also beencreated in the KBCA and hopefully this will leadto the creation of expertise. It is important tonote that the Sindh Cultural Heritage(Preservation) Act, 1994 was the result ofintense interaction between concerned citizens,conservation-related NGOs, politicians and theSindh Cultural Department.Awareness Created by NGOsA number of NGOs are now involved in thepromotion of culture in Sindh. These include theSindh Exploration and Adventure Society whichundertook the Indus Expedition in 1989 anddocumented it. The Society has alsodocumented Rannikot and discovered theBabra ruins of the Indus Civilization in ThanoBulla Khan. The Sindh Adabi Board haspromoted Sindhi literature, and the HeritageFoundation in Karachi played an important rolein the process that led to the enactment of theSindh Cultural Heritage (Preservation) Act1994. Recently, the Karachi Arts Council andthe Mohatta Palace Museum have beenactively conducting programmes andexhibitions related to Sindh's ancient culture.Academic InstitutionsA number of academic institutions in Sindh areengaged in carrying out research anddeveloping skills that will hopefully overcomethe constraints that are preventing theprotection of Sindh's cultural heritage and itsintegration into modern forms of literature, art,architecture, textile and ceramics. Theseinclude the Sindhiology Department at theUniversity of Sindh, Hyderabad; the MohattaPalace Museum (which holds exhibitions,lectures and musical events related to Sindh aswell as producing publications related toculture); the Architecture and PlanningDepartments at the University of Karachi,Dawood College Karachi, NED University, theIndus Valley School of Art and Architecture atKarachi and the Textile Institute of Pakistan inthe Thatta District. Professionals produced bythese institutions are already creatingawareness in society on culture related issues.Many un-excavated archaeological sites ofSindh have been bulldozed and incorporatedinto agricultural land. Some of them havebecome part of the urban sprawl and have beenturned into informal settlements. This is a trendthat is increasing in the absence of protectionfor the sites and pressures from an expandinghuman population. In addition, the theft ofantiquities is increasing and the weak stateinfrastructure can neither prevent it, nor is itable to punish those engaged in this activity.The Department of Culture and Tourism as wellas the provincial Directorate of Archaeology arenot initiating any excavations for new sitesbecause of an absence of financial resources.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development260Jamshed MasoodRehabilitated Anne Basant Hall in HyderabadSTAKEHOLDERSThe stakeholders include the Government ofPakistan; the Government of Sindh and itsLocal Bodies; the national and provincialinstitutions dealing with history, archaeology,and culture. These institutions include theMinistry of Culture and Tourism; the PakistanTourism Development Corporation (PTDC); theDepartment of Culture and Tourism; the SindhTourism Development Corporation (STDC); andthe Directorate of Archaeology, Government of

Sindh. They also include the government-runSindhi Adabi Board, Sindh Text Board, Instituteof Sindhology, the Sindh Language Authority(SLA) and NGOs representing civil society.Communities are also major stakeholders andso are cultural bodies and academic institutionsand individuals that have the background inresearch and exploration.FUTURE ACTIONThe Department of Culture and Tourism,Government of Sindh, as well as the provincialDirectorate of Archaeology should initiateexploration on a number of sites that have beenidentified. Attempts at raising the resources forthis work from the corporate sector,international agencies and provincialgovernment sources need to be made. Publicopinion and funds should be mobilized for thiswork. If funds are in short supply, theendangered monuments and sites should beidentified and listed. They should besurrounded by barbed wire and a caretakerappointed to look after them. Their rehabilitationand/or excavation should wait till such timewhen funds are available. The federalDepartment of Archaeology and Museumsinitiated a 'Sindh Survey Project' in the latenineties to discover more heritage sites inSindh, but the fieldwork was stopped midway.The cultural wealth of Sindh is so vast andvaried in nature that it has not been possible forthe federal Department of Archaeology tomanage it properly single-handedly. ThePakistan History Conference held in Karachi inOctober 2001 had passed a resolution urgingprovincial governments to establish their ownrespective departments of archaeology. Punjabhas set a precedent in this regard. Perhaps theproposed provincial department, under theGovernment of Sindh, may initially only lookafter those heritage sites that are not under thecare and control of the federal government.It is necessary to frame area conservationprogrammes for the built heritage of the urbancentres of Sindh. However, for the developmentof area conservation, expertise is necessary. Itis recommended that built heritageconservation programmes should be initiated inthe three public sector architecture andplanning departments. If necessary, foreignprofessors should be invited to initiate thesecourses. Area conservation should be seen aspart of a larger city planning exercise, andmaster structure plans for the major citieswhere this built heritage is located arenecessary.Strict implementation of the Antiquities Act bythe provincial government can be an importantstep towards safeguarding the heritage. TheState can play a vital role in this matter whereasthe private sector and non-governmentalagencies can contribute considerably throughpublic mobilization and professional activism.The setting up of site museums can provide anopportunity to research scholars to study theantiquities at excavated sites. The potential oftourism in Sindh, given the diverse nature of itsnatural environment, built environment,archaeological sites and living culture, isimmense. For promoting tourism in Sindh, thegovernment must: construct approach roads tovarious tourist sites; construct rest areas;provide public and private transport to the sites;conduct organized tours from centres such asKarachi, Hyderabad, Dadu, Larkana, Sukkur,Nawabshah and Mithi; and publish guidebooksfor tourists.For conservation of Sindh's cultural heritageand the development of culture and tourism, acombined approach of partnership between thepublic sector, the private sector (such ashotels, tour operators and tourist guides), civilsociety, academia, media, adventure groupsand interested individuals is highlyrecommended. But for this to materialize, thelaw and order situation in Sindh, which isrelated to political conditions and theunaddressed repercussions of social change,has to be addressed.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development261

CHAPTER 19Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentEnvironmentalHealth

Environmental degradation has amajor impact on human health. Itis a fast emerging area where much attention is beinggiven to understanding the health impacts ofdegradation and to find possible solutions to addressthem. Environmental health deals with those aspects ofthe surroundings, substances and conditions of peoplethat have an impact on community health. It basicallymeans being free from illness or injury that is the result of toxic agentsor other environmental conditions.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development263

According to a study by UNICEF's MultipleIndicators Cluster Survey, 1995 for Sindhprovince, 81 percent (highest amongst the fourprovinces) of children below five years of age,have developed acute respiratory infections.Another study conducted by PMRC, reportsthat 9.6 percent children under five years of agehave developed wheezing 1 .HIGH LEAD LEVELSIn Karachi alone, nearly half a million vehicleson the roads emit carbon monoxide and nitrousoxide, along with unburnt fuel and a substantialquantity of lead. According to studies conductedin Karachi, the highest smoke concentrationwas found at Tibet Centre, where it was 270ug/m3 in 1975, 598 ug/m3 in 1982 and 623ug/m3 in 1983. Nearly 23 percent of thepatients at Civil Hospital Karachi complained ofrespiratory tract infections 2 .Several studies have documented therepercussions of a high level of lead in theatmosphere in Karachi. On human life in 1989,a study reported mean blood lead level of38ug/dl among relatively healthy schoolchildren in one of the highly congested areas ofKarachi 3 . High lead levels were found in bloodsamples of traffic constables serving in themain city areas 4 . In another study conducted in2000, of the 400 children aged between 36 to60 months, 80.5 percent had blood lead levelsof more than 10 ug/dl 5 . These children livedwithin the city centre as well as on the outskirts.Lead levels are significantly higher than theWHO-recommended safety levels.The main source of lead is exhaust fumes fromautomobiles, lead-based paints, and batterysmeltingfactories. Lead accumulates in theenvironment over a period of time and does notlose its toxicity. Any level of lead exceeding10ug/dl is considered hazardous 6 .Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development264Sana RazaKatchi abadi surrounding the Lyari sewage in Karachi1. National Health Survey of Pakistan, Profile of the People of Pakistan; PMRC, 1990-942. Beg, A. and Yousefzai, K. 1987. Air Pollution in Karachi, Pak J Soi Indust, Res 30 (1) 60-703. Manser W.W. 1990. Trace Element Studies on Karachi Population, Part V: Blood Lead Levels in Normal Healthy Adults and GrammarSchool Children, JMPA 150-1544. Sadruddin A. Manser. 1992. Blood Lead Levels in Traffic Constables in Karachi, Pakistan J Envir Health, 55 (1), 20-225. White F. and Rahbar, H. 2001. Elevated Blood Levels in Karachi, Pakistan, Bul. WHO; 79 (2), 1736. White F. and Rahbar, H. 2002. Factors Associated with Elevated Blood Levels Among Children in Karachi, Pakistan. WHO, 80 769-775

Zeba Ali, ECKInner City DegredationWATER-BORNE DISEASESIn a study conducted in Karachi in 1997, 293drinking water samples were tested and only 48(16 percent) were considered safe. Of the 233samples analysed, 63 percent werecontaminated with MPN > 50 7 . In another studyconducted in Karachi in 2000, stored drinkingwater samples were found to be contaminatedfrom 75 percent households with a geometricmean of 10,990 cfu/100 ml of thermo tolerantcoliforms 8 . The concentration of E.Coli variedfrom 14 -130 cfu/100 ml. According to the WHO,no detectable E.Coli should be found in cleandrinking water.Another study conducted by the Department ofEnergy and Environment, Sindh AgriculturalUniversity, Tando Jam, showed similar results.Around 295 drinking water samples werecollected from canal water, hand-pumps, wells,ponds, and municipal water supply from Thatta,Badin and Tharparkar. Nearly 100 percentsamples of canal water and drains werecontaminated with thermo tolerant coliformswhile 76 percent of samples of hand/motorpump, well and municipal supply had thermotolerant coliforms. The above studies indicatethe presence of highly contaminated drinkingwater at the source 9 .Such severe water pollution results in variousenteric diseases, especially gastroenteritis.According to UNICEF's Multiple IndicatorsCluster Survey (MICS) 1995, 26 percent ofchildren under five years of age suffered fromdiarrhoea in the peak summer season inPakistan with the incidence being highest inSindh (33 percent) 10 . According to the NationalHealth Survey of Pakistan 1996, 35.9 percentchildren in Sindh suffered from acute diarrhoeaduring the time the survey was beingconducted 11 .Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development2657. UNICEF. 1998. Children and Women in Pakistan: A Situation Analysis8. Luby S. and Agboatwalla M. 2001. A Low Cost Intervention for Cleaner Drinking Water in Karachi, Pakistan, Int J. Dis 5:144 - 1009. Soomro S. Punooh. 2000. Studies on the Status of water Bodies in Rural Sindh and Their Effect on Human Health, Dept. of Energy andEnvironment, Sindh Agricultural University, Tando Jam10. MoH, GoP, and UNICEF.1995. Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey of Pakistan11. National Health Survey of Pakistan. 1995. PMRC

Dangerous hospital waste litters the streetSindh State ofEnvironment &Development266Through verbal autopsies conducted in Karachiin 1997, it was revealed that 39 percent childrenexperienced episodes of acute diarrhoea 12 . Inanother study conducted from 2000-2001, inwhich 2000 children were observed over aperiod of two years, it was seen that 1.51 newepisodes of diarrhoea occurred per 100 personweeks of observation between May andOctober 2000, while between June and October2001, children developed 2.02 new episodes ofdiarrhoea per 100 person weeks ofobservation 13 . This high incidence of diarrhoeapoints towards the poor state of water andsanitation.TyphoidEnteric fever or Typhoid is an infection that isendemic but may assume epidemic proportionsin summer due to the presence of SalmonellaTyphi organisms in contaminated water andfood. At the Aga Khan University Hospital(AKUH), Karachi, between June 1990 toDecember 1994, 4,439 people had SalmonellaTyphi isolated from their blood or bone marrow.Of these, 1,441 (33 percent) were isolated fromchildren under six years of age.In the PNS Shifa Hospital, Karachi, 412confirmed cases of Typhoid were seen fromJanuary 1996 to April 1999. It has also beenreported that at the AKUH, 7.1 percent of allblood cultures received over a three-yearperiod 1992-1994 grew Salmonella Typhi.Typhoid fever spreads though the oro-faecalroute and transmission is highest in areas ofpoor sanitation, especially in urban slumswhere sewage water mixes with piped water.HepatitisHepatitis A is also an enteric infection occurringdue to contaminated water and food which istransmitted through the oro-faecal route. In astudy conducted in 1994 on children, it wasseen that 94 percent children develop IgG antibodiesagainst Hepatitis A virus by three yearsof age 14 . In another study conducted by Qureshi12. Luby, S and Syed A.1997.The Limited Effectiveness of Home Purification of Drinking Water in Karachi, Pakistan13. Ibid14. Agboatwalla, M. and Isomura S.1995. Enteric Viral Infection in Pre-school Children in Karachi, Pakistan, Ind. J Paed 62:345-351

et al. in 2000, it was seen that 19.4 percentchildren had developed anti-bodies againstHepatitis E virus 15 .HEAVY METALCONTAMINATIONHeavy metals, along with other pollutants, aredischarged into the environment throughindustrial waste, automotive exhaust, heavydutypower generators and through refuseburning. These heavy metals are then taken upby plants, animals and humans, andaccumulate in the vital human organs over aprolonged period of time.In Karachi, more than 6,000 industrial units,accounting for 60 percent of the country'sindustries, are located along the coastal beltand the Indus Delta. With the exception of a fewunits, almost all the industrial units dischargetheir untreated effluent containing heavy metalsand their compounds, detergents, lubricatingoils, chlorine and various organic and inorganictoxic compounds directly into the Lyari andMalir rivers and other water bodies from wherethey in turn discharge into the Arabian Sea.According to a study conducted in 1994, solidsof up to 1,000 tonnes per day from the RiverLyari are discharged into the Arabian Sea 16 .Extremely high levels of copper, lead and zincwere found in the Lyari effluent. The NationalInstitute of Oceanography estimates that 120mgd of effluent reaches the Arabian Sea fromthe Lyari River each day. This volumecomprises of 40 percent domestic and 60percent industrial waste.As a result, the marine environment is highlytoxic and fish and shrimps accumulate a highdegree of lead from heavy metals. In anotherstudy conducted in 1992, water samples werecollected from Baba and Manora Channels 17 .Out of 60 sea water samples lead was presentin high concentration in 55 samples and zinc in58 samples. The concentration of lead was 59.2ppm and the concentration of zinc was 1.9 ppm.In another study, vegetable samples werecollected from farms located along the Lyari andMalir Rivers 18and high levels of zinc andcopper were detected from all of them. Spinachhad a high concentration of lead; betel leaveshad a high quantity of copper (820 mg/kg),nickle (330 mg/kg) and zinc (134 mg/kg).Eggplant also contained a high quantity ofcopper (140 mg/kg) and zinc (480 mg/kg).Heavy metal contamination of water is notconfined to urban coastal areas. In the ruralareas of Badin, Thatta and Tharparkar, watersamples from canals, hand pumps and wellsalso indicate heavy metal contamination. Theload of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in thewater was much higher than expected, with 37percent samples showing TDS level to beabove the permissible 500 ppm. In Tharparkar,the TDS was as high as 8800 ppm. 23 percentwater samples from hand pumps and 10percent from the canals had more than theminimal permissible limit of 1.0 ppm of iron.Copper and zinc levels were within permissiblelimits.These effluents have direct and indirect effectson health. Increased levels of cadmium andchromium are carcinogenic and lead producesanaemia by restraining haemoglobin synthesis.Increase in population, rapid urbanisation andunplanned development of settlements havetaken a toll on the environment. Polluted air,contaminated water, over-crowded unservicedsettlements, dumping of toxic waste,contaminated food, inadequate diet and stressare just a few causes of the prevalent healthsituation in the province.EMERGING TRENDSInitiatives by NGOsSeveral NGOs have come forward to help thegovernment grapple with the health crisisgenerated by environmental pollution. Manypilot projects have been initiated by them whichcan be replicated and expanded. It is observedSindh State ofEnvironment &Development26715. Qureshi, H. and Hafiz, S. 2002. Exposure Rate of hepatitis A and E (IgG) in Children 50 (8), 284-516. Lyari and Malir Rivers Pollution Study, 1994. GoP - EPA17. Beg, M. A. and Mahmood S. N. 1992. Heavy Metals Pollution in the Coastal Environment of Karachi, Pak J Marine Sc. 1 (2), 117-12818. Yousufzai, A. H. and Hashmi, D. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Vegetables and Soils at KMC Sewerage Farm in SITE, PCCSIR. Karachi

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development268that most NGOs are working towards achievinga long-term goal of bringing about behaviouralchanges among communities. For example, ahome based system of chlorination initiated inthe informal settlements of Karachi throughHealth Oriented Preventive Education (HOPE)in collaboration with the Centre for DiseasesControl (CDC), Atlanta, Procter and Gamble,Cincinnati; and the Community Health SciencesDepartment of the AKUH, in Manzoor Colony,proved that the incidence of diarrhoea can bereduced through provision of safe means ofdrinking water 19 . Community participationplayed an important part in the success of thisstrategy.Another pilot project was initiated by HOPE incollaboration with CDC, Atlanta, Procter andGamble, Cincinnati and the Community HealthScience Department, in which hand washingwas promoted in an informal settlement ofKarachi 20 . The water in this locality was heavilycontaminated with bacteria. There was noregular system of garbage collection andremoval and sewerage commonly drainedthough open unpaved channels. A regularsupply of soap was provided to mothers withchildren under five. It was observed that theincidence of diarrhoea among children thesechildren was 39 percent lower than in thosehouseholds with standard washing andcleaning habits.Elimination of lead intoxication is an achievablegoal and the Community Health SciencesDepartment, AKUH, is working with thegovernment and the private sector to developprevention programmes to raise awareness, toidentify affected populations, and to takewhatever actions are feasible to control andeliminate sources of exposure. In this regard,contact has been made with leading oilcompanies, oil refineries, lead related factoriesand companies.In environmental sanitation, the Orangi PilotProject-Research and Training Institute (OPP-RTI) has developed a community financed andmanaged low cost underground sanitationproject, which has reached out to about onemillion Orangi residents and has also improvedhealth conditions in other katchi abadis whichhave adopted the programme. The OPP-RTImodel has also been adopted by the SindhKatchi Abadis Authority (SKAA) for its KatchiAbadi Improvement and RegularisationProgramme (KAIRP). As a result, the KAIRPhas become entirely community financed and isno longer dependent on foreign loans as it wasearlier.United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), withits Master Plan of Action (MPA) 1999-2003, isaiming at promoting inter-sectoral linkages,particularly with health and education, throughfostering partnerships between governmentorganisations attached to various ministriesincluding the Ministry of Health, Ministry ofEnvironment, Local Government and RuralDevelopment and Ministry of Education. TheWater Environment and Sanitation Society(WESS) programme aims at intervention at thecommunity level to improve their hygienicpractices such as washing hands afterdefecation and before handling food, the use ofsoap and the maintenance of latrines. Theultimate objective of the programme is toreduce child morbidity and mortality due todeath by dehydration caused by diarrhoea. Thestrategies focus on the need to changeindividual awareness and behaviour concerningpersonal and food hygiene. The interventionaims at integration of activities within the sectorand with other sectors such as health, womenand education.Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is beingpromoted by the government for use byvehicles. The promotion of CNG will lead to amarked improvement in air pollution levels if alow cost CNG conversion kit can be developedfor diesel public transport vehicles.STAKEHOLDERSThe stakeholders concerned with environmentalhealth include the Environment andUrban Affairs Division, Ministry of Housing andWorks; the Sindh Environmental Protection19. Luby, S. and Syed A. 1997. The Limited Effectiveness of Home Purification of Drinking Water in Karachi, Pakistan20. Luby, S. and Agboatwalla, M. 2001. Microbiologic Effectiveness of Hand washing with Soap in an urban squatter settlement, Karachi,Pakistan Epid Infec. 127: 237-244

Agency; Sindh Health Department; Sindh MotorVehicle Authority; international environmentalagencies such as IUCN, UNIDO; UNICEF;UNDP; NGOs; WAPDA; district governments;mass media; research institutes; civil societyorganisations and communities.FUTURE ACTIONTackling environmental issues is not just the jobof government institutions. To achieve optimumresults, all the stakeholders have to coordinatetheir activities.The extent of the damage and its causes has tobe measured by conducting studies andsurveys and establishing databases. Theseshould be carried out by the Department ofHealth, Bureau of Statistics and theEnvironmental Protection Agency, in collaborationwith other stakeholders.Currently, the health department is concernedmainly with providing curative health. Theconcept of preventive and environmental healthneeds to be introduced and developed withinthe department. For this, the Departmentrequires technical assistance to develop a planof action, which can be provided by environmentalagencies and NGOs.Environmental issues and programmes relatedto health should become a part of primary andsecondary school education. Environmentalrepercussions of development and socialchange should form part of university coursesdealing with social, technical and sciencerelated disciplines. Without the development ofMohammed Anees ShehzadUncontrolled amounts of waste dumped at Lyari River, Karachiprofessionals and a public that understandsand can deal with these issues, the causes ofenvironmental degradation cannot beaddressed.The mass media should be used to promote anawareness of the repercussions of environmentaldegradation and the manner in whichthey can be overcome or mitigated. Theprogrammes on television and radio should notbe a mere identification of issues, but the spiritof self help should be built into entertainmentprogrammes.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development269

CHAPTER 20Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentPopulation,Povertyand Environment

Poverty is not simply aboutmonetary deprivation but aboutinadequate access to resources.Conventionally, income andconsumption levels wereconsidered the accepted andmeasurable definition of poverty.However, new thinking suggests that these are limitedand do not capture all the elements of poverty. A new methodologyknown as Sustainable Livelihoods framework has been postulated,which takes a broad-based approach to assessing deprivation, andparticularly emphasises the importance of vulnerability andSindh State ofEnvironment &Development271powerlessness, in addition to the other aspects of poverty. 11. IUCN, P&DD Northern Areas, Iftikhar, Usman Ali 2003: Population, Poverty and Environment

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development272The incidence of poverty is one of the mostimportant indicators of socio-economicconditions. There was a declining trend inpoverty in Pakistan during the 1970's and1980's, but this was reversed in the 1990's.According to the UN Human DevelopmentReport, Pakistan has very low ranking on thehuman development index (HDI) where it isplaced at 127 out of 162 countries. In terms ofHDI ranking within Pakistan, the urban areas ofSindh have the highest ranking, with an HDI of0.659, which is higher than for Pakistan as awhole but the rural areas of Sindh have an HDIof 0.456, which is the lowest in Pakistan. One ofthe main causes for Sindh's high HDI is thedominance of the urban population (40 percentin 1975; 48 percent in 1995) 2 . This suggests alarger urban/rural disparity than in any otherprovince of Pakistan.There is also immense disparity in humandevelopment in Sindh's districts and cities, withKarachi's HDI (0.629) being the highest andthat of Tharparkar (0.343) being the lowest.There are major inter-provincial differences withrelation to the HDI, with Sindh containing only13 percent of the top districts ranked high in theHDI. It also consists of 19 percent of the lowestranking districts according to the HDI inPakistan 3 .Although economic vulnerability has not beencomprehensively measured for the province,there are indications that vulnerability differssignificantly across agro-climatic zones andover two- thirds of the households in rural Sindhmay be classified as economically vulnerable.Poverty has become a major issue in Sindh,where 50 percent of the population lives belowthe poverty line and suffer from low calorieintake, low per capita income, unemployment,inadequate access to education, sanitation,health facilities and an unhygienic environment.More importantly these people are the mostvulnerable to shocks.The present situation in Sindh can be looked atin the context of the various issues it faces andmeasures that have been taken by thegovernment and other organisations, such asthe NGOs, in an attempt to alleviate poverty.INCOME ANDEMPLOYMENTIncome is one of the basic indicators of socialwell being. Sindh had the highest per capitaincome from 1975-1995, and incomes in thisperiod had a faster rate of growth than in anyother province 4 . The gap between per capitaincomes in Sindh and Punjab (the province withthe lowest per capita income), in 1975 wasRs.1,250 per year. By 1995 this gap hadincreased to Rs. 2,800 per year. The GrossRegional Product (GRP) per capita at 1980-81prices was the highest in Sindh at Rs. 5,327 peryear (1995) and second lowest in the Punjab(right above Balochistan) at Rs. 4,107 per year(1995) 5 .Despite the above figures, more than 11 millionmen and women in Sindh are unemployed andaround 15 million live below the poverty line.According to the Pakistan Poverty ReductionStrategy Paper (PPRSP), population below theincome poverty line of one USD per day is 31percent, which implies that every thirdhousehold in Pakistan lacks sufficient income toafford the daily intake of 2,350 calories perperson. The unemployment ratio in Sindh was25 percent during the 1980's but this figurejumped to 33 percent in the 1990s 6 . The ratio ofeconomically active population to totalpopulation, termed as crude activity orparticipation rate, is around 22.75 percent inSindh but the 1998 census reports aparticipation rate of 32.73 percent (age 10 andabove). In either case, it is very low andindicates a high incidence of poverty.Agriculture is the single largest sector ofPakistan's economy and accounts for 26percent of the GDP, providing livelihood to 68percent of the people living in rural areas. Itemploys about 46 percent of the labour force,2. ADB, 2002; Social Development in Sindh3. Pakistan National Human Development Report (NHDR) 20034. SPDC, 1998; Social Development in Pakistan5. Ibid6. Sabihuddin Ghausi, 50pc live below poverty line in Sindh, Dawn, EBR

and amounts for export earnings up to 60percent of the total GNP. Since the economy ofSindh is largely agrarian (for details see Section"Sindh in the National Context" in Chapter 1),the economic development of the provincedepends largely on the development of itsagricultural sector. Rural Sindh, in particular,has been hit hard by drought in the past fouryears and more than eight million people havebeen pushed below the poverty level. A studysponsored by the ADB showed that 82 percentof the population in the five districts of Sindhlives on an income of less than one dollar a day,which is the UN measure of poverty 7 .Urban Sindh, which consists mainly of Karachi,Hyderabad, Sukkur, Nawabshah, Shikarpur andLarkana, comprises about 48 percent of theprovincial population, is also showing a declinein economic growth. The services sector hasshrunk sharply 8 . In addition, the urban areas ofSindh continue to receive an influx from Punjaband the NWFP leading to stress in theinfrastructure and a further increase in the levelof unemployment (for details see Chapter 15:Urbanisation and its Environmental Repercussions).Employment opportunities in Karachi, Hyderabad,Sukkur and other urban areas of Sindhstarted declining in the 1990s as a result of aflight of capital and industry from the urbanareas due to a serious law and order situation.In addition, since 1997, the government startedprivatising public owned enterprises andinstitutions as a result of which tens ofthousands of jobs were lost. Persisting drought,crippling tax structures imposed under theinfluence of the IMF and World Bank reforms,fluctuations in the exchange value of the rupee,a breakdown of the infrastructure, and a failureto control lawlessness have all created a majoreconomic recession 9 .As part of a country facing the challenge ofreviving economic growth and eliminatingpoverty, Sindh will need rapid development inagriculture, agro-based industries, small andmedium industries, oil and gas exploration andthe development of the IT sector at theprovincial and district levels. The strongpotential to create jobs and self-employmentneeds to be explored. Growth has to beaccompanied by measures that ensure socialdevelopment which take into accounteconomic, political and social dimensions.SANITATION & WATERSUPPLYIn most urban areas, government supply ofwater and sanitation facilities have becomeinadequate due to natural growth of thepopulation and migration from NWFP and thePunjab (see Chapter 15: Urbanisation and itsRepercussions).Only 10 percent of Sindh's rural population hasaccess to potable water and only seven percentof the areas have drain coverage. Twenty sixpercent of the rural population in the provincerelies on a dug well, or a river, canal or streamfor drinking water as opposed to a hand pumpor a tap. This does not compare well with, forexample, the Punjab where only six percent ofthe rural population relies on wells or surfacewater sources. Only 21.76 percent of Sindh'srural population has access to planned watersupply schemes and most of them are notproperly maintained.There is thus a shortage of water in both ruraland urban areas of Sindh for both drinking andirrigation purposes. In rural areas, drinkingwater is monopolised by the landlords and thereis a shortage for irrigation which has affectedmany crop yields. Such controls adverselyaffect the lives of the poor.Similarly, 58 percent of the households in Sindhdo not have access to toilets and 87 percent donot have access to any sort of sanitationsystem, which makes Sindh rank second toBalochistan 10 . Rural sanitation coverage onlyamounts to 8.91 percent. These conditionsadversely affect the health and well being of thelocal people.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development2737. Ibid8. Ibid9. Sabihuddin Ghausi, Sindh employment drops by 2.5, Dawn EBR10. ADB, 2002; Social Development in Sindh

Ali Raza RizviA stark reality: 50 percent of the population lives below the poverty line in SindhSindh State ofEnvironment &Development274EDUCATIONALACHIEVEMENT INDICESThe level of human development in theprovince is currently very low and littleimprovement has taken place during the 1990'sin the education and health sectors.The link between education and poverty is wellestablished in terms of schooling andachievement among low income families;primary school education effectiveness inimproving school performance; high schoolgraduation rates; and the relationship betweenschool quality and adult economicachievement.Against the total population of the primaryschool-going age group of 4,860 million, only2.62 million children are enrolled in schools witha participation rate of 54 percent, which meansthat 46 percent, or 2.24 million children, are notattending school. Likewise, out of a populationof 3.702 million of the middle-school-going agegroup, only 3.118 million children attend Middleand Secondary Schools.Out of 6.2 million children in the 4 - 9 years agegroup, only 3.1 million are enrolled in schools.In addition, there are poorly trained teachers,inadequate school supplies and poorinfrastructure. Thirty five percent of elementaryschools are shelterless and 55 percent arewithout water and sanitation facilities 11 . Thereare also major differences in literacy ratesbetween rural and urban areas whose detailsare given in tables 2 to 5 in Appendix 3: Socio-Economic Data of Sindh. It is important tonote that female literacy in rural Sindh is only12.23 against female literacy of 56.66 for theurban areas. These figures highlight not onlythe poor human development conditions inSindh, but also the disparity between rural andurban areas, which creates two differentscenarios within the same province.There are about thirty-nine thousand primaryschools in Sindh where two-and-a-half millionchildren out of 4.6 million children of schoolgoing age are enrolled. Of these schools,11. http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/sar/sa.nsf/Attachments/PDF2003-Sindh/$File/Sindh.pdf

Table 20.1: Health Statistics, 1998Doctors per 10 thousand persons 2.91Nurses per 10 thousand persons 0.89Beds in Hospitals per 10 thousand persons 7.76Source: Sindh at a Glance, 200032,000 have no electricity which means thatchildren have to sit in the heat during thesummer. According to a recent newspaperarticle, there are 22,000 schools without waterand 21,000 schools without toilet facilities.HEALTH STATUSImprovement in the health status of Sindh'spopulation is one of the major factors that cancontribute to poverty reduction. The existinghealth system has not provided adequateservices to meet the requirement of thepopulation owing to limited financial and humanresources, poor management, absence ofpolitical will and appropriate policies. Atpresent, 65 percent of the population is beingprovided health facilities, which may be onlytheoretical since many government facilities,especially in the rural areas, do not function andonly 45 percent EPI coverage or less than fiveyears are achieved. The child mortality rate andmaternal mortality rate are 109 per 1,000 livebirths compared to a national average of 103,and 553 per 100,000, as compared to a nationalaverage of 500 live births respectively 12 .The percentage of married women using familyplanning methods is only seven percentcompared to a national average of 16 percent.Full immunisation coverage is 49 percent allover the country but only 47 percent in Sindh.There is also a serious shortage of paramedicsand hospital beds as indicated in Table 20.1.An ADB report on social development in Sindh 13gives details of conditions at various sites in theprovince. Some of their findings are given inBox 20.1: Health Facilities in Sindh.As the result of an absence of cheap publicsector health care facilities and poorenvironmental conditions related to water andsanitation, people are generally, in poor health.The school-going children do not have goodBox 20.1: Health Facilities in SindhIn Baldia Town, (population over one million), Karachi, there is no government hospital. In Dadu,there are no government medical facilities. In Pachan Mori, Mirpurkhas District, there is a tworoomdispensary built in 1985. There is no doctor available and a vet practices from thedispensary treating both animals and humans. The villagers say that no medicines are availablefrom the dispensary.In Kaasbo, one dispensary provides health facilities to the villagers but there is no doctoralthough there is one traditional birth attendant. In Malmari, Thatta, there is only one governmentdispensary located in the house of the midwife. In Bhudo Khan Khoso, there is, in theory, agovernment dispensary, and a Basic Health Unit except that neither of these facilities isoperational. There are, instead, six private hospitals, which are unaffordable for the poorersections of the population.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development275The only government programme that reaches the most remote villages is that of polioimmunisation.Source: Sindh Province Report, 2002, Pakistan Poverty Reduction Strategy12. Government of Sindh, 2002; Pakistan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper13. ADB, 2002; Social Development in Sindh

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development276attendance records and the adults tend to missdays of work. Many people have to raise moneythrough loans to access health care, oftenhaving to travel to the cities. All this adds todebt, unemployment and poverty.NATURAL RESOURCESPoverty and environmental degradation althoughinextricably linked, their nexus is not the simplisticdownward spiral that is commonly accepted.Poor people are not always the agents ofenvironmental degradation, but more often thannot, are its victims. Recent research has shownthat misguided agricultural and trade policies andpoor food distribution (and hence entitlement tofood) may be the root causes of hunger andmalnutrition, whereas rapid population growthmagnifies bad policies (Merrick 2002).Sindh's natural resources are under extremestress. Environmental degradation due to theiroveruse is rapidly depleting them. In addition,waterlogging, salinity and pollution of waterbodies due to an absence of the treatment ofurban effluents and faulty development projectssuch as the LBOD and RBOD are deprivingpeople of their means of livelihood. Shortage ofwater from the Indus has led to massiveecological damage to the Indus Delta, forcingthe local population to move from theirancestral homes, and the loss of millions ofacres of rich agricultural land to the sea.Shortage of Indus water has also adverselyaffected water availability for urban areas asmuch of Sindh's subsoil water aquifer is saline.Similarly, rangeland for animal production isbeing over-exploited due to an absence ofalternative jobs and, in the process, is beingturned into a desert. Marine life too is beingdepleted for the same reasons. These issueshave been discussed at length in the chaptersin Part 2 (The Green Sector).In addition, there are major problems due to:the unequal distribution of private and publicassets; relations between the federal andprovincial governments; the absence of apolitical consensus on how the State is to begoverned and the roles and responsibilities ofthe federating units in it; mismanagement; andthe absence of accountability and transparencyin the functioning of government institutions.All these constraints make the addressing ofenvironmental issues difficult and degradationcontinues to pauperize people. The more theyare impoverished, the more the environmentcomes under stress. Poverty is a part of thisvicious circle and of the accompanying socialand political problems which, in the absence ofa larger political consensus in Pakistan ingeneral and in Sindh in particular, are not beingaddressed.POVERTY ALLEVIATIONPROGRAMMESThe provincial government has initiated acomprehensive reform programme for theprovince aimed at alleviating poverty which ispart of the government programme of fiscalrestructuring, improving public service delivery,and regulatory reform. The government feelsthese will serve to accelerate humandevelopment and stimulate economic growth inthe medium term. The key target indicators ofthe reform programme are consistent with thenational targets of the Interim PovertyReduction Strategy 14 .PAKISTAN POVERTYREDUCTION STRATEGYPAPER (PPRSP)The Poverty Reduction Strategy (2003-06)entails the following:A reduction in the population growth ratefrom 2.17 percent to 1.82 percentA reduction in unemployment and underemploymentby creating jobs opportunitiesand providing technical training to theworkforceAn increase in the literacy rates, especiallyfemale literacy, in the rural areas14. ADB, 2002, Social Development in Sindh

An increase in the immunization of childrenup to five years of age from 45 percent to80 percentA reduction in the child mortality rate from111 to 77 per 1,000 live birthsA hundred percent eradication of polio A reduction in the prevalence ofmalnutrition among pre-school childrenfrom 40 percent to 35 percentAn increase in water supply coverage torural areas from 28 percent to 40 percent An increase in sanitation coverage from 29percent to 31 percent of the populationTo explore and strengthen indigenouscommunity and family support structures,including NGO's (mutual aid societies) 15The four elements of this poverty reductionstrategy are:Sana RazaSlums built along train tracks in KarachiEngendering growthCreating income generating opportunitiesImproving social sector outcomesReducing vulnerability to shocksKHUSHHAL PAKISTANPROGRAMMEThe present government has launched thispoverty alleviation programme in order togenerate employment through public works ona provincial basis. The Khushhal PakistanProgramme (Phase- I, II, and III) is pitched atRs. 5.5 billion. The schemes under thisprogramme have been executed at the districtlevel through active community participation.This programme has created 100,000 newemployment opportunities and providedessential infrastructure facilities to a populationof 5,000,000 in rural and low-income urbanareas 16 . So far, there has been no evaluation ofthe programme and press reports have doubtscast on its effectiveness and on whether therehas been any community participation in it.DROUGHT EMERGENCYRELIEF ASSISTANCE(DERA) PROGRAMMEThis is a national programme with Rs. 300million earmarked for the Provincial DERAProgramme for the period of two years. Sindh'sshare of the funds is 30 percent. Thirteendistricts, namely Karachi, Thatta, Badin,Tharparkar, Mirpurkhas, Sanghar, Khairpur,Sukkur, Ghotki, Shikarpur, Jacobabad, Larkanaand Dadu, are included in this 17 .Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development27715. Government of Sindh, 2002; Pakistan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper16. Ibid17. Government of Sindh, 2002; Pakistan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development278SECTORAL STRATEGIESSindh RuralDevelopmentProgramme 2002This loan programme, worth $50 million USD isa flagship project which aims to initiate adevelopment programme which targets thepoorest of the poor in the four districts ofSanghar, Mirpurkhas, Badin and Thatta, wherethe problem of bonded labour is still prevalent.The overall goal is to reduce poverty in theseregions by improving governance, providingaccess to pubic services, transferringtechnology for improved livelihoods andproviding essential infrastructure 18 .Decentralised SchoolImprovement Project 2002The objective of this programme, worth $75million USD, is to increase access to the propoordecentralised public elementary schoolsystem, with 60 percent beneficiaries being therural poor 19 .Access to Justice ProgrammeThis programme supports the reform of thejudiciary and the police service 20 .Agriculture Sector ProgrammeLoan IIThis programme will help small scale andmarginal farmers improve productivity andprofits by providing them with credit 21 .Financial and Non-Bank MarketsGovernance ProgrammeThis proposed programme focuses onimproving corporate governance through areform of the capital market and strengtheningof the regulatory environment 22 . All theseprogrammes have a major loan component(including the Khushal Pakistan Programme)from International Financial Institutions (IFI).There are people who argue that instead ofalleviating poverty they will put Pakistan ingreater debt, which is a major poverty indicator.There have been a number of suchrecommendations for poverty alleviation andtheir critique by civil society organisations inSindh, one of which argues that an institutionalrearrangement may be necessary for citizens tosecure fundamental economic and social rights.This would mean giving specific organs of theState the authority to implement a comprehensivesocial contract envisaged by the Constitution;making public representatives accountable;and through judicial, administrative, andlegislative backing of all legal and policyinitiatives that directly or indirectly obstruct therealisation of fundamental economic and socialrights. Forced labour in Sindh is a majorobstacle to poverty reduction and thegovernment has an obligation to eliminate thispractice. For this, political devolution is requiredwhich goes beyond administrative decentralisationto local government 23 .ISSUES IN POVERTYREDUCTION:POLICYIMPLICATIONSTo devise a strategy for poverty reduction, thefollowing factors have to be taken into account:Poor people are angry: There is a deepsense of deprivation, exploitation andhelplessness pervasive amongst the poorin Sindh. This anger is on such a scale that18. ADB, 2002; Social Development in Sindh19. Ibid20. Ibid21. Ibid22. Ibid23. Ercelwan, Nauman. 2003. Poverty Reduction in Sindh

authorities would be advised not to ignoreit.The importance of natural resourcemanagement: Since the poorest peopleheavily rely on natural assets, events andpolicies that destroy or degrade naturalresources have a major impact on the poor.The policy implication is that a povertyreduction strategy must include effectivemeasures for managing and preservingnatural resources.Inequality in the distribution of privateassets: The distribution of key privateassets such as water and land is highlyinequitable which is a fundamental reasonfor poverty. Poverty Reduction strategiesshould start by re-examining the lessons ofprevious land reforms in Sindh 24 .Inequality in the distribution of publicassets: Publicly provided assets whichhelp build human capital, such as educationand health facilities, are also distributedvery unevenly with a large gap betweenwhat is supposed to be available and whatis actually supplied. Policy makers shouldrevisit past policies for improving socialinfrastructure such as the Social ActionProgramme and critically examine thereasons for their failure to deliver genuineimprovements on a significant scale .STAKEHOLDERSFederal Government andLegislative AssembliesThe federal government is responsible forformulating policies and developing institutionsthat can generate employment; remove theenormous inequality in the distribution of privateand public assets; improve natural resourcemanagement; and implement the comprehensivesocial contract as envisaged by theConstitution. This can only be done if thepolitical parties represented in the National andProvincial Assemblies make it a part of theirpolitical agenda to reform, in particular, thepolice and the judicial system.Provincial GovernmentInstitutionsProvincial government institutions that managenatural resources and development areimportant stakeholders. They need to establishcoordination between themselves and to put inplace better management and monitoringsystems; closer interaction with communitiesand NGOs; transparency and accountability intheir functioning; better access to justice for thepoorer sections of the population; and animproved law and order situation.Local GovernmentWith the devolution plan, local governmentshave become major players in providing socialand physical infrastructure. They are still weakand need to develop effective technical andmanagerial support systems, especially at theUnion Council and tehsil level to prepare andmanage developments being funded by thevarious poverty alleviation funds.Academic InstitutionsAcademic institutions need to research intoboth the macro and micro level poverty relatedissues and make their findings available to allpolicymakers, local government, politicalparties, NGOs and communities.NGOsNGOs in Sindh are increasing, meeting thegrowing demand for social services. They haveraised consciousness regarding rights andresponsibilities, built capacities and skills inmany communities and are also contributing topolicy formation, planning and research.Local CommunitiesOrganised and well-informed communities arebetter equipped to make use of governmentpoverty alleviation programmes. They alsoSindh State ofEnvironment &Development27924. PILER. 2003. Power, Politics and Poverty in Pakistan

have a far greater social mobility whichimproves their living conditions.FUTURE ACTIONSocial protection of vulnerable classes ofpeople is a fundamental component of astrategy to reduce poverty. This implies thatpolicies and strategies should be aimed atreducing the actual risk or probability of shockas a disruption in livelihood, mitigating thepotential impact of shocks and the creation ofan environment to strengthen livelihoods.Social protection includes the provision of thebasic necessities, mainly food and water. TheState needs to ensure the provision of food tothe poor and the revival of ration cards thatwould at least ensure that daily calorierequirements can be met through subsidizedfood.Poverty cannot be reduced in Sindh withoutstemming and reversing rural decline. Thereasons for this decline are complex andinclude widespread water shortage anddeterioration in irrigation systems, reducedagricultural yields, depletion of livestockholdings, intensification of exploitation of thehari by landlords and a worsening law and ordersituation. Natural resource management oughtto be improved and there should be thepromotion of greater equity regarding thedistribution of water. As for the deteriorating lawand order, unless a bold vision is developed toaddress the problem, poverty in rural Sindh willcontinue to grow 25 .Another issue that needs to be addressed is theconcentration of land ownership which affectslocal power relations. Through debt bondageand other instruments of control, the labourforce is kept in a state of dependency. Landreforms are needed, which may be designed toeliminate large landholdings and the culture offeudalism in the country because without suchreforms, development in Sindh is impossible.Due to the power imbalance, exploitation oflabour is not restricted to the rural areas.Competition for regular work in urban areas isintense and workers, especially women andmigrants, are usually remunerated very poorly.Regulatory solutions to these problems need tobe found, whereby labourers are paid marketwages. Additionally, the contract system needsto be investigated for regulation 26 .Women are the main victims of poverty inSindh. They are also exposed to the threat offeudal tradition such as honour killings and acidburning. Policy makers need to enforce strictlaws and penalties for offenders.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development280Mohammed Anees ShehzadHabib Bank Plaza Near Tower, Karachi: Prosperity in larger citiesAlthough Pakistan already has an institutionalsystem for social protection (zakat), the moneynever reaches the poor. Suggestions weremade that instead of giving zakat as money,food, clothes, and other tangible items shouldbe given to reduce extortion .Insecurity is a basic problem that aggravatespoverty. Civil protection agencies, such as thepolice or Rangers should be made accountablefor their acts and authority should be delegatedto them only if they are paid market wages and25. Ibid26. Ibid

are kept under strict check. A major policereform is required.Poverty reduction strategies need to accountfor official corruption, which is a deterrent to allreforms. Policies should be revisited and thisissue must be dealt with. They also need toaccount for environmental degradation andeffective natural resource management toreduce the element of shock to the poor.And finally, the issues of poverty and theircauses have to be made a part of a largerpolitical debate without which the necessarysocial changes required to implementfundamental social and economic rights, asenshrined in the Constitution, cannot beachieved. Without these basic human rights,poverty cannot possibly be reduced effectively.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development281

CHAPTER 21Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentEducation

f all social indicators to gauge the dynamics ofdevelopment in the province of Sindh, perhapseducation is the most indicative of the commitments ofOpublic policy.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development283

Literacy rates for both men and women haveincreased tremendously in the last ten years inthe province, with the figures for Karachi being71.7 percent for men and 71.4 percent forwomen. However, the disparity betweenmetropolitan Karachi and the rest of Sindh hasbecome all the more marked with the provincialaverage being 65.2 and the national averagebeing 46.7 percent the rate of overall literacy 1 .This broad aggregate can be further brokendown into income group disparities. For instance,qualifications may be made in terms of public,private and madrassah schools, which may bestill further divided into those opting for English,Urdu or Sindhi media of instruction. Even withinEnglish medium schools, those opting forMatriculation with the local board of educationand those for the Cambridge examinationsystem, tend to inhabit two different worlds. Thusthe indices for education in the province cannotsimply be read in terms of the availability ofinfrastructural facilities but need to be correlatedto the mode and quality of instruction.Although education was always a low priorityfor the federal and provincial governments withthe amount earmarked for educationdecreasing each year even as the annualgrowth rates for the economy improved, adisinvestment policy is evident from the 1990swhen international donor agencies stepped into promote an active public-private partnership.In 2001-2002, the amount of Rs. 1,150 millionfor education was reduced to Rs. 643 million bythe provincial government 2 . More recently, thefederal Education Minister has gone so far as tostate that the growing figures for literacy arelargely a result of the private sector involvementin education 3 .PRESENT SITUATIONThe Public Sector SchoolsInternational standards that compile theEducation Performance Index for any region orcountry measure the figures for primary schoolenrolment, completion of schooling and theteacher-student ratio. On all these counts,Pakistan ranks 99 in a list of 144 countries,lower than all South Asian and North Africanstates. See Table 21.1: Total Enrolment andNumber of Public Schools in Sindh, 1998.According to the latest census reports, 40percent of the population of Pakistan is underTable 21.1: Total Enrolment and Number of Public Schools in Sindh, 1998Total EnrolmentTotal SchoolsPrimary schools 2,256,461 38,884Middle schools 131,749 2,073High schools 655,218 1,449Source: Development Statistics of Sindh, 2001Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development284Table 21.2: Enrolment Ratio, Primary, 1999Male Female TotalSindh 58.2 35.2 47.2Punjab 62.3 54.8 58.6Balochistan 63.5 45 55.2NWFP 64.5 47.7 56.4Source: Development Statistics of Sindh, 20011. Social Development in Pakistan. 2001. Oxford University Press, Karachi2. Development Statistics of Sindh. 20013. Dawn. 23 June 2003

Nasir Ali PanhwarA typical school building: Sindh has the lowest number of primary schools18 years of age, of which 18 percent reside inSindh. The state of public schools is evidentfrom the fact that 30 percent of schools arewithout buildings, of the 38,885 public sectorschools, 13,537 are without electricity, 5,901without water, 12,791 without toilets and 1,131without boundary walls. Even according toconservative estimates, Sindh has the largestnumber of ‘ghost’ schools in the country, whichrefers to schools that exist only on paper, withat least 700 ‘ghost’ teachers of primary schoolsdrawing government salaries 4 .Within the country, Sindh has some of the worstindices for education, particularly in the smalltowns and the rural areas. In 1999, at 47.2,Sindh has the lowest enrolment ratio for primaryschooling in all the provinces, lower than eventhe most sparse and underdeveloped provinceof Balochistan. Table 21.2 shows the enrolmentratio for primary schooling in Sindh. Theenrol.ment ratio measured as a percentage ofpopulation between 5-25 years for Balochistanis 55.2, for NWFP is 56.4, and for Punjab is58.6, varying sharply across area and gender.The student-teacher ratio for Sindh in 1999 isthe worst too, falling behind by over 10 pointsas compared to all the other provinces asdepicted in Table 21.3. Since 1975, theTable 21.3: Teacher-Student Ratio, Primary, 1999 (in percentage)Male Female TotalSindh 19.8 30.7 22.7Punjab 32.1 40.1 35.3Balochistan 32.9 44.6 36.4NWFP 32.5 37.4 33.9Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development285Source: Growth, Inequality and Poverty, SPDC, 20014. The State of Education, Social Policy Development Centre, Karachi. 2003

Table 21.4: Number of Private Institutions by Type and Level in Sindh, 1999-2000Total Rural UrbanPrimary 2,572 577 1,995Middle 1,741 99 1,642High 1,495 34 1,461High Secondary 87 3 84Degree 23 1 22University 22 1 21Undergraduate 86 None 86Graduate 42 6 36Source: SPDC, Annual Report 2001increasing imbalance between the teacherstudentratio in primary and secondary schoolshas led to overcrowded classrooms, fallingstandards of instruction and evaluation andgreater drop-out rates. The poorly paid teachershave been demonstrating on the streets indifferent parts of rural Sindh and the smallertowns 5 .This has adversely affected primary schoolingin particular, since the teachers generally forcethe schools to shut down for long periods oftime, a phenomenon that is discussed later inthis chapter.According to official surveys, Sindh has thelowest teacher-student ratio in all the provinces.The percentage of female teachers insecondary schools is also falling in Sindh andthe Punjab, making the classrooms swell tosometimes 80 students.The Private Sector SchoolsWhile the provincial government has onlyrecently announced its intention to make adetailed regularisation of private schools, thereare, according to official estimates made in1999, 36,096 private institutions all over Sindh,with 6,457 autonomous school systems andchains offering highly priced, qualitativeinstruction, mostly in the urban centres. Interms of general education up to highersecondary level, there are 5,943 privateschools for the province, with 86 undergraduateprofessional or technical training colleges, and42 professional or technical traininginstitutions 6 . See Table 21.4: Number of PrivateInstitutions by Type and Level in Sindh, 1999-2000.Of private schools, only 48 schools havescience and computer laboratories, only 36Table 21.5: Growth in the Number of MadrassahsSindh State ofEnvironment &Development286Name 1988 2002Wafaqul-Madaris 1,779 7,000Tanzim-ul Madaris 717 1,585Wafaq-ul Madaras-al Salafia 161 376Rabta Madaris al Islamia 97 500Wafaqul Madaris 47 419Total 2,801 9,880Source: Central Board of Madrassahs, 20035. Hilal-e Pakistan, 22 October 20036. Annual Report. Social Policy Development Centre. 2001. SPDC

S. HusainGirls School at ‘Khuda Ki Basti’: The number of these schools have increased in the last two decadeshave playgrounds, 127 have libraries, 44 havean auditorium, 11 have hostel facility and 28provide transport 7 .For the current fiscal year, the government ofSindh has only 1,700 applications for theregularisation of private schools, since mostsuch schools run outside the official ambit. TheEducation Ministry has suggested thatlegislation may be framed when a nationalcurriculum and fee structure may be put onboard. According to the Sindh PrivateEducation Institutions Ordinance 2001, 40,000teachers and 3,000 non-teaching staff of privateinstitutions in Karachi, who may be hired for aslittle as Rs.1,000 per month with a Matriculationdegree, have no job security.There are two main examination systems, theMatriculation system and the Cambridgeexamination system. In addtion, a privateexamination board has recently beenintroduced by the Aga Khan University.The MadrassahReligious schools, or the Madrassahs, haveoffered traditional education in the scripturesand have been preferred by the poor classesbecause they offer lodging and food to youngboys. Supported by religious sects and partiesand approved by the government, the numberof these schools has increased phenomenallyover the last two decades. See Table 21.5:Growth of the Madrassah. The increase hasbeen such that it has caused internationalconcern about where Pakistan's developmentpriorities lie with the federal education ministerbeing called upon for answers by the USgovernment 8 .According to the federal minister, there are11,000 Madrassahs in the entire countrycatering to about 800,000 students, both maleand female. In the annual budget for 2003-2004, a figure of Rs. 1 billion was earmarked tointegrate madrassahs with mainstream generaleducation by introducing textbooks on GeneralScience, Math and English at the primary levelSindh State ofEnvironment &Development2877. Ibid8. Dawn, 12 July 2003

Box 21.1: Madrassah Curriculum1. Ibtidaiyah (Primary)Noorani Qaidah(Beginners' Textbook for Arabic Language)Nazriah Qur'an Kareem(Recitation of Qur'an)Tajweed and Hafiz Part 30 Amma(Correct Recitation of Qur'an, Memorization ofPart 30 of Qur'an)Urdu LanguageMathematicsSocial SciencesGeneral SciencePractical CraftsIslamiyatPhysical TrainingSindhi LanguageGovernment primary school curriculumSyllabus of Wafaq-ul-Madaris Madrassah4. Thanawiahe-Khassah (HigherSecondary)Tafseer-ul-Qur'an Exegesis)Hadith-e-NabawiFiqah (Jurisprudence)Usul-ul-Fiqah (Principles of Jurisprudence)Nahw (Syntax)Sarf (Morphology)Mantiq (Logic)Arabic LiteratureSindh State ofEnvironment &Development2882. Mutawassitah (Middle)Tajweed-al-Qur'an (Correct Recitation of theQur'an)Hadr (Rapid Recitation of the Qur'an)Ilm-ul-Tajweed (The science of Qur'anicPhonetics)Persian LanguageGood Handwriting (Calligraphy)Aqa'id (Beliefs)Ibadaats (Act of Worship)Mu'alamat (Business Practice Transactions)Morality and CharacterSocial SciencesUrdu LanguageMathematicsScienceEnglish3. Thanawiyah-e-Aammah (Secondary)Dars NizamiQirr'ah (Phonetically modulated recitation ofthe Qur'an)Tafseer-al-Qur'an (Exegesis)Hadith Nabaw (Sayings of the Holy Prophet)Nahw (Syntax)Sarf (Morphology)Arabic LiteratureFiqah (Islamic Jurisprudence)Mantiq (Logic)5. Aaliyah (Bachelors)Tafseer-ul-Quran (Exegesis)Hadith-e-NabawiIlm-ul-Faraid (Science ofInheritance)Usul-ul-FiqahIlm-ul-Balaghah (Rhetoric)Arabic LiteratureLogicPhilosophyArabic CompositionIlm-ul-Jadi (Munaziarah or Debate)Ilm-ul-Kalam (Scholastic)Ilm-ul-Arud (Prosody)6. Aalemiyah (Masters)Taseer -ul-Qur'an (Exegesis)Usul-ul-Tafseer (Principles of Exegesis)Ilm-ul-Hadith (Knowledge of the sayings ofHoly Prophet )Usul-al-Hadith (Principles of Hadith)FiqahUsul-al-FiqahIlm-ul-Kalam (Scholastics)Ilm-ul-Hai'at (Astronomy)IslamModern Economy and BusinessSource: The State of Education, SPDC, 2002-03

and Economics, Computer Science, andPakistan Studies at the secondary level. Threeyearfinancial support was offered by thegovernment for madrassahs using this syllabus,inclusive of teacher training and infrastructureimprovements such as libraries, laboratories,better textbooks, and better salaries to the staff.The aim is to eliminate sectarianism, andextremism from religious education. 9The Madrassah curriculum for primary toadvanced level is decided by five boardscorresponding to the Deobandi, Barelvi, AhleHadith, Jamat-i-Islami, and the Shia sects,which also collect registration fee and prepareexamination papers. See Box 1: MadrassahCurriculum. The Madrassahs are wellorganisedinstitutions that not only offer a studyof canonical texts but also critiques andinterpretations according to the preference ofthe sects. The standards of teaching are higherthan those for Urdu and for non-elite Englishmedium schools.Higher EducationBaqai Medical University, Sir Syed EngineeringUniversit, and Hamdard University. Someuniversities with foreign affiliations are alsofunctioning but the University GrantsCommission does not recognise them. Box21.2 highlights all accredited universities andinstitutions in Sindh.Increasingly, the government has been movingtowards privatisation of higher education and theTask Force for Higher Education set up in early2002 by the Department of Education to studythe problems and suggest resolutions, came upwith more such recommendations. It was held bythe Task Force that public sector universitiesneeded to increase admission, enrolment andexamination fees and decrease the governmentsubsidy. The teaching staff could be given shorttermcontractual appointments instead ofpermanent jobs where they were less motivatedto perform their duties and the management ofthese institutions needed to be made moreaccountable and transparent. The Task Forcealso believed that research and developmentwas beyond the ken of the present staff andstudents of public sector universities.In terms of graduate degree-awarding colleges,professional colleges, technical institutions andpostgraduate studies, there has been noincrease but an actual decrease in the numberof functional institutions and in enrolmentfigures of students. The major reason for this isthe emphasis on primary and secondary leveleducation at the expense of the tertiary level.The provincial government has been absorbingbudgetary cutbacks to education by decreasingsubsidy for higher education. Table 21.6 depictsthe number of public sector institutions,enrolment and teaching staff in the province.There are only seven public universities in all ofSindh: Karachi University and NED EngineeringUniversity in Karachi; Sindh University, MehranEngineering Universit, and Liaqat MedicalCollege in Jamshoro; the Agricultural Universityin Tando Jam; Chandka Medical College inLarkana; Fatima Jinnah Girls Medical College inNawabshah; and Khairpur University in Khairpur.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development289The private sector has stepped in with chartersbeing given to Aga Khan Medical University,NED University, Karachi9. Ibid

Box 21.2: Accredited Universities and Institutions in SindhRecognized universities and degree-awarding institutions in the public and private sectorsSindh State ofEnvironment &Development290KarachiIqra UniversityUniversity of KarachiDHA Suffa UniversityGreenwich UniversityAga Khan UniversityHamdard UniversityBaqai Medical UniversityZiauddin MedicalUniversityTextile Institute of PakistanPakistan Naval AcademyInstitute of Business ManagementInstitute of Business AdministrationMuhammad Ali Jinnah UniversityFatima Jinnah University for WomenIndus Valley School of Art & ArchitectureKASB Institute of TechnologyKarachi Institute of Economics & TechnologyNED University of Engineering & TechnologyNewport Institute of Communications &EconomicsPreston Institute of Management Science &TechnologyShaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science &TechnologySir Syed University of Engineering & TechnologyJamshoroUniversity of SindhLiaquat University of Medical & Health SciencesMehran University of Engineering &TechnologyNawabShahQuaid-i-Awam University of Engineering,Sciences & TechnologyKhairpurShah Abdul Latif UniversityTandojamSindh Agriculture UniversityHyderabadIsra UniversitySource: http/www.dawn.com/2004/021/nat18.htmAt least 300 members of the teaching staff ofthe Karachi University and the NED Universityof Engineering responded to therecommendations of the Task Force, rejectingits approach, content and its recommendations.They believed that the Task Force process wasnot consultative and under the ruse ofincreasing the autonomy of the institution,gradual privatisation was being encouraged asThe HEC has also clarified that only the followinginstitutions have been allowed to run degreeawardingprogrammes with foreign collaborations:Karachi Institute of Information Technology withthe collaboration of University of Huddersfield,England, which is an accredited university of UK.Griffith College, Dublin, Karachi campus to runNational Certificate/degree programmes of theNational Council for Educational Awards, Ireland,under joint collaboration between the AcademicServices Pakistan, Karachi and the GriffithCollege, Ireland.Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi is runningone year Master of Public Health degreeprogramme in collaboration with WollongongUniversity, Australia.an abdication of government responsibility. Thestaff suggested other measures, which includedthe revival of the Karachi Universities Act of1974, the Senate, and the Syndicate. It alsodemanded for the Task Force to be immediatelydisbanded and its recommendations withdrawn.As a result of the Task Force recommendations,the Higher Education Commission had proposed

an annual 15 percent increase in tuition fees for2003-04 since the fee structure had not changedover the last five years. However, due towidespread opposition from students of the SindhUniversity, the proposition was withdrawn 10 .There is acute paucity of technical and vocationaltraining institutes. There has been very littlegrowth in paramedical and para-engineeringinstitutions from 1996-97 to date, with only twoinstitutions being added to the aggregate over aperiod of four years. Most of them are located inurban centres and the enrolment in such schoolshas gone down from 22,817 students in 1996-1997 to 1,344 students in 1998-99.Teacher training schools, too, show a similartrend. With only 2 institutes offering postgraduate degrees, three graduate colleges and26 colleges being below degree level, there hasbeen not a single addition to the institutionsover three years, from 1996 to 1999, whileenrolment has gone down by almost 2,000students for degree colleges and one thousandstudents for undergraduate teacher trainingcolleges over a period of two years 1997-1999.However, refresher courses in teacher trainingare frequently offered by Provincial Institute ofTeacher Education (PITE), Bureau ofCurriculum, Government of Sindh, and privateorganisations such as AKU-IED and TRC,which is a positive trend.Research InstitutionsWith a systematic degradation of public sectoruniversities undertaken in the mid 1980s, allaffiliated research institutions lost theirindependence and thereby the quality ofresearch being undertaken. The vacuum thuscreated has been filled up by private sectorresearch and development institutions oftenaffiliated to NGOs but increasingly narrow infocus and thematic. Some excellent work hasstarted emerging from this small privateenterprise, particularly in Karachi where anumber of such institutions are now based.Such research institutions include those basedon the natural sciences and those focusing onmore social issues.In Karachi, some of these include: the HEJCentre for research based in KarachiUniversity; the Applied Economics ResearchCentre also at the KU; and private sectorresearch organisations like the Social PolicyDevelopment Centre, the Urban ResourceCentre, the ZSABIST Centre for Research andAKU University Research Council.Foreign Donor Agencies in thePublic SectorA number of foreign donor agencies have beenoperating in Pakistan since 1947, but in the lastdecade their numbers have multiplied. Althoughit is mandatory for donor agencies to work withthe federal Education Ministry, donors prefer towork through organisations like the BritishCouncil and the Aga Khan University for reasonsof efficiency and accountability. In November1999, all foreign donor agencies, including theWorld Bank, suspended direct aid to educationin Sindh. This funding has been resumed.The World Bank, the Asian Development Bank,UNICEF, UNESCO, the Canadian-based CIDA,UK-based Department for InternationalDevelopment, Royal Netherlands Embassy,Norwegian-based NORAD and USAID are allmajor participants in public sector educationand its ancillary programmes. Over the lastthree years, USAID has been the most activeplayer in primary schooling projects that includecapacity building of the teachers. ADB, too, hasover some years, concentrated on teachertraining programmes, while CIDA has beeninvolved in the development of alternate historytextbooks and English language teaching aidssensitive to gender and human rights. TheDFID and RNE have redirected their concernsto influencing policy makers; NORAD isinterested in funding research on educationalissues, while UNESCO is currently looking atgender sensitive pedagogy.Owing to a lack of government planning, donorstend to work on their own agendas with little orno coordination with either the localgovernment or with each other. Their impact istherefore limited, ad hoc, and with littleinfluence on public policy.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development29110. Hilal-e-Pakistan, 22 December 2003

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development292Non-formal EducationIn Pakistan, there is a significant percentage ofthe population that does not have access toformal educational channels. The risingpopulation pressure and the inability of theformal education sector to keep pace with itfurther compound the problem. In order toincrease the literacy rate and provide everyonewith the opportunity to acquire at least basiceducation, the importance of adult and nonformaleducation has been recognized. TheNational Education Policy, 1998-2010 placeshigh emphasis on the promotion of adult andnon-formal education through communityinvolvement as a means of achieving UniversalPrimary Education (UPE).There are 711 non-formal schools in Sindh,according to the Sindh Education Departmentwww. sindhedu.gov.pk imparting education to39,651 students, of which 48.7% are boys and51.3% are girls. These non-formal schools rununder the supervision of NGOs or otherorganisations located in the same district, e.g.the Sindh Development Society, Hyderabadhas been allocated 26 non-formal schools inHyderabad. To enhance their skills, theteachers of the NFBE Schools areencouraged to take up the Certificate ofTeaching (CT) and Primary TeachersCertificate (PTC) courses of the AIOU throughdistance learning.Given the low rates of literacy in Pakistan,informal education remains a vital componentof any strategy for environmental education andawareness.Teacher TrainingThe NCS policy regarding training is to "Investin specialized programs to develop trainingexpertise in key areas capable of incorporatingsustainable development in all areas of nationalactivity." In 1993, the need to train teachers inenvironmental issues at the pre-service levelwas recognized by the Curriculum Wing at theFederal Ministry of Education in Islamabad.Sindh has a number of teacher traininginstitutes at the primary, secondary and tertiarylevels. Some of the important ones areProvincial Institute for Teacher Education(PITE), Aga Khan University – Institute forEducational Development (AKU-IED), TeachersDevelopment Centre, Hamdard Institute forEducation and Social Sciences, TeachersResource Centre (TRC), iEARN, FamilyEducation Service Foundation, NGO ResourceCentre (NGORC), St. Patrick’s College ofElementary Education, and Notredam TeacherTraining College. There are also 27Government Elementary colleges, 2 B.Ed.colleges and many Montessori traininginstitutes in the province.Environmental EducationThe formalised term environmental education(EE) is relatively new in Pakistan, but itsinformal teaching by way of folklore, culturaltraditions and religious values has alwaysbeen a part of society. Also, the schoolcurriculum includes courses and lectures onhealth, hygiene, and civic education, whichhave environmental relevance. Furthermore,different topics related to the environmenthave always been a part of subjects likescience, geography, the social sciences andlanguages. However, environmentaleducation has yet to be formally integrated orinfused into the curriculum, even thoughgeneral science, language and social sciencetextbooks in all primary and secondaryclasses do contain topics on environmentalissues.While, at present, there is no national strategyfor environmental education, the NationalConservation Strategy does emphasiseEnvironmental Education (EE) as a priorityarea, and has played an important role inbringing Environmental Education to theforefront. Henceforth, each of the sub-nationalconservation strategies also contains aseparate section on environmental awarenessand education. The prime, though not the only,target groups for these strategies being theeducation sector.Even so, there have been no specificallocations for EE at the government level sofar. In the Eighth Five-Year Plan, (1993-98), aseparate provision for environment was made

for the first time. This amounted to Rs. 3.53billion, or 0.5% of the federal budget 11 .Most of the activity in the area of EE is beinghandled by NGOs, and budgets are allocatedon a project to project basis. The NCS Unit inthe Ministry of Environment has an NGO Fundfor environmental projects of non-profitorganisations. Under this fund, proposals canbe submitted for environmental educationprojects. However, most of the NGO activitiesare funded by foreign donors.The organisations that have played animportant role in promoting environmentaleducation and awareness raising in Sindh in theformal and non formal sectors include WWFPakistan, IUCN Pakistan, Teachers’ ResourceCentre (TRC), Shehri, Shirkat Gah, andEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA),among others. Their work stretches fromadvocacy and policy making for environmentaleducation to capacity building of teachers,curriculum developers, community organisersand activities for school children such ascarnivals, puppet shows and walks andawareness-raising of the general public.WWF Pakistan is involved in various activitiesfor schools such as nature carnivals, variouscompetitions for children, nature walks, puppetshows and training of teachers. The EducationProgramme of IUCN Pakistan works on policymaking and institutional strengthening forenvironment with a focus on training ofteachers, curriculum developers, textbookwriters and community organisers and alsoworks on the development of material includingguidebooks, manuals and website for thesestakeholders. TRC is involved in organisingteacher training and dissemination of materialfor schools on environment. Shehri and ShirkatGah are involved in conducting events such asseminars, workshops, discussions / debates,walks and environmental fairs for variousstakeholders.Privately owned educational institutions havealso been quite actively involved inenvironmental education. Most of them usetextbooks prepared abroad and are able tocarry out environmental activities. Yet, there is aneed for EE to be formally incorporated into thecurriculum in a systematic manner.On the initiative of the Federal Ministry ofEnvironment, the NCS Unit set up severalhundred environmental clubs all over thecountry in early 1996. Their objective was toeducate students about the importance of theenvironment, the problems associated with it,and the loss of biodiversity. However, due to alack of funding and training of teachers, most ofthese clubs are not functional at present.Though there are only a few places in Pakistanwhere university level courses are being offeredon EE at present, such as AKU-IED in Karachiand Institute for Education Research (IER) atPeshawar University, there is a wide variety ofenvironmentally relevant courses at both theBachelors and Masters levels at variousuniversities. Some teacher training institutes,such as TRC offer refresher courses inenvironmental education.EMERGING ISSUESWithout a national vision for the future wherebyit is determined whether Pakistan is to developas an agrarian economy which is the fiefdom ofthe few, or if it is to step into and become part ofthe international market economy, the prioritiesin terms of how its people are going to beeducated cannot be determined.Income InequityAt present, the highly inequitable system is builton income disparity which means that bettereducation can only be purchased at a very highprice from the market. Income determines if achild attends an English medium or an Urdumedium school and the different mindsets thatthese schools determine. Even within Englishmedium schools, income determines whether achild is subjected to the outmoded Matriculationsystem based on poorly developed curriculaand badly paid teaching staff, or if he or she cansit for the Cambridge examination system inprivately owned tuition centres that provideaccess to the testing authorities in the UK.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development29311. Government of Pakistan. 1997. 50 Years of Pakistan in Statistics. Statistics Division, Islamabad

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development294High Dropout RatesAs a developing country, the government hasover-emphasised primary level schooling thatdoes not go into middle schools where a highdrop out rate is observed. This misplacedemphasis is producing half literate and veryfrustrated young men and women and also addsto the cost of middle and tertiary level schooling.With an increase in levels of poverty over thelast decade, children drop out of school to helptheir families by engaging in economic activity.A considerable percentage of girls do not attendschool because of lack of parental permission.Social AttitudesThe high level of drop outs from secondaryschooling and the gender gap in the educationof women reflects prevalent social attitudes.Based on ignorance, low income families tendto keep children from school, not realising thatthis increases their poverty due to lack ofopportunities. Related studies have proved thatinfant mortality and children's health is relatedto the mother's education.In small and medium towns, in particular, and inrural areas, education is further discouraged bythe large landholders who provide employmentto the local people. This is because it is fearedthat the local people may begin to question theirsubaltern position.By gradually making matriculation mandatoryfor all, the federal government can help changethese attitudes.Ghost SchoolsIn Karachi alone, 700 ghost schools have beenidentified by the authorities, referring toinstitutions that only exist on paper. The SindhEducation Department established a task forcein January 1999 to identify such schools and theabsentee staff that has been illegally appointedto draw government salaries. The Departmentidentified 9 percent of schools all over Sindh and7 percent of teachers but this is believed to bean erroneous estimate. Even according tonewspaper reports of the month of December2003, 2004 primary schools were closed downby protesting teachers in Nawabshah, of which156 were boy's schools, and 48 girl's schools. InNasirabad, all primary schools were closeddown for two months by the government staff; inGhotki tehsil 54 primary schools were closed, inDherki 48 schools, in Khanpur Meher 18, inMirpur Mathelo 60, and in Obaru 65 schoolswere closed for over two months. In Ghotkialone, 15, 000 students were affected. InLarkana district, middle schools were closed fornon-payment of salaries to teachers 12 .Curriculum DevelopmentCurriculum development for public, private andmadrassah education is essential to emphasisesome core values in the younger generation. Anover emphasis on ‘Pakistan ideology’ and ‘Islamicpolity’ is meaningless at the school level wherelearning has to correspond to the growing needsof the mind. The desire to broaden a child'sperspective may be achieved through a study ofthe social sciences, literatures of the world andinternational geography which are subjects thathave been eliminated in the last two decadesfrom school curricula. Sub-continental and worldhistories need to be compiled more carefullywithout editing out the non-Muslim world or thenon-Muslim past of the subcontinent. Alsoneeded is an emphasis on social andenvironmental issues. The current curricula donot contain much information on environmentaleducation, There need sustainabledevelopment, or issues of envirmentaldegradation, human rights, health andpopulation, These need to be added to ensurethat knowledge and respect for the environmentand society are inculcated from childhood. Themadrassahs can be employed as a good sourcefor raising awareness on environmental issues asboth environmental education and religiouseducation promote ethics and values.Examination SystemThe examination system needs to beoverhauled with a change in pedagogical12. Hilal-e Pakistan, 22 December 2003

methods. Instead of rote learning, systematicorganisation of information and analytical skillsneed to be developed in keeping with thechanging needs of the growing child. In Sindh,education standards have been fallingconsistently because the pass percentagekeeps coming down. A recent example is whenthe Sindh Education Department decided toaward grace marks to Matriculation andintermediate failures for the years 1999-2000which was reported in the local press underthe title, 'Rewarding Failure', Dawn,August 2003.Teaching the VernacularNational cohesion may be better served by avernacular language being taught in school inall the provinces to teach children respect forcultural difference. While this is done in Sindh,it is generally resented by non-Sindhi speakingresidents who consider it a waste of time fortheir children. Balochi, Brahvi, Punjabi, andSeraiki may also be introduced with their richclassical poetic traditions so that the learning ofSindhi does not remain confined to a subnationalistagenda. Box 2 describes SindhiMedium schools. Teaching of environmentaland social issues can be more effective if taughtin the vernacular. There is a lot of folklore andindigenous information regarding natureconservation and environmental issues, which iftaught in the vernacular, would be easilyassimilated by the students.Teacher TrainingFor the best and quickest changes to thepresent situation, teacher training is imperative.A number of NGOs funded by foreign donoragencies have been concentrating on suchhuman resource development, but theirinterests are short term and donor driven. Thegovernment needs to take an active interest inevaluating and planning all such efforts,whether locally generated or through foreignfunding. Often, female teachers are unable toavail of training opportunities and programmeshave to be designed to transport and housewomen teachers so that they may have theleast social barriers to overcome.Most of the teachers training programmes focuson methods and techniques of teaching, whichon one hand may improve the way teachersteach but on the other hand, restrict theirteaching to improving methodologies. Very fewtraining programmes concentrate onrecuperating conceptual understanding ofteachers especially their subject knowledge inthe social and cultural context in which theyoperate. Therefore, integration of aspects suchas environmental education, human rights,population and health education into thecurriculum and teaching plans does not assuretheir teaching in a meaningful manner. It istherefore imperative to critically analyse theteacher training programmes and reorient themto address the above concerns.Social Science EducationWhile everyone understands the value ofteaching the natural sciences and moderntechnology for developmental purposes, what isoften undervalued is the need to develop thesocial sciences in the province and in thecountry. For South Asian societies in transition,it is critical to develop indigenous perspectiveson history, governance, environment andnatural sciences, colonial modernity anddevelopment, cultural priorities and newvisions, where analytical skills enrich theunderstanding and are geared towards problemresolution.Education for SustainableDevelopmentSince the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 and theWorld Summit on Sustainable Development(WSSD) in 2002, the dimension of sustainabledevelopment has been added to the globalenvironment movement. The concept of EEwas broadened to Education for SustainableDevelopment (ESD) through the inclusion ofsocioeconomic and political perspectives. ESDaims for inclusive education that focuses onequity, justice, democracy, respect and peaceto empower people for making sound decisionsfor a sustainable future. It highlights theimportance of developing closer links betweenenvironmental quality, human equality, humanSindh State ofEnvironment &Development295

Box 21.3: Sindhi Medium SchoolsA phenomenon unique to the province of Sindh since before 1947, vernacular schools are the norm forprimary schooling in all small towns and villages, excepting Karachi and its adjoining village communities.Generally confined to lower income households, these schools are located close to home, sometimesutilising the mosque for daytime schooling. Their prime users are children from Sindhi speakinghouseholds. This does not include Sindhi speaking Baloch, southern Punjabis, or other migrants.Beginning from class 1 to class 5, there is a Sindhi curriculum for math, science and social studies devisedby the Sindh Textbook Board in Jamshoro. Urdu is introduced as a second language in a simplified form.After the primary level, the children are taught English as a language and a number of other subjects in thatlanguage. The entire staff of Sindhi medium schools comprises native speakers.According to unofficial estimates, Sindhi medium primary schools that are not ‘ghost’ schools, have theleast number of dropouts.Vernacular schools at the primary level are an idea that has not been incorporated in other provinces ofPakistan. According to a number of pedagogues, children learn best in the language spoken by theirfamilies, provided they are gradually introduced to other languages that may be lingua franca. Pedagogicexamples may be found in India and China, two large multi ethnic countries that have developed regionallanguages, complete with grammar and script. School children are taught in their vernacular in both thesecountries, with English taught in India for general communication and Mandarin taught in China for thesame purpose.There is a need to undertake an evaluation of Sindhi medium schools and to consider how their standardsmay be raised. What also needs to be studied is whether they may be considered a viable supplement toUrdu or English medium institutions. Such a study may help determine the future path for public educationin other provinces of Pakistan.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development296rights, peace and their underlying politicalthreads.The UN has declared 2005-2014 as the decadefor promoting ESD. This brings extensiveopportunities for Pakistan. It has becomeessential to develop a holistic nationalprogramme for education that is grounded inthe principles of sustainable development andis developed through wide stakeholderparticipation. The components of the strategyshould reflect the government’s commitment todevelop national plans that integrate ESD in allsectors of society.Involvement of UniversitiesOverall, the universities need to be integratedinto the education system in terms ofdeveloping the curricula and the criteria forexaminations to primary and secondary schoolsas is the practice in Europe where Cambridge,Oxford, and London Universities are engagedin public schooling.STAKEHOLDERS1. Children who are in need of education2. Parents who plan a future for their offspringand provide the financial support for at leasttwelve years of schooling3. Pedagogues of both public and privatesector institutions4. Researchers and scholars both within thecountry and abroad5. The military establishment which also runsa number of educational institutions fromprimary level to professional and cadetcolleges6. Education entrepreneurs of large schoolchains and neighbourhood schools7. The religious political groups and partieswho run the Madrassah

8. The Federal Ministry of Education for thekind of policy it wishes to develop in thecountry9. The Provincial Education Department withits textbook boards and its examinationcentres10. General citizenry, even those withoutschool-going children, who are concernedabout the future direction of the country11. International donor agencies from Euro-American countries that wish to seePakistan develop as a moderate MuslimcountryFUTURE ACTIONWith the burden of financing the federal fiscaldeficit shifted to the provinces, about 50 percentfell to Sindh province. Macroeconomicstabilisation has led to budgetary cutbacks tothe human development sector, particularlyhealth and education, so that nationalexpenditure on education increased by only 1percent over 1997-2000.Meanwhile, the ground reality is that the publicsector still remains the largest provider ofsubsidized education to about 70 percent of thepopulation of Sindh. For this reason, thegovernment cannot abdicate its responsibility tothe people. Even with resource constraints, theprovincial authorities need to direct allprivatization efforts and donor-drivenprogrammes concerned with education.Without a national vision to bring down thechronic poverty indices, productivity cannot beincreased nationally. It would be a mistakeninvestment in the future if the governmentcontinues to rely on private entrepreneurs ineducation because greater commodificationthrough private investment is not likely toimprove either the quantity or the quality ofeducational infrastructure.While, at present, there is no national EEstrategy, it is recognised as “the most importantway of changing attitudes, so that people learnto accept responsibility for their own actions inrelation to the environment”(Pakistan NationalConservation Strategy). Therefore, there is aneed to focus on conservation and sustainabledevelopment in the entire system of formaleducation with an aim to instil an ethic ofconservation.There is a need to develop a national EE andESD strategy based on the guidelines providedin the NCS. Sustainable development andenvironmental ethics need to be incorporatedinto the educational system and curricula at alllevels of formal, nonformal and informaleducation. EE and ESD should include ethicalaspects of the people-environment relationshipand the society- environment - economics nexus.Education on sustainable development shouldgrow from within the existing system rather thanbe added to it. This means that it shouldbecome a part of the education system atprimary, secondary and tertiary levels. This canbe achieved simultaneously with the revisionand updation of curricula, whereby it can beensured that environment conservationprinciples and approaches are incorporated intothe curriculum and teaching programmes at alllevels. At the primary, secondary and tertiarylevels, environmental themes need to beinfused into all the existing subjects. andspecialized subjects should be introduced atthe tertiary level. Furthermore, development ofenvironmental educators and professionalsthrough national, provincial and local trainingprograms should be another priority area.Comprehensive non-formal educationprograms should be launched to reach thatlarge segment of population not now reachedby education because of either poor access orliteracy problems. The ulema and madrassahsshould be involved and their capacity raised sothat environmental education can also becomepart of their curriculum.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development297

CHAPTER 22Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentCommunicationand KnowledgeManagement

The situation of the media in theprovince of Sindh, as in theentire country, presents an oftencontradictory and sometimesconfusing picture. While media freedoms andopportunities, particularly in the electronic media, haveexpanded considerably in the last few years as a resultof technological progress and governmentalliberalisation, countervailing economic, social and administrativepressures are simultaneously working to restrict the benefits of thesefreedoms and opportunities.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development299

Media production and consumption is primarilyan urban phenomenon and, as the mosturbanised of Pakistan's provinces, Sindh is boththe greatest beneficiary of expansions in mediaopportunities and the most affected by factorsthat curtail them. In particular, Sindh andPakistan's commercial capital, Karachi, whichhas long been the hub of most print andelectronic media production in the country, hasbeen a magnet for the establishment of newmedia ventures. However, since the centre,which has shown schizophrenic fitfulness in itssupport for liberalisation, still primarily controlsmedia policies the results of this glasnost areyet to be fully realised. The wide disparitiesbetween the urban and rural areas of Sindhwhich impact access to the media are also amajor issue for the province, as are increasingcorporate influence and control over mediaprogramming and media production.PRINT MEDIASindh is home to the most influential print mediaestablishments in Pakistan. The largestEnglish-language publications and the Urdulanguagepublications with the highestcirculation are based in Karachi. In addition,many multi-city newspapers are alsoheadquartered in Karachi. Unlike the rest ofPakistan, the province also has a flourishingregional-language print media. In fact, Sindhilanguage newspapers hold a near monopolyover circulation in the interior of the provincewith extremely efficient market penetration. Interms of sheer numbers of titles published invarious languages, Sindh is also the leader inthe country. A list of Sindh based print mediapublications is given in Appendix 22.1: SindhBased Print Media Publications.The print media's greatest handicap is the lowlevel of literacy throughout Pakistan. Thishandicap is particularly acute in the case of therural areas of Sindh where access tonewspapers and periodicals is limited by thedistribution reach of publishing houses based inthe urban centres. Another major factoraffecting readership is the high cost ofproduction that puts printed material outside theeconomic reach of a large sector of society. Themain factor in the cost of production is the costof paper products such as newsprint, which isimported. The price of newspapers andperiodicals has gone upwards dramatically inSindh State ofEnvironment &Development300Sana RazaA newspaper stall: Sindh is home to the largest number of Urdu and English publications

the last decade, forcing people to cut down onthe number of newspapers and periodicals theypurchase. The average price of an Urdu orSindhi newspaper is now around Rs. six toseven daily, whereas English newspapers costmore than Rs.10 daily. Periodicals usually costaround Rs. 80 -100 monthly. These aresubstantial amounts for households where theaverage monthly income is below Rs. 2,500and especially so for daily wage earners.Freedom of ExpressionThe general perception within publishing circlesis that the degree of freedom of expressionavailable to the print media is unprecedented inPakistan's history. While true on the whole, thediscussion of some key issues and topics suchas the role of the military in political affairscontinue to be circumscribed by the selfcensorshipof publishers and journalists. Sincepublication houses often have other businessinterests that can be threatened, it is often easyfor the government to influence coverage. Andwhile officially denied, there continue to beinstances of administrative pressure brought tobear on publications and journalists who goagainst the official line. A number of means areemployed to put pressure on the print mediathat include ‘press advice’, economic threatssuch as the withdrawal of governmentadvertisements and direct harassment ofreporters and editors. This is particularly acutein cases where government projects withsubstantial financial implications are equatedwith ‘national interests’ that, in the view of thegovernment, should not be questioned.In addition, militant, political, religious andsocial groups often tend to exert their ownpressures on journalists and publishing houses.A general lack of security within the provinceand the rise of vigilantism have encouraged thistrend. Journalists have been threatened forexposing corruption or for reportage that goesagainst such groups. In extreme cases,publishing houses have been attacked andburnt and, as in two recent cases in rural Sindh,powerful tribal groups have killed journalists.Access to Information andGovernment-Press RelationsThe government has introduced measures tomake access to information easier, including aplan to make government policies andstatistical figures available on the internet.However, access to information is still severelyrestricted despite the introduction by thegovernment of an ordinance. The bureaucraticprocedures involved in formal requests by acitizen to access information are a long-drawnoutprocess with no guarantees of success.The print media is now faced with a newdefamation law that makes it easier to suepublications. The press is concerned that themotivation behind the introduction of this law isto curtail press freedom. It is resisting theformation of government-backed PressCouncils which do not include journalists andhave the power to adjudicate matters relatingto complaints against the press. Sindh beingthe most urbanised of provinces with thelargest number of publications in the country,will be the most affected by these governmentpolicies and laws.Focus on Development IssuesOutside niche periodicals with limitedcirculation, the preponderance of politicalreportage in newspapers and news periodicalsthroughout the country has little room for socialissues and topics such as the environment.Literary and story digests, which sometimeshave large circulation figures, carry nothingexcept fiction and poetry. However, there hasbeen a steady increase in the coverage given toenvironmental concerns in the print media overthe years since they have increasingly becomemainstream issues. One obvious example isthe coverage given to the debate over largedams, centred around the controversysurrounding the Kalabagh Dam, where theinvolvement of political parties has given a biasto the reportage. In addition, the press has alsocovered the water crisis and its repercussionsfor Sindh and raised people's awarenessregarding the issue. Major disasters such as theoil spill near Karachi Port have also galvanisedcoverage of environmental matters. Access toSindh State ofEnvironment &Development301

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development302informed writers on environmental issues is amajor problem for most mainstreampublications. However, where they havereceived some support from NGOs andexperts, for example, in the case of one Sindhidaily, they have been able to dedicate up to awhole weekly page to such matters. Thegeneral perception remains, however, thatwriting on development and the environment isoften too full of jargon and not of interest to thelay reader.ELECTRONIC MEDIATelevision and CableTelevision viewers have increasedtremendously in Sindh over the last few years.This has been affected both by the increase inthe number of television sets owned as well asby the choice of programming available toviewers through satellite, cable and VCRs.According to the Government of Sindhstatistics, over 900,000 television sets wereowned by the residents of the province in June1999 but, this may be a severeunderestimation, since a large number ofpeople do not purchase the requisite televisionlicenses on which these numbers are based.According to government of Sindh sources,there were 28.29 television sets per thousandhouseholds in 1970 -71. In 1998 - 99, this figurehad increased to 179.36.At present, Pakistan Television has a majorstation in Karachi with transmitters throughoutSindh that provide coverage to almost all theprovince. Satellite dishes and formal andinformal cable networks allow access to avariety of regional channels even in the mostremote parts of the province.By far, the greatest change in the media hascome with the recent launching of a number ofnew locally-owned satellite television channelsand the spread of cable coverage, beamingchannels from around the world, especially inthe urban centres. With the low levels of literacyin the province, television has always played animportant part in reaching out to audiences.Television dramas and public service messageshave been extremely useful in shaping publicopinion on social issues. However, themonopoly of the state-controlled PakistanTelevision and its lack of credibility often limitsits usefulness as an independent source ofinformation. The advent of new privately-ownedchannels, often beaming 24-hour news fromoutside Pakistan's borders because ofgovernmental restrictions, has changed thisscenario drastically.In March 2002, the government established thePakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority(PEMRA) to bring the private sector formallyinto the field of electronic media for the first timein the country's history. For details, seeAppendix 22.2: The Role of PEMRA. By thistime, some entrepreneurs had alreadyestablished local television stations which werebeing beamed directly via satellite from outsidePakistan to circumvent the legalities. Sincethen, a number of Pakistani-owned privatechannels, by current count at least nineseparate channels including a Sindhi languagechannel, have been launched from Dubai, HongKong and London and more are on their way.Most of them have their headquarters inKarachi. Meanwhile, Pakistan Television hasalso expanded its channels to four including arecently launched "regional" channel whichoffers programming in provincial languages.Despite asking for bids for the establishment ofsatellite uplinking facilities and indicating anintention to do so for terrestrial channels,PEMRA has so far not issued any licenses. It isexpected that the allowing of uplinking facilitieswithin Pakistan and terrestrial channels willinfuse new life into Pakistani televisionchannels, most of which will be Sindh-based,since it will mean a reduction in the costs ofoperations.The growth of television viewers has beensignificantly fuelled by the growth of cablenetworks which have brought down the cost ofaccessing satellite-based and subscriptionbasedchannels. Here again, PEMRA servedmainly to formalise and legalise a phenomenonthat was already underway in most urbancentres of the country. PEMRA approvedchannels number only 54, while many cablecompanies continue to flout their guidelines. Inlow-income and rural areas, illegal cablesystems also continue to exist and expand.According to PEMRA sources, there were 284

KTNKTN News studio: First Sindhi language TV channellicensed cable operators in Karachi and anadditional 141 in the rest of Sindh.Recently, licenses for using Multi-pointMicrowave Distribution System (MMDS)technology for ‘wireless cable’ have beenissued to one company for Hyderabad, Sukkur,Nawabshah and Larkana. MMDS technology isparticularly useful for rural areas where thecost of laying physical cables may beuneconomical.Some of the new channels have alreadycaptured significant viewers, especially in theurban areas because of their 24 hour newsfunction and their less stringent censorshiprules. While Pakistan Television, with itsgargantuan resources and already establishedinfrastructure, continues to command thelargest market share, the trends are towards anincreasing fragmentation of viewers.All of this points to a boon for independenttelevision producers who now have moreopportunities for making and selling televisionsoftware. Twenty four hour television channelshave a large appetite for programming. Thenumber of independent investors, productionhouses offering services and televisionproducers has increased considerably in thelast few years. However, there are problemsfor software producers and audiences. Thekind of programming required by newchannels has become limited to endlessrevenue earning family soaps, situationalcomedies (sitcoms), and celebrity-laden galashows. Even so serious or innovativeprogramming such as documentaries orinvestigative programmes, especially onenvironmental and development issues, arealso finding their space. The coverage ofenvironmental messages is also increasing inthe other local private channels. At theprovincial level, local area television networksare also allocating airtime to environmentalissues. Moreover, a growing audience isbeing exposed to environmental coverage oninternational channels, like BBC, CNN,National Geographic and others.However, overall budgets have shrunk as moreand more channels vie for the same advertisingrevenue. In addition, the reliance purely onmarket input means that corporate advertisersall too often dictate the kind of programmingchannels are willing to finance.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development303

RadioRadio has been a neglected medium since theadvent of television in Pakistan. This is despitethe fact that it is one of the most cost-effectivemediums in reaching out to audiences,especially in the rural areas. However, themedium has received more attention since theliberalisation of policies regarding privateownership of radio stations and the advent ofFM in the urban areas.State-owned Radio Pakistan owns and operatesfour radio stations in Karachi, Hyderabad,Khairpur and Larkana which transmitprogrammes on AM and SW frequencies as wellas on FM. Most of the programming is music,interviews or discussions on social issues withsome news content. The Karachi station alsoproduces and transmits programmes for RadioPakistan's World Service which is beamed toneighbouring regions.To date, there are three FM channels operatingin Sindh, two of which (FM 100 and FM 107 ),are privately owned and one of which (FM 101)is operated by Radio Pakistan. By their verynature, FM channels have a short transmittingradius (around 50 square kilometres) and aretargeted at urban audiences. Both private FMstations operate only in Karachi with their focusprimarily on popular music.In the last one year, PEMRA has auctionedlicenses for operating privately-owned FM radiostations in Karachi (five licenses), Hub Chowki(1), Hyderabad (1), Sukkur (1), Nawabshah (1),Larkana (1), Nooriabad (1), Tando Adam (1),Khairpur (1) and Ubaro (1).Private radio stations are limited in the kinds ofprogramming they are allowed to air.Discussion on politics and other controversialissues is proscribed. However, there has beena marginal increase in programmes related tosocial and environmental issues and the privatechannels are airing awareness-raisingprogrammes related to these aspects.InternetThere are no definitive statistics available aboutthe exact number of computer literate personsin Sindh or in Pakistan, the number ofSindh State ofEnvironment &Development304Nasir Ali PanhwarBroadcasting through radio

professionals working in the IT sector or eventhe number of existing software houses. Thereis a need for a proper survey to be conducted todocument this, which may be helpful to futureplanners.The total number of individual internetconnections is between 1-1.2 million. ThePakistan Software Export Board (PSEB)estimates that about two million people inPakistan use the internet. Other expertsestimate the number may be closer to 1.5million, making allowances for users of cybercafeswho do not have individual dial-upaccounts and the fact that one connection maybe used by the whole family.Internet service is now available in 138 townsand cities in Sindh because of the government'sefforts to make dial-up networking availablethrough Point of Presence telecommunications,whereby callers from smaller towns canconnect to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) inthe nearest city at the cost of a local call.However, the quality of the service provided is aserious issue. According to the ISPs, about 165companies nationwide have so far been issuedlicenses to operate internet services, out ofwhich 64 are members of the Internet ServiceProviders Association of Pakistan (ISPAK). Themajority of them are based in Sindh and a fewof the larger ISPs have the majority of clients.Electronic communication is widespread amongpeople with access to computers, with e-mailserving as a fast and cost-effective mode ofcommunication. In addition, e-mail isincreasingly being used for sharing informationthrough large dispersed mailing lists withenvironment and development activists makingparticular use of it. The outreach of thesemailing lists is more than the actual number ofpeople listed on them since the information theycarry is dispersed subsequently throughgrassroots contact and more traditional media.Electronic communication has served to linkbusinessmen and activists in Sindh with theircounterparts in other parts of the country andabroad.It is important to note that almost all mediaestablishments in Sindh (print, television, andradio) have a presence on the net. Thegovernment's "electronic government" initiativehas meant that the Sindh government alsomakes some information available on the web.Much more information can be made availableon the web than is currently present.Various e-mail lists help environmental anddevelopment activists consult and networkamongst themselves. Some of the active onesare lists dealing with Sindhi culture and politics,water issues, sustainable development,filmmaking, and India-Pakistan relations, someof which are also contributed to by the Indian,Pakistani and Sindhi expatriates abroad.The ease with which e-mail networks can be setup to disperse information is demonstrated byone list that sprang up in the wake of the oil spilloff Karachi's coast in order to mobilise activistsand citizens to lobby for a proper clean-up ofthe beach and environmental safeguards. It isimportant to remember that despite the smallpercentage of people actually accessing theinternet regularly, lists can serve a much largeraudience and disperse the information to othersthrough more traditional means ofcommunication. Not only were the oil spillactivists liaising with advocacy groups engagedin court matters, but also with journalists andbroadcasters, providing them with technicalinformation for their coverage accessed fromvarious sources over the internet andindividuals not residing in Karachi.In terms of conservation and sustainabledevelopment the internet has been a usefultool. UNDP in collaboration with IUCN Pakistanlaunched the Sustainable DevelopmentNetworking Programme (SDNP) globally in1992. It was seen as a country-driven responseto a need identified in the Rio Declaration andAgenda 21 for ready and affordable access toinformation for decision-making, at all levels, insupport of sustainable development. ICTs wererecognised as a central tool to achieve this andSDNP Pakistan was among the first nationallevelprojects to be launched. It initially providede-mail facilities to NGOs, researchorganisations and government bodies.Broadband access, which allows clearermultimedia dissemination, including video andVoice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) or internetbasedtelephony, has also made an entry inKarachi. One private company is laying fibre-Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development305

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development306optic cable infrastructure for providing thisaccessA recent initiative by the government has beenthe establishment of National Access Points(NAPs) in Karachi and Islamabad. Known asPakistan Internet Exchanges, these areinternational gateways for ISPs to access theinternet backbone. Although they have theirutility (by containing Pakistan-based trafficwithin Pakistan and thus saving bandwidthcosts), they are now being used to censorundesirable sites. This is affecting systemperformance by slowing down the internetresponse times within Pakistan.Perhaps one of the biggest issues in the nearfuture facing Pakistan, like most developingcountries, and Sindh in particular is the "digitaldivide" - the gap between those with access toand ability to use computers and those withoutit. This divide is particularly pronouncedbetween urban and rural populations in Sindh,but also exists within urban residents -significantly between young and oldpopulations, literates and illiterates, and the‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’. The socialconsequences of the development of a‘knowledge elite’ increasingly connected toand with access to the world outside in a sea ofpeople without such knowledge and accesscan only be imagined. To address this IUCNthrough SDNP initiated the setting up of CyberCommunity Centres (CCCs). Conceived as atype of Community Centre, the CCCs purposewas to extend the required training to assistpeople living in the suburban areas inaccessing information regarding servicesavailable locally, recreational informationand/or educational data. The ultimate goal ofthese centres was to promote the introductionand utilization of information andcommunication technologies in support ofsustainable human development. This involvedproviding rural and remote communities inGwadar and Mitthi with affordable publicaccess to the communication technologiesand, in particular, the internet, as well as theskills to use it effectively. The centresestablished in these two areas were managedby the local communities.CinemaCinema is still considered one of the mostpowerful mediums of the twentieth century.Unfortunately, it has been on a death spiral inthe country as a whole and in Sindh. Not onlyare there no Sindhi films being made anymoreand attendance at theatres declining in general,but cinemas throughout the province areincreasingly shutting down and being replacedby commercial shopping centres or apartmentblocks. According to the information gatheredby the Urban Resource Centre, 107 cinemasthroughout Sindh, including 55 in Karachialone, had been so converted by May 2000. Ofthe 96 or so cinema houses existing in Karachiin 1975, only 37 now remain. Some of thesecondary cities in Sindh, such as Larkana,now have no formal cinema houses.There are a number of reasons for this. Thegeneral assumption is that the prevalence ofcheap, uncensored films, particularly officiallybanned Indian films on video, VCDs and DVDs,and the rise of cable networks and television,are factors responsible for the decline in cinemaattendance. This has certainly played a part,but it is not the whole story, especially if oneconsiders the fact that western countries andeven India, with a much wider prevalence oftelevision, cable, and video access, haveregistered increases in cinema attendance overthe years.A general lack of understanding at the officiallevel of the importance of public spaces such ascinemas, and non-enforcement of lawsprohibiting the conversion of cinemas into othercommercial concerns, excessive taxation, alack of easily accessible credit for films andcinema, and arbitrary censorship rules for filmsare some of the factors that have discouragedthe growth of cinema as an industry. There areother more deeply ingrained issues of how thepolitical climate changed post-1977 todiscourage all creative expression. With adecline in the freedom to perform theatre,music, dance, all of which are the related artsthat enrich cinema, the industry has decayed.The bleak situation is prompting many filmmakersin Sindh to confine themselves to workon television, to change professions, or if they

can afford it, to head abroad to explore otherpossibilities. The Karachi International FilmFestival, or Kara Film Festival, launched in2001 is now in its third year, and attempting torevive a culture of cinema in Karachi inparticular by showcasing non-mainstream filmsfrom Pakistan and abroad and creatingalternative spaces for interaction on films.Except that without long-term support frompolicymakers and without the governmentaddressing some of the problems detailedabove, this venture too is likely to meet with littlelong-term success.EMERGING TRENDS ANDISSUESOverall, the trend is towards less state-controlover media and more diversity. This is primarilythe result of technological advances in theelectronic media which have directly andindirectly affected print media. Internet andsatellite transmissions have made it extremelydifficult for states, particularly under-developedones like Pakistan, to restrict what peoplewatch and read. Thus there is bound to be moreopenness and multiplicity of avenues forinformation and entertainment.Attempts by the government and big businessto control the content of the media are taking adifferent, less obvious route than before. Theseare more difficult to combat because theyinvolve the economic collusion of media ownerswhile the government too is favouring thecurrent climate of "globalisation" or privatisationwhere market forces alone are expected todetermine media content.The growth of opportunities in the electronicmedia is leading to a mushrooming of newtelevision and radio channels and internetservice providers and web portals. However,since revenue is limited, the quality anddiversity of content available may suffer. Theeconomic feasibility of this mushroom growth ishowever not guaranteed and it seems likely thata period of consolidation will soon follow, withmany of the current electronic media venturesfalling by the wayside. This may lead to anotherissue: the monopolistic control of the electronicmedia by large business houses.While opportunities are growing within themedia, a major issue for all of them is thequality of human resources available. A pooreducational infrastructure is not producing thenumbers of people with the kind of skillsrequired to sustain highly technical and creativeventures in the long-term.The uneven policies of successivegovernments, encouraging innovation, choiceand expansion, on the one hand, andattempting to curtail it bureaucratically, on theother, are also limiting growth.Finally, the lack of a general consensus onwhat constitutes the core of Pakistani societyand the lack of an enlightened vision throughactionable policy, might allow marginal groupsto gain undue influence over the media. Unlessthis is addressed, media growth may havelimited benefits for society and may, in fact, beanother form of control this time in the hands ofprivate capital.There are other problems as well. For example,there is no national training academy or evenprivate schools for cinema-related education onproduction, direction, technology, acting, music,dance, and so on. A beginning has been madein the establishment of the Visual StudiesDepartment at the Karachi University whichnow offers courses in film-making techniquesand so does the Indus Valley School of Art andArchitecture in Karachi. It is possible that thesecourses may become full-fledged departmentsfor cinema related education.STAKEHOLDERSThe foremost stakeholders in the media are thepublic. They have a right to freedom of choice intheir sources of information and entertainment, aright to receive and access balanced and pertinentinformation and news, and a right to expect themedia to look after their collective social,economic and cultural interests. However, so farthere are no media related consumers'associations. NGOs and community organisationsto pressure the media to address their concernsand news regarding their problems.The second important stakeholders are themembers of the media (journalists, publishers,Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development307

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development308directors, producers, artists, writers,filmmakers, actors, designers, exhibitors, etc),who create the content of the media. They havea right to their freedom of expression withoutundue interference or threat and a right to earntheir living through their work.The journalists from Sindh are represented inthe Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists,Sindh Union of Journalists, and the KarachiUnion of Journalists. Apart from trade unionactivism, these organisations have a history ofstruggling against repressive politicalgovernments, policies and laws and for greatermedia freedoms. In addition, there is also theCouncil of Pakistan Newspaper Editors whohas played an important role in creating a moreequitable relationship between newspaperowners, publishers and professional journalists.A Forum of Pakistan Environmental Journalistsalso exists which bands together and raisescapacity of writers of environmental issues inthe country.The third stakeholder is the government andits regulators, primarily the FederalInformation Ministry and the ProvincialInformation Department, including PEMRA.They have the right to expect the media toabide by accepted principles of fair play andtolerance as well as to safeguard the collectiveinterests of the people. They also have a rightto expect the media to follow the law of theland as long as it is laid down without malafideintentions and to the demonstrable benefit ofthe public.FUTURE ACTIONA number of policy issues must be addressedby the government with regard to the media. Inaddition, some actions are suggested for nongovernmental/citizen'sgroups, which mustmake a concerted effort to liaise with the mediato increase the coverage of environmental andsocial issues.Freedom of choice should be guaranteed forthe public. This would mean lifting arbitraryrestrictions on channels and the un-blocking ofsites. Freedom of Expression should also beguaranteed.Controversial laws such as the new defamationlaw and the representation on Press Councilsneed to be reconsidered.The Freedom of Information law needs to beamended to make access to information easierfor all citizens, including those related to socialand environmental issues.The government should consider providingincentives to private broadcasters to reservetime for public services such as documentarieson social and environmental issues.The formation of a non-governmental PublicService Broadcasting Trust (on the pattern ofthe one in India) should be considered, whichcan commission documentaries and othermaterials on social and environmental issuesand arrange for their screening on varioustelevision channels.Credible training institutes for broadcasting,journalism and web design need to beestablished in collaboration with broadcastinginstitutions or governmental incentives providedto encourage their establishment.Incentives need to be provided, credit madeavailable and a clear policy established for theencouragement of cinema and film.The capacity of journalists needs to be built toensure more and effective coverage of socialand environmental issues. This can be done bystrengthening the Forum of PakistanEnvironmental Journalists.There is a need to stimulate the vernacular printmedia to provide adequate coverage onenvironmental issues, as the size of thisaudience is not only more than twice that of theEnglish-reading population, but also becausethe two audiences differ considerably in termsof income levels, lifestyles, occupation andgeographical location.An important step from the development andenvironment point of view would be to developdistrict level mechanisms to promote crosssectoralplanning and implementation throughsound data and information systems.Databases related to health, education andpopulation at the federal, provincial and district

levels have already started to be developed.The next step would be to integrate these,along with organised information from otherimportant development areas at the districtlevel, into a District Management InformationSystem (DMIS).There is also a need to ensure development oflocal content and social source applicationsbased on the needs of the people of Sindh. Inaddition, a good initiative would be an IT fordevelopment Programme for Sindh forutilization of IT as a means of achieving thedevelopment objectives of Sindh.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development309

CHAPTER 23Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentNon GovernmentalOrganisations

The emergence of a vibrant civilsociety in Pakistan hastranslated into a diverse NGO sector. Particularly inSindh, this can be gauged by the increasing visibility ofsuch organisations and their impact. The expandingadvocacy role of NGOs has been recognised by theState. As intermediaries, NGOs have establishedchannels of communication and cooperation betweencommunities, on the one hand, and governments, developmentinstitutions and funding agencies, on the other.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development311

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development312By setting up Citizen Community Boards (CCB)in the Local Government Ordinance 2001, theState has found a constitutional way of includingNGOs in local governance and formallyrecognised them as important partners indevelopment. These boards, under the LGordinance section 109 (12) also receive agenerous amount of development funds exceptthat very few boards have been created so far,and those that have are yet to become effective.Internationally too, there has been a growingrecognition of NGO efforts, evident from the shiftin donor priorities. Of the 60 million USDallocated for various educational projects inPakistan, USAID (United States of America)(which re-established its offices in Pakistanrecently) pledged a minimum of one million USDper district for the seven districts in Sindh. Itseems interested in helping the NGOsstrengthen their financial management capacity.The ADB (Asian Development Bank ), too, hasapproved a preparatory technical assistance(TA) grant of 120,000 USD to help plan a healthand education project in Sindh. Both the projectshave involved NGOs as active partners.The sector has existed since Independence,with initiatives like All Pakistan Women'sAssociation (APWA), and in later years the EdhiTrust. However, 60 percent of NGOs in Sindhwere established between 1987 and 1995, andwere formally registered under the VoluntarySocial Welfare Agencies (Registration andControl) Ordinance, 1961 1 .The Additional Preparatory Work on SindhRural Development Project (Final Report) saysthat Sindh can rightfully claim to be a pioneer inestablishing developmental NGOs 2 . It cites theOPP as the most widely known example of lowcost,innovative participatory development. Bythe eighties, there was a proliferation of NGOsand CBOs with the establishment of BaanhnBeli, Hands (Health and Nutrition Developmentsouciety) , Shehri, the URC (Urban Resourcecenter), TRDP (Thardeep Rural DevelopmentProgramme) and others. One reason oftengiven for this proliferation of NGOs is theimposition of a ban on all political activity duringGeneral Zia-ul Haq's military regime because ofwhich activists from leftist and nationalistparties sought to establish CBOs as an outlet.The CBOs in Sindh exist in the thousands. Theywere traditionally registered under the VoluntarySocial Welfare Agencies RegistrationOrdinance, 1961. Today, many of them prefer toregister under the Trust Act, 1982, since it iseasier and less time consuming. Registrationunder the Societies Act, 1860, by NGOsworking in rural Sindh was difficult becauseregistration authorities were based in cities.Recently, the registration fee under this act hasbeen increased tenfold 3making registrationunaffordable for many CBOs.While there have been several attempts atestimating the number of CBOs, registrationunder different laws, and an absence of acomprehensive database makes the taskdifficult, if not impossible. The Social WelfareDepartment (SWD) which administers theVoluntary Social Welfare Agencies RegistrationOrdinance, 1961 has the best database on thesubject.Compared to other provinces, in Sindh thesector is dominated, by and large, by CBOs.However, there are other non-profitorganisations like community organisations(COs) and village organisations (VOs) whichhave been created by support or pressure fromsupport organisations, thematic and advocacyNGOs, human rights groups, internationalNGOs, networks and other fora.The mandate and activities of NGOs operatingin urban and rural Sindh diverge significantly.While rural NGOs are primarily involved inservice provision, urban NGOs are workingtowards initiating policy changes throughadvocacy and by developing models of servicedelivery through community participation. SuchNGOs include Shehri-CBE, which lobbiedsuccessfully with the Sindh government toestablish an Oversee Committee for theKarachi Building Control Authority. ThisCommittee was composed of NGOrepresentatives, citizens, and government1. NGO Resource Centre.1980. A Situation Analysis. NGOs in Four Divisions of Sindh, NGORC2. Halcrow Pakistan (Pvt) Limited & Reza Ali Development Consultants (RADC).July 2002. Additional Preparatory Work on Sindh RuralDevelopment Project (Final Report)3. Ibid

officials. Similarly, the OPP institutions havebeen able to develop government-communitypartnerships for the provision of sewage,electricity, education and health facilities. AuratFoundation has been able to train womencouncillors in understanding the new localgovernment system and their role in it. Bothrural and urban organisations in this sectorhave brought about an awareness in societyregarding the rights of citizens, the need fortransparency and accountability, the problemsof development-related concepts andprogrammes, environmental issues and aboveall, created interaction between governmentagencies, NGOs, CBOs and the academia.Another important aspect of the NGO sector inSindh is that the press has promotedenvironmental issues (such as the KalabaghDam, the Indus Delta Crisis, the Thar Canal) ina big way. These issues have been picked upby NGOs and CBOs as well, and a close liaisonhas developed between the media and theNGOs as a result.One can assert that the present interactionbetween NGOs, CBOs and the provincialgovernment on all major development issues inSindh is the result of the work of NGOs. Inaddition, the increasing involvement of women inthe NGO and community sector transpired by theefforts of pioneering NGOs of the early 1980s.In Sindh, the NGOs can be divided into thefollowing categories:Community-based organisations (CBOs):These organisations emerged without thecatalytic role of any outside agency. Registeredunder one of the laws, these membershipbasedorganisations usually work for their owncommunities relying on indigenous financialresources.Community Organisation (CO) or VillageOrganisation (VO)/Women Organisations(WO): These are organisations which havebeen formed as a result of external interventionand are working on issues such as creditfacilities, education, health, and physicalinfrastructure and are being supported by largerNGOs, both financially and technically. Theyare often registered and are part of largerumbrella organisations.Field-based Development NGOs: These areintermediary professional organisationsworking within well-defined geographical areas.They work in a number of sectors with thefinancial and manpower resources of thecommunity. Their administrative, research, andextension costs are often funded by donoragencies. The changes they bring about in thephysical and social environment are replicatedthrough extension and training programmes inother areas of Pakistan. Examples of suchNGOs include HANDS, SRSP(Sindh RuralSupport Pogramme), IRC (Indus ResourceCentre), SAFWCO (Sindh Agricultural andForesty Workers Coordinating Organization,NRSP (National Rural Support Programme),OPP (Orangi Pilot Project), Baanhn Beli andTRDP.NGO Support Organisations: These bodieswork for the technical and managerial capacitybuilding of NGOs/CBOs and are distinct fromservice delivery organisations. These may ormay not provide funding, like the NGORC,SPO, and SAP-Pak.Thematic NGOs: These organisations focus onone theme and develop an expertise in thatarea including organisations such as the TRC(Teachers Resorce Centre) (teacher training),Aurat Foundation (women's issues), PILER(labour education), FPAP (family planning).Rural Support Programmes: These groupshave been established as a replication of theAga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP)with the active involvement of the government intheir funding and governance. Their objective isto achieve rural development throughcommunity mobilisation. NRSP (working inHyderabad, Mirpurkhas, Badin, Thatta) is anexample.Advocacy and Human Rights Groups: Theseare issue-based organisations which, over time,develop the characteristics of socialmovements. They create public awarenessrelated to their subject, enter into policydialogues, develop strategies and follow-upactions. The HRCP, a highly respectedadvocacy organisation is one such example.Others include: HREP(Human RightsEducation Programe), DCHD, WAF, Shehri-CBE, Aurat Foundation and PILER.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development313

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development314International NGOs/Donors: These providefinancial and technical assistance to otherNGOs and are often viewed as providers offinancial resources like the SCF(Save theChildren Fund), OXFAM and ActionAidNetworks/Fora: These are networks of NGOsand CBOs based on common concerns, whowork for the creation of an enablingenvironment to address these issues. They alsofacilitate policy dialogues and resource sharingamong NGOs. Examples of such networks are:Sindh NGO Federation (SINGOF), Bhit ShahDeclaration Coordinating Council (BDCC) andSINDNET. Details of NGO works and alliancesare given in Appendix 23.1: Sindh NGONetworks and Alliances 4and a list ofimportant NGOs and the fields in which theywork are given in Appendix 23.2: ImportantNGOs in Sindh and their Areas of Work.CONSTRAINTSThe NGOs in Sindh face the same obstacles astheir counterparts in the rest of Pakistan. Amajor constraint is funding, which is dependanton donors usually from outside Pakistan.Funding is allocated for specific programmesthat the donors feel are important. Very often,these programmes are not a priority for theCBOs and NGOs for whom they are meant.Funding is also specified for a period of timeand then discontinued. As a result, the NGO orCBO is left without resources and, in manycases, has to either close down or negotiatewith other donors who coerce it to adopt theiragenda. In addition, funds for administrativepurposes or capital expenses are a rarity, in theabsence of which the NGO/CBO is notsustainable.In addition to financial constraints, skills such ascommunity mobilisation, technical expertise,documentation, accounts and monitoring foroperating NGO programmes are not easilyavailable. Even when they are available, theyare unaffordable for CBOs and for most smalllevel NGOs. In addition, a major languagedivide exists. CBOs and small NGOs functionmainly in Urdu language whereas skills areusually available in English. Also, there areproblems of written communication betweendonors (who want reports, accounts, etc in theEnglish language) and the CBOs and smallNGOs who can only provide them in Urdu.In Sindh, CBOs have been able to network toform associations around specific issues, butNGOs have not been able to form a permanentfederation to act collectively in support of theircommon concerns. This is because of a failureon the part of NGOs to soar above theirindividual interests and broaden their horizons,embracing larger issues of the social andphysical environment.Another major problem NGOs and CBOs areconfronted with is the absence of effective andaffordable training institutions for their staff,community leaders and activists. Trainingprogrammes are supply driven for the most partand, as a result, substantial capacity buildinghas not taken place. Therefore, even thoughthe sector has expanded considerably, thehuman resources required to manage it havenot developed in the same proportion. Theinadequacy of appropriate training is alsoresponsible for the fact that many NGOs stillconsider their work to be service delivery ratherthan facilitating communities to developthemselves and take charge of their social andphysical environment. Due to the failure ofeffective training, NGOs and CBOs have notbeen able to effectively document their workand others, including governmentpolicymakers, have not been able to learn fromtheir experience.In Pakistan as a whole and in Sindh inparticular, it is observed that while philanthropyis on the rise, it is directed exclusively tomosques and madrassahs. The local donorsperhaps seek spiritual returns and the NGOshave not been able to convince them of thecapabilities of public-spirited endeavours andwin their confidence. As a result, NGOscontinue to rely on foreign donor funding andtheir acumen in understanding local needs 5 .Another weak area in the functioning of theseorganisations is lack of accountability and4. Panhwar, Nasir. Paper on NGO Networks5. NGO Resource Centre (A Project of Aga Khan Foundation) 1996. Community Organization and Urban Development - A study of selectedurban settlements in Karachi. Karachi

Ali Raza RizviNGOs encourage community participation in infrastructure development projectstransparency, especially in account keeping.Because of these failures, many NGOs havebeen accused of dishonesty which hasadversely affected the reputation of others inthe field. A very small percentage of NGOs fulfilthe obligation of getting their records audited 6 .The media in Sindh has, by and large, beensupportive of the role of NGOs in civil society.However, development NGOs are routinelytargeted and viewed with suspicion and hostilityby the traditional religious institutions andcharity organisations.EMERGING TRENDSNGOs in Sindh are becoming increasinglyinvolved in environmental and developmentissues. This involvement is not only in research,training, extension, awareness raising andadvocacy but also in developing models ofcommunity participation and community-NGOgovernmentpartnerships around issues relatedto health, education, sanitation, solid waste,water (both for irrigation and drinking), savingsand credit, and security (Appendix 24.2 givedetails of NGOs in Sindh and their workareas). Government policy making institutionsinteract with NGOs and the CBOs related tothem through policy dialogues, seminars andworkshops often arranged by the NGOsthemselves or by International FinancialInstitutions (IFI) and UN agencies. The IFIs, UNagencies and other donor programmes alsoprefer to work through NGOs and most of theirsocial sector programmes (health, education,water, sanitation and forestry) now have amajor NGO/CBO involvement, especially"poverty alleviation" components. However, theNGO sector, on the whole, has not been able tocompletely fulfil the responsibilities assigned toit under these programmes. The failure of SAP-1 and 2, noticed by sections of the mediaaffirms the failure of NGO capability, capacity,and integrity.The NGO sector is no longer a purely altruisticone but has become a donor-driven business.According to a survey 7 , 45 percent of the staffSindh State ofEnvironment &Development3156. NGO Resource Centre (A project of Aga Khan Foundation) 1996. NGOs in Four Divisions of Sindh, A Situation Analysis. Karachi7. Ibid

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development316of NGOs in Sindh are between the ages of 21and 30 years of age. To deal with donors and tofulfil donor requirements of proposal writing,account keeping, documentation andmonitoring, they require training. A number ofNGOs have cashed in on this need. Forexample, NGO Resource Centre (NGORC),LEAD Pakistan, and even PIMS are providingtraining not only to existing NGO staff and officebearers but also to those wishing to join the‘NGO profession’. Academic institutions suchas LUMS in Lahore, and the IBA in Karachi, arealso offering similar training. How this will affectthe NGO sector in the long run is difficult togauge, but its immediate impact has laidgreater emphasis on deskwork than before andhence led to an increase in the distancebetween NGO leadership and conditions onthe ground. It has also meant an increase in thesalary gap between the "trained" leaders andthe NGO/CBO worker.In the last couple of years, NGO supportorganisations, previously operating fromIslamabad, have opened offices in Karachi.These include ActionAid, Trust for VoluntaryOrganisations (TVO) and StrengtheningParticipatory Organisation (SPO). It is unclearwhether this is in response to a needcomplimented by the devolution process, or aninternal requisite for these organisations toexpand due to the availability of funds.The NGOs in Sindh produce a large volume ofliterature. Some of them publish a criticaldocumentation of their work throughmonographs, books, and also their concernsregarding debt, WTO, government and globaleconomic policies, environment and humanrights. Most of them also publish journals andnewsletters. Such NGOs include IUCN,Shirkatgah, HRCP, OPP institutions, URC,TRDP, Aurat Foundation, TRC and PILER, toname a few. The research literature is usually inEnglish but the newsletters (which are alsopublished by a number small community-basedNGOs and CBOs) are also published in Urduand/or Sindhi. These publications are widelyread, especially those in vernacular languages,and discussed by the activists and staff in theNGO sector.This literature has also encouraged writing andthe number of such writers is increasing, albeitvery slowly. The Sindhi language press alsoreports extensively on environment anddevelopment related issues, and makes use ofNGO generated literature. An NGO-mediarelationship is gradually developing.In the nineties, development professionalsstarted setting up their own NGOs and, at thesame time, some old community based CBOsmatured into intermediary organisations. Thus,two divergent NGO cultures developed in Sindhbut these two types of NGOs complimentedeach other and a process of fusion began.NGOs set up by development professionals arelinking up with CBOs and smaller NGOs toreach the masses while the smaller NGOs andCBOs are adopting and adapting thedevelopment models of the NGO led bydevelopment professionals.A major achievement of the NGO sector hasbeen the induction of women into jobs in theenvironment and development relatedorganisations in Pakistan and in local levelpolitics. More women, even in remote ruralareas, are becoming NGO leaders, staffmembers, workers and activists. NGO ledawareness programmes for women on socialand physical development issues, politics andhuman rights are on the rise, and so arewomen's savings and credit programmes. In theprocess, new role models for the futuregeneration are being created, and, if theprocess continues, it is likely to result in a majorsocial revolution within one generation.STAKEHOLDERSThe major stakeholders in the NGO sector arelisted blow.Rural and Urban Communities: Theinvolvement of this stratum is vital for thedevelopment sector. Given the poor state ofgovernment planning, development,implementation, and monitoring agencies,effective development cannot take place withoutsocially conscious and organised communitieswhich can only be created by local activists.Larger NGOs: These organisations oftenprovide training and financial support to smallerNGOs and community organisations. They run

parallel programmes and sometimes promotetheir own agendas to the detriment of the NGOsector as a whole.Academic Institutions: A number of universitieshave now recognised the importance of the NGOsector and have included its work in theircurriculum. Some of them have also initiatedrelated training programmes. Professionalengineering, planning and medical colleges areincreasingly involving NGOs in their teachingand promoting models of appropriate technologyand community participation.Local Government: After the devolutionprocess, the local government will have to dealincreasingly with local CBOs and NGOs. Theprocess has already begun but progress isslow. It can be improved by involving NGOs andCBOs in the training of councillors, nazim andnaib nazim (at all levels) and local governmentfunctionaries.Government Planning and DevelopmentAgencies at the Federal and ProvincialLevels: These agencies need to institutionalisetheir relationship with the NGO sector so thatthey can help guide policy and planning issues.At present, this relationship is ad-hoc andfragmented.IFIs and Donors: As major benefactors throughloans and grants, they are major players andneed to better understand NGO constraints andpotential.FUTURE ACTIONFor effective development, NGO networks areessential. A common agenda and vision needsto be created by the sector to change donorpolicies and government perceptions that oftenview them with suspicion and hostility. This willalso help promote development models that aresustainable and do not depend on large foreignloans which increase Pakistan's debt andpoverty.NGOs need to identify and support communityactivists both financially and through training,without which sustainable change cannot takeplace. This will increase employment in twoways. One, it will provide employment to theactivists, and, two, it will strengthen the sectorin terms of capacity and capability, therebycreating more jobs.A closer link needs to be created betweenNGOs and the media, especially the electronicmedia. The possibility of getting the governmentor corporate sector to support regularprogrammes in development-related issuesneeds to be considered. This will not onlyinform people regarding NGOs and innovativedevelopment programmes, but will also removea lot of mistrust that exists in certain sections ofsociety regarding these bodies.It may be worthwhile to consider the creation ofa special Sindh NGO responsible fornetworking with all existing NGOs, to addressthe issues they raise, juxtapose the modelsthey have constructed into a comprehensivedevelopment paradigm for Sindh, and to lobbywith the government on that basis. At present,NGO programmes are extremely fragmentedand do not relate to an overall developmentconcept. As such, their impact on policy, laws,and implementation is marginal.There is also a need for parliamentarycommittees and city governments to provide forNGO representation. The process of publichearings for development projects needs to beinitiated so that interaction between NGOs,CBOs, and the government is enhanced.The federal government's poverty alleviationprogrammes need to incorporate the NGOsector, which would add a knowledge base toits programme while reducing the donordependant NGO activities. The governmentshould consider the benefits it may derive froma partnership with the citizen sector once it isfreed from its present donor-driven constraints.The NGO sector has a lot of ad-hocism in itand, in many cases, an element ofopportunism. The creation of a culture ofaccountability, transparency and ethics needsto be promoted through new role models byincorporating these aspects into trainingprogrammes. Concerted efforts need to bemade to further increase women's participationin the development sector, especially in ruralareas where such participation is still minimal.For this, programmes focused on and led bywomen need to be made a priority.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development317

Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentAPPENDICES

Appendix 1.1List of ContributorsStatus PaperAgricultureArid ZonesCultural Heritage and TourismCoastal & Marine Eco-systemsEducationEnvironmental HealthEnergyFreshwater and Marine FisheriesForestsFloraIndustrial DevelopmentLivestock & PoultryMinerals and MiningCommunication andKnowledge ManagementNGOsPopulation, Poverty and EnvironmentUrbanisationWater ResourcesWetlandsAuthorDr. Kazi Suleman MemonDr. Ghous Baksh IsaniMr. Anwer PirzadoDr. Shaukat Hayat KhanMs. Saima IsmailDr. Mubina AgboatwallaBrig. Dr. Nasim A. KhanMr. Khursheed -din SyedMr. Lala Fazal Ahmed BelaiMr. Rafiul HaqDr. Mirza Arshad Ali BaigDr. Ghous Baksh IsaniProf. Imdadullah SiddiquiMr. Hasan ZaidiMs. Zofeen EbrahimMs. Saima IsmailDr. Mirza Arshad Ali BaigProf. Mushtaq MiraniDr. Shahid AmjadSindh State ofEnvironment &Development319

Appendix 1.2List of Participants of Consultative WorkshopsNameDesignation /OrganisationAddressCity /DistrictEmail AdressA. B. Kahloro Chief,of AgricultureGovt of SindhKarachiA. N. G.AbbasFormer Minister,of Water andPower71/1, 3rd Street Khe-Badr,Phase 5,KarachiAijaz Jamali Daily Kawish Room No. 100,Bombay HotelKarachiAijazjamali100@yahoo.comAamir KabirScientific Officer,PARCA / 52 / 4, Gulshan-e-Iqbal,KarachiAmirkabir@hotmail.comAbdulHameedAkhundAbdul KarimLodhiAbdul MunafQaimkhaniAbdul QadirJunejo Lab.AbdulRazaqueMemonAbdulRehmanSoomroAbubakerShaikhAbdul LatifRaoChairman,Adhoc PublicAccountsCommittee SindhAssistantConservator,Wildlife (T)Director,Animal BreedingDiagnosticDirector Culture,Govt. of SindhTechnicalCoordinator,IRCCountryRepresentative8, Old CommissionerCompound, BruntonRoad93, Bath Island HillBath IslandC/o ConservatorWildlife SWDAuto Bhan Road76 Block, Pak. Sectt.Opp. MPA Hostel,Aalam ChannaColonyNatural ResourceProtection ProgramKarachiKarachiKarachiHyderabadKarachiSehwanSharif,District DaduBadinAklodhi@super.net.pkIrcdu@hyd.paknet.pkIUCN Pakistan Karachi rao@iucnp.orgSindh State ofEnvironment &Development320AhmeduddinHanjerahAijaz MallahAijazNizamaniDirector,Archives, SindhSRSP,(Sindh RuralSupportProgramme)DFO,SilvicultureST. 32, SindhArchives ComplexClifton, Block 5HyderabadForestry ComplexAuto Bhan RoadKarachiHyderabadAli Raza Rizvi Head,IUCN Pakistan Karachi ali.raza@khi.iucnp.orgIUCN SindhProgramme

NameDesignation /OrganisationAddressCity /DistrictEmail AdressAkbar SagerAgricultureDevelopmentBank of PakistanStaff College,Block No. 1 Gulistane-Jauhar,Near SafariParkKarachiAkbarSoomroAkmal AbbasiProject Director,Rural PoultryProjectPremier OilCompanyDiagnostic Lab. AutoBhan RoadD-28, Clifton Block 7HyderabadKarachiAli AkberRahmoonTVOH #1028, NearSession CourtUmerkotAli MurtazaDharejoDept of ZoologyUniversity of SindhH. No. A-148,SUECH SocietySindh UniversityCampusJamshoroAnila NaeemAnita ShahAnwarHussainAnwerPirzadoArif .M. JatoiAshfaqueMemonAshique AliAslamSanjraniAzhar AyubDept ofArchaeology NEDUniversityCulture & TourismDept,Govt of SindhAssistant Director,Geological Surveyof PakistanWriterMinister forAgricultureSecretary,Population WelfareDepartmentScientific Officer,EPA, SindhSecretary,Mines & MineralsDepartmentEnergyGenerationRep. SEHRI-CBEGF-1, Block 5,Seaview Apts, DHATughlak HouseSindh SecretariatST. 17/2, Gulistan-e-JauharA/64, Phase-IGulshan Hadeed BinQasim3rd Floor,Sindh SecretariatTughlak House61-A, KathiawarHousing SocietySt. 2/1, Sector 23Korangi IndustrialAreaSecretariat No. 2,Sindh SecretariatKamal Atta TurkRoad, KarachiKarachiKarachiKarachiKarachiKarachiKarachiKarachiKarachiSambara@lycos.comgsp@cyber.net.pkpirzado1@hotmail.comAlangha@yahoo.comSecymmdgos@cyber.net.pk3/A-2/14, Nazimabad Karachi azhar.ayub@lycos.comSindh State ofEnvironment &Development321Aziz Sanghur The Nation D. H. A. Phase V Azizsanghur@yahoo.comBrig. Dr.Nasim A.KhanC-12 EME CollegePeshawar RoadRawalpindi

NameDesignation /OrganisationAddressBadar Abro Indus Heritage 70/1, 7th Street,Kh-e-BadbanD.H.ABirjees TalatChairperson,Geography DeptKarachi UniversityCity /DistrictKarachiKarachiEmail AdressBadarabro@hotmail.comBishrat AChannaPlanning Officer,P&D DeptGovernment of SindhKarachiDr. A. A.QuraishyDawn / Star A-285 – 14-BShadmanKarachiDr. A. RTabrezNational Institute ofOceanographySt 47, Block-1,CliftonKarachiDr. .AbdulHafeezShaikhDr. AbdulWahabDr.AhsanullahIncharge,Veterinary HospitalLandhi, KorangiKarachiPublicity Officer Animal Breeding HyderabadProfessor,Dept of GeographyKarachi UniversityKarachiDr. Allah DinoMemonDept of GeographyUniversity of SindhC-331, Phase 1QasimabadHyderabadDr. AnwarKhanDirector,Solar ProductsUniversal HospitalSuppliesQuettaDr. ArifZubairDr. ArshadAltafDirector,IHSESenior InstructorSir Syed UniversityThe Agha KhanUniversityKarachiKarachiDr. AslamJalaiPoultry ResearchInstitute175-A, Block DKazimabad, MalirKarachiDr. AteeqSindh Feed &Allied ProductsKorangi IndustrialAreaKarachiDr. BazMohammedJunejoDirector General,Livestock &FisheriesBlock 56,Sindh SectariatKarachiSindh State ofEnvironment &Development322Dr. EjazAhmadDr. GhousBaksh IssaniDr. GhulamHussainDawachDeputy DirectorGeneral,WWFPrincipal,Baqai Collegeof VeterinarySciencesAnimal Husbandry606 Fortune CenterP.E.C.H.S, Block 6Shahrah-e-FaisalNear Toll PlazaVictoria Road,SaddarKarachiKarachiKarachiDr. GhulamRasoolKeerioConservator,of ForestSukkur CircleEid Gah Road,Near DIG officeSukkur

NameDesignation /OrganisationAddressCity /DistrictEmail AdressDr. GhulamSarwarDirector,Animal HusbandryShahbaz BuildingHyderabadDr. IqbalPanhwarIRC22/142 DefenceSocietyHyderabadIqbalahmed11@hotmail.comDr. IqbalSaeed KhanDy. Sc,Environment & Dy.Director EPADr. KaziSulemanMemonProfessor,Dept of SoilScienceSindh AgricultureUniversityTandojamKasmemon@hyd.peknet.com.kDr. M. AslamUqailiProfessor,Mehran University ofEngineering &TechnologyJamshoroAslamuqaili@hotmail.comDr. M.SulemanShaikhSecretary,SZABIST4th Floor, ShaikhSultan Trust Building# 2 Beaumont RoadCivil LinesKarachiDr. ZaheerM. KhanDepartment ofZoologyUniversity of KarachiZaheerk2k@yahoo.comDr. M.NawazBalouchEx Secretary,Livestock &Fisheries35 A, Askari III, Cantt KarachiDr. MirzaArshad AliBegSr Environmentalist136 C,Rafah-e-aamSociety Malir HaltKarachiDr.MuhammedYarKhuhawarProfessor,Dr. M. A. KaziInstitute ofChemistryUniversity of SindhJamshoroDr. MussaratPathanSpecialist,QSWA PoultryFarmL-16, Block 21 FBAreaKarachiDr.MuzzaffarMahmoodDean,MEENED University ofEngineering &TechnologyKarachiDeanmee@neduct.edu.pkDr. NaureenAziz QureshiDr. RiazuddinAbroCentre ofExcellence inMarine BiologySolar EnergyResearch Centre/PCSIRUniversity of Karachi Karachi Naureenaq@cyber.net.pkNaureenaziz@yahoo.comA-1,KhalidBungalowsQasimabadHyderabadSindh State ofEnvironment &Development323Dr. SalamMemonDirectorCoordination,National DrainageProgrammeSindh Bureau ofStatistics Building ,Block 8, CliftonKarachiDr. ShafqatFatimaDirector,Sindh PoultryVaccination CentreAnimal ScienceComplex, KorangiKarachi

NameDesignation /OrganisationAddressCity /DistrictEmail AdressDr. ShahidAmjadDirector GeneralNational Institute OfOceanology St. 47,Block-1 CliftonKarachiDgniopk@hotmail.comDr. ShaukatHayat KhanNational Institute ofOceanographySt.-47, Block 1, Karachi niopk@cubexs.net.pkDr. UbedullahM. AbbasiDr. AttaHussainSoomroDirector,Env SciencesInstitute ofChemistryDSHRI,Sindh HorticultureResearch InstituteUniversity of Sindh Jamshoro Ubedullah_abbasi2002@yahoo.comJamshoroDr. HamidaKhuhroMPA,Provincial SindhAssemblyKhuhro Apts, G-18,CliftonKarachiHkhuro@hotmail.comDr. Ulfat-un-Nabi KhanD.GPARCOld Block 9 & 10 KUCampusKarachidg_tarc@sat.net.pkFarhanAnwarK-16 OverseasBungalow, Block 16Gulistan-e- JauharFarhat Anis The News A-94, Block 12Gulberg, FB AreaKarachiFarhatanis@hotmail.comFayyazAhmedAssistantConservator,Sindh Wildlife DeptSindh building M.DWafai RoadKarachiFayyazRasoolConservationOfficer,WWF606 Fortune CenterP.E.C.H.S, Block 6KarachiWwfkhi@khi.compol.comGhazanfar AliQadirPrivate Secretary,to Minister forFood & AgricultureRoom No. 410 3rdFloor, Tughlaq HouseSindh SecretariatKarachiSindh State ofEnvironment &Development324GhulamUmarSarhandiGul NajamJamyDirector,Pakistan Councilfor RenewableEnergyHead,Policy &ConstituencyIUCN PakistanSt - 10/A Block 4Gulshan-e- IqbalIUCN PakistanKarachiGulnajam.jamy@iucnp.orgGulMohammedUmraniDirector General,Culture76 Pak. SecretariatOpp MPA Hostel

NameDesignation /OrganisationAddressCity /DistrictHaider Raza DFO (Coastal) Model Colony Malir KarachiEmail AdressHameedAhmadEx Secretary,Forests & WildlifeSindh5 - A, St 20, Phase5, Kh-e-TauheedD.H.AKarachiHamid IqbalDirector,Zoological SurveyDepartmentBlock 61, PakSectariatZSD61@yahoo.comHasan AslamZuberiTechnical DirectorB- 35, Block6P.E.C.H.SKarachiHina SaeedBaigR.O NationalInstitute ofOceanographySt. 47, Block 1Clifton Karachi niopk@cubexs.net.pkHumairaDarsLecturer,Dept of GeologyUniversity of SindhHouse # 23 SindhUniversityHyderabadHumaira@geologist.comHussain BuxBhagatDy. Conservator,WildlifeB- 51, MirHassanabad,HussainabadHussainSaleemShaikhLiason Officer,ThardeepB- 58, Block2P.E.C.HSKarachiHsshaikh99@hotmail.comHyder BuxHakroIftikharChannaMember,S.G.ARaastaDevelopmentConsultants7/10, Rimpa Plaza KarachiKarachiImam AliBhurtFarmer 66/2, Lane # 13Kh-e-BadbanD.H.AKarachiImdadullahSiddiquiAssistantProfessor,Dept of GeologyBungalow C- 20Sindh UniversityColonyJamshoroShewani@yahoo.comIram AfshanIrfanullahTunxioCoordinator,SCOPEAssistant Director,EPA SindhD-141, Block 2P.E.C.H.SSt- 2/ Sector23Korangi IndustrialAreaKarachiscope@khi.compol.comtunio@cyber.net.pkSindh State ofEnvironment &Development325IshaqueMangrioDaily Kawish B- 2Civil Lines HyderabadIslamuddinSiddiquiHouse & TownPlanning,Govt of Sindh5th Floor, SindhSectariatKarachi

NameDesignation /OrganisationAddressCity /DistrictEmail AdressJavaid SultanJaved AftabJaved JabbarKazi AbdulMajeedDeputy DistrictOfficer,MPGOR.O,National Institute ofOceanographyFounder/President,Baanhn BeliCity DistrictGovernmentKarachiSt 47, Block-1Clifton Karachi niopk@cubexs.net.pk13-A, Sunset Street,Phase II Ext. DHAKarachi-7550021- JCivil LinesLiaquat RoadKarachiHyderabadKhadim AliMemonAddl. Secretary,Irrigation & PowerGovt of SindhKarachiKhurramAliShafiqueAcademicConsultantA- 30, Al-Azam Apts.Near Hasan Sq.Khurramsdesk@yahoo.comKrishanSharmaDistrictDevelopmentAssociation(DDAT)TharparkarLala FazalAhmed BelaiProgrammeOfficer,SAFWCOH no. 415/416OppBeacon PublicSchoolHyderabadM. A. ShahDirector6-8 Shah TownM. H.PanhwarResearch &DevelopmentEngineers54- D, Block9CliftonKarachiPanhwar@hotmail.comM. IftikharAbbasCEOGab Communication38 StandardChartered BandBuilding Talpur RoadKarachiIabbas@khi.comsats.net.pkM. IsmailS.W.E.D.SP.O. KhiproC/oLateef Book Depot,Near MCB KhiproSangharM. QasimMemonNational Institute ofOceanographySt. 47, Block-1CliftonKarachiSindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentM. UmerSoomroPresident,Soomra NationalCouncil, PakistanP.O. Box 7851 Karachi kasid@soomra.org.pk326M. YaqoobBalouchNojawan WelfareOrganisationP.O GharoThatta,TalukaKharochanMahmood. N.ShahSecretary General,Sindh AbadgarBoard1- A/C, Unit2LatifabadMahmoodmshah@hotmail.comMajeedMangrioPresident,Makhi WelfareOrg(M.W.O)Shah Latif Colony,Hyderabad RoadSangharmajeed_mwo@hotmail.com

NameDesignation /OrganisationAddressCity /DistrictEmail AdressMansoor AliLalaniAga Khan Planning& Building Service300/2 Garden EastOff Brito RoadKarachiMansoor@akpbsp.orgManzoor A.KhosoProgrammeManagerUNDP, P & D Dept,Room 425 SindhSecretariat -2Karachikhoso2005@yahoo.comundphyd@hyd.paknet.com.pkManzoor AsifPathanIncharge,DiagnosticLaboratoryLandhi VeterinaryHospitalKarachiMeer M.ParhiyarEx Secretary,Irrigation & PowerHouse 80/ 22ndCommercial Street,Phase 4DHAKarachiMeherMarkerNoshirwaniCoordinator,Shirkat GahWomen'sResource CentreF- 25-A, Block 9,CliftonKarachiMohammedQasimSoomroPresident,Thar ShatDevelopment OrgZakaria ShoppingCentreThar BazaarUmerkotQasimsoomro@hotmail.comMohammedSultan KhosoAssistant Director St. 10/A, Block 4Gulshan-e-IqbalKarachiMohammedYaqubExecutive Director,TakhleeqFoundationHouse # 287St. 18,Block 3 SharafabadCooperative SocietyMyaqub@super.net.pkMohsinMuzzafarNational Institute ofOceanographySt. 47, Block 1CliftonKarachiMohammedArif HameedRadio Pakistan M.A. Jinnah Road KarachiMuhammedHashimLeghariEnvironment &Alternate EnergyDepartmentGovernment OfSindhKarachiMohammedMasoonAssistant Director,(Technical) EPASindhEPA Complex Plot #St 2/1 Sector 23,KorangiKarachiMohammedRafiqueDhananiMohammedSaleemJalbaniMuhammedAshrafChairman,Dept of GeographyUniversity of SindhPlanning Officer,Planning &Development DeptAssistant Director,CoastalDevelopmentAuthorityApt # 20 MemonPlaza Masan RoadGovernment ofSindh,Tuglaq HouseGovernment ofSindh, 1st FloorP.I.D.C HouseHyderabadKarachiKarachiMrdhanani@hotmail.comSjalbani@yahoo.comSindh State ofEnvironment &Development327Munir AhmedAwanConservator,of Wildlife Office ofConservatorof WildlifeGovernment ofSindh, M.D.M WafaiRoad Opp PIABooking Office

NameDesignation /OrganisationAddressCity /DistrictEmail AdressMunir KaziEx Chief,Planning &Development Dept201, Block 3 BridgeView Apt. FrereTown, CliftonKarachiMurtazaSiyalEditor,Ibrat MagazineBungalowC- 28 SindhUniversity ColonyJamshoroMurtazasiyal@yhoo.comNasir AijazBureau Chief,PPIPress Center KamalAtta Turk RoadNasiraijaz400@hotmail.comNasir AliHakroOil Seeds Botanist(retd)A.R.I Tandojam D-2Zeeshan Plaza,HussainabadHyderabadNasreenAskariMohatta PalaceMuseum7 Hatim Ali RdCliftonKarachiNasiraijaz400@hotmail.comNasir AliPanhwarCoordinator,ConstituencyIUCN SindhProgrammeKarachinasir.ali@khi.iucnp.orgNasreenShahidAdd. Secretary,Population WelfareDept61-A, KathiawarHousing SocietyKarachiNaushad AliJamaliDistrict Officer,WaterManagementCity DistrictGovernmentKarachiNasir AhmedMemonSindhAgricultural Forum26/4 Bhugri FlatsHirabadHyderabadNisar AhmedSiddiquiSecretary,to Govt of SindhD.S Flat No. 33 BathIslandKarachiNasirsiddiqui2000@yahoo.comNisar EffendiChairman,Sindh AbadgarSugar Mills164 L, Block 3P.E.C.H.Ssosan@fascom.comNisar M. A.ChannaSindhDevelopmentSocietyApt 2, Bhatti Nagar,Bhatti TownQasimabadHyderabadNusrat Zaidi Radio Pakistan M.A. Jinnah Rd KarachiNachanna@hotmail.comNuzhat KhanNational Institute ofOceanographySt 47, Block 1 Clifton Karachi niopk@cubexs.net.pkSindh State ofEnvironment &Development328Prof.QalandarShahProf AijazQureshiCenter forEnvironment &Development(CEAD)NRSPR.C Jamshoro cead@hyd.paknet.com.pkA-19 SachalabadNear Citizen ColonyHyderabadProf. Dr. M.Atique A.BaigDept of GeographyUniversity ofKarachiA-288, Block 5Gulshan-e-IqbalKarachiProf. Dr.Viqar HusainDept of GeographyKarachi UniversityKarachiviqarpk@yahoo.com

NameDesignation /OrganisationAddressCity /DistrictEmail AdressProf.MohammedAli ShaikhDirector,CIR SZABIST4th Floor, ShaikhSultan Trust Building225 Civil LinesBeaumont RdKarachiProf.MustaqueMiraniSRSPHyderabadProf.Nayyer A.ZeghamProfessor,NTE-ADB Dept ofGeologyKarachi UniversityKarachiQamar-u-Zaman ShahPresident,Sindh Chamber ofAgriculture232/C, Unit 2LatifabadHyderabadR. L. Sattar Deputy Director,PMC, AgricultureDepartmentBlock 53 PakSecretariatKarachiRafia Haider A. P. P. Mahkoor Mahal OffI.I. Chundrigar RoadKarachihaiders@cyber.net.pkRafia KhanRafiq A.ShafiIUCN,Sindh ProgrammeManaging Director,Sindh Irrigation &Drainage AuthorityKarachi28-A Civil Lines HyderabadRahatJabeenRamzanChandioS. Abbas AliShahWetlands Officer WWF Karachi rahat@hotmail.comDaily KoshishSindh CoalAuthority, Govt ofSindhBombay Hotel Suite107, I.I.ChundrigarRoadF- 158/A-1Block 5,KDA Scheme 5KarachiS. M. Tayyab AssistantProfessor, Dept ofCivil EngineeringSir Syed University,ISP Suite 10,University RoadKarachiSaeedAhmedSaira IshaqEx Chief, GeologistPakistan MinersDevResearch Officer,National Institute ofOceanography14 PIDC Flats,Bath IslandSt 47, Block 1CliftonKarachiKarachiniopk@cubexs.net.pkSindh State ofEnvironment &Development329Saleem RazaProgrammeOfficer,Agha KhanBuilding Services300/2 Garden EastOff Brito RoadKarachiSaminaKidwaiResearch Officer,National Institute ofOceanographySt 47, Block- 1CliftonKarachiniopk@cubexs.net.pk

NameDesignation /OrganisationAddressCity /DistrictEmail AdressSamreenMirzaShehri Citizensfor a BetterEnvironment206-G, Block- 2P.E.C.H.SKarachiSayed JalalMahmoodShahChairman,Sindh ThinkersForum126 Hyder ManzilMuslim ColonySoldier BazaarKarachiSh. KhurshidHasanFormer Director,Gen ArcheaologyA-176 Erum HomesBlock 2, RashidMinhas RoadKarachiShabbirIbn-e- AdilShafiqueAhmadKhosoShaguftaWasiShahbuddinMemonNews Reporter,PTVGeneral Director,EPAWelfare Officer,Mines LabourAssistant Chief,Planning &Development DptA- 26/1 Federal B.AreaPlot St 2/1Sector 23,KorangiB-7, 4A SindhSecretariat CourtRoad3rd Floor TughlakHouse SindhSecretariatShahid Shah Daily Ibrat F-6, 1st Floor AhmedManzilDr. Bilamoris StI.I.ChundrigarKarachiKarachiKarachiKarachiKarachiSafia ShafiqShaukat AliRahamooCoordinator,IRMDirector,On Farm WaterManagementIUCN SindhProgrammeDirectorate of onFarm WaterManangementDorma VillageQasimabadKarachiHyderabadsafia.shafiq@khi.iucnp.orgSindh State ofEnvironment &Development330Shazia MarriShireenSaleenShoukatRahmoonSikandarBrohiSaima BaigMPA,AgriculturistMember SindhProvincialAssemblyResearcher,SZABISTDirector,On Farm WaterManagementCoordinator,SZABISTCoordinator,Programmes40 - C, 5th FloorEast Street D.H.ATraining CenterWahdo Wah4th Floor ShaikhSultan Trust BuildingBeaumont RoadIUCN SindhProgrammeKarachiKarachiHyderabadKarachiKarachisaima.baig@khi.iucnp.orgSimi KamalPakistan WaterPartnership3-C, CommercialLane 2 ZamzamaBoulevardKarachi

NameDesignation /OrganisationAddressCity /DistrictEmail AdressSiraj KaziChief,EnvironmentSection, Planning &Development Dept3rd Floor TughlakHouseSindhSecretariatKarachiSohail SangiSamina IqbalDawn,HyderabadCoordinator,ECK312 Khuram SquareSaddarIUCN PakistanHyderabadsohailsangi@yahoo.comsamina.iqbal@pc.iucnp.orgSyed AliGhalibEcologist Scientific& Cultural Societyof PakistanB-7, Street 25 ModelColonyKarachizaheerk2k@yahoo.comSyed AshrafAliThe StarDawn Group Office,Ziauddin AhmedRoadKarachiSyed AsimRehan KazmiSyed ZulfiqarAli ShahJamoteShabinaFarazTahir QureshiSr. ScientificOfficer,Research LeaderSARC/ PARCProgressiveFarmerECKDirector,CoastalEco-SystemKarachi UniversityCampus95 Faran Society OffHyder Ali RoadIUCN PakistanIUCN SindhProgrammeTanveer Arif SCOPE D-141 Off AllamaIqbal Road, Block 2KarachiKarachiKarachiKarachizaj@cyber.net.pktahir.qureshi@khi.iucnp.orgW. A.KermaniYasmeen LariYounasAbbasYounusBandhaniZohraRehmat AliZamir AhmedSiddiquiExecutive Director,HertitageFoundationLecturer,Department ofApplied PhysicsBaanhn BeliCoordinator,ECKManager,SUPARCOF-31/2, 4thGizriStreet, Phase 4D.H.AE-6, 4th Gizri St.D.H.AUniversity of Karachi13-A, Sunset Street,Phase II Ext. DHAKarachi- 75500IUCN PakistanP. O. Box 8402Sparcent SUPARCOKarachiKarachiKarachiKarachiKarachiHeritage@pakistansearcher. comzohra.rehmatali@pc.iucnp. orgSuparco@digicom.net.pkSindh State ofEnvironment &Development331ZeeshanAlam NayyarLecturer,Applied PhysicsUniversity of KarachiZeeshan@aphy.ku.edu.pkZofeen T.EbrahimConsultant,Freelance WriterD-18, Block 3CliftonKarachizofeen28@hotmail.comZubaidaBirwaniProgrammeOfficer,Shirkat GahD-77, Block 2Clifton, Karachi

Appendix 1.3Provincial Departments in SindhSr. No.SecretariatDepartmentAttachedDepartmentHead ofAttached Department1. Agriculture Department Agriculture Engineering and WaterManagement, SindhAgriculture Research SindhDirector General,Agriculture Engineering and WaterManagement, SindhDirector General,Agriculture Research,Sindh HyderabadAgriculture Extension DepartmentSindhDirector General,Agriculture Extension DepartmentSindhBureau of Supply and PricesDirector GeneralBureau Supply and Prices2.a.b.c.Board of RevenueRevenue DepartmentLand UtilizationDepartmentRelief DepartmentSettlement, Survey and PricesLand Records DepartmentRelief DepartmentDirector of Settlement,Survey and RecordsRelief Commissioner3. Chief Minister'sSecretariatSindh Provincial Inspection,Enquiries and ImplementationTeamChairman,Sindh Provincial Inspection,Enquiries and ImplementationTeam4. CommunicationsHighway DepartmentChief Engineer of HighwaysDepartment5. Cooperation Department Cooperation Department Registrar of Cooperative Societies6 Coordination DepartmentSindh State ofEnvironment &Development3327. Culture and TourismDepartmentDirectorate of Youth Affairs andSports8. Education Department Technical Education DepartmentBureau of Curriculum andExtension, Sindh9. Environment Department Sindh Environmental ProtectionAgencyDirector of Youth Affairs andSportsDirector Technical EducationDirector of Curriculum andExtension, SindhDirector GeneralSindh Environmental ProtectionAgency10. Excise Department Excise Department Director GeneralExcise and Taxation11. Finance Department Local Audit and Funds Department Director Local Funds and Audit12. Fisheries Department Fisheries Department Director General FisheriesDepartment13. Food Department Food Department Director of Foods14. Health Department Health DepartmentDirectorate of NursingDirector GeneralHealth Services,Sindh,Hyderabad.Director, Nursing

Sr. No.SecretariatDepartmentAttachedDepartmentHead ofAttached Department15. Home Department Police Department Civil DefenseDepartmentInspector General of PoliceDirector of Civil Defense16. House and TownPlanning Department17. Industries, CommerceMineral DevelopmentDepartmentTown Planning DepartmentIndustries and CommerceDepartmentMineral Development DepartmentPrinting and StationeryDepartmentDirector,Town PlanningDirector of Industries andCommerceDirector of Mineral DevelopmentController, Printing and Stationery18. Information Department Information Department Director, General Public Relations19. Irrigation and PowerDepartment20. Katchi AbadisDepartmentPower DepartmentChief Electrical Engineer21. Law Department Advocate General DepartmentSolicitor General DepartmentOfficial Assignees Department22. Labour Department Labour DepartmentLabour Appellate TribunalMinimum Wages Board Manpowerand Training DepartmentInspectorate of MinesAdvocateGeneral SolicitorOfficial AssigneesDirector of Labour Chairman,Labour Appellate TribunalChairman, Minimum Wages BoardDirector, Manpower and TrainingChief Inspector Mines23. Livestock Department Livestock Department Director General Livestock, SindhSource: The Sindh Government Rules of Business 1999.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development333

Appendix 1.4Details of Nazims and Zila Nazims in SindhDistrictLarkanaShikarpurNameMr. Khurshid AhmedJunejoMr. Nazir AhmedBughioMir Mohammad ArifKhan MaharPostContact Numbers / Fax NumbersCode Office Fax ResidenceNazim 0741 458513,459971Naib Nazim 0741 459972,459973Nazim 0761 514274,515223459971 021/5870946-5861167,0741 / 8306.. 443836/442601/459968,021 / 5866281573014Mr. Zafar Ali Shaikh Naib Nazim 0761 515193 513710JacobabadMir Shabir Ali KhanBirraniMir Aijaz HussainJakhraniNazim 0721 516334,516335516335 0704/75222/75112021/5883044/5388801Naib Nazim 0721 516336 512364Sukkur Syed Nasir Ali Shah Nazim 071 28415-6612653,612687Mr. Muhammad Iqbal Naib Nazim 071 28412-4PakwalaKhairpur Ms. Nafeesa Shah Nazim 0792 554299,553999650505 / 650777651323 / 50277554299 552900 / 551952Engr. Sher MohammadPhulpotoNaib Nazim 0792 552427 552716 / 552605Ghotki Mr. Ali Gohar Mahar Nazim 0703 51877 53301 / 53444Mr. Abdul Bari Khan Naib Nazim 0703 51877 51664Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentNawabshah Ms. Faryal Talpur Nazim 0241 70525 - 6 70524 60532 / 61078 021/ 5688272334Mr. Khalid HussainChannaNaib Nazim 0241 70527 - 8 .. 62127 / 4550NausheroferozMr. Masroor AhmedKhan JatoiNazim 0752 448777 470329 470328 / 470377Naib Nazim 0752 448230 .. 02425 / 314347

District Name PostHyderabadMakhdoom RafiqueZamanContact Numbers / Fax NumbersCode Office Fax ResidenceNazim 0221 781865 814115Nawab Rashid Ali Khan Naib Nazim 0221 782365 781816Dadu Malik Asad Sikandar Nazim 0229 612115 612115 610045 / 4133Mr. Sadakat Ali KhanJatoiNaib Nazim 0229 611439 4061BadinRais Kamal KhanChangNazim 0227 622386210862108 / 61150Mr Sohail Akbar Naib Nazim 0227 6223862108Source: Government of Sindh WebsiteSindh State ofEnvironment &Development335

Appendix 1.5Sr.No.Listing of Towns and Important City District FunctionariesTown Town Nazim Town Naib NazimTown MunicipalOfficer1. Baldia Aurangzeb Khan Suleman Ghulam Hussain Memon2. Bin Qasim Ashique Jamote Tariq Balouch Masroor Memon3. Gadap Ghulam Mustafa Balouch Abdul Sattar Baloch Ghulam Shabbir Jatoi4. Gulberg Farooq Naimatullah Usman Baig Akram Saeed5. Gulshan-e-Iqbal Abdul Wahab Saleem Azher Matanat Ali Khan6. Jamshed Ahmed Qasim Parekh Ashfar Ahmed Moinuddin7. Keamari Zulfiqar Ali Muhammed Amir Ali Unnar8. Korangi Abdul Jamil Khan Aurangzeb Khan Abid Zawawi9. Landhi Muhammed Shahid Bakht Raheem Shah Iqbal Nafees10. Liaquatabad Dr. Pervaiz Mahmood Shahabuddin Ishrat Hussain Siddiqui11. Lyari Abdul Khanq Malik M. Malik Pervaiz Junejo12. Malir Azam Ali Muhammed Wasim Ghulam Asghar Waggan13. New Karachi M. Shafiq-ur- Rehman Liaquat Ali Khan Farrukh Habib14. North Nazimabad Fasihuddin Siddiqui Maqsood Khan -15. Orangi Muhammed Shahid Muhammad Feroz Niaz Hussain Shah16. Saddar Farooq Faria M. Wazir Rahber Zamir Ahmed Khan17. Shah Faisal Mushtaq Ahmed Ismullah Siddiqui Ali Muhammed Sheikh18. SITE Amir Nawab Ahmed Balouch Tariq Hussain PirzadaSource: http//www.karachicity.gov.pk/Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development336

Appendix 3.1: Socio-Economic Data SindhTable 1: Language Spoken - Pakistan / ProvincesLanguagesTotal Rural UrbanSpoken1998KarachiPakistan 1981 1998 1981 1998 1981 1998Urdu 7.60 7.57 1.33 1.48 24.40 20.22 48.52Punjabi 48.17 44.15 47.52 42.51 49.92 47.56 13.94Pushto 13.15 15.42 15.05 18.06 8.04 9.94 11.42Sindhi 11.77 14.10 13.77 16.46 6.43 9.20 7.22Baluchi 3.02 3.57 3.50 3.99 1.74 2.69 4.34Brahvi 1.21 - 1.49 - 0.45 - -Hindko 2.43 - 2.77 - 1.53 - -Siraiki 9.84 10.53 11.97 12.97 4.12 5.46 2.11Others 2.81 4.66 2.60 4.53 3.37 4.93 12.44PunjabUrdu 4.27 4.5 1.55 2.0 12.08 10.1Punjabi 78.68 75.2 78.18 73.6 80.12 78.7Pushto 0.76 1.2 0.64 0.9 1.08 1.8Sindhi 0.08 0.1 0.11 0.2 0.02 0.1Baluchi 0.57 0.7 0.74 0.9 0.08 0.1Brahvi 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.01 -Hindko 0.04 - 0.04 - 0.04 -Siraiki 14.90 17.4 17.90 21.4 6.28 8.4Others 0.70 0.9 0.83 1.0 0.30 0.8SindhUrdu 22.64 21.05 2.17 1.62 49.68 41.48Punjabi 7.69 6.99 4.38 2.68 12.05 11.52Pushto 3.06 4.19 0.46 0.61 6.48 7.96Sindhi 52.40 59.73 78.23 92.02 18.28 25.79Baluchi 4.51 2.11 5.63 1.50 3.03 2.74Brahvi 1.08 - 1.67 - 0.30 -Hindko 0.35 - 0.06 - 0.74 -Siraiki 2.29 1.00 3.44 0.32 0.77 1.70Others 5.97 4.93 3.94 1.25 8.65 8.80NWFPUrdu 0.83 0.8 0.16 0.3 4.81 3.5Punjabi 1.10 1.0 0.29 0.2 5.84 4.6Pushto 68.30 73.9 68.64 74.0 66.27 73.5Sindhi 0.05 - 0.06 - 0.03 -Baluchi 0.04 - 0.05 - 0.01 -Brahvi 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.03 -Hindko 18.13 - 18.14 - 18.02 -Siraiki 3.95 3.9 3.88 4.0 4.37 3.2Others 7.59 20.4 8.77 21.5 0.60 15.1BaluchistanUrdu 1.37 0.98 0.30 0.21 7.42 3.42Punjabi 2.24 2.52 0.39 0.43 12.67 9.16Pushto 25.07 29.64 25.15 32.16 24.64 21.61Sindhi 8.29 5.58 8.74 5.27 5.73 6.57Baluchi 36.31 54.76 38.28 57.56 25.20 45.84Brahvi 20.68 - 22.02 - 13.05 -Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development337

Pakistan 1981 1998 1981 1998 1981 1998Hindko 0.13 - 0.01 - 0.84 -Siraiki 3.08 2.42 3.03 1.87 3.34 4.16Others 2.82 4.12 2.07 2.51 7.10 9.24Source: Prepared from Population Census Report 1991-1998Table 2: Sindh PopulationPopulation 19811998Total Urban Rural Total Urban RuralActual % Actual % Actual % Actual % Actual % Actual %A. Total PopulationMale 9,999,205 52.58 4,433,430 5,565,775 16,097,591 52.88 7,904,463 8,193,128Female 9,029,461 47.45 3,809,606 5,219,855 14,342,302 47.12 6,935,399 7,406,903Total 19,028,666 8,243,036 43.27 10,785,630 56.68 30,439,893 14,839,862 48.75 15,600,031 51.25B. Less than 15 years of ageMale 4,340,432 1,809,856 2,530,576 6,860,711 3,013,017 3,847,694Female 4,239,454 1,698,252 2,541,202 6,155,521 2,812,131 3,343,390Total 8,579,886 45.09 3,508,108 42.56 5,071,778 47.02 13,016,232 42.76 5,825,148 39.25 7,191,084 46.1C. Between 15 & 24Male 1,773,897 896,068 877,829 3,144,771 1,511,259 1,458,299Female 1,479,537 748,971 730,566 2,970,901 1,686,472 1,459,642Total 3,253,434 17.1 1,645,039 19.96 1,608,395 14.91 6,115,672 20.09 3,197,731 21.55 2,917,941 18.7D. Between 25 & 49Male 2,719,676 1,257,543 1,462,133 4,507,959 2,424,398 2,083,560Female 2,401,783 1,029,354 1,372,429 3,877,699 1,963,358 1,914,341Total 5,121,459 26.91 2,286,897 27.74 2,834,562 26.28 8,385,657 27.55 4,387,756 29.57 3,997,901 25.63E. Between 50 & 59Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development338Male 551,804 241,638 310,166 831,661 429,157 402,504Female 437,496 167,635 269,861 688,074 347,530 340,544Total 989,300 5.2 409,273 4.97 580,027 5.38 1,519,735 4.99 776,687 5.23 743,048 4.76F. 60 & aboveMale 613,396 228,325 385,071 752,490 351,419 401,071Female 471,191 165,394 305,797 650,107 301,121 348,986Total 1,084,587 5.7 393,719 4.78 690,868 6.41 1,402,597 4.61 652,540 4.4 750,057 4.81Source: Prepared from Sindh Population Census Report 1991-1998

Table 3: Sindh LiteracyLiteracy1981 1998Total Urban Rural Total Urban RuralActual % Actual % Actual % Actual % Actual % Actual %A. Total LiteracyMale 2,763,630 39.74 1,837,863 57.77 925,767 24.54 5,128,915 54.5 4,097,766 69.75 2,045,290 37.89Female 1,272,674 21.64 1,102,047 42.23 170,627 5.21 6,445,118 34.78 2,842,529 56.66 595,065 12.23Total 4,036,304 31.45 2,939,910 50.77 1,096,394 15.57 9,580,650 45.29 6,940,295 63.72 2,640,355 25.73Population10 & above12,832,648 5,790,090 7,042,558 21,154,683 10,891,459 10,263,224B. Between 10 & 14Male 478,056 36.94 301,357 54.07 176,699 23.98 1,170,982 57.54 729,947 74.24 441,035 41.93Female 293,618 26.94 249,693 50.15 43,925 7.41 814,583 48.03 633,037 70.84 181,546 22.63Total 771,674 32.37 551,050 52.22 220,624 16.6 1,985,565 53.22 1,362,984 70.71 622,581 33.58Populationbetween 10 & 142,383,868 1,055,162 1,328,706 3,731,022 1,876,745 1,854,277C. Between 15 & 24Male 832,492 46.94 584,288 65.2 248,204 28.28 1,927,188 61.22 1,257,338 74.55 669,850 45.81Female 464,690 31.28 413,226 54.81 51,464 7.07 1,225,101 41.07 994,644 65.82 230,457 15.81Total 1,297,182 39.87 997,514 60.64 299,668 18.63 3,152,289 51.54 2,251,982 70.42 900,307 30.78Populationbetween 15 & 243,253,434 1,645,039 1,608,395 6,115,672 3,197,731 2,917,941D. Between 25 & 49Male 1,128,785 41.5 737,193 58.62 391,592 26.78 2,412,610 53.52 1,670,450 68.9 742,160 35.62Female 431,227 17.95 374,200 36.35 57,027 4.16 1,160,152 29.92 1,009,682 51.43 150,470 7.86Total 1,560,012 30.46 1,111,393 48.6 448,619 15.83 3,572,762 42.61 2,680,132 61.08 892,630 22.33Populationbetween 25 & 495,121,459 2,286,897 2,834,562 8,385,657 4,387,756 3,997,901E. Between 50 & 59Male 180,109 32.82 121,790 51.1 58,319 18.54 373,907 44.87 256,806 73.89 117,101 29.09Female 51,131 11.39 40,909 24.35 10,222 3.5 137,982 19.93 121,767 35.04 16,215 4.76Total 231,240 23.37 162,699 39.75 68,541 11.82 511,889 33.68 378,573 48.74 133,316 17.94Populationbetween 50 & 59989,300 409,273 580,027 1,519,735 776,687 743,048F. 60 & aboveSindh State ofEnvironment &Development339Male 144,188 23.5 93,235 40.83 50,953 13.23 258,369 34.34 183,225 52.39 75,144 18.74Female 32,008 6.79 24,019 14.52 7,989 2.61 99,776 15.35 83,399 27.7 16,377 4.69Total 176,196 16.25 117,254 29.78 58,942 8.53 358,145 25.53 266,624 40.86 91,521 12.2Population60 & above1,084,587 393,719 690,868 1,402,597 652,540 750,057Source: Prepared from Sindh Population Census Report 1991-1998

Table 4: Sindh Marital StatusMaritalstatus1981 1998Total Urban Rural Total Urban RuralActual % Actual % Actual % Actual % Actual % Actual %A. Total Married PopulationMale 3,692,297 65.25 1,595,120 60.8 2,097,177 69.1 5,645,652 61.12 2,684,988 54.89 2,960,664 68.13Female 3,531,932 73.74 1,430,141 67.74 2,101,791 78.46 5,524,545 67.48 2,488,888 60.36 3,035,657 74.71Total 7,224,229 69.14 3,025,261 63.89 4,198,968 73.49 11,170,197 64.11 5,173,876 57.39 5,996,321 71.31Population15 & above10,448,780 4,734,928 5,713,852 17,423,661 9,014,714 8,408,947B. Between 15 & 24Male 378,944 21.36 148,405 16.56 230,539 26.26 696,863 22.16 210,196 12.46 486,667 33.37Female 787,311 53.21 322,040 43 465,271 63.69 1,344,528 45.3 479,310 31.72 865,218 59.28Total 1,166,255 35.85 470,445 28.6 695,810 43.26 2,041,391 33.38 689,506 21.56 1,351,885 46.33Populationbetween 15 & 243,253,434 1,645,039 1,608,395 6,115,672 3,197,731 2,917,941C. Between 25 & 49Male 2,278,212 83.77 1,037,921 82.54 1,240,291 84.83 3,612,902 80.14 1,825,333 75.29 1,787,569 85.79Female 2,208,385 91.95 925,514 89.92 1,282,871 93.47 3,384,705 87.29 1,646,829 83.88 1,737,876 90.78Total 4,486,597 87.6 1,963,435 85.86 2,523,162 89.01 6,994,607 83.41 3,472,162 79.13 3,525,445 88.18Populationbetween 25 & 495,121,459 2,286,897 2,834,562 8,385,657 4,387,756 3,997,901D. Between 50 & 59Male 507,660 92 219,463 90.82 288,197 92.92 742,750 89.31 380,847 88.74 361,903 89.91Female 335,045 76.58 118,832 70.89 216,213 80.12 505,054 73.4 242,224 69.7 262,830 77.18Total 842,705 85.18 338,295 82.66 504,410 86.96 1,247,804 82.11 623,071 80.22 624,733 84.08Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development340Populationbetween 50 & 59E. 60 & above989,300 409,273 580,027 1,519,735 776,687 743,048Male 527,481 85.99 189,331 82.92 338,150 87.81 593,137 78.82 268,612 76.44 342,525 85.4Female 201,191 42.7 63,755 38.55 137,436 44.94 290,258 44.65 120,525 40.03 169,733 48.64Total 728,672 67.18 253,086 64.28 475,586 68.84 883,395 62.98 389,137 59.63 494,258 65.9Population60 & above1,084,587 393,719 690,868 1,402,597 652,640 750,057Source: Prepared from Sindh Population Census Report 1991-1998

Table 5: Physical Conditions - ProvincesPhysical ConditionsTotal Rural UrbanPunjab 1980 1998 1980 1998 1980 1998No. of Housing units 7,538,326 10,537,127 - 7,336,193 - 3,200,934Rental Housing (%) 6.18 7.1 1.5 2.0 19.3 18.9Owned Housing (%) 79.31 83.0 82.4 87.3 70.6 73.0One Room Houses (%) 47.94 31.97 - 33.78 - 27.812-4 Room Houses (%) 11.59 17.82 - 17.08 - 19.53Persons / housing unit 6.5 6.9 - 6.9 - 7.1Persons / room 3.3 3.0 - - - -Electric Connections (%) 29.06 72.49 13.6 63.34 72.7 93.45Piped Water in house (%) 10.84 24.34 2.1 11.03 35.7 54.80Piped Water outsidehouse (%)3.21 2.18 1.3 1.69 8.4 3.17Separate Latrine (%) - 26.52 - 15.08 57.08 52.75Shared Latrine with otherhousing unit (%)- 15.76 - 7.91 9.62 33.75No Latrine (%) - 57.72 - 77.01 33.30 13.50RCC roofs (%) 6.78 21.9 1.3 12.6 22.2 43.3SindhNo. of Housing units 2,781,873 5,022,392 - 2,850,989 - 2,171,403Rental Housing (%) 10.72 12.20 1.10 1.55 22.98 26.19Owned Housing (%) 77.04 76.90 85.35 86.00 66.45 64.96One Room Houses (%) 61.02 56.94 72.84 72.69 45.95 36.252-4 Room Houses (%) 8.57 10.64 - 5.03 - 18.01Persons/ housing unit 7.1 6.0 7.1 5.5 7.0 6.8Persons/ room 3.94 3.33 4.73 3.93 3.33 3.09Electric Connections (%) 35.92 70.08 10.94 52.62 67.76 93.00Piped Water in house (%) 20.85 37.17 3.76 13.53 42.63 68.21Piped Water outsidehouse (%)19.21 4.53 4.90 3.29 37.45 6.17Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development341Separate Latrine (%) - 35.36 - 24.23 74.71 49.97Shared Latrine with other- 30.57 - 20.08 9.51 44.33housing unit (%)No Latrine (%) - 34.08 - 55.69 15.79 5.70RCC roofs (%) 15.9 25.53 1.38 6.44 34.48 50.60

Physical Conditions Total Rural UrbanNWFP 1980 1998 1980 1998 1980 1998No. of Housing units 1,615,616 2,210,455 - 1,814,707 - 368,748Rental Housing (%) 9.99 8.5 6.2 4.4 32.2 28.9Owned Housing (%) 75.09 80.6 78.4 84.0 55.9 63.7One Room Houses (%) 49.77 27.7 - 28.61 - 23.282-4 Room Houses (%) 11.03 18.69 - 18.39 - 20.22Persons/ housing unit 7.0 8.0 - 8.0 - 7.9Persons/ room 3.6 3.3 - - - -Electric Connections (%) 33.48 72.2 25.5 67.4 80.5 95.8Piped Water in house (%) 7.95 27.2 3.6 21.9 34.0 53.5Piped Water outsidehouse (%)9.09 12.3 6.7 12.7 23.6 10.1Separate Latrine (%) - 24.51 - 21.09 59.67 41.57Shared Latrine with otherhousing unit (%)- 18.17 - 13.86 7.30 39.68No Latrine (%) - 57.32 - 65.04 33.00 18.75RCC roofs (%) 4.79 16.4 2.3 11.8 19.6 39.2BaluchistanNo. of Housing units 592,814 971,116 - 775,954 - 195,162Rental Housing (%) 4.58 4.99 1.03 1.14 23.99 20.31Owned Housing (%) 84.02 86.64 87.84 90.45 63.14 71.48One Room Houses (%) 60.47 42.77 64.25 46.66 39.79 27.332-4 Room Houses (%) 9.30 13.84 - 12.37 - 19.68Persons/ housing unit 7.6 6.7 7.6 6.4 7.6 7.8Persons/ room 4.2 3.05 4.5 3.05 3.2 3.00Electric Connections (%) 13.48 46.62 6.33 36.87 54.95 85.37Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development342Piped Water in house (%) 6.56 25.31 1.07 14.84 36.61 66.94Piped Water outsidehouse (%)7.65 4.33 3.16 4.01 32.21 5.59Separate Latrine (%) - 18.58 - 14.46 63.66 34.94Shared Latrine with otherhousing unit (%)- 29.26 - 23.61 9.93 51.70No Latrine (%) - 52.16 - 61.92 26.41 13.36RCC roofs (%) 2.77 5.19 0.81 1.42 13.51 20.19Source: Prepared from Sindh Population Census Report 1991-1998

Appendix 5.1: Water Requirement for Crops in SindhTable 1: Water Requirement for Kharif Crops in Sindh during the Year 2001-02Sr. No.Crop Area in Ha* Delta in Acre InchesWater Requirementat Field in MAF1. Cotton 547,413 36 4.0582. Rice 461,120 70 6.6473. Sugarcane 240,693 64 3.1724. Jowar 89,175 27 0.4965. Bajra 100,327 27 0.5586. Mango 45,780 60 0.5667. Banana 27,305 60 0.3378. Chillies 27,565 40 0.2279. Fodder 121,232 24 0.59910. Maize 5,473 30 0.03411. Mung 11,116 18 0.04112. Mash 2,170 18 0.00813. Arhar 466 18 0.00214. Other Pulses 1,540 18 0.00615. Sesamum 2,516 21 0.01116. Guava 7,180 60 0.08917. Dates 23,366 60 0.28918. Other Fruits 3,779 60 0.04719. Water melon 1,849 60 0.02320. Musk Melon 1,688 60 0.02121. Lady Finger 3,903 60 0.04822. Tinda 2,212 60 0.02723. Brinjal 1,729 60 0.02124. Other Vegetables 4,273 60 0.053Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development34325. Ground Nut 1,882 29 0.01126. Castor seed 2,489 21 0.011Total 1,738,241 17.401Source: Directorate General, Agriculture Extension Sindh

Table 2: Water Requirement for Rabi Crops in Sindh during the Year 2001-02Sr. No.Crop Area in Ha* Delta in Acre InchesWater Requirementat Field in MAF1. Sugarcane 240,693 32 1.5862. Barley 14,122 19 0.0553. Rape & Mustard 64,511 16 0.2134. Canola 11,586 16 0.0385. Sunflower 38,530 16 0.1276. Saf-flower 45 14 07. Chillies 11,022 40 0.0918. Garlic 1,676 66 0.0239. Coriander 1,978 40 0.01610. Other Condiments 384 40 0.00311. Gram 38,486 18 0.14312. Lentil 8,025 18 0.0313. Mattar 64,537 18 0.23914. Other Pulses 1,348 18 0.00515. Onion 49,736 66 0.67616. Potato 400 35 0.00317. Tobbaco 126 18 018. Ber Berry 1,210 45 0.01119. Orange 1,398 45 0.01320. Lemon 1,801 45 0.01721. Grapes 258 45 0.00222. Other fruits 1,913 45 0.01823. Tomato 5,820 45 0.05424. Turnip 1,051 45 0.01Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development34425. Carrot 1,659 45 0.01526. Cauliflower 1,715 45 0.01627. Cabbage 1,465 45 0.01428. Peas 1,351 45 0.01329. Other vegetables 6,594 45 0.06130. Rabi Fodders 152,538 40 1.256Total 1,601,202 8.532Source: Directorate General, Agriculture Extension Sindh

Appendix 5.2Crop Varieties Released in Sindh by the Provincial Seed Council upto 2002CropVariety Year of release Name of InstituteCotton Qalandari 1974 Agriculture Research Institute, TandojamCotton Sarmast 1975 Agriculture Research Institute, TandojamCotton K-68 1977 Agriculture Research Institute, TandojamCotton NIAB-78 1983 Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, FaisalabadCotton Rehmani 1985 Agriculture Research Institute, TandojamCotton Shaheen 1988 Cotton Research Institute, SakrandCotton Reshmi 1991 Agriculture Research Institute, TandojamCotton CRIS-9 1993 Cotton Research Institute, SakrandCotton Chandi-95 1996 Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, TandojamCotton Marvi (CRIS-5A) 2001 Cotton Research Institute, SakrandCotton Shahbaz 2001 Agriculture Research Institute, TandojamCotton CRIS-134 2002 Cotton Research Institute, SakrandCotton Sohni 2002 Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, TandojamWheat Pavon 1978 Agriculture Research Institute, TandojamWheat ZA-77 1982 Agriculture Research Institute, TandojamWheat TJ-83 1985 Agriculture Research Institute, TandojamWheat Sarsabz 1986 Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, TandojamWheat Soghat-90 1990 Wheat Research Institute, SakrandWheat Mehran-89 1991 Wheat Research Institute, SakrandWheat Anmol-91 1993 Wheat Research Institute, SakrandWheat Abadgar-93 1996 Wheat Research Institute, SakrandWheat Kiran-95 1996 Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, TandojamWheat Marvi-2000 2002 Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, TandojamWheat Moomal-2002 2002 Wheat Research Institute, SakrandRice IRRI-6 1969 Rice Research Institute, DokriRice IR-841 1972 Rice Research Institute, DokriRice DR-82 1982 Rice Research Institute, DokriRice DR-83 1983 Rice Research Institute, DokriRice Lateefy 1983 Agriculture Research Institute, TandojamRice Sada Hayat 1988 Agriculture Research Institute, TandojamRice IRRI-9 1988 Rice Research Institute, DokriRice DR-92 1993 Rice Research Institute, DokriRice Shua-92 1993 Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, TandojamRice Khushboo-95 1996 Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, TandojamRice Kanwal-95 1998 Rice Research Institute, DokriRice Shadab 1999 Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, TandojamRice Sarshar 2001 Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, TandojamSindh State ofEnvironment &Development345Sugarcane Gulabi 1998 Agriculture Research Institute, TandojamSugarcane NIA 1999 Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, TandojamSource: Sindh Seed Corporation, Hyderabad

Appendix 6.1Fish Species of the Indus BasinAbout 127 species, belonging to 64 genera and 24 families have been recorded as freshwater fishfound in the lower Indus Basin including those of brackish water habitat found in estuaries of IndusDelta (Mott. Macdonald International 1992).The main fisheries of commercial value are:Pallah (Tenualosa (Hilsa) ilisha): An anatropous species, which ascends into river Indus fromthe sea for breeding between April and September and caught in abundance. The upstreammigration of this commercially important fish has been restricted up to Kotri Barrage and isrelated to the inflow of river and the intensity with which it falls into the sea. This species whichonce dominated 70 percent of fish catch prior to damming of the river, has reduced to 15percent in mid 80s. The population of Pallah has been reduced further as the discharge offreshwater below Kotri is reduced due to the building of upstream barrages and dams and lackof conservation methods to protect this endangered species. The fish was restricted fromascending beyond Sukkur with the construction of Sukkur Barrage in 1932 and later up to Kotriwith the construction of Kotri Barrage in 1954.Flood plain species: Major Carps, members of a commercially important group of fishes,belong to family Cyprinidae are Labeo rohita, locally called as Rohu, Dambro or Kulhro; Labeocalbasu, locally called as Dahi; Catla catla, locally called as Catla, Thaila, or Thaile; Cirrhinamrigala, locally called as Mrigal, Morakha or Morakhi. These are important and highly priced,and their catch is from the Indus, lakes, dams, reservoirs and irrigation canals, including thedrains and all Indus inundation channels. The production of major carps, also known by itshabitat as Flood Plain Species, is dependent on floods in the Indus and the intensity offreshwater flow. Late floods and reduced intensity of flood reaching downstream in themonsoon season due to damming of the river has reduced effects on the breeding, spawningand propagation of major carps.Riverine species: Tend to remain in the river, and can spawn either in the marginal reed bedsand other vegetation or in flowing water. None are of major commercial importance exceptcaught for cheap source of protein in the diet of the local population and mixing in poultry andcattle feed.Wetland species: The important wetland species in the Indus Basin:Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development346- The Murrells (Snakehead): Quite a few are available and locally called Sonwal and Shakur(Ophiocephalus sp, Channa obscura and Channa channa).- Catfishes: Quite a few species available. The major ones are Wallago attu (local name)Jarko and Malli); Mystus spp. (local name Khagga) and Eel Mustacembeles sp. (local nameGuj).

Table 1: Vegetation Composition and Dominant Species at Various Range Sites inTharparkarRange siteAppendix 8.1 Flora in the Different Regions of the Sindh Arid ZonesDominant species Range site Dominant speciesMalheo-jo-Tar Euphorbia cauducifolia Adhigam Euphorbia caudcifoliaKhanoreA. senegalensis; Calligonum;PolygonoidsLohiyarTecoma undulata; Cenchrus ciliarisPabuhar Panissicum sp; Cenchrus bifloris Vakerio Pannicum sp. Eleusine flagelliferaChilhiarProsopis cineraria; LasiurussindicusBhalva & VinjhiSporobolus sp.; Aeloropus villosus;Desmotachya bippinataKabul-jo-Tar Panicum sp. Khambhro Prosopis cinerariaPathrio Prosopis cineraria; Eleusine Hathongo Panicum sp.;flagelliferaJhainrio Aristida sp. RarLasiurus sindicusSource: Khan and Baluch, 1972Table 2: Land Forms and Vegetation of Kohistan RangesRange siteHigh mountainrange(500-2170m)Vegetation Range site VegetationOpen bush land Acacia SenegalZiziphus nummulariaChrysopogon aucheri Grewia sp.Upper footslopes(200 - 500)Aristida sp. Lasiurus sindicusChymbopogon Jwar, ZiziphusnummulariaHigh mountainrange(500-2000 m)Sparse open bush AcaciasSenegal, Chrommiphora wightii,Cordia gharaf, Grewia sp.Lower footslopes(10 - 20 m)Wooded brush land thickets.Prosopis cineraria, CenchrusciliarisIndegofera oblongifolia CassiaholocericiaLow hill range(50-500 m)Sparse open bush AcaciaSenegal Euphorbia cauducifolia,Lasiurus sindicusSedimentaryplain(50 - 100 m)Wood land Acacia nilotica, Prosopiscineraria Eleusine flagelliforiaSalsola foetidiaStony plateau50-500Dissectedoutcrops(50 - 100 m)Sparse open dwarf shrub land,Baleria acanthoides, Ziziphusnummularia, Lasiurus sindicus,Aristida sp.Sparse open dwarf shrub land,Acacia Senegal, Euphorbiacauducifolia, Cordia gharaf,Lasiurus sindicusAlluvial Indusplain(20 - 5m)River beds anddrainagezones(50 -100 m)Salsola vermiculata Capparis aphyllaAlhaji murorum Cynodon dactylonWoodland and riverine thicketsTamarix aphylla TecomaundulataAcacia jacquemontiSacharum spontaneumSindh State ofEnvironment &Development347Colluvial fans(100 - 200 m)Open bush land Saccharumspantaneum, Pterophylum oliveriRecent sanddunes(50-100 m)Bushed grassland Lepodeniapyrotechneca Cenchruspennisetiformis Panicum turgidumCalligonum polygonoidesSource: FAO, 1975

Table 1 : Important Mammal Species of Wild Animals of the Arid Zones of SindhAppendix 8.2Sr.No.Common name Zoological name Habitat Status1. Indian Gazelle(Chinkara)Gazella gazellaThar, Nara bordering areaand Kirthar National ParkOriginal population of Tharand Nara seems to beexterminated2. Sindh Ibex (Sarain) Capra agagrus Arid hills and rocks ofKirthar range and KirtharNational Park(K. N.Park)3. Urial Ovis orientalis Kirthar range and K.N.Park.Protected in KirtharNational Park and areasof local sardarsProtected in K. N.Parkand Daryaro mountains ofLarkana4. Nilgiri BoselaphustregocamelusSouth of Nagarparkarmigrant from IndiaRarely found5. Asiatic wild ass Equis hemionus Ran of Kutch and Thar Endangered6. Indian crestedporcupineHystrix indica Thar, Nara and Kohistan Common7. Indian Hare Lopus migrcollisdavanusThar and Kohistan8. Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata Kohistan RareCommon in Mithi andDiplo9. Panther or Leopard Panthera pardus Kohistan Rare10. Indian Wolf Canis lupus pallipea Kirthar range and Thar Rare11. Jackal Canis aurius Thar, Nara and Kohistan Common12. Desert Fox Vopus vulpus pusilla Tharparkar and Kohistan Rare13. Wild cat Verricula indica Thar RareSindh State ofEnvironment &Development34814. CommonMangooseHerpestes edwardsi Tharparkar Rare15. Striped Hyena Hyena hyena Thar and Kohistan Rare16. Desert cat Felis libyca Tharparkar Rare17. Honey Badger Mellivora capensia K. N.Park Rare18. Wild boar Sus scrofa Nara Common

Appendix 9.1List of Trees, Shrubs and Other Plants of the Forests of SindhLocal NamBotanical NameAk : Calotropis proceraAmb : Mangifera indicaAngari : Amaranthus speciesAsri : Tamarix articulata (aphylla)Babul : Acacia arabica (nilotica)Bahan : Populus euphraticaBer : Ziz-yphus jujubs (Manratiana)Bhatar : Lausen speciesBuh : Asurua lana-taBukan : Lippias nodifloraBur : Ficus bengalensisChabbar : Eleusine aegypticaChatura : Xanthium strumatiumDubh : Cynodon dactylonGedoora (Lasura) : Cordia myxa (dichotoma)Gidamari (Imli) : Tamarindus indicaGidar phalli : Astragalus ContrortuplicentusJamu (Jaman) : Eugenia jambolana or Szyginum cumuniJar : Salvadora oleoidesJhil : Indigofera pauciflora (oblongifolla)Jhangra ber (Jangli ber): Zizyphus nummulariaKalvari : Capparis spinosaKandero : Alhagi camelorumKandi : Prosopis spicegeraKanwal peru : Solanum incertumKanh : Saccharum spontaneumKhabbar : Salvadera persicaKhip : Orthanthera viminea (Leptadenia sportium or Phyrotec)Khusbudar kandi : Acacia farnesianaKinro : Salvia speciesKirar : Capparis aphylla (Decidua)Lai (Lye) : Tamarix dioica / troupiiLalri : Withania somniferaLani : Salsola foetidaLiar : Cordia rothiiLulliar : Achyranthes attennifoliaMesquite : Prosopis julifloraMunj : Saccharum munja (Erianthus munja)Pann : Typha elephantianaPhar : Blumea species (Blumea aromatica)Phog : Calligonum polygonoidesPipur (papal) : Ficus religiosaSar : Saccharum spontasiumSirah : Albizzia lebbekSindh State ofEnvironment &Development349

Appendix 9.2: Mangrove Species in Pakistan and their DepletionTable 1: List and Distribution of Mangrove Species in PakistanFamily/SpeciesRHIZOPHORACEAECeriops tagalCeriops decandraRhizophora apiculata (T&S)(T)Tree (T) Distribution or Shrub (S)Karachi and Coast of Sindh (Stocks) Mouth of Indus and "SaltWater Creek." (Murray)Sindh tidal zone; existence considered doubtfulTidal marshes at the mouthRhizophora mucronata (T) of Indus: Miani Hor, LasbelaMYRSINACEAE (T) Mouth of Indus on muddy shores and tidal creeks;Aegiceras comiculatum (T&S) (S) Mangrove swamps at mouth of Indus, Karachi, Miani HorAVICENNIACEAEAAvicennia marinaSONNERATIACEAESonneratia caselaris(T)Tidal mangrove swamps; Sand-spit, Chinna Creek, Creek,etc., Kalmat KhorMouth of Indus and tidal zone onlySource: Coastal Environmental Management Plan for Pakistan - UNESCAP, 1989Table 2: Differences in Mangrove Cover Estimated from Satellite Interpretation in 1977 and1990Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development350Type of coverageDense mangrovesMedium cover mangrovesNormal mangrovesSparse cover mangrovesTotal mangrove areas% mangrove coverSparse/no vegetation/mudflatsSandCreek areasSalt pansTotal1977 ha.1990 ha.52,600 68,100not recorded 58,500210,500 not recordednot recorded 31,900263,100 158,50043.3% 26.6%137,600 382,70044,500 29,300162,000 23,600not recorded 1,100607,200 595,200Source: Sea Level Rise - Possible Impacts on the Indus Delta Pakistan, 1992

Appendix 9.3 Grazing Animals in the Indus DeltaTable 1: Number of Buffaloes in the Indus Delta Mangrove EcosystemBuffaloesgrazingPort QasimKeti BundarWest ShahBundarKarochanCentral ShahBundarEast ShahBundarTotalPermanent 300 270 455 740 675 2440Temporary 0 105 439 75 160 779Total 300 375 894 815 835 3219Source: University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan, 1998Table 2: Number of Camels in the Indus Delta Mangrove EcosystemCamelbrowsingPort QasimKeti BundarWest ShahBundarKarochanCentral ShahBundarEast ShahBundarTotalPermanent 200 935 1521 1423 1124 5203Temporary 0 71 281 400 73 825Total 200 1006 1802 1823 1197 6028Source: University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan, 1998Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development351

Appendix 9.4List of Schemes for Irrigated PlantationsName of SchemePhysical Target(in hectares)Guddu barrage zone afforestation over 24,000 acres (1964-65 to 1978-79) 24,000Raising of IP in Loyd barrage (1965-66 to 1972-73) 7,000Eucalyptus Plantation Pilot Project (1973-74 to 1981-82) 3,200Industrial wood plantation (1976-77 to 1981-82) 4,700Afforestation over 3,800 ha in Guddu barrage zone (Phase-II)(1980-81 to 1984-85)3,800Introduction of farm forestry (1982-83 to 1988-89) 620Eucalyptus plantation over 2,080 ha in Khipro forest (Phase-II)(1982-83 to 19990-91)2,080Forest development in Badin district (1984-85 to 1991-92) 2,000Raising of IP in Garhi Yasin forest (1985-86 to 1989-90) 1,280Raising of IP over 3,000 acres in Larkana district (1985-86 to 1989-90)Raising of IP in Dadu district (1985-86 to 1989-90) 1,306Raising of plantation in Andaldal forest of Shikarpur division(1985-86 to 1989-90)1,254Raising of IP over 400 ha in Miani forest of Hyderabad district(1987-88 to 1989-90)400Crash programme of forestry development in Jacobabad(1987-88 to 1989-90)480Raising of irrigated plantations of industrial importance in Sukkur(1988-89 to 1997-98)3,040Sindh Forestry Development project (1991-92 to 1998-99) 21,000Afforestation of Hasan Wahan & Amrote forests (1976-77 to 1980-81) 1,200Raising of IP in Khaso, Khanani, Malariri forests of Thatta district(1988-84 to 1992-93)880Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development352

Appendix 10.1Details of Bird Counts in Wetlands of SindhWETLANDS OF SINDHSr.NoCommonNameRehriCreekCapeMonzeHub-Dam Haleji JharHaderoCharwoPhoTharosnaiI & IIMatliJubho/KurNurr/ri.LunghLakeDrigLakeClifton HawkesbayBeachKeen-BhdesarIINary-asar1.2.3.Bar tailedgodwitKentishploverGreyplover12 53 903 - 70 112 - - - - - 880 - - - -440 608 116 7 - - - 7 - - - - - - - - -- 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -4. Little stint 450 - 774 19 200 180 220 271 - - - - 197 - - - -5. Curlew 3 8 - 17 - - 4 - - - - - - - - - -6.7.8.CommonredshankCommonsandpiperTereksandpiper150 26 18 46 10 40 1 8 - - - - - - 125 18 440 3 46 - 170 82 84 16 - - - - - - - - 810 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -9. Reef heron 40 - 67 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -10.11.12.GreyheronHerringgullBlackheadedgull120 16 28 9 26 24 44 16 - - - 6 12 - - - -1200 - - - 18 12 77 4 - - - 68 170 - - - -600 38 77 - 188 98 320 220 - 4 - 110 182 - - - -13.14.15.Slenderbilled gullCommonternBlackwingedstilt400 1830 250 200 - - - - - - - - - - - - -500 - - - - - - 12 - - - - - - - - -- 30 154 - 120 160 270 - 24 - 124 - - - - 12 2416. Dunlin - - 717 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -17.18.GreaterFlamingoLargecormorant- 166 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 1581 7 - 220 - - 70 - - - - - - - - -Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development35319.Lesserblackbackedgull- 321 76 250 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

WETLANDS OF SINDHSr.NoCommonNameRehriCreekCaeMonzeHub-Dam Haleji JharHaderoCharwoPhoTharosnaiI & IIMatliJubho/KurNurr/ri.LunghLakeDrigLakeCliftn HawkesbayBeachKeen-BhdesarIINary-asar20. Little egret - 50 - 3 112 80 86 42 10 - - - - 100 40 2 421.Little ringedplover- 42 24 - - 14 2 - - - - - - - - -22. Little tern - 72 12 - 18 14 46 4 - - - - - - - - 423. Osprey - 48 16 3 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - -24.Oystercatcher- 221 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -25. Pariah Kite - 330 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -26.Red wattledlapwing- 7 - - 110 46 220 10 - - - - - 34 240 2 1227. Ruff - 26 9 - - - - - - - - - - - 60 - -28.29.30.WoodsandpiperYellowwattledlapwingCommonshelduck- - 19 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - 53 - - - - - - - - - 160 - - - -31.Intermediateegret- - 124 - 32 55 22 4 - 4 - - - 80 5032. Pelican - - 113 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -33. Avocet - - 1163 - - - - 20 - - - - - - - - -Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development35434. Indian shag - - 18 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -35.36.CommonstarlingYellowwagtail- - 16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - 5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -37.Commonpochard- - - 9 650 3500 2500 1100 62 2050 80 2440 417 200 300 - -38. Wigeon - - - 1 310 2450 2650 900 - 621 160 1210 2500 500 300 - -

WETLANDS OF SINDHSr.NoCommonNameRehriCreekCaeMonzeHub- Keen- PhoosnDam Haleji JharHaderoCharwoa I &IIThariMatliJubho/KurNurr/ri.LunghLakeDrigLakeCliftn HawkesbayBeachBhdesarIINary-asar39.40.CommontealMarshsandpiper- - - 15 1650 5260 1200 1200 - 1620 2025 2200 6700 8000 6000 - 22- - - 2 - - 6 4 - - - - - - - - -41. Whimbrel - - - 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - -42. Sandwichtern- - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -43. Casplan tern - - - 6 6 2 18 - - - - 2 4 - - - -44.Marshharrier- - - 4 6 - 4 7 1 1 - - - - - - -45. Gadwall - - - - 116 2500 1100 5 - 251 1500 960 8392 1000 500 - 1246. Mallard - - - - 806 350 - - - - - - - 20 10 - -47. Pintail - - - - 162 2800 1655 2050 - 3150 1260 730 9780 4000 3500 -1048.Northernshoveller- - - - 995 4850 2600 560 - 480 400 1480 1250 15000 12000 - 1649. Tufted Duck - - - - 460 850 12 1050 - 6 270 460 - - - -50.Commoncoot- - - - 1680 - - - - - - - - - - - -51.Greatcrestedgrebe- - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - -52.53.BlackneckedgrebeLittlecormorant- - - - 32 110 - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - 370 250 172 190 52 25 - - - - - - 654. Cattle egret - - - - 86 170 46 - - - - - - - - - -Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development35555.White tailedplover- - - - 44 21 44 - - - - - - 19 50 - -56. Greenshank - - - - 22 6 4 1 - - - - - - - - 257.Greensandpiper- - - - 96 66 110 20 - 4 - - - - - 2 04

WETLANDS OF SINDHSr.NoCommonNameRehriCreekCaeMonzeHub- Keen- PhoosnThaiChar a I &MatliHadDam Haleji Jhar wo IIeroJubho/KurNurr/ri.LunghLakeDrigLakeCliftn HawkesbayBeachBhdesarIINary-asar58.59.60.61.62.63.64.65.Red neckedphalaropeCommonsnipeGull billedternPallas'efishing eagleImperialeagleGreaterspottedeagleBluecheekedbee eaterIndian pondheron- - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - 4 26 32 6 - - - - - - - - -- - - - 12 40 224 26 - - - - - - - - -- - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - 4 4 6 - 1 1 - - - - - - -- - - - 6 - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - 110 190 - - - - - - - - - 4 3266. Glossy Ibis - - - - 12 - - - - - - - - - - - -67.Indiancotton teal- - - - 251 - - - - - - - - - - - -68. Garganey - - - - - 55 - - - - - - - - - - -69.White eyedpochard- - - - - 30 - - - - - - - 500 - -70. Waterhen - - - - - 24 - - - - - - - - - - -Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development35671.Purplemoorhen- - - - - 112 - - - - - - - 85 45 - -72.Great blackheaded gull- - - - - 4 68 - - - - - - - - - -73.Whiskeredtern- - - - - 146 410 34 - 16 - - - - - - -74.Brahminykite- - - - - 6 2 - - - - - - - - - -

WETLANDS OF SINDHSr.NoCommonNameRehriCreekCaeMonzeHub- Keen- PhoosnDam Haleji JharHaderoCharwoa I &IIThariMatliJubho/KurNurr/ri.LunghLakeDrigLakeCliftn HawkesbayBeachBhdesarIINary-asar75. Black kite - - - - - 42 - - - - - - - - - - -76.77.78.79.PledkingfisherCrowpheasantIndianmoorhenBlack c.night heron- - - - - 14 12 - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - 10 - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - 120 - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - 56 - - - - - - - - - - -80. Great egret - - - - - 120 - - - - - - - - - - -81. Purple heron - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - - - -82.83.84.TermmincksstintPalliedharrierLong leggedbuzzard- - - - - 40 - - - - - - - - - - 32- - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - -85. Dabehick - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 2 -86.Commonkingfisher- - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - -87. Spoonbill - - - - - - - - - - - 75 95 - 300 - -88. White stork - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - -89.90.CommonbabblerJunglebabbler- - - - - - - - - - - - - 115 280 - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - 80 318 - -Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development35791.92.Blythis reedwarbierWhitecheekedbulbur- - - - - - - - - - - - - 35 32 - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - 70 180 -

WETLANDS OF SINDHSr.NoCommonNameRehriCreekCaeMonzeHub- Keen- PhoosnDam Haleji Jhar HaderoCharwoa I &IIThariMatliJubho/KurNurr/ri.LunghLakeDrigLakeCliftn HawkesbayBeachBhdesarIINary-asar93. Indian roller - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 143 - -94. Hoopoe - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 9 - -95.96.97.HousesparrowLong tailedpriniaCommonmyna- - - - - - - - - - - - - 180 350 - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 4 - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - 45 285 - -98. Bank myna - - - - - - - - - - - - - 85 170 - -99. Godwit - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80 - -100.Commoncrane- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 012 32101.Whitewagtail- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 -102.Indiancollareddove- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32 -103.Little browndove- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 -104.Chest nutbelliedSandgrouse- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44 -105.Dusky cragmartin- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development358106.107.EgyptianvultureIndian bluepeafowl- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -3965 5288 4835 567 8635 24812 14868 7904 158 8234 5550 9549 31181 29673 25861 153 -Source: Zoological Survey of Pakistan,Volum14, 2002

Appendix 10.2: List of Wetlands in SindhTable 1: RAMSAR List of Wetlands of International Importance in SindhName of SiteKeenjahar(Kalri) LakeLocation24° 56 N68° 03 EDistrictSurfaceArea(hectares)Wetland TypeRecognitionRAMSAR SiteNo. (RS#)Thatta 13468 2 Freshwater lake 1976RS# 99Drigh Lake27° 34 N68° 06 ELarkana 164 1 Slightly brackish182 2 lake1976RS# 100Haleji LakeIndus DolphinReserve24° 47 N67° 46 E28° 01 N69° 15 EThatta 1704 Artificial freshwaterlakeBetween Guddu andSukkur Barrages1976RS# 101125,000 1 River 200144200 2 RS#1065Jubho Lagoon24° 20 N68° 40 EThatta 706 Brackish lagoon,mudflats, marshes2001RS# 1067Nurri Lagoon24° 30 N68° 47 EBadin 2540 Brackish lagoon,mudflats2001RS# 1069Source: Scot,t D. A., A Directory of Asian Wetlands, Gland, IUCN,1989Table 2: List of Wetlands in SindhName of Site Location District Surface area(hectares)Wetland typeGhauspur (Rup)Jheel28° 08 N69° 06 EJacobabadCombined withSDL600 2Freshwater lakeSindhi Dhoro Lake(SDL)28° 09 N69° 04 EJacobabadFreshwater lakeHamal Katchri lakePugri Lakec. 27° 23 N67° 55 E27° 18 N68° 03 ELarkana unknown Shallow lake, associatedmarshesLarkana unknown Shallow brackish lakeManchar lake26° 25 N67° 39 ENara Canal area 26°00-27°15 N68°47-69°18 EDadu ca. 6000 ha Freshwater lake and marshesKhairpurandSangharca. 300000200 small, freshwater,brackish and saline lakes andmarshesSindh State ofEnvironment &Development359Soonhari lakeSadhori lake26° 10 N69° 04 E26° 12 N69° 07 ESanghar 245 Small saline lake and brackishmarshesSanghar unknown Shallow freshwater lake

Name of SiteLocationSanghriaro lake 26° 07 N69° 12 EKhipro lakes 25°32-25°49 N69°29-69°38 EThe Tando BagolakesPhoosna lakesCharwo LakeKhanjo (Khowajalake)24°45-24°50 N68°50-69°05 E24° 48 N68° 54 E24° 50 N69° 00 E24° 47 N69° 05 EDistrictSurface area(hectares)Wetland typeSanghar 380 Shallow brackish lakeSanghar ca. 30000 30 small brackish and salinelakesBadin unknown 11 shallow fresh and slightbrackish lakes and marshesBadin 160 ha 2 shallow slightly brackishlakesBadin 100 ha Shallow freshwater lake andmarshesBadin ca. 500 Freshwater lake andassociated marshesThe Badin andKadhan lagoonsShahbundar SaltWaste and Jafri lakesMahboob Shah LakeHadero LakeHawkes Bay /Sandspit andadjacent creeksClifton Beach24°15-24° 30 N68°35-69°05 E24°06-24°12 N67°54-68°15 E24° 30 N68° 03 E24° 49 N67° 52 E24°47-24°52 N66°50-66°59 E24° 47 N67° 05 EBadin unknown Very shallow brackish lagoonsand wet mudflatsThatta ca. 20000 ha Salt waste and large brackishto saline lakeSujawal 100 ha Small fresh to brackish lakeand marshes(small lakes inthe region: Karo, Karajo,Chatch and Ghungri)Thatta 1321 Brackish lakeKarachi20 km beaches ca.2000 tidal creeksSandy beaches, complexcreeks and shallow tidallagoons, inter tidal mudflatsand mangrove swampsKarachi 8 km beach Sandy beach, tidal mudflats,sand dunesSindh State ofEnvironment &Development360Korangi (KC) andGharo (GC) creeks24° 47 N67° 11 EOuter Indus Delta 23°45-24°45 N67°10-68°15 EKarachiKarachi toIndianborderKC 48386 GC64370ca. 300000200000mangrovesTidal creeks, mangroveswamps, tidal mudflatsTidal river channels, creeks,sandy islands, mangroveswamps, inter tidal flatsLangh (Lungh) Lake27° 30 N68° 05 ELarkana 19 Formerly a freshwater lake fedby rice paddies, now waterdiverted elsewhere. Wetlandhas completely disappearedSource: Scott, D.A., A Directory of Asian Wetlands, Gland, IUCN, 1989

Appendix 11.1 Major Pollutants and Their LoadTable 1: Major Pollutants in the Industrial Wastes from Karachi RegionSr.NoIndustryMajor pollutants1. Textile Industries Metal oxides, colouring compounds, wood andcotton fibres.2. Tanneries Chrome salts, organometallic compounds, highBOD organic wastes3. Pharmaceutical industries A variety of inorganic / organic compounds andtoxic substances4. Plastic and rubber industries Polyvinyl chlorides, polyethylene polypropylene,polyesters, etc.5. Steel foundries and metallurgical industries Cooling oils, PCBs, acids and alkaline deoxidizingagents, metal salts6. Electroplating of surface coating industries Heavy metals, metal oxides, metal sulphides,polyhydroxy phenols7. Glass, ceramics and tile industries Metal oxides, CO8. Soap and detergents Fatty acids, glycerines, oils9. Fish processing industries High BOD organic wastes10. Chemical industries Various organic and inorganic compounds11. Fertilizers and pesticides Inorganic compounds, pesticides and insecticides12. Power stations Chlorine, heavy metals, lubricating oil, metaloxides, sulphur compoundsSource: Rizvi et al (1986 )Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development361

Table 2: Pollution Load Estimates Contributed by Industrial Effluetns into the CoastalWaters of KarachiSr.No.Industrial siteNo. ofIndustrialunitsMajor industriesShare of pollution load(percent approx.)Lyari River Outfall1. SITE < 2,000 Textile (60 percent) Leather &Tanneries, chemicals (5 percent)electroplating, plastic & PVC,engineering, iron & steel works,paints, sea salt detergents.432. West wharf Area < 30 Engineering factory, chemicals fishprocessing53. Karachi CityArea< 2,000 Cement factory, engineering works,variety12Malir River Outfall4. L.ITE < 1,000 Textile, leather, engineering works 155. K.IA < 500 Refineries, tanneries, power plant,chemicals, detergents, sea salt10Sea Outfall6. Pakistan SteelComplexSteel, metallurgy, ammoniumsulphates57. Gharo City < 80 Textile 28. HITE < 100 Chemicals, textiles, foundries andPVC factory8Source: Coastal Environment Manageer Plan for Pakistan - UN ESCAP, 1989Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development362

Appendix 12.1: Flora of Sindh in its Major HabitatsTable 1: Species Found on the Coast / Creeks Near Mangrove ZonesSr.No.Trees Shrubs / undershrubs Herbs / grasses1. Aegicerus majus Atriplex stocksii. Aleuropus spp.2. Avicennia officinalis Ipomea aquatica Cyperus spp.3. Brugeria gymnorhiza Salsola foetida Echinochloa spp.4. Ceriops candolleana Suaeda spp. Ipomea bioiba5. Rhizophora mucronata Oryza coarctata6. Rhizophora conjugate Pharagmites karkaTable 2: Species Found in Swamps, Seasonal Inundations, Seepage and JheelsSr.No.TreesShrubs & UndershrubsHerbs & Grasses1. Tamarix spp. Aponogeton spp.2. Typha elephantine Ceratophyllum demersum3. Coix aquatica4. Nymphaea rubra5. Panicum spp.6. Polygonum plebejum7. Pharagmites karka8. Scripus squarrosus9. Trapa bispinosa10. Vallisneria spirilis.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development363

Table 3: Trees, Shrubs and Under-shrubs of Sand and Sand dunesSr.No.TreesShrubs/undershrubsHerbs/grasses1. Acacia arabica Aerva psudotomentosa Alternanthera nodiflora2. Calotropis procera Aristolochia bracteata3. Capparis caudicifolia Aerva spp.4. Grewia popalifolia Asparagus spp.5. Indigofera spp. Aristida funiculate6. Leptadenia spartium Boerhaavia diffusa7. Lycium barbarum Citrullus colocynthis(***)8. Prosopis spicigera Clome brachycarpa9. Salvadora olioides Cressa cretica10. Crotolaria burhia Cymbopogon spp.11. Sericostoma pauciflorum Cyperus spp.12. Tamarix dioica Echinochola colona13. Zizyphus rotundifolia Daemia extensa14. Eragrostis tenella15. Eragrostis ciliaris16. Cenchrus catharticus17. Farsetia jacquemontii18. Ipomea biloba19. Indigofera argentea20. Launea chondrilloides21. Launea nudicaulis22. Leucas utricifolia23. Leptadenia spartium24. Momordica balsamina25. Maerua arenariaSindh State ofEnvironment &Development36426. Pentatropis spp.27. Panicum turgidura28. Pennisetum cenchroides29. Rhyncosia arenaria30. Sonchus oleraccus31. Trianthema monogyna32. Zygophyllum simplex

Table 4: Trees, Shrubs and Under-shrubs of Kohistan and the Hilly Regions of SindhSr.No. Trees Shrubs/undershrubs Herbs/grasses1 Acacia arabica Abutilon glaucum Agrostis spp2 Acacia senegal Abutilon indicum Aristida scoparia3 Abutilon muticum Clome brachycarpa4 Aerva psudotomentosa Cleome viscosa5 Aerva tomentosa Convolvulus glomerutus6 Astraglus stocksii Eragrostis cilliaris7 Capparis aphylla Euphobia hirta8 Commiphora mukul(***) Euphobia thymifolia9 Cordia rothii Hliotropium undulatum10 Crotolaria burhia Inula grantioides11 Daemia extensa Kickxia incana12 Euphorbia caudicifolia Launea spp13 Grewia populifolia Melhania denhamii14 Grewia vilosa Mollugo hirta15 Indigofera pauciflora Panicum spp16 Lycium barbarum Pennisetum cenchroides17 Mimosa hamata Portulaca quadrifida18 Pavonia arabica Salvia aegyptica19 Prosopis spicigera Trianthema pentendra20 Periploca aphylla Zygophyllum simplex21 Rhazya stricta22 Salvadora olioides23 Senera incana24 Sida grsewioide25 Zizyphus rotundifoliaSindh State ofEnvironment &Development365

Appendix 13.1: Animals at the Kirthar National Park (KNP)Table 1: Census Report of Herbivore Animals at KNP District Dadu (1998-99)Name of Area / MountainSpecies Sindh Ibex(Capra Hirous)Species Urial/Wildsheep(Ovisorientlis)MaleFemaleKidsJan 99Total Male FemaleKidsJan 99TotalKirthar Mountain 1253 1800 450 3503 129 343 124 596Jhating Mountain 15 32 08 55 - - - -Rani Kot 07 28 07 42 - - - -Kambho East and West 540 1230 2181988128 366 72 566Baneer Mountain - - - - 30 143 26 199Dumbar Mountain 50 60 35 145 141 190 109 440Gaz, Behli, Fatag, Mooland Guri- - - - 30 45 24 99Petrok Mountain - - - - 75 102 61 238Mehi Mountain 10 32 06 06 06 43 08 57Total 5781 2195Table 2: Census of Key Species in KNP (1992-93)Sr. No.Name of Mountain Sindh Ibex Urial Chinkara1. Kirthar 2001 461 3152. Kambar 2110 380 8253. Dumbar - 920 1774. Jhating 391 - -5. Mari 1 245 -Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development3666. Munghtar - 181 -7. Lusar - 205 -8. Jannai - 119 -9. Mehar - 148 -10. Mole Wari Guri - 89 5511. Muso Pipri - 107 15Total 4503 2855 1387

Appendix 14.1: Total Revenues Earned in Rupees from Minerals in SindhTable 1: Total Revenues Earned (in Rupees) from Minerals in SindhSr. No. Mineral 1997- 98 1998 - 99 1999 - 20001. Aragonite/Marble 384,946 119072 2204482. Ball clay 4,000 4200 50003. Bentonite 5,440 11090 425524. Celestite 14,325 17875 105605. Chalk 130,307 121068 1272086. Clay --- --- 100007. China clay 398,396 296476 3286588. Coal 78,803,238 2048950 793874029. Dolomite 3,667,334 1482240 266094010. Fire clay N. A. 252 ---11. Flint stone 13,058 6200 1100012. Fuller's Earth 180,165 150724 18792613. Granite N. A. 115960 39069314. Gypsum 128,203 20000 ---15. Gravel 231,265 67370 11084416. Lake salt 180,384 129924 11213717. Laterite 51,766 78372 11569618. Limestone 30,984,418 30440437 2724336519. Red Ochre 11,820 9030 705020. Sand/Bajri (Sand stone) 78,642 5880 4517621. Sea/Solarsalt(Evaporates) 1,332 --- ---22. Shale clay 1,055,359 942882 39278823. Silica sand 316,796 185049 26016424. Surface minerals 27,606,525 28293238 3344172125. Trona 177,348 160982 17316326. Quarry Licence 2,123,986 1802237Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development367TotalSub Total 144,425,067 66,831,257 147,076,728Others (Rent &Royality and Toll tax etc).1,613,993 92,851,563 92,835,010Source: Directors General Mines and MineralsTotal 146,039,060 159,682,820 239,911,738

Appendix 15.1: Demographic Data SindhTable 1: Sindh Basic Demographic Data of Sindh 1951 - 1998YearArea(Sq. Km)PopulationPopulationdensity(persons/sq.km)Urbanpopulation(percentage)Average annualgrowth rate(percentage)Householdsize19511961140,914(17.7)6,054,4748,374,03217.919.543.059.429.237.83.34.65.819721981199814,158,27919,028,66629,991,16121.722.623.0100.5135.0212.840.443.348.93.62.716.27.05.8Source: Arif Hasan, Urban Change Scale and Underlying caulses - The case of Pakistan. City Press Karachi. 2002Table 2: Sindh Population 1901-98 (in thousands)Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development368Census YearTotal Urban Rural(%) (%)1901 3091 276 28158.93 91.071911 3499 300 31998.57 91.431921 3201 322 287910.06 89.941931 3750 427 332311.39 88.611941 4381 519 386211.85 88.151951 6054 1768 428629.20 70.801961 8374 3167 520737.82 62.181972 14158 5726 843240.44 59.561981 19029 8243 1078643.32 56.681998 29991 14662 1532948.89 51.11Source: Arif Hasan, Urban Change Scale and Underlying caulses - The case of Pakistan. City Press Karachi. 2002

Table 1: Pakistan Main City Population Data 1998Appendix 15.2: Pakistan Main City Population Data 1998PopulationProvince/CityPopulation(as % ofprovincialurban)(as % ofprovincialtotal)Average growthrate (% p.a.)PunjabLahoreFaisalabadRawalpindiGujranwalaMultanUrban: 22,6995,0631,9771,4061,2171,182100.022.38.76.25.45.231.37.02.71.91.71.63.313.223.483.413.82.865 Main Cities 10,845 48.0 15.0 -SindhKarachiHyderabadSukkurUrban: 14,6619,0941,151329100.062.07.82.249.030.03.81.13.453.42.52.63 Main Cities 10,749 71.0 35.2 -NWFPPeshawarMardanMangoraUrban: 2,973988245174100.033.28.25.816.95.61.41.03.463.33.04.13 Main Cities 1,407 47.0 8.0 -BalochistanQuettaKhuzdarTurbatChamanUrban: 1,516560936765100.04 Main Cities 785 52.0 12.0 -Source: Arif Hasan, Urban Change Scale and Underlying caulses - The case of Pakistan. City Press Karachi. 20023764423.38.71.40.90.94.904.06.71.54.7Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development369

Appendix 15.3: Physical Conditions in SindhTable 1: Physical Conditions - SindhPhysical conditionsNo. of housing unitsRental housing (%)Owned housing (%)One-room houses (%)2-4 room houses (%)Persons/housing unitPersons/roomTotalRural Urban1980 1998 1980 1998 1981 19982,781,873 5,022,392 - 2,850,989 - 2,171,40310.72 12.20 1.10 1.55 22.98 26.1977.04 76.90 85.35 86.00 66.45 64.9661.02 56.94 72.84 72.69 45.95 36.258.57 10.64 - 5.03 - 18.017.1 6.0 7.1 5.5 7.0 6.83.94 3.33 4.73 3.93 3.33 3.09Electric connections (%)35.92 70.08 10.94 52.62 67.76 93.00Piped water in house (%)Piped water outside house20.85 37.17 3.76 13.53 42.63 68.2119.21 4.53 4.90 3.29 37.45 6.17Separate latrine (%)Shared latrine with otherhousing unit (%)No latrine (%)- 35.36 - 24.23 74.71 49.97- 30.57 - 20.08 9.51 44.33- 34.08 - 55.69 15.79 5.70RCC roofs (%)15.94 25.53 1.38 6.44 34.48 50.60Source: Arif Hasan, Urban Change Scale and Underlying caulses - The case of Pakistan. City Press Karachi. 2002Table 2: Physical Conditions- Karachi.1980 1998No. of Housing Units 858,000 1,457,000Rental Housing 26.40 % 32.48 %Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development370One room houses 44.94 % 30.09 %Three room houses 13.96 % 21/12 %Average persons/ room 3.1 2.89Electric Connections 65.78 % 93.79 %Water Connections in house 44.45 % 74.38 %Water Connections outside house 45.39 % 7.41 %RCC roofs 42.54 % 56.04 %Source: Government of Pakistan, Census Report 1998 and the Housing Census 1980

Appendix 15.4: Social Indicators of Different Types of Settlements in KarachiTable 1: A Comparison of Social Indicators of Planned Areas and Katchi Abadis ofKarachiDemography:- Average household size- Percentage gender distribution (male)- Percentage gender distribution (female)- Percentage population < 20- Crude birth ratePlanned Areas6.954.046.048.61.3Katchi abadi Areas7.365.035.056.43.6Income:-- Average income (Rs per month) 3,808 - 4,930 1,899 - 2,158Education:- Percentage population literate > 10 years- Percentage population with primary education- Percentage population with up to secondaryeducation- Percentage population with up to intermediateeducation- Percentage population with up to Bachelor andabove- Percentage primary enrolment (male)- Percentage primary enrolment (female)76.060.150.630.819.187.083.048-6745.423.77.43.160.049.0Source: AERC Survey for the Karachi Master Plan, 1989Table 2: A Comparison of Social Indicators in Low Income Settlements of KarachiPeri-Urban ISD(Orangi)Lower MiddleIncomePlanned Area(Karimabad)ISD nearCity Centre(EssaNagri)Baba Island(200- yearoldsettlement)Year Survey Conducted 1984 1984-85 1986-87 1989Average number of persons per housingunit7.6 5.1 6.7 7.3Average number of rooms per housing unit 2.0 2.9 1.7 2.3Average number of persons per room 3.8 1.8 4.2 3.2Percentage population age 10+ literate 73.0 92.6 54.2 19.6Average family income per month (Rs.) 1,490 2,400 1,535 2,309Percentage Origin of head of family: Native(Karachi)0.0 0.0 16.3 88.1Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development371Crude birth rate (per 1000 population.) 40.8 16.3 44.4 39.2Crude death rate (per 1000 population) 9.6 7.3 10.9 20.0Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) 110.4 33.3 105.0 208.9Source: Community Health Sciences Department, Aga Khan Medical University, Karachi

Appendix 17.1Crude Oil Reserves as on June 30, 2001 (Million US Barrels)Sr. No.FieldOperatorCompanyOriginalRecoverableReservesCumulativeProductionBalanceSindh State ofEnvironment &Development3721. Balkassar POL 35.2 33.610 1.592. Dhulian " 42.5 41.540 0.963. Joyamair " 10.45 7.5 2.954. Khaur " 4.31 4.20 0.115. Meyal " 40.30 38.59 1.716. Minwal " 3.74 0.53 3.217. Pariwali " 6.77 2.14 4.638. Pindori " 28.07 5.78 22.299. Turkwai POL 3.79 1.61 2.1810. Bagla OGDC 0.07 0.00 0.0711. Bhal Syedan " 0.17 0.092 0.0812. Bobi " 8.4 1.978 6.42213. Buzdar & Buzdar North © " 0.276 0.014 0.26214. Chak Dim South 0.118 - 0.11815. Chak Naurang " 5.8 4.576 1.22416. Dakhni © " 10.556 3.021 7.53517. Daru " 0.425 0.215 0.2118. Dhamraki " 0.15 - 0.1519. Dhodak © " 29.8 5.943 23.85720. Fimkassar " 26.29 12.035 14.25521. Jakhro " 0.31 0. 0.3122. Kal " 7.03 3.627 3.40323. Kunar " 12.4 3.521 8.87924. Lashari Centre " 10.93 6.206 4.72425. Chanda " 18.57 0.02 18.5526. Lashari South © " 0.04 0.022 0.02227. Missan " 0.314 0.238 0.07628. Missakaswal 9.33 8.694 0.63629. Mithrao " 1.050 - 1.05030. Palli " 0.25 0.107 0.14331. Nur " 0.057 - 0.05732. Pasakhi & Pasakhi North " 24.68 15.793 8.88733. Qadirpur " 3.8 0.589 3.21134. Rajian " 17.48 2.98 14.535. Sadkal © " 4.5 3.755 0.74536. Sono " 18.6 9.453 9.14737. Tando Alam " 22.419 11.914 10.50538. Thora " 22.98 13.334 9.64639. Toot " 17.4 12.178 5.22240. Akri North UTP 7.512 3.885 3.62741. Bachal UTP 0.031 0.026 0.00542. Bari " 2.376 2.132 0.24443. Bhatti © 2.843 1.506 1.33744. Bukhari " 1.642 1.464 0.17845. Bizdar South & Deep “ 0.242 .177 .065

Sr. No.FieldOperatorCompanyOriginalRecoverableReservesCumulativeProductionBalance46. Dabhi & South 9.693 6.512 3.18147. Duphri 0.025 - 0.02548. Ghungro " 10.337 3.603 6.73449. Golarchi © " 0.242 .177 .06550. Halipota " 1.783 1.112 .67151. Jabo " 5.094 0.491 4.60352. Jagir " 5.618 2.577 3.04153. Jalal " .311 .248 .06354. Kato " .251 .227 .02455. Khasheli 11.385 10.979 0.40656. Khorewah & Deep " 1.761 1.209 .55257. Koli © " .456 .423 .03358. Laghari " 21.253 20.998 .25559. Liari " 11.902 6.488 5.41460. Mahi " 0.048 0.025 0.02361. Matli " 0.286 .283 .00362. Mazari " 22.479 21.231 1.24863. Mazari South " 26.777 16.472 10.30564. Meyun Ismail Deep UTP 0.882 0.791 0.09165. Meyun Ismail " 0.419 0.346 0.07366. Mokhdum pur Deep " 0.419 0.346 0.07367. Muban " 1.571 0.093 1.47868. Nakruji, " 0.0069. Nari " 0.085 .053 .03270. Paniro " 1.241 0.669 0.57271. Pir " 0.089 .061 .02872. Raj " .038 - .03873. Rind © ". 0.321 .228 0.09374. Sakhi " 7.648 2.486 5.16275. Sonro © " .965 .491 0.47476. Tajedi " 2.125 1.862 .26377. Tangri " 15.969 6.964 9.00578. Tando Gulam Ali " 0.072 - 0.07279. Turk & Turk Deep " 2.144 1.681 0.46380. Zaur & Zaur Deep " 2.025 0.264 1.76181. Bhangali OXY 3.68 3.21 0.4782. Dhurnal " 50.29 48.57 1.7283. Ratana " 1.2 1.14 0.0684. Savi Ragha © BG 1.35 - 1.3585. Adhi PPL 35.0 10.76 24.2486. Dhabi North UTP 5.925 2.677 3.24887. Jhaberi UTP 0.135 0 0.13588. Junathi South UTP 0.077 0.006 0.07189. Keyhole G UTP 0.969 0.06 0.90990. Zamzama © BHP 6.835 0.048 6.787Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development373

Appendix 17.2GOVERNMENT OF SINDHMINISTRY OF LAW, JUSTICE, HUMAN RIGHTS ANDPARLIAMENTARY AFFAIRS (LAW, JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTSDIVISION)F. NO. 8 (10)/2002-Pub. Karachi, 26th December 2002The following Ordinance promulgated by the Governor is hereby published for general information:ORDINANCE NO. X OF 2002ANORDINANCEOn Development of Renewable Energy Technologies in Sindh(This ordinance is complimentary to all National ordinances on renewable energy)WHEREAS the province of Sindh has tremendous Solar and Wind energy resources that have notbeen explored to their full extent, and that these energy resources can be swiftly developed to meetpressing energy demands of widely dispersed populace, the Sindh Government has decided tointroduce Renewable Energy Technologies with a special Ordinance to ensure their speedydevelopment;AND WHEREAS the acute shortage of energy resources in remote locations in the Province ofSindh have not been met by conventional energy resources despite the best efforts of all energydevelopment agencies;AND WHEREAS the Governor of Sindh is convinced that there is an urgent requirement toinvestigate alternative means that can provide efficient energy mix to masses living in remote areasof Sindh;Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development374NOW THEREFORE, in pursuance of the Proclamation of Emergency of the fourteenth day ofOctober, 1999, and the Provisional Constitution Order No 1. of 1999, read with the ProvisionalConstitution (Amendment) Order No. 9 of 1999, and in exercise of all powers enabling him in thatbehalf, the Governor of Sindh is pleased make and promulgate the following Ordinance to thiseffect.Short Title, extent and commencement.-CHAPTER IGENERAL(1) "This Ordinance may be called Sindh Ordinance on Development of Renewable EnergyResources 2002.(2) It shall extend to the whole of Sindh.(3) It shall come in to force at once.

Definitions: -1. Renewable energy technology means technologies that utilize non-polluting, environmentalfriendly and naturally occurring sources of energy;2. Renewable energy sources will include solar, wind, micro-hydle power, energy from oceans,biomass, biogas and other similar energy resources.CHAPTER IIRENEWABLE ENERGY GROWTH TARGETS AND INCENTIVESThe Government of Sindh has set following targets to be achieved to ensure introduction ofrenewable energy resources in the Province.All electrical energy generation companies/electrical energy distribution companies operating inSindh will ensure that 1 to 2 percent of annual electricity generated on their grid is produced with'Renewable Energy Resources'. The energy production through renewable energy resources shallbe developed at a pace so as to achieve 10 percent share in electrical generation of the provinceby the year 2010.To achieve bold and ambitious target of 10 percent share of renewable energy resources inelectrical grid by the year 2010, a 2 percent of the Annual Development Budget will be reserved forthe acquisition, exploitation and application of Renewable Energy Resources in the Province.This reserved component of the budget will be allocated for projects selected by Sindh Irrigation andPower Department and National Commission on Alternative Energy.The villages electrification program of the provincial government will be modified in such a way that20 percent of the villages will be will be connected to renewable energy power in next Five-YearPlan.All new schools, mosques and medical facilities in villages of Province of Sindh will be providedelectrical power by renewable energy resources only.All new public buildings will be required to install solar hot water heaters manufactured in Pakistan,before receiving a completion certificate from the authorities.All schools, colleges, polytechnic institutes, and universities will introduce renewable energytechnology courses to produce the necessary manpower needed for development, promotion oflocal industries and support for development of local communities, infrastructures, etc.The Government of Sindh will offer following incentives to ensure continued support to entrepreneurin this sector:-No provincial taxes will be imposed on equipment, machinery and raw materials needed for thedevelopment, promotion and implementation of renewable energy technologies for a period of 10years.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development375A Governors Renewable Energy Technologies Development Fund will be created with 50 per centshare from provincial government and 50 percent will be requested from Government of Pakistan.Allocation of Rs. 50 million will be made out of Annual Development Budget of the Province till year

2010.Micro credit banks will be entrusted to provide renewable energy operated products on easyinstalments like solar cookers and solar lanterns through the network of NGO's or directly asdeemed necessary;Banks will be encouraged to provide loans to retailers of Renewable Energy Products on easyterms and conditions to enable them to build up their business;Provide grants and support to initiate the required training schemes;All subsidies provided for kerosene and other fossil fuels for irrigation and drinking waterpumping will be shifted to subsidize the renewable power systems by the year 2005;Encourage private and public industries to utilize renewable energy products in promotion andadvertisement of their products.Provide grants and support to initiate the curriculum development at all level that is required fortraining schemes and provide grants and support to all education institutions for scholarships tostudents for studying renewable energy technologies degree program.The Government of Sindh will facilitate contractual agreements on production of power by theNational Commission on Renewable Energy in Sindh and provide land for development ofRenewable Energy technologies in the Province.A Governor's Renewable Energy Technology Scholarship will be created for all schools, collegesand universities to be awarded to one student from each institution working on Renewable EnergyTechnologies.pecial development grant will be awarded each year to an institute developing state of the artresearch facilities to train scientists and engineers in renewable energy technologies.Special devlopment grant will be awarded each year to an institute developing state of the artresearch facilities to train scientists and engineers in renewable energy technologies.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development376

Appendix 22.1 : Sindh Based Print Media PublicationsTable 1: Daily NewspapersLanguageNumber of PublicationsUrdu 48Sindhi 20English 14Gujarati 1Joint U/S/E/G 6Total 89Table 2: Weekly PublicationsLanguageNumber of PublicationsUrdu 60Sindhi 6English 8Seraiki 1Joint U/S/E 18Total 93Table 3: Monthly PublicationsLanguageNumber of PublicationsUrdu 126Sindhi 7English 57Gujarati 1Joint U/S/E/G 29Total 220Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development377

Table 4: Fortnightly PublicationsLanguageNumber of PublicationsUrdu 19Sindhi 1English 7Seraiki 1Joint U/S/E/G 9Total 37Table 5: Quarterly PublicationsLanguageNumber of PublicationsUrdu 4English 7Joint U/E/S 2Total 13Table 6: Bi- Annual PublicationsLanguageNumber of PublicationsUrdu 2Total 2Table 7: Annual PublicationsLanguageNumber of PublicationsEnglish 1Total 1Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development378Source: Information Department, Government of Sindh.

The Role of Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority(PEMRA)Appendix 22.2PEMRA, the regulator for electronic media in Pakistan, has been made responsible for formulatingtechnical standard and scrutinising technical feasibility for broadcasting services including radio,television, satellite broadcasting, cable television, multi-channel multi-point distribution service(MMDS) and local multi-point distribution service (LMDS).According to PEMRA Ordinance 2002, the Authority has been mandated to: Improve the standardsof information, education and entertainment; Enlarge the choice available to the people of Pakistanin the media; Facilitate the devolution of responsibility and power to the grassroots by improving theaccess of the people to mass media at the local and community level; and Ensure accountability,transparency and good governance by optimising the free flow of information.PEMRA has been mandated to provide project management guidelines and action plans to theprivate sector interested in establishing radio, television and cable TV stations in the country.The Authority has been empowered to issue licences for broadcast and CTV stations in thefollowing categories: i) International scale stations; ii) National scale stations; iii) Provincial scalestations; iv) Local Area or Community based stations; v) Specific and specialised subject stations;and vi) Cable television network stations.The law lays down stringent and subjective pre-conditions for eligibility of a license. It says abroadcaster or CTV operator issued a licence under this Ordinance must, among others, guaranteethe following: Respect the sovereignty, security and integrity of Pakistan; Respect the national,cultural, social and religious values and the principles of public policy as enshrined in theConstitution; and Ensure that programmes and advertisements do not encourage violence,terrorism, racial, ethnic or religious discrimination, sectarianism, extremism, militancy or hatred orcontains pornography or other material offensive to commonly accepted standards of decency.Apportioning AirtimeSignificantly, it will be binding on a licensed broadcaster to allot at least 10 percent of its daily airtimeto broadcast programmes given to it by the government. The law says a licensee must "broadcastor distribute programmes in the public interest specified by the Federal Government or the Authorityin the manner indicated by the Government or, as the case may be, the Authority, provided that theduration of such mandatory programmes do not exceed 10 percent of the total duration of broadcastor operation by a station in 24 hours except if, by its own volition, a station chooses to broadcast ordistribute such content for a longer duration."One shortcoming of the law is that even after a broadcaster has been issued a license by PEMRAafter paying a heavy fee, he or she will have to obtain separate licences from the Pakistantelecommunications Authority (PTA) and the Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) before being eligibleto import any transmitting apparatus for broadcasting or CTV operation system. Ideally all of thisshould have been under one roof. Currently a broadcaster is not guaranteed operational freedomeven after obtaining a license from PEMRA. And then a licence will be valid for a period of five, 10or 15 years subject to payment of the annual fee prescribed from time to time.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development379

The law also outlines the ineligibility criteria under which foreigners or foreign firms or organisationscan neither operate nor fund a radio or television station. A licence will NOT be granted to: i) Aperson who is not a citizen of Pakistan or resident in Pakistan; ii) A foreign company organisedunder the laws of any foreign government; iii) A company the majority of whose shares are ownedor controlled by foreign nationals or companies whose management or control is vested in foreignnationals or companies; iv) A person who already owns or operates, in Pakistan, any otherbroadcast or cable TV network station, printed newspaper or magazine or an advertising agency,and v) Any person funded or sponsored by a foreign government or organisation.Disallowed ProgrammesAmong the prohibitions on private radio or television include broadcasting, re-broadcasting ordistribution of any programme that in the opinion of PEMRA "is likely to create hatred among thepeople or is prejudicial to the maintenance of law and order or likely to disturb public peace andtranquillity or endangers national security or is pornographic or is offensive to commonly acceptedstandards of decency."As for offences and penalties, any broadcaster or CTV operator or person who violates or abets theviolation of any of the provisions of this law will be guilty of an offence punishable with a fine whichmay extend to one million rupees. Where such broadcaster or CTV operator or person repeats theviolation or abetment, such person will be guilty of an offence punishable with imprisonment for aterm which may extend to three years, or with fine, or with both.The Pakistan government, however, has included an indemnity in the law for itself. No suit,prosecution or other legal proceeding will be allowed against the federal or any provincialgovernment or local authority or any other person exercising any power or performing any functionunder this law "or for anything which is in good faith done or purporting or intended to be done underthis Ordinance or any rule made thereunder."All these rules show that operating a radio or television station in the private sector in Pakistan willnot be an easy task and some of the main problems will be huge operational funds, an absence offormal professional training for technical and production staff and the omnipresent governmentinterference, influence and control.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development380

Appendix 23.1NGO Networks and AlliancesTo network and complement the work of each other, many NGOs in Sindh have formed alliances.These are as follows:Sindh NGO FederationRegistered with the Social Welfare Department, Government of Sindh, the Sindh NGO Federation(SINGOF) was established in 1995. Based in Hyderabad, it has at present, 394 members. Thisnetwork was a result of an NGO convention held in Hyderabad, in 1994, which was attended by 280representatives from 150 registered NGOs and CBOs. It was there that the need for such a coalitionwas propounded.The objectives of SINGOF are to establish a link with other NGOs and support organizations,provide training to CBOs working at grassroots and bridge the gap between NGOs supportorganizations and the government.The SINGOF played a major role in negotiating with the government on the proposed amendmentsin the Social Welfare Act.SindhnetFormed by a network of support organizations in 1994, its founding members include NGOResource Centre, NGO Support unit of IUCN, National Rural Support Progrrame, OXFAM,Strengthening Participatory Organization (SPO) and Trust for Voluntary Organization (TVO).Recently Health and Nutrition Development Society (HANDS ). Thardeep Rural DevelopmentProgramme ( TRDP ), and Sindh Graduates Association (SGA ) also joined the coalition.The objectives are building the capacity of CBOS/NGOs as well as SINDNET members, sharing ofideas on developmental issues and approaches, preventing conflicts, duplication by fosteringgreater collaboration, developing consensus for policy dialogues among its members andadvocating and lobbying for the cause of local NGOs with the government, donors and internationalNGOs.The secretariat is shared by all the member organizations on a rotational basis.Marooara Coordination CouncilA forum made of 40 government and NGO bodies way back in 1993, the council is working primarilyin the arid zones of Sindh and has its headquarters in Mithi. It was initiated to strengthen thecapacity of local NGOs/CBOs, share experiences and carry out activities with the help of the linesdepartment's resources.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development381Sindh Goth Sudhar Sangat (SGSS)Established in 1983, it includes academics, development professionals, journalists and socialworkers and has a network of about 200 branches spread all across Sindh. Its basic aim is rural

development through empowerment. Its central office is in Jamshoro and is engaged in the capacitybuilding of its partners through information networking and sharing of ideas.Bhit Shah Declaration Coordinating CouncilWhile conducting a training programme for capacity building of NGOs in 1991-92 with South AsiaPartnership, the participants decided to form a coalition based on a shared vision of developmentand social change that they could bring about through working from one platform. Starting off with26 citizen organizations, it has grown to include 53 community based NGOs and has its office inHyderabad.Rural Development Organization's Coordinating Council (RDOCC)This was formed in 1994 to serve District Ghotki and Sukkur division. Starting off with 17 communitybased NGOs, it has grown into a 23-member network including nine women organizations and oneworking for children.The RDOCC provides a forum for partner organizations, cooperative and women organizations tostrive for the promotion of participatory, integrated and sustainable development.It recently conducted a training programme, Development Orientation and Planning Project, withtechnical assistance from the Democratic Commission for Human Development (DCHD), Lahore.The Rural Model School is another programme through which it strives to improve the educationalstandard of selected schools by involving the community.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development382

Appendix 23.2Important NGOs in Sindh and their Areas of WorkNGOEstablisedinGeographicalFocusArea ofOperationThematic AreaAga KhanHealth Services,Pakistan(AKHSP)1924 Rural Sukkur,Hyderabad,Mirpukhas,KarachiGovernance, health, informationdissemination, research, technology, womenAll PakistanWomen'sAssociation(APWA)1949 Rura l/UrbanSukkur,Hyderabad,KarachiAdvocacy, education, health, human rights,humanitarian relief, information dissemination,infrastructure development, ruraldevelopment, women, youth activitiesAssociation forRational Use ofMedication inPakistan - TheNetwork1992 Rura l/UrbanLarkana,Sukkur,Hyderabad,Mirpurkhas,KarachiAdvocacy, consumer protection, health,human rights, information dissemination,researchAuratFoundation1986 Rural/UrbanKarachiAdvocacy, agriculture, communications andmedia, development, disadvantaged groups,economy, emergency relief, food production,governance, human rights, humanitarian relief,information dissemination, infrastructuredevelopment, institution building/strengthening, research, womenBaanhn Beli 1987 Rural/UrbanMirpurkhas,KarachiAdvocacy, agriculture, child labour and childrights, communications and media, creditsystems, education, emergency relief,environment and natural resourcemanagement, health, human rights, institutionbuilding/strengthening, research, ruraldevelopment, womenBehbudAssociationThe BookGroupBasic UrbanServices forKatchi Abadis(BUSTI)1970 Karachi Urban Credit systems, drug abuse, education,emergency relief, environment/naturalresource management, health, human rights,humanitarian relief, institutionbuilding/strengthening, poverty alleviation,research, women, youth activities1988 Rura l/Urban1986 Rural/UrbanKarachiLarkana,Sukkur,Hyderabad,KarachiEducation, researchAdvocacy, children, credit systemdevelopment, disadvantaged groups, drugdemand reduction, economy, education, foodproduction, heath, infrastructure development,institution. building/strengthening, poverty alleviation, research,womenSindh State ofEnvironment &Development383

NGOCatholic SocialServicesEstablisedinGeographicalFocusArea ofOperationThematic Area1963 Urban Karachi Child labour and child rights, credit system,education, env/natural resource management,institiution.building / strengthening, povertyalleviation, women, youth activitiesCitizen-PoliceLiaisonCommittee(CPLC)1989 Urban Larkana,Sukkur,Hyderabad,Mirpukhas,KarachiAdvocacy, governance, human rights, lawenforcementCommunityDevelopmentNetwork forum(CDNF)1995 Rural/UrbanLarkanaAdvocacy, child labour and child rights, creditsystem, education, emergency relief,env/natural resource management, health,human rights, rural development, womenConcern forChildrenTrust(CFC)1997 Urban Karachi Children, development, education, health,information dissemination, researchEducationFoundation1995 Urban Hyderabad,KarachiAdvocacy, child labour and child rights,education, human rights, researchFamily PlanningAssociation ofPakistan1953 Rural/UrbanHyderabad,Mirpurkhas,KarachiAdvocacy, children, education, env/naturalresource management, governance, health,RH, information dissemination, infrastructuredevelopment, institution. building, povertyalleviation, research, women, youth activitiesFaranEducationalSociety (FES)1975 Rural/UrbanKarachiAdvocacy, business, municipal facilitiesimprovement, community mobilization, creditsystem, education, human rights,infrastructure improvement, povertyalleviation, research, youth activitiesSindh State ofEnvironment &Development384Gul Bahao 1994 Rural/UrbanHealth andNutritionDevelopmentSociety(HANDS)Karachi1979 Rural Sukkur,Hyderabad,Mirpukhas,KarachiAdvocacy, agriculture, business, env/naturalresource management, informationdissemination, poverty alleviation, research,technologyAdvocacy, agriculture, child labour and childrights, credit system, drug abuse, educationemergency relief, energy, env/naturalresource management, governance, health,human rights, humanitarian relief, informationdissemination, infrastructure development,institution building/strengthening, povertyalleviation, research, rural development,women, youth activities

NGOEstablisedinGeographicalFocusArea ofOperationThematic AreaHealth OrientedPreventiveEducation(HOPE)1997 Rural/UrbanLarkana,Sukkur,Hyderabad,Mirpukhas,KarachiAdvocacy, children, communications andmedia, education emergency relief, health,poverty alleviation, research, ruraldevelopment, women, youth activitiesHuman RightsCommission ofPakistan(HRCP)1986 Rural/UrbanLarkana,Sukkur,Hyderabad,Mirpurkhas,KarachiAdvocacy, child labour and child rights,communications and media, env/naturalresource management, governance, humanrights, industrial relations/labour, informationdissemination, research, women, youthactivitiesIdara-e-Amn-o-Insaf1972 Urban Hyderabad,KarachiAdvocacy, child labour and child rights,governance, human rights, industrialrelations/labour, womenInstitute ofSocial ResearchandDevelopment(ISRD)1988 Rural/UrbanLarkana,Sukkur,Hyderabad,Mirpurkhas,KarachiAdvocacy, child labour and child rights,education, health, information dissemination,poverty alleviation, research, ruraldevelopment, women, youth activitiesKarachiAdministrationWomen WelfareSociety(KAWWS)Lawyers forHuman Rightsand Legal Aid(LHRLA)Lower SindhRuralDevelopmentAssociation(LSRDA)1988 Urban Karachi Env/natural resource management,governance, health, infrastructuredevelopment, institution, building/strengthening1990 Urban National Advocacy, child labour and child rights,governance, human rights, industrialrelations/labour (working women), informationdissemination, institutionbuilding/strengthening, legal aid, legaleducation, research, women issues1975 Rural Mirpurkhas Advocacy, agriculture, credit system,education, emergency relief, env/naturalresource management, health, povertyalleviation, research, rural development,womenMarie StopesSociety (MSS)1990 Rural/UrbanSukkur,KarachiAdvocacy, healthMaternity andChild WelfareAssociation ofPakistan(MCWAP)1961 Rural/UrbanLarkana,Sukkur,Hyderabad,MirpurkhasChildren, health/RH, research, womenSindh State ofEnvironment &Development385National RuralSupportProgramme(NRSP)1991 Rural Mirpurkhas Credit system, education env/natural resourcemanagement, infrastructure development,institution building/ strengthening, povertyalleviation, research, rural development,women

NGONaz HighSchool OldBoys WelfareAssociationEstablisedinGeographicalFocus1981 Rural/UrbanArea ofOperationSukkurThematic AreaAdvocacy, education, humanitarian relief,information dissemination, institutionbuilding/strengthening, researchNGO ResourceCenter(NGORC)1990 Rural/UrbanNationalAdvocacy, governance, informationdissemination, institutionbuilding/strengthening, researchOrangi PilotProject-OrangiCharity Trust(OPP-OCT)1985 Rural/UrbanLarkana,Hyderabad,Karachi,Thatta,BadinAgriculture, business, credit system, povertyalleviation, research, rural developmentOPP- Researchand TrainingInstitute (OPP-RTI)OPP-KarachiHealth andDevelopmentAssociation(OPP-KHASDA)1980 Urban Karachi Advocacy, education, env/natural resourcemanagement, governance, health, institutionbuilding/strengthening, research, technology,youth activities1985 Urban Karachi Health, infrastructure development, researchPakistanCrescent YouthOrganization1986 Rural/UrbanHyderabad,MirpurkhasKarachiAdvocacy, communications and media, creditsystem, drug abuse, env/natural resourcemanagement, health, human rights, youthactivitiesPakistanVoluntary Healthand NutritionAssociation(PAVHNA)1979 Rural/UrbanLarkana,KarachiAdvocacy, children, FP service delivery,health, information dissemination, RH,research, training(HRD), women, youthactivitiesSindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentPakistanFederation ofBusiness andProfessionalWomen(PFBPWO)1954 Urban Hyderabad,KarachiChildren (day care center), culture(auditorium), education (pre-primary), health(medical center), institutionbuilding/strengthening, women386Pakistan Instituteof LabourEducation andResearch(PILER)1982 Urban Larkana,Sukkur,Hyderabad,KarachiAdvocacy, children, disadvantaged groups,education, env/natural resource management,human rights, industrial relations, informationdissemination, research, women

NGOEstablisedinGeographicalFocusArea ofOperationThematic AreaParticipatoryVillageDevelopmentProgramme(PVDP)1997 Rural Mirpurkhas Advocacy, agriculture, credit system,education, emergency relief, env/naturalresource management, health, povertyalleviation, rural developmentPakistanWomenLawyers'Association(PAWLA)1980 Rural/UrbanKarachi,InteriorSindhAdvocacy, children, culture, development,disadvantaged groups, education, governance,human rights, information dissemination,institution building/strenghtneing,legalaid/awareness, law reforms, povertyalleviation, womenPattan 1993 Urban Hyderabad,DaduAdvocacy, agriculture, credit system, culture,development, disaster management/mitigation,education, emergency relief, env/naturalresource management, food security,governance, health, information dissemination,infrastructure building/strengthening, povertyalleviation, religion, research, ruraldevelopment, womenSahil 1995 Rural/UrbanSukkur,Hyderabad,KarachiAdvocacy, business, children, communicationand media, education, health, human rights,institution building/strengthening, refuge forchildren, researchShehri-Citizensfor a BetterEnvironment1988 Urban Karachi Advocacy, communication and media,env/natural resource management,governance, human rights, info dissemination,infrastructure development, institutionbuilding/strengthening, research, technology,youth activitiesShirkat Gah,Women'sResourceCenter1975 Rural/UrbanHyderabad,KarachiAdvocacy, economy, env/natural resourcemanagement, governance, human rights,income generation, informationdissemination/publications, legal reforms andlegal awareness, poverty alleviation, RH,research, women issuesSindhAgricultural &ForestryWorker'sCoordinatingOrganization1986 Rural Mirpurkhas Advocacy, agriculture, credit system, drugabuse, education, energy, env/naturalresource management, health, humanitarianrelief, info dissemination, infrastructuredevelopment, institution building/strengthening,religion, research, rural developmentSindh State ofEnvironment &Development387SindhDevelopmentSociety (SDS)1994 Rural/UrbanLarkana,Sukkur,Hyderabad,MirpurkhasAdvocacy, child labour and child rights,education, env/natural resource management,governance, health, human rights, povertyalleviation, rural development, women, youthactivities

NGOEstablisedinGeographicalFocusArea ofOperationThematic AreaSindhGraduatesAssociation(SGA)1972 Rural/UrbanLarkana,Sukkur,Hyderabad,MirpurkhasAdvocacy, child labour and child rights, creditsystem, culture, drug abuse, governance,health, humanitarian relief, infrastructuredevelopment, research, rural development,womenSocial Aid forEducation andDevelopment(SAFE)1995 Rural/UrbanSukkurAdvocacy, communication and media,education, emergency relief, human rights,humanitarian relief, information dissemination,infrastructure development, institution.building/strengthening, research, ruraldevelopment, women, youth activitiesSocialMarketingPakistan(Guarantee)Limited(SMP)1991 Urban National Advocacy, children, communications andmedia, health/RH, information dissemination,institution. Building/strengthening, research,women, youth activitiesSociety forConservationand Protectionof Environment(SCOPE)1988 Rural/UrbanThatta,Hyderabad,Mirpurkhas,KarachiAdvocacy, agriculture, communications andmedia, env/natural resource management,human rights, information dissemination,institution. building/strengthening, povertyalleviation, research, technologySouth AsiaPartnership,Pakistan (SAP-PK)1989 Rural/UrbanLarkana,Sukkur,Hyderabad,Mirpurkhas,KarachiAdvocacy, agriculture, child labour and childrights, communications and media, creditsystem, governance, human rights, institution.building/strengthening, research, womenStrengtheningParticipatoryOrganization(SPO)1984 Rural/UrbanLarkana,Sukkur,Hyderabad,Mirpurkha,KarachiAdvocacy, credit system/micro finance,education, environment/natural resourcemanagement, infrastructure development,institution building/strengthening, povertyalleviation, rural development, women issuesTeacher'sResourceCenter (TRC)1986 Rural/UrbanLarkana,Sukkur,Hyderabad,Mirpurkha,KarachiEducationSindh State ofEnvironment &Development388Thardeep RuralDevelopmentProgramme(TRDP)Urban ResourceCenter (URC)War AgainstRape (WAR)Young WomenChristianAssociation(YWCA)1998 Rural Mirpurkhas Advocacy, agriculture, child labour and childrights, credit systems, emergency relief,health, inst. building/strengthening, naturalresource management, research, ruraldevelopment, women1989 Urban Karachi Advocacy, governance, human rights,information dissemination, research1989 Rural/UrbanKarachiChild labour and child rights, human rights,women1900 Urban Karachi Children, credit system, education, health,human rights, humanitarian relief, internationalrelations, religion, women, youth activities

Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development

Sindh State ofEnvironment &DevelopmentMAPS

Map 2.2 : The geology of Sindh.Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development391Source: Imdadullah Siddiqui

Map 2.3: Location of different types of Soils in SindhSindh State ofEnvironment &Development392Source: Imdadullah Siddiqui

Map 2.5: Land Use of SindhSindh State ofEnvironment &Development393Source: Forest Sector Master Plan - 1992

Map 4.2: The Irrigation System in SindhSindh State ofEnvironment &Development394Source: Wildlife of Sindh - Sindh Wildlie Management Board

Map 4.2: Irrigation System of Sindh - Area Water Board (2)Sindh State ofEnvironment &Development395Source: www.sida.org.pk/map2

Map 8.1: Location of Arid Zones in SindhSindh State ofEnvironment &Development396Source: Imdadullah Siddiqui

Map 9.1: Forest Types in SindhSindh State ofEnvironment &Development397Source: GIS Lab., SFDP, Hyderabad

Map 10.1: Location of Sindh WetlandsSindh State ofEnvironment &Development398Source: WWF and ESRI

Map : Protected Areas of Sindh Under Sindh Wildlife Protection ordinanceSindh State ofEnvironment &Development399Source: Wildlife of Sindh - Sindh Wildlife Management Board

Map 13.2: Location of Wildlife Preservation ProjectSindh State ofEnvironment &Development400Source: Imdadullah Siddiqui

Map 13.3: Protected Areas of SindhSindh State ofEnvironment &Development401Source: WWF and ESRI

Map 14.1: Location of Coal Deposits in SindhSindh State ofEnvironment &Development402

Map 14.2: Location of Oil and Gas Fields in SindhSindh State ofEnvironment &Development403

Map 15.1: Urban Settlements in SindhSindh State ofEnvironment &Development404Source: Pakistan Education School Atlas Vo-II, Sindh Province

Map 21.1: Location of Colleges in SindhSindh State ofEnvironment &Development405Source: Pakistan Education School Atlas Vo-II, Sindh Province

Map: Indus Delta Area based on SPOT XSSindh State ofEnvironment &Development406Source: SUPARCO

Map: Ramsar Wetlands SitesSindh State ofEnvironment &Development407Lower SindhUpper & Central SindhSource: http://www.wetlands.org/RDB/asia/pakistan_sites.html

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