Coins of Bavaria.pdf - numismatas.com

Bavaria

The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, originally inhabited by the Celts, which had been part of the Roman 

provinces of Rhaetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, did not migrate 

from elsewhere. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century 

AD. These peoples may have included Marcomanni, Thuringians, Goths, Rugians, Heruli, and some remaining Romans. The 

name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvari") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Marcomanni. They first 

appear in written sources circa 520. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century. 

Bavaria was, for the most part, unaffected by the Protestant Reformation, and even today, most of it is strongly Roman Catholic. 

From about 550 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the duchy of Bavaria, ending with Tassilo III who was deposed by 

Charlemagne. 

Three early dukes are named in Frankish sources: Garibald I may have been appointed to the office by the Merovingian kings and 

married the Lombard princess Walderada when the church forbade her to King Chlothar I in 555. Their daughter, Theodelinde, 

became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. 

Garibald's successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the eastern frontier against the expansion of Slavs and Avars 

around 600. Tassilo's son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616. 

After Garibald II little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 

onwards he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and strengthen Christianity in his duchy (it is unclear what 

Bavarian religious life consisted of before this time). His son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession 

dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodo's death 

the duchy was divided among his sons, but reunited under his grandson Hucbert. 

At Hucbert's death (735) the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighboring Alemannia (modern Southwest 

Germany and northern Switzerland). Odilo issued a law code for Bavaria, completed the process of church organization in partnership 

with St. Boniface (739), and tried to intervene in Frankish succession disputes by fighting for the claims of the Carolingian 

Grifo. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748. 

Tassilo III (b. 741 - d. after 794) succeeded his father at the age of eight after an unsuccessful attempt by Grifo to rule Bavaria. He 

initially ruled under Frankish oversight but began to function independently from 763 onwards. He was particularly noted for founding 

new monasteries and for expanding eastwards, fighting Slavs in the eastern Alps and along the Danube and colonizing these 

lands. After 781, however, his cousin Charlemagne began to pressure Tassilo to submit and finally deposed him in 788. The deposition 

was not entirely legitimate; Dissenters attempted a coup against Charlemagne at Tassilo's old capital of Regensburg in 792, 

led by his own son Pippin the Hunchback, and the king had to drag Tassilo out of imprisonment to formally renounce his rights and 

titles at the Assembly of Frankfurt in 794. This is the last appearance of Tassilo in the sources and he probably died a monk. As all 

of his family were also forced into monasteries, this was the end of the Agilolfing dynasty. 

For the next 400 years numerous families held the duchy, rarely for more than three generations. With the revolt of duke Henry the 

Quarrelsome in 976, Bavaria lost large territories in the south and south east. The last, and one of the most important, of these 

dukes was Henry the Lion of the house of Welf, founder of Munich. When Henry the Lion was deposed as duke of Saxony and 

Bavaria by his cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1180, Bavaria was awarded as fief to the Wittelsbach family, which 

ruled from 1180 to 1918. Also the Electoral Palatinate was acquired by the Wittelsbach in 1214. 

The first of several divisions of the duchy of Bavaria occurred in 1255. With the extinction of the Hohenstaufen in 1268 also 

Swabian territories were acquired by the Wittelsbach dukes. Emperor Louis the Bavarian acquired Brandenburg, Tyrol, Holland 

and Hainaut for his House but released the Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. In 1506 with the 

Landshut War of Succession the other parts of Bavaria were reunited and Munich became the sole capital. 

In 1623 the Bavarian duke replaced his relative, the Count Palatine of the Rhine in the early days of the Thirty Years' War and 

acquired the powerful prince-electoral dignity in the Holy Roman Empire, determining its Emperor thence forward, as well as special 

legal status under the empire's laws. Also the Upper Palatinate was reunited with Bavaria. The ambitions of the Bavarian 

prince electors led to several wars with Austria during the early 18th century. From 1777 onwards Bavaria and the Electoral 

Palatinate were governed in personal union again. 

When Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria became a kingdom in 1806, and its area reduplicated. Tyrol and 

Salzburg were temporarily reunited with Bavaria but finally ceded to Austria. In return the Rhenish Palatinate and Franconia were 

annexed to Bavaria in 1815. Between 1799 and 1817 the leading minister count Montgelas followed a strict policy of modernisation 

and laid the foundations of administrative structures that survived even the monarchy and are (in their core) valid until today. 

In 1818 a modern constitution (by the standards of the time) was passed, that established a bicameral Parliament with a House of 

Lords ("Kammer der Reichsräte") and a House of Commons ("Kammer der Abgeordneten"). The constitution was valid until the 

collapse of the monarchy at the end of the First World War. 

After the rise of Prussia to prominence Bavaria managed to preserve its independence by playing off the rivalries of Prussia and 

Austria, but defeat in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War led to its incorporation into the German Empire in 1871. In the early 20th century 

Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Henrik Ibsen, and other notable artists were drawn to Bavaria, notably to the Schwabing district 

of Munich, later devastated by World War II.

Due to their long independence (until 1871), Bavarians have always maintained a strong national identity. Some features of the 

Bavarian culture and mentality are remarkably distinct from the rest of Germany. A prevalent perception among other Germans is 

that Bavarians see Bavaria as the most important part of Germany.[citation needed] A common play on words "It's nice to be a 

Preiss, but it's higher to be a Bayer"[attribution needed] lambasts the Bavarian sense of superiority. Its name in German, "Freistaat 

Bayern" means simply "the free state of Bavaria." However, many Germans sarcastically refer to Bavaria as "Frei statt Bayern" 

which literally means "Free instead of Bavaria," implying that Bavarians view themselves as a separate country, or at least culturally 

superior to the rest of Germany. 

Bavarian issues listed here are grouped by RULER - not by city, unless that city issued its own distinctive currency. 

Issues for bishoprics minted by bishops are listed separately from issues of the temporal rulers. 

Issues of Dukes and Kings 

Bavaria’s history can be divided into the following groups: 

United Bavaria 548-1253 

Agilolfing Dynasty 548-788 

Carolingian Dynasty 788-911 

Luitpolding Dynasty, 911-947 

Bavaria under the German Kings, 947-1070 

Bavaria under the Welfs and Babenbergs 1070-1180 

Wittelsbach Dynasty 1180-1253 

Bavaria partitioned, 1253-1503 

First partition, 1253-1340 

On Otto II's death, Bavaria was divided between his sons. Henry became Duke of Lower Bavaria, and Louis of Upper 

Bavaria. From this point until the beginning of the 16th century, the territories were frequently divided between brothers, making 

the Dukes difficult to list. 

Dukes of Lower Bavaria 

Henry XIII 1253–1290, son of Otto II 

Co-rulers: 

Louis III 1290–1296, son of Henry XIII 

Stephen I 1290–1309, son of Henry XIII 

Otto III 1290–1312 (King of Hungary 1305-7), son of Henry XIII 

Otto IV 1309–1334, son of Stephen I 

Henry XIV the Elder 1309–1339, son of Stephen I 

Henry XV the Natterberger 1312–1333, son of Otto III 

John I the Child 1339–1340, son of Henry XIV 

Reunion, 1340-1349 

Louis IV 1340-1347 

Co-rulers 1347-1349, sons of Louis IV: 

Louis V the Brandenburger (1315 - 1361) 

Stephen II (1319 - 1375) 

Louis VI the Roman (1328 - 1365) 

William I (1330 - 1389) 

Albert I (1336 - 1404) 

Otto V (1346 - 1379) 

Dukes of Upper Bavaria 

Louis II 1253–1294, son of Otto II 

Co-rulers, sons of Louis II: 

Rudolf I 1294–1317 

Louis IV 1294–1347 (alone from 1317)

Reunited Bavaria, 1505-1918

Henry I (919/921 – November 1, 955) was Duke of Bavaria. 

Heinrich I., 948-955 

He was the second son of the German King Henry the Fowler and his wife Matilda. He attempted a revolt against his older brother 

Otto I in 938 in alliance with Eberhard of Franconia and Giselbert of Lorraine, believing he had a claim on the throne. In 939 he 

was defeated at Birten and forced to leave Germany. He fled to the court of Louis IV of France, but returned after he and Otto 

were reconciled, and awarded the Duchy of Lorraine. 

However, he could not assert his authority in Lorraine, and as a result he was stripped of his position. He plotted to assassinate 

Otto in Easter 941 in Quedlinburg, but was discovered and put in captivity in Ingelheim, being released after doing penance at 

Christmas of that year. In 948 he acquired the Dukedom of Bavaria through his marriage to the Bavarian noblewoman Judith. He 

first defended, and then enlarged his Duchy in wars with Hungary, and through the acquisition of Friuli in Italy. As matchmaker for 

his brother he brought Queen Adelaide to Pavia in 951. In 953–954 he put down a revolt by Liudolf, Duke of Swabia and Conrad 

of Lorraine, and died in 955 in Pöhlde Abbey. 

He was laid to rest in the Niedermünster in Regensburg, where his wife Judith is also buried. 

BAVARIA 

Heinrich I., 948-955. 

Denar, Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ELLIN. 1,40 g. 

Obv.: Cross, in the angles: Point - Point - Empty - Point. 

Rev. Letter church (church made of letters), with mintmaster name in middle; 

and 2 stages in roof. 

Reference: Hahn 10 d 1. Very nice! 

Estimate: 75 EUR. Price realized: 250 EUR (approx. 300 U.S. Dollars as of 

the auction date) 

BAVARIA 


Denar, Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ENC. 1,76 g. 


Rev. Letter church (church made of letters), with mintmaster name in middle; 

and 2 stages in roof. 

Reference: Hahn 10 e3. Weak strike, but VF. 

Estimation: DM 150. Price realized: 175 DEM (approx. 76 U.S. Dollars as 

of the auction date) 

BAVARIA 


Denar, Regensburg mint. Mintmaster RAT. 1,65 g. 


Rev. Letter church (church made of letters), with mintmaster name in middle; and 2 

stages in roof. 

Reference: Hahn 10 k 1. VF 

Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 180 EUR (approx. 254 U.S. Dollars as of the 

auction date)

BAVARIA 


Denar, Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ENC. 1,63 g. 


Rev. Letter church (church made of letters), with mintmaster name in 

middle; and 2 stages in roof. 

Reference: Hahn 10 e3. VF 

Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 110 EUR (approx. 145 U.S. Dollars 

as of the auction date) 

BAVARIA 


Denar, Regensburg mint. Mintmaster RAT. 1,28 g. 


Rev. Letter church (church made of letters), with mintmaster name in 

middle; and 2 stages in roof. 

Reference: Hahn 10 k 1.VF. 



BAVARIA 


Denar, Regensburg mint. Mintmaster VVO. 1,19 g. 

Obv.: . +HIVIVCVSI (backwards), cross with point in 3 angles, 4th 

angle empty. 

Rev.: Letter church with VVO in center, roof in 2 stages. 

Reference: Hahn 10m2.7. Rare! Light patina. Beautiful! 

Estimation: 200,00. 

BAVARIA 


Pfennig, Regensburg mint. 0,83 g. 

Obv.: Lion left, to right: HDVX 

Rev.: Undefined. 

Reference: Wittelsbach 3112, Beierlein 20. VF+ 


as of the auction date)

Heinrich II., the Quarrelsome, 955-976; 985–995 

First Reign 

Henry II (951–995), called the Wrangler or the Quarrelsome, in German Heinrich der 

Zänker, was the son of Henry I and Judith of Bavaria and a seventh generation 

descendant of Charlemagne. 

He succeed his father at the age of four, under the guardianship of his mother Judith. 

Heinrich married Gisela of Burgundy, a niece of the empress Adelaide, and resolved in 

974 to oust Otto II from the throne of Germany. However, he was taken captive in 

Ingelheim - he escaped and instigated a revolt in Bavaria, but was defeated in 976 and 

stripped of his Duchy, and, following the War of the Three Henries in 978, was placed 

under the custody of the Bishop of Utrecht. As a consequence of his revolt Bavaria lost 

her first southeastern marches including Austria. 

After Otto's death he was released from captivity and tried once again to usurp the 

German throne, abducting the infant Otto III. Although he failed in his attempt to gain 

control of Germany, he did regain Bavaria. 

His daughter Giselle of Bavaria married Saint Stephen I of Hungary, while his son 

became the Holy Roman Emperor Henry II. 

BAVARIA 

Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976. 

Denar. Nabburg mint. 22 mm 1,39g. 

Obv.: Cross, with 3 points in each angle. 

Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials in 

middle, and 2-staged roof. 

Reference: Hahn 68b1A/V. Somewhat curved, 

weakly struck. Very nice! 

Estimate: EUR 150. Price realized: 350 EUR 

(approx. 520 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date) 

BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint. 1,00g. 

Obv.: Cross, with 3 points in 3 of the angles. 

Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials in 

middle, and 2-staged roof. 

Reference: Hahn 15 K 4. VF 

Estimation: DM 600. 

BAVARIA 


BAVARIA 


Denar. Nabburg mint. 955-973 Mintmaster WI 

1,14g. 


Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials WI 

in middle, and 2-staged roof. 

Reference: Hahn 68 A c 1. VF 

Estimate: 100.00 EUR. Price realized: 290 EUR 


Denar. Nabburg mint. 955-973 - Type 1 Mintmaster WI 0,91 g. 


Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials WI in middle, and 2-staged roof. 

Reference: Hahn 68 B c 1. Minor rim damage, somewhat curved, VF. 

Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 170 EUR (approx. 228 U.S. Dollars as of the auction 

date)

BAVARIA 


Denar. Nabburg mint. 955-973 - Type 1 

Mintmaster MO 0,92 g. 


Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials MO 


Reference: Hahn 68 B a 1. VF 

Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 220 EUR 


BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint. 955-976 - Type 2 

Mintmaster ECCHO 1,28 g. 


Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials 

ECCHO in middle, and 2-staged roof. 

Reference: Hahn 15 c 2. Obverse slightly offcenter. 

Beautiful. 



BAVARIA 



Mintmaster WO 0,92 g. 


Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials WO 


Reference: Hahn 15 k 3. Minor rim damage, VF. 



BAVARIA 



Mintmaster MAO 0,85 g. 


Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials MAO 


Reference: Hahn 16 f 1. Repaired edge-break, some 

corrosion. F-VF. 

Estimate: 75 EUR. Price realized: 70 EUR (approx. 

93 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date) 

BAVARIA 


BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint. 955-973 1,00 g. 




Reference: Hahn 15 K 4. VF. 

Estimation: EUR 200. 

BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint. 985-995 - Second Reign, 1,08 g. 

Obv.: Cross, in the angles: Ball - ring- ball- empty. 

Denar. Regensburg mint. 985-995 - Second Reign, 

1,25 g. 

Obv.: Cross, in the angles: Ball - ring- ball- empty. 

Reverse: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials 


Reference: Hahn 22c2.1, obverse similar to type 

I, but writing is type 2. 

Price: 75,00. Price realized: 90 EUR (approx. 88 

U.S. Dollars as of the auction date) 

Reverse: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials in middle, and 2-staged roof. 

Reference: Hahn 22d1.1, obverse similar to type I, but writing is type 2. 

Price: 75,00. Price realized: 85 EUR (approx. 83 U.S. Dollars as of the auction 

date)

Otto I 976-982 

Henry II made war upon his cousin, Emperor Otto II, and was deprived of his duchy in 976 in favor of his cousin Otto, 

Duke of Swabia (who now acquired two dukedoms). 

Otto I, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria (955–982), was the son of Liodolf of Swabia 

and his wife Ida, and thus a grandson of the Emperor Otto I and his anglo-saxon 

wife Eadgyth. His sister Mathilde was abess of a canoness monastery in Essen. 

He was Duke of Swabia from 973 to 982 and was made Duke of Bavaria in 976, 

after Henry the Wrangler lost his Bavarian possessions rebelling against the 

emperor Otto II. He was a confidant of Otto II in the War of the Three Henries, 

and in 982 accompanied him on his Italian campaign against the Arabs. He survived 

the defeat of the Imperial army near Crotone on July 13, 982 and a subsequent 

ambush by an Arab force. Otto assigned him to take the news of the campaign 

back to Germany, but he died en route on November 1, 982 in Lucca. He 

was buried in Aschaffenburg. 

His sister Mathild endowed a precious jewelled cross which is still kept in the 

treasury of Essen cathedral for his remembrance, the siblings are pictured on it. 

BAVARIA 

Otto, 976-982. 

Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster WO 1.18 g. 

Obv.: Cross, in each of the the angles a ball. 



Reference: Hahn 17 i 1. Very scarce! F. 

Estimation: 450 EUR. 

BAVARIA 

Otto, 976-982. 

Denar. Nabbburg mint. Mintmaster ANA 0,93 g. 


Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials ANA 


Reference: Hahn 70 a 3. VF 



BAVARIA 

Otto, 976-982. 

BAVARIA 

Otto, 976-982. 

Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster WO 1.41 g. 


Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster SIGI 1.41 g. 


Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials SIGI 


Reference: Hahn 17 h 1. Slightly curved, VF & 

beautiful! 



Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials WO in middle, and 2-staged roof. 

Reference: Hahn 17 i 1. VF. 


date)

Henry III the Younger 983-985 

The death of Otto saw a shuffling of crowns. First Bavaria was given to Berthold's son Henry (III), briefly restoring 

the Luitpolding dynasty. 

Henry III (940–5 October 989), called the Younger, of the Luitpolding dynasty, son of Berthold, Duke of Bavaria, was the duke of 

Carinthia (976–978, 985–989) and Bavaria (983–985). 

On the death of Berthold in 947, Bavaria was given to the brother of King Otto I, Henry, who had married Judith, daughter of the 

old duke Arnulf the Bad. 

In 976, Henry received some compensation by receiving the ancient duchy of Carinthia, severed as it was from Bavaria. In 978, 

he was one of the Henries in rebellion against Otto II in the War of the Three Henries. The others were the son of Henry of 

Bavaria, the deposed Henry the Wrangler, and Henry I, Bishop of Augsburg. He was deposed and both he and the Wrangler 

were banished. In 983, he was recalled from banishment to be instated in Bavaria, but upon Otto III's reconciliation with the 

Wrangler, Henry was given Carinthia again and deprived of Bavaria. When he died in 989, he was the last male Luitpoldinger. 

Heinrich II., the Quarrelsome, 955-976; 985–995 

Second Reign 

BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ELLN. 

985-995 - Second Reign, 1,83 g. 

Obv.: Cross, in the angles: empty, ball, ball, ring. 

Rev.: Letter church with mintmaster’s initials in 

center; 2-staged roof. 

Reference: Hahn 22 c 2. VF 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint. 985-995 - Second 

Reign, 1,28 g. 


Writing retrograde and unclear; some letters are 

mirror-imaged. 

Rev.: Letter church with mintmaster’s initials in 

center; 2-staged roof. 

Reference: Hahn 22h1.2 var., Good VF. 

Price: 75,00. Price realized: 85 EUR (approx. 


BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ELLN. 

985-995 - Second Reign, 23 mm 1,59 g. 


.HENRICVS VX 

Rev.: Letter church with mintmaster’s initials 

ELLN in center; 2-staged roof. REGINA CIVI- 

TAS 

Reference: Hahn 22c2. Good VF. 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Mintmaster SIC. 985-995 - Second Reign, 

1,63 g. 


Rev.: Letter church with mintmaster’s initials SIC 

in center; 2-staged roof. 

Reference: Hahn 22 g 1, Dannenberg 1068. VF. 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ECCO. 

985-995 - Second Reign, 1,66 g. 


.HENRICVS VX 


ECCO in center; 2-staged roof. REGINA CIVI- 

TAS 

Reference: Hahn 22 b2. VF. 

Estimation DM 200. Price realized: 280 DEM 


BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ECCO. 

985-995 - Second Reign, 1,69 g. 

Obv.: Cross, in the angles: ball, empty, ring, ball. 

.HENRICVS VX . 


ECCO in center; 2-staged roof. REGINA CIVI- 

TAS 

Reference: Hahn 22 b 2. VF 


(approx. 144 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)

Henry IV (II) 995-1004 ; 1009-1017 

King Henry II gave Bavaria to his brother-in-law Henry (V), Count of Luxemburg in 1004. The King reasserted direct control 

over the duchy 1009-1017. 

Saint Henry II (German : Heinrich II., Latin : Henricus II, 

Italian : Enrico II del Sacro Romano Impero) (6 May 973[1] 

– 13 July 1024), called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth 

and last Holy Roman Emperor of the Saxon (or Ottonian) 

dynasty from his coronation in Rome in 1014 until his death 

a decade later. He was crowned King of Germany in 1002 

and King of Italy in 1004. He was the only German king to 

be canonised. 

He was the son of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria. As his father 

had rebelled against two previous emperors, he was often in 

exile. This led the younger Henry to turn to the Church at an 

early age, first finding refuge with Abraham, Bishop of 

Freising, and later being educated at the cathedral school of 

Hildesheim. He succeeded his father as Duke of Bavaria in 

995 as Henry IV. 

Henry was on his way to Rome to save his besieged cousin 

the Emperor Otto III when the emperor died in January 

1002. Knowing that opposition to his succession was strong, 

Henry quickly seized the royal insignia from his dead 

cousin's companions. Rival candidates for the throne — 

such as Ezzo of Lotharingia, Eckard I of Meissen, and 

Herman II of Swabia — strongly contested Henry's succession, but with the aid of Willigis, Archbishop of 

Mainz, he was able to secure his royal election and coronation on 7 June 1002 in Mainz, though it would 

be a year before he was universally recognized. 

Henry spent the next several years consolidating his political power on his German borders. He waged a 

successful campaign against Boleslaus I of Poland and then moved into the Kingdom of Italy to confront 

Arduin of Ivrea, who had been elected King of Italy by a faction opposed to Henry. Arduin had previously 

defeated a German army sent against him by Henry and commanded by Otto I of Carinthia. Now he tried 

to block the German king in the Adige valley, as he had previously done with Otto, but Henry entered Italy 

at the Valsugana. Arduin's vassals fled in disarray at Henry's approach and their king was forced to return 

to the March of Ivrea. Henry occupied Verona and was crowned rex Italiae (King of Italy) at Pavia on 15 

May 1004 by the Archbishop of Milan, Arnulf II, with the famous Iron Crown. 

After bloodily suppressing a revolt of the citizens of Pavia, Henry remained there until 25 May, when, feeling 

that Italy could be considered settled, he decided to return to Germany through the Saint Gotthard 

Pass. From Germany he launched a second campaign against Boleslaus, allying with the pagan Liutitians 

against the Christian Poles and waged successful campaigns that culminated in a lasting compromise 

peace with the Poles in 1018: Boleslaus was allowed to retain Lusatia and Meissen, but had to give up 

Bohemia. 

Henry was called to Italy by the clergy for another campaign in 1013. Arduin had risen in revolt again. At 

first he tried to resist Henry from his palace in Ivrea, but then resigned to become a monk. Subsequently 

Henry went straight to Rome, where Pope Benedict VIII crowned him Holy Roman Emperor on 14 February 

1014. He took his duties in Italy seriously and appointed German officials to administer the country. He 

returned in Germany in May.

In 1020, the pope visited him at Bamberg and consecrated his new cathedral there. After settling some 

controversies with the bishops of Mainz and Würzburg, Benedict VIII convinced him to return to Italy for a 

third (and final) campaign to counter the growing power of the Byzantine Empire in the south, where the 

Lombard princes had made submission to the Greeks. In 1022, he set out down the Adriatic coast for 

southern Italy commanding a large force. He sent Pilgrim, Archbishop of Cologne, ahead with a slightly 

smaller army along the Tyrrhenian littoral with the objective of subjugating the Principality of Capua. A third 

army, smaller still, under the command of Poppo, Patriarch of Aquileia, went through the Apennines to join 

Henry in besieging the Byzantine fortress of Troia. Pilgrim did capture Pandulf IV of Capua and extract 

oaths of allegiance from both Capua and Salerno, but all three divisions failed to take Troia. Henry almost 

executed the treacherous prince of Capua, but relented at the last moment at Pilgrim's pleading and 

instead sent him off to Germany in chains and appointed Pandulf of Teano to replace him as prince. 

Though his main objective had been missed, Henry left the south in the knowledge that western imperial 

authority still extended that far. On his return journey, he attended a synod at Pavia where he advocated 

Church reform. 

Henry's most significant contributions as emperor came in the realm of church-state relations and ecclesiastic 

administration within the Empire. He supported the bishops against the monastic clergy and aided 

them in establishing their temporal rule over broad territories. He strongly enforced clerical celibacy in 

order that the public land and offices he granted the chuch would not be passed on to heirs. This ensured 

that the bishops remained loyal to him, from whom they received their power, and provided a powerful bulwark 

against rebellious nobles and ambitious family members. Henry founded the Diocese of Bamberg, 

which quickly became a center of scholarship and art, in 1007. 

Henry had been working with the pope to call a church council to confirm his new system of politico-ecclesiastical 

control when he died suddenly in 1024, leaving this work unfinished. Henry and his wife, 

Cunigunde of Luxemburg, had no children, reportedly because they had taken a mutual vow of chastity. 

The Church canonised Henry (1146) and Cunigunde (1200) after their deaths. 

Henry is buried in Bamberg Cathedral, which also has the tomb of Pope Clement II. He is the patron saint 

of the city of Basel, Switzerland, and of St Henry's Marist Brothers' College in Durban, South Africa. 

BAVARIA 

Heinrich II.-1002-1024 

Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ECCO 

Obv.: Cross, in the angles: Ring, wedge, 3 points, wedge. 

Rev.: Letter-church, with mintmaster’s initials ECCO in the middle; roof in 2 

stages. 

Estimate: EUR 60. Price realized: 200 EUR (approx. 241 U.S. Dollars as of 

the auction date)

BAVARIA 

Heinrich II.-as Duke 995-1002 

Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ENC. 1,04 g. 

Obv.: Cross, in the angles: ring, ball, wedge, ball. 

Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials ENC 

(mirror writing) in the middle. 

Reference: Hahn 25 c 4. Beautiful! 



BAVARIA 

Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024 

Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster VOCH. 21 

mm 1,04 g. 

Obv.: Cross, in angles: wedge, ring, wedge, 3 points. 

Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials VVIC 

(retrograde) in the middle. 

Reference: Hahn 27 i 1. VF 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg Mintmaster ECCO. 22 mm 

1,55 g. 

Obv.: Cross, in the angles: 3 points, wedge, ring, 

wedge. +HCINRTICVS REX 

Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials 

ECCO in the middle; PC..NA CIVITIAS 

Reference: Hahn 27c1.Good VF. 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ENC. 1,29 g 


Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials ENC 

in the middle. 

Reference: Hahn 25 c 1. VF. 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ECCO 1,03 g. 

Cross, in the angles: Ring, wedge, 3 points, wedge. 


ECCO in the middle. 

Reference: Hahn 27 c2. Beautiful! 

Price realized: 390 DEM (approx. 170 U.S. Dollars 


BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg. Mintmaster VVICI. 1,37 g. 


Rev. Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials 

VVICI in middle. 

Reference: Dannenberg 1071f. Fine patina, beautiful! 

Estimation CHF 250. Price realized: 225 CHF 


BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster VVIC. 20 mm 

1,21 g. 


Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials VVIC 


Reference: Hahn 25 e 3. F. 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg. Mintmaster VVICI. 20 mm 1,29 g. 

Obv.: Cross, in the angles: Ring, ball, wedge, ball. 

HENDICVS DVX 

Rev. Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials VVICI in 

middle; DICIINA CIVITAS 

Reference: Hahn 25e1.Good VF. 

Estimate: EUR 150. Price realized: 150 EUR (approx. 


BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg Mintmaster OVVI. 1,35 g. 

1. Period (1002-1009) 


Rev. Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials OVVI in 

middle. 

Reference: Hahn II B 27j1.Rare! Nice patina. 

Estimation: 200,00. Price realized: 210 EUR (approx. 

244 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)

BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg, Mintmaster ECCO. 1,11 g. 

(1024). 

Obv.: Cross, in angles: Wedge, ring, wedge, 3 points. 

Rev.: Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials 

ECCO in the middle. 

Reference: Hahn 27c2.3 var. Rare, dark patina. Nice! 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg, Mintmaster ANZO. 1,48 g. 

(1002/1009). 

Obv.: Cross, in angles: Wedge, 3 points, wedge, ring. 


ANZO in the middle (Z is backwards). 

Reference: Hahn 27 a 1. Nice patina, VF. 

Estimate: 100,00 EUR. Price realized: 150 EUR 


BAVARIA 


BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg, Mintmaster ICCI. 1,62 g. (1002/1009). 


Rev.: Letter-church, mintmaster’s initials ECCI (backwards, 

C’s mirror writing) in middle. 

Reference: Hahn 27 h 2. VF. 

Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 190 EUR (approx. 242 


Denar. Regensburg, Mintmaster ICNE. 1,59 g. 

(1002/1009). 

Obv.: Cross, in angles: Wedge, ring, wedge, 3 points. 

Rev.: Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials 

ICNE in the middle (Mirror writing). 

Reference: Hahn 27 d 4. Nice patina. Beautiful! 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg, Mintmaster OWy. 1,55 g. 

(1002/1009). 

Obv.: Cross, in angles: ring, wedge, 3 points, wedge. 

Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials OWy 


Reference: Hahn 27 j 1. Curved, VF. 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg. 1,35 g. 

BAVARIA 


Denar. Mintmaster HECIL. 1,55 g. (1002/1009). 

Obv.: Cross, in angles: Wedge, 3 points, wedge, ring. 


HECIL in the middle (Mirror writing). 

Reference: Hahn 80 a 1. Very rare! Beautiful! 

Estimate: 500 EUR. Price realized: 1,200 EUR 

(approx. 1,691 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date) 

BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg. Mintmaster VVI. 1,24 g. 

Obv.: Cross, in angles: ring, ball, wedge, ball. 

Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials VVI in 

the middle. 

Reference: Hahn 25e2.2, Vs. ähnlich V-VI. ssvz 

Estimate: 100,00. Price realized: 160 EUR (approx. 


Obv.: Cross, in angles: Ball, wedge, ball, ring. 

Rev.: Letterchurch with mintmaster’s initials in middle, 2 

staged roof. 

Reference: Hahn 25c6.2, Beautiful! 

Estimate: 100,00. Price realized: 150 EUR (approx. 147 

U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)

BAVARIA 


Denar. Augsburg mint, 1,22 g. 

Obv.: Crowned bust right. 

Rev.: Cross, in the angles: Wedge, 3 points, ring, 3 balls. 

Reference: Dannenberg 1032; Hahn 145 VII/6. 1.22 g. Beautiful! 

Estimation: 500 EUR. Price realized: 500 EUR (approx. 635 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date) 

BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, (1009/1024) Mintmaster: OA 1,23 g. 


Rev.: Cross, in the angles: ring, 3 points, wedge, 3 points. Mintmaster’s initials in legend. 

Reference: Hahn 29 a 3. Beautiful patina, slightly curved. VF & Beautiful! 

Estimate: 250 EUR. Price realized: 420 EUR (approx. 535 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date) 

BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, (1009/1024) Mintmaster: ONNA 1,23 g. 


Rev.: Cross, in the angles: Wedge, 3 points, ring, 3 points. MIntmaster’s initials ONNA (retrograde). 

Reference: Hahn 29 a 7. Rare! Beautiful. 

Estimate: 600 EUR. Price realized: 875 EUR (approx. 1,157 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)

BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, (1009/1024) Mintmaster: OHCC ] 1,51 g. 


Rev.: Cross, in the angles: Wedge, 3 points, ring, 3 points. Mintmaster’s 

name: OHCC ] (]=unidentified character!!!!!); mirrored “E” without middle 

stroke. 

Reference: Hahn 29 b 3. Fine patina, VF & Beautiful! 

Estimate: 300.00 EUR. Price realized: 650 EUR (approx. 780 U.S. Dollars as 


BAVARIA 


Denar. Augsburg mint, (1009/1024) 1,27 g. 


Rev.: Cross, in the angles: 3 points, ring, 3 points, wedge. 

Reference: Hahn 145; Steinhilber 27. Somewhat curved, VF+ 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, (1009/1024) Mintmaster: ECCHO 1,54 g. 

Obv.: Crowned bust right. E/X - HE/NI/RI/C 

Rev.: Cross, in the angles: Wedge, 3 points, ring, 3 points. +RN CI.SV 

ECCHO (backwards). 

Reference: Hahn 29b3,6. Beautiful! 

Estimate: EUR 500. Price realized: 725 EUR (approx. 974 U.S. Dollars 


BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, (1009/1024) Mintmaster: ENIRIC 1,45 g. 


Rev.: Cross, in the angles: wedge, 3 points, ring, 3 points. Mintmaster’s 

initials in legend. 

Reference: Hahn 29 c 4. Exceptional portrait, beautiful specimen! 

Estimate: 600 EUR. Price realized: 950 EUR (approx. 1,338 U.S. Dollars 

as of the auction date)

Henry V 1004-1009, 1017-1026 

King Henry II gave Bavaria to his brother-in-law Henry (V), Count of Luxemburg in 1004. The King reasserted 

direct control over the duchy 1009-1017. 

Henry (d.1026), of the House of Luxembourg, was the count of Luxembourg (as Henry I) from 998 and the duke of Bavaria (as 

Henry V) from 1004. He was the son of Siegfried I of Luxembourg and Hedwige of Nordgau. 

He was the advocate of the abbeys of Sain-Maximin of Trier and Saint-Willibrord of Echternach, hereditary titles within his family. 

In 1004, at the Diet of Ratisbon, he received Bavaria from his brother-in-law, the Emperor Henry II, who was also the duke of 

Bavaria. In a quarrel with the emperor in 1009, he withdrew him from the duchy but reinstated him in 1017. He never married and 

his county passed to his nephew Henry and Bavaria returned to the emperor, then Conrad II, who bestowed it on his son, the 

later Emperor Henry III. 

BAVARIA 

Heinrich V., 1018-1026 (2nd Reign). 

Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster OCH. 1,40 g. 

Obv.: Outline cross, 3 points and wedge in each 

angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross. 

Rev.: Letter-church with 2-staged roof containing 5 

points, mintmaster’s initials OCH in the middle. 

Reference: Hahn 31 f 5. Kl. VF. 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster OCII. 20 mm 

1,35 g. 




points; mintmaster’s initials in the middle. 

Reference: Hahn 31e1.1 Scarce! Beautiful! 

Estimation: EUR 400. Price realized: 320 EUR 


BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster OCII. 21 mm 

1,36 g. 


angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross: HCINI / XD- 

AX 


points, mintmaster’s initials OCII in the middle. 

Reference: Hahn 31f2. VF. 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster HCO. 1,28 g. 




points, mintmaster’s initials HCO in the middle. (C 

backwards). 

Reference: Hahn 31 f 3. Beautiful example with 

splendid patina! 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster AZO. 21 mm 

1,46 g. 


angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross: HCINR - 

+DVX 


points, mintmaster’s initials AZO in the middle. 

Reference: Hahn 31b1.VF 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster OHCCC. 1,40 g. 

Obv.: Outline cross, 3 points and wedge in each angle. 

Heinrich’s name inside cross. 


points, mintmaster’s initials OHCCC in the middle. 

(C’s are backwards). 

Reference: Hahn 31 d 8. VF. 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster AZO. 1,25 g. 


angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross: HCINR - 

+DVX 



Reference: Hahn 31b1. VF. 



BAVARIA 







Reference: Hahn 31b2 (reverse only.)..Rare! 

Beautiful patina. 

Estimation: 200,00. Price realized: 210 EUR 


BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster HCC[. 0,90 g. 




points, mintmaster’s initials HCC[ ([=indeterminate 

letter) in the middle. 

Reference: Hahn 31d6. VF. 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster CNC. 1,38 g. 




points, mintmaster’s initials CNC (C’s are mirror 

writing) in the middle. 

Reference: Hahn 31e3.4 var. Rare! Dark patina. 

Beautiful coin! 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, 1,47 g. 

BAVARIA 






points, mintmaster’s initials in the middle. (mirrored 

writing). 

Reference: Hahn 31 e var.. Beautiful patina! 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster OCH. 1,49 g. 




points, mintmaster’s initials OCH in the middle. 

Reference: Hahn 31f1. Rare! Dark patina, exceptional 

coin! 



Obv.: Outline cross, 3 points and wedge in each angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross. 

Rev.: Letter-church with 2-staged roof containing 5 points, mintmaster’s initials ICO in 

the middle. (C backwards). 

Reference: Hahn 31f6. Rare! Dark patina. Beautiful coin! 

Price: 200,00. Price realized: 200 EUR (approx. 196 U.S. Dollars as of the auction 

date)

Henry VI (III) the Black 1026-1042 

Henry III (29 October 1017 – 5 October 1056), called the Black or the Pious, 

was a member of the Salian Dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors. He was the 

eldest son of Conrad II of Germany and Gisela of Swabia and his father made 

him duke of Bavaria (as Henry VI) in 1026, after the death of Duke Henry V. 

Then, on Easter Day 1028, his father having been crowned Holy Roman 

Emperor, Henry was elected and crowned King of Germany in the cathedral of 

Aachen by Pilgrim, Archbishop of Cologne. After the death of Herman IV, 

Duke of Swabia in 1038, his father gave him that duchy (as Henry I) as well 

as the kingdom of Burgundy, which Conrad had inherited in 1033. Upon the 

death of his father on June 4, 1039, he became sole ruler of the kingdom and 

was crowned emperor by Pope Clement II in Rome (1046). 

Henry's first tutor was Bruno, Bishop of Augsburg. On Bruno's death in 1029, 

Egilbert, Bishop of Freising, was appointed to take his place. In 1033, at the 

age of sixteen, Henry came of age and Egilbert was compensated for his 

services. In 1035, Adalbero, Duke of Carinthia, was deposed by Conrad, but 

Egilbert convinced Henry to refuse this injustice and the princes of Germany, 

having legally elected Henry, would not recognise the deposition unless their 

king did also. Henry, in accordance with his promise to Egilbert, did not consent 

to his father's act and Conrad, stupefied, fell unconscious after many 

attempts to turn Henry. Upon recovering, Conrad knelt before his son and 

exacted the desired consent. Egilbert was penalised dearly by the emperor. 

In 1036, Henry was married to Gunhilda of Denmark. She was a daughter of 

Canute the Great, King of Denmark, England, and Norway, by his wife Emma 

of Normandy. Early on, Henry's father had arranged with Canute to have him 

rule over some parts of northern Germany (the Kiel) and in turn to have their 

children married. The marriage took place in Nijmegen at the earliest legal 

age. 

In 1038, Henry was called to aid his father in Italy (1038) and Gunhilda died on the Adriatic Coast, during the return 

trip (during the same epidemic in which Herman IV of Swabia died). In 1039, his father, too, died and Henry became 

sole ruler and imperator in spe. pcnr 

Henry spent his first year on a tour of his domains. He visited the Low Countries to receive the homage of Gothelo I, 

Duke of Upper and Lower Lorraine. In Cologne, he was joined by Herman II, Archbishop of Cologne, who accompanied 

him and his mother to Saxony, where he was to build the town of Goslar up from obscurity to stately, imperial 

grandeur. He had an armed force when he entered Thuringia to meet with Eckard II, Margrave of Meissen, whose 

advice and counsel he desired on the recent successes of Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia in Poland. Only a Bohemian 

embassy bearing hostages appeased Henry and he disbanded his army and continued his tour. He passed through 

Bavaria where, upon his departure, King Peter Urseolo of Hungary sent raiding parties and into Swabia. There, at 

Ulm, he convened a Fürstentag at which he received his first recognition from Italy. He returned to Ingelheim after 

that and there was recognised by a Burgundian embassy and Aribert, Archbishop of Milan, whom he had supported 

against his father. This peace with Aribert healed the only open wound in the Empire. Meanwhile, in 1039, while he 

was touring his dominions, Conrad, Adalbero's successor in Carinthia and Henry's cousin, died childless. Henry being 

his nearest kin automatically inherited that duchy as well. He was now a triple-duke (Bavaria, Swabia, Carinthia) and 

triple-king (Germany, Burgundy, Italy). 

Henry's first military campaign as sole ruler took place then (1040). He turned to Bohemia, where Bretislaus was still 

a threat, especially through his Hungarian ally's raiding. At Stablo, after attending to the reform of some monasteries, 

Henry summoned his army. In July, he met with Eckhard at Goslar and joined together his whole force at 

Regensburg. On 13 August, he set out. He was ambushed and the expedition ended in disaster. Only by releasing 

many Bohemian hostages, including Bretislaus's son, did the Germans procure the release of many of their comrades 

and the establishment of a peace. Henry retreated hastily and with little fanfare, preferring to ignore his first great 

defeat. On his return to Germany, Henry appointed Suidger bishop of Bamberg. He would later be Pope Clement II.

In 1040, Peter of Hungary was overthrown by Samuel Aba and fled to 

Germany, where Henry received him well despite the enmity formerly 

between them. Bretislaus was thus deprived of an ally and Henry renewed 

preparations for a campaign in Bohemia. On 15 August, he and Eckard set 

out once more, almost exactly a year after his last expedition. This time he 

was victorious and Bretislaus signed a peace treaty at Regensburg. 

He spent Christmas 1041 at Strasbourg, where he received emissaries from 

Burgundy. He travelled to that kingdom in the new year and dispensed justice 

as needed. On his return, he heard, at Basel, of the raids into Bavaria 

being made by the king of Hungary. He thus granted his own duchy of 

Bavaria to one Henry, a relative of the last independent duke. At Cologne, he 

called together all his great princes, including Eckard, and they unanimously 

declared war on Hungary. It wasn't until September 1042 that he set out, 

after having dispatched men to seek out Agnes de Poitou to be his new 

bride. The expedition into Hungary successfully subdued the west of that 

nation, but Aba fled to eastern fortresses and Henry's installed candidate, an 

unknown cousin of his, was quickly removed when the emperor turned his 

back. 

After Christmas at Goslar, his intended capital, he entertained several embassies: Bretislaus came in person, a 

Kievan embassy was rejected because Henry was not seeking a Russian bride, and the ambassadors of Casimir I 

of Poland were likewise rejected because the duke came not in person. Gisela, Henry's mother, died at this juncture 

and Henry went to the French borders, probably near Ivois to meet King Henry I of France, probably over the 

impending marriage to the princess of Aquitaine. Henry next turned to Hungary again, where he forced Aba to 

recognise the Danubian territory donated to Germany by Stephen I of Hungary pro causa amiticiae (for friendship's 

sake). These territories were ceded to Hungary after the defeat of Conrad II in 1030. This border remained the border 

between Hungary and Austria until 1920. 

After this victory, Henry, a pious man, who dreamed of a Peace and Truce of God being respected over all his 

realms, declared from the pulpit in Konstanz in October 1043 a general indulgence or pardon whereby he promised 

to forgive all injuries to himself and to forgo vengeance. He encouraged all his vassals to do likewise. This is known 

as the "Day of Indulgence" or "Day of Pardon". 

Henry was finally remarried at Ingelheim in 1043 to Agnes, daughter of duke William V of Aquitaine and Agnes of 

Burgundy. Agnes was then living at the court of her stepfather, Geoffrey Martel, count of Anjou. This connection to 

the obstreperous vassal of the French king as well as her consanguinity—she and Henry being both descended 

from Henry the Fowler—caused some churchmen to oppose their union, but the marriage went as planned. Agnes 

was crowned at Mainz. 

After the coronation and the wedding, Henry wintered at Utrecht, where he proclaimed the same indulgence he had 

proclaimed the year prior in Burgundy. Then, in April 1044, Gothelo I, Duke of Lorraine, that is of both Lower and 

Upper Lorraine, died. Henry did not wish to solidify the ducal power in any duchy and so, instead of appointing 

Godfrey, Gothelo's eldest son and already acting duke in Upper Lorraine, duke in the Lower duchy, he appointed 

Gothelo II, Godfrey's younger brother, duke there, thus raising the eldest son's ire. Henry claimed that Gothelo's 

dying wish was to see the duchy split between the brothers, but Godfrey, having faithfully served Henry thus far, 

rebelled. Henry called the two brothers together at Nijmegen, but failed to reconcile them. Nevertheless, he set out 

on the warpath against Hungary, then experiencing internal duress. 

Henry entered Hungary on July 6 and met a large army with his small host. Disaffection rent the Magyar forces, 

however, and they crumbled at the German onslaught in the Battle of Ménfo. Peter was reinstalled as king at 

Székesfehérvár, a vassal of the Empire, and Henry could return home triumphant, the Hungarian people having 

readily submitted to his rule.[1] Tribute was to be paid and Aba, while fleeing, was captured by Peter and beheaded. 

Hungary appeared to have entered the German fold fully and with ease.

Upon his return from the Hungarian expedition, Godfrey of Lorraine began seeking out allies, among them Henry of 

France, to support him in any possible act of overt insurrection. Seeing this, the emperor summoned Henry to a trial 

by his peers of Lower Lorraine at Aachen where he was condemned and his duchy and county of Verdun (a royal 

fief) seized. He immediately fled the scene and began arming for revolt. Henry wintered at Speyer, with the civil war 

clearly in view on the horizon. 

In early 1045, Henry entered Lorraine with a local army and besieged Godfrey's castle of Bockelheim (near 

Kreuznach) and took it. He took a few other castles, but famine drove him out. Leaving behind enough men to guard 

the countryside against Godfrey's raids, he turned to Burgundy. Godfrey had done his best to foment rebellion in that 

kingdom by playing of the imperialist, which supported union with the empire, and nationalist, which supported an 

independent Burgundy, factions against each other. However, Louis, Count of Montbéliard, defeated Reginald I, 

Count of Burgundy (what was to become the Free County), and when Henry arrived, the latter was ready with 

Gerald, Count of Geneva, to do homage. Burgundy was thereafter happily united to Henry's crown. 

Then, Henry discussed the Italian political scene with some Lombard magnates at Augsburg and then went on to 

Goslar, where he gave the duchy of Swabia to Otto, Count Palatine of Lorraine. Henry also gave the march of 

Antwerp to Baldwin, the son of Baldwin V of Flanders. On his way to Hungary, to spend Pentecost with King Peter, a 

floor collapsed in one of his halls and Bruno, Bishop of Würzburg, was killed. In Hungary, Peter gave over the golden 

lance, symbol of sovereignty in Hungary, to Henry and pledged an oath of fealty along with his nobles. Hungary was 

now pledged to Peter for life and peace was fully restored between the two kingdoms of Germany and Hungary. In 

July, even Godfrey submitted and was imprisoned in Gibichenstein, the German Tower. 

Henry fell ill at Tribur in October and Henry of Bavaria and Otto of Swabia chose as his successor Otto's nephew and 

successor in the palatinate, Henry I. Henry III, however, recovered, still heirless. At the beginning of the next year, 

now at the height of his power, but having divested himself of two of the great stem duchies, Henry's old advisor, 

Eckard of Meissen, died, leaving Meissen to Henry. Henry bestowed it on William, count of Orlamünde. He then 

moved to Lower Lorraine, where Gothelo II had just died and Dirk IV of Holland had seized Flushing. Henry personally 

led a river campaign against Count Dirk. Both count and Flushing fell to him. He gave the latter to Bernold, Bishop 

of Utrecht, and returned to Aachen to celebrate Pentecost and decide on the fate of Lorraine. Henry pitied and 

restored Godfrey, but gave the county of Verdun to the bishop of the city. This did not conciliate the duke. Henry gave 

the lower duchy to Frederick. He then appointed Adalbert archbishop of Bremen and summoned Widger, Archbishop 

of Ravenna, to a trial. The right of a German court to try an Italian bishop was very controversial and presaged the 

Investiture Controversy that characterised the reigns of Henry's son and grandson. Henry continued from there on to 

Saxony and held imperial courts at Quedlinburg, Merseburg (June), and Meissen. At the first, he made his daughter 

Beatrice from his first marriage abbess and at the second, he ended the strife between the dux Bomeraniorum and 

Casimir of Poland. This is one of the earliest, or perhaps the earliest, recording of the name of Pomerania, whose 

duke, Zemuzil, brought gifts. 

It was after the these events in northern Germany and a brief visit to Augsburg, where he summoned the greatest 

magnates, clerical and lay, of the realm to meet him and accompany him, that he crossed the Brenner Pass into Italy, 

one of the most important of his many travels. His old ally, Aribert of Milan, had recently died and the Milanese had 

chosen as candidate for his successor one Guido, in opposition to the nobles' candidate. Meanwhile, in Rome, three 

popes—Benedict IX, Sylvester III, and Gregory VI—contested the pontifical honours. Benedict was a Tusculan who 

had previously renounced the throne, Sylvester was a Crescentian, and Gregory was a reformer, but a simoniac. 

Henry marched first to Verona, thence to Pavia in October. He held a court and dispensed justice as he had in 

Burgundy years earlier. He moved on to Sutri and held the a second court on 20 December whereat he deposed all 

the candidates for the Saint Peter's throne and left it temporarily vacant. He headed towards Rome and held a synod 

wherein he declared no Roman priest fit. Adalbert of Bremen refused the honour and Henry appointed Suidger of 

Bamberg, who was acclaimed duly by the people and clergy, we are told. He took the name Clement II. 

Imperial palace at Goslar, largely 

the work of Henry.

On 25 December, Christmas Day, Clement was consecrated and Henry and Agnes were crowned Holy Roman 

Emperor and Empress. The populace gave him the golden chain of the patriciate and made him patricius, giving the 

powers, seemingly, of the Crescentii family during the tenth century: the power to nominate popes. Henry's first acts 

were to visit Frascati, capital of the counts of Tusculum, and seize all the castles of the Crescentii. He and the pope 

then moved south, where his father had created the situation as it was then in his visit of 1038. Henry reversed 

many of Conrad's acts. At Capua, he was received by Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno, also Prince of Capua since 

1038. However, Henry gave Capua back to the twice-deprived Prince Pandulf IV, a highly unpopular choice. Guaimar 

had been acclaimed as Duke of Apulia and Calabria by the Norman mercenaries under William Iron Arm and his 

brother Drogo of Hauteville. In return, Guaimar had recognised the conquests of the Normans and invested William 

as his vassal with the comital title. Henry made Drogo, William's successor in Apulia, a direct vassal of the imperial 

crown. He did likewise to Ranulf Drengot, the count of Aversa, who had been a vassal of Guaimar as Prince of 

Capua. Thus, Guaimar was deprived of his greatest vassals, his principality split in two, and his greatest enemy reinstated. 

Henry lost popularity amongst the Lombards with these decisions and Benevento, though a papal vassal, 

would not admit him. He authorised Drogo to conquer it and headed north to reunion with Agnes at Ravenna. He 

arrived at Verona in May and the Italian circuit was completed. 

On Henry's return to Germany, many offices which had fallen vacant were filled. First, Henry gave away his last personal 

duchy: he made Welf duke of Carinthia. He made his Italian chancellor, Humphrey, archbishop of Ravenna. He 

filled several other sees: he installed Guido in Piacenza, his chaplain Theodoric in Verdun, the provost Herman of 

Speyer in Strasbourg, and his German chancellor Theodoric in Constance. The important Lorrainer bishoprics of 

Metz and Trier received respecively Adalberon and Eberhard, a chaplain. 

The many vacancies of the Imperial episcopate now filled, Henry was at Metz (July 1047) when the rebellion then 

stewing broke out seriously. Godfrey was now allied with Baldwin of Flanders, his son (the margrave of Antwerp), 

Dirk of Holland, and Herman, Count of Mons. Henry gathered an army and went north, where he gave Adalbert of 

Bremen lands once Godfrey's and oversaw the trial by combat of Thietmar, the brother of Bernard II, Duke of 

Saxony, accused of plotting to kill the king. Bernard, an enemy of Adalbert's, was now clearly on Henry's bad side. 

Henry made peace with the new king of Hungary, Andrew I and moved his campaign into the Netherlands. At 

Flushing, he was defeated by Dirk. The Hollanders sacked Charlemagne's palace at Nijmegen and burnt Verdun. 

Godfrey then made public penance and assisted in rebuilding Verdun. The rebels besieged Liège, defended stoutly 

by Bishop Wazo. Henry slowed his campaigning after the death of Henry of Bavaria and gave Upper Lorraine to one 

Adalbert and left. The pope had died in the meantime and Henry chose Poppo of Brixen, who took the name 

Damasus II. Henry gave Bavaria to one Cuno and, at Ulm in January 1048, Swabia to Otto of Schweinfurt, called the 

White. Henry met Henry of France, probably at Ivois again, in October and at Christmas, envoys from Rome came to 

seek a new pope, Damasus having died. Henry's most enduring papal selection was Bruno of Toul, who took office 

as Leo IX, and under whom the Church would be divided between East and West. Henry's final appointment of this 

long spate was a successor to Adalber in Lorraine. For this, he appointed Gerard of Chatenoy, a relative of Adalbert 

and Henry himself. 

The year of 1049 was a series of successes. Dirk of Holland was defeated and killed. Adalbert of Bremen managed 

a peace with Bernard of Saxony and negotiated a treaty with the missionary monarch Sweyn II of Denmark. With the 

assistance of Sweyn and Edward the Confessor of England, whose enemies Baldwin had harboured, Baldwin of 

Flanders was unable to harassed by sea and unable to escape the onslaught of the imperial army. At Cologne, the 

pope excommunicated Godfrey, in revolt again, and Baldwin. The former abandoned his allies and was imprisoned 

by the emperor yet again. Baldwin too gave in under the pressure of Henry's ravages. Finally, war had ceased in the 

Low Countries and the Lorraines and peace seemed to have taken hold. 

In 1051, Henry undertook a third Hungarian campaign, but failed to achieve anything lasting. Lower Lorraine gave 

trouble again, Lambert, Count of Louvain, and Richildis, widow Herman of Mons, and new bride of Baldwin of 

Antwerp, were causing strife. Godfrey was released and to him was it given to safeguard the unstable peace 

attained two years before. 

In 1052, a fourth campaign was undertaken against Hungary and Pressburg (modern Bratislava) was besieged. 

Andrew of Hungary called in the pope's mediation, but upon Henry's lifting of the siege, Andrew withdrew all offers of 

tribute and Leo IX excommunicated him at Regensburg. Henry was unable immediately to continue his campaign, 

however. In fact, he never renewed it in all his life. Henry did send a Swabian army to assist Leo in Italy, but he 

recalled it quickly. In Christmas of that year, Cuno of Bavaria was summoned to Merseburg and deposed by a small 

council of princes for his conflicting with Gebhard III, Bishop of Regensburg. Cuno revolted.

In 1053, at Tribur, the young Henry, born 11 November 1050, was elected king of Germany. Andrew of Hungary 

almost made peace, but Cuno convinced him otherwise. Henry appointed his young son duke of Bavaria and went 

thence to deal with the ongoing insurrection. Henry sent another army to assist Leo in the Mezzogiorno against the 

Normans he himself had confirmed in their conquests as his vassal. Leo, sans assistance from Guaimar (distanced 

from Henry since 1047), was defeated at the Battle of Civitate on 18 June 1053 by Humphrey, Count of Apulia; 

Robert Guiscard, his younger brother; and Prince Richard I of Capua. The Swabians were cut to pieces. 

In 1054, Henry went north to deal with Casimir of Poland, now on the warpath. He transferred Silesia from Bretislaus 

to Casimir. Bretislaus nevertheless remained loyal to the end. Henry turned westwards and crowned his young son at 

Aachen on July 17 and then marched into Flanders, for the two Baldwins were in arms again. John of Arras, who had 

seized Cambrai before, had been forced out by Baldwin of Flanders and so turned to the Emperor. In return for 

inducing Liutpert, Bishop of Cambrai, to give John the castle, John would lead Henry through Flanders. The Flemish 

campaign was a success, but Liutpert could not be convinced. 

Bretislaus, who had regained Silesia in a short war, died that year. The margrave Adalbert of Austria, however, successfully 

resisted the depredations of Cuno and the raids of the king of Hungary. Henry could thus direct his attention 

elsewhere than rebellions for once. He returned to Goslar, the city where his son had been born and which he had 

raised to imperial and ecclesiastic grandeur with his palace and church reforms. He passed Christmas there and 

appointed Gebhard of Eichstedt as the next holder of the Petrine see, with the name Victor II. He was the last of 

Henry's four German popes. 

In 1055, Henry soon turned south, to Italy again, for Boniface III of Tuscany, ever an imperial ally, had died and his 

widow, Beatrice of Bar had married Godfrey of Lorraine (1054). Firstly, however, he gave his old hostage, Spitignev, 

the son of Bretislaus to the Bohemians as duke. Spitignev did homage and Bohemia remained securely, loyally, and 

happily within the Imperial fold. By Easter, Henry had arrived in Mantua. He held several courts, one at Roncaglia, 

where, a century later (1158), Frederick Barbarossa held a far more important diet, sent out his missi dominici to 

establish order. Godfrey, ostensibly the reason for the visit, was not well received by the people and returned to 

Flanders. Henry met the pope at Florence and arrested Beatrice, for marrying a traitor, and her daughter Matilda, 

later to be such an enemy of Henry's son. The young Frederick of Tuscany, Beatrice' son, refused to come to 

Florence and died within days. Henry returned via Zürich and there betrothed his young son to Bertha, daughter of 

Count Otto of Savoy. 

Henry entered a Germany in turmoil. A staunch ally against Cuno in Bavaria, Gebhard of Regensburg, was implicated 

in a plot against the king along with Cuno and Welf of Carinthia. Sources diverge here: some claim only that these 

princes' retainers plotted the king's undoing. Whatever the case, it all came to naught and Cuno died of plague, Welf 

soon following him to the grave. Baldwin of Flanders and Godfrey were at it again, besieging Antwerp. They were 

defeated, again. Henry's reign was clearly changing in character: old foes were dead or dying and old friends as well. 

Herman of Cologne died. Henry appointed his confessor, Anno, as Herman's successor. Henry of France, so long 

eyeing Lorraine greedily, met for a third time with the emperor at Ivois in May 1056. The French king, not renowned 

for his tactical or strategic prowess, but admirable for his personal valour on the field, had a heated debate with the 

German king and challenged him to single combat. Henry fled at night from this meeting. Once in Germany again, 

Godfrey made his final peace and Henry went to the northeast to deal with a Slav uprising after the death of William 

of Meissen. He fell ill on the way and took to bed. He freed Beatrice and Matilda and had those with him swear allegiance 

to the young Henry, whom he commended the pope, present. On 5 October, not yet forty, Henry died. His 

heart went to Goslar, his body to Speyer, to lie next to his father's in the family vault in the cathedral of Speyer. He 

had been one of the most powerful of the Holy Roman Emperors: his authority as king in Burgundy, Germany, and 

Italy only rarely questioned, his power over the church was at the root of what the reformers he sponsored later 

fought against in his son, and his achievement in binding to the empire her tributaries was clear. Nevertheless, his 

reign is often pronounced a failure in that he apparently left problems far beyond the capacities of his successors to 

handle. The Investiture Controversy was largely the result of his church politics, though his popemaking gave the 

Roman diocese to the reform party. He united all the great duchies save Saxonoy to himself at one point or another, 

but gave them all away. His most enduring and concrete monument may be the impressive palace (kaiserpfalz) at 

Goslar.

BAVARIA 

Heinrich III. (2. Period) 1039-1041 

Denar. Regensburg mint, 18 mm 1,02 g. 


Rev.: Cross, in the angles wedge, 3 balls, wedge, 3 

balls. 

Reference: Hahn 43 A. Scarce, slightly curved, VF. 

Estimate EUR 300. Price realized: 340 EUR 


BAVARIA 




Rev.: Cross, in the angles: C R V X. 

Reference: Hahn 38 var.. Minimally curved, VF & 

Beautiful! 



BAVARIA 


Denar. Regensburg mint, minted 1039. 1,45 g. 

Obv.: Cross with ball at ends; in the angles C R V X 

Rev.: Five-columned church with ointed roof and 3 

stages. 

Reference: Hahn 37. Scarce, VF. 

Estimation: 250 EUR. Price realized: 200 EUR 


BAVARIA 




Rev.: Columned temple. 

Reference: Hahn 44, Dannenberg 1098.F/VF. 



BAVARIA 




Rev.: Cross, in the angles: 3 balls, ring, 3 balls, 

wedge. 

Reference: Hahn 40. Beautiful patina. Exceptional! 

Schätzpreis: 300,00 EUR. Price realized: 550 EUR 


BAVARIA 

Heinrich III. (1. Period) 1027-1039 and Emperor 

Conrad II. 


Obv.: Cross, in the angles: RE-X / HE-IN. Edge 

inscription: +CHVONRADV IM (backwards and 

badly done) 

Rev.: Temple with 5 columns; RADASPONA 

Reference: Hahn 35.2.VF. 



Henry VII 1042-1047 

Henry VII (died 16 October 1047) was the count of Luxembourg (as Henry II) from 1026 and duke 

of Bavaria from 1042 until his death. He was the son of Frederick, count of Moselgau, and possibly 

Ermentrude of Gleiberg. 

In 1026, he inherited Luxembourg from his uncle Henry I. This included charge of the abbeys of 

Saint-Maximin in Trier and Saint-Willibrord in Echternach. In 1042, he was given Bavaria by the 

Emperor Henry III, who had hitherto held it, but who needed a resident duke to deal with the raids 

of Samuel Aba, king of Hungary. 

He never married. His uncle Giselbert succeeded him in Luxembourg, while Bavaria escheated to 

the emperor, who gave it to Cuno. 

BAVARIA 

Heinrich VII., 1042-1047 

Pfennig. Regensburg mint, 0.82 g. 

Obv.: Head right. 

Rev.: Temple facade with 2-staged pointed roof. 

Reference: Dannenberg 1102a; Hahn 47/2. Very scarce. Nice1 

Estimate: 300 EUR. 

BAVARIA 

Heinrich VII., 1042-1047 

Pfennig. Regensburg mint, 1,06 g. 

Obv.: Bearded head right. 

Rev.: Temple facade with 2-staged pointed roof. 

Reference: Hahn 47 var., Dannenberg 1102 var.. Small rim break. Weakly 

struck, but very nice! 


the auction date)

Conrad I (Kuno) 1049-1053 

After Henry VII's death, the dukedom was vacant for a couple of years. Emperor Henry III then gave the duchy to Kuno, Count of 

Zütphen, in 1049. Kuno was deposed in 1053. 

Conrad I, also known as Cuno or Kuno (c.1020 – 5 December 1055), was the duke of Bavaria from 1049 to 1053. He was of the 

Ezzonen family, his parents being Liudolf, Count of Zütphen and eldest son of Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lorraine, and Matilda. For 

this, he is sometimes called Conrad of Zutphen. 

After eighteen months of vacancy since the death of Henry VII, the duchy of Bavaria was filled on 2 February 1049 by the 

Emperor Henry III with Cuno. Cuno was the possible successor of childless emperor. He was not the choice of the Bavarian 

nobility, but was intended to draw the duchy closer to the crown. This failed, for Cuno married against the will of the emperor 

when he wed Judith of Schweinfurt, daughter of Otto III, Duke of Swabia. He tried to increase his power in Bavaria and was in 

conflict with Gebhard III, Bishop of Regensburg. Finally, he was summoned to a Christmas court at Merseburg in 1052-1053 and 

there deposed. He was replaced early the next year by Henry's unexpectedly new-born son, later the Emperor Henry IV. Cuno, 

who had not come to blows with the bishop, returned to Bavaria and rebelled. He was in league with the rebellious Welf of 

Carinthia and Andrew I of Hungary. He died in exile after trying to assassinate the Emperor and seize the throne, having been 

abandoned by Welf, in 1055. He was buried in St Mariengraden in Cologne in 1063. 

Henry VIII 1053-1054; 1055-1061; 1077-1096 

Emperor Henry III now gave the duchy first to his young son Henry (VIII), then to an even younger son, Conrad, and upon 

the latter's death gave it back to Henry VIII again. Henry VIII became King of Germany (as Henry IV) in 1056. 

Henry IV (November 11, 1050–August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and 

Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105. He was the third 

emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of 

the 11th century. His reign was marked by the Investiture Controversy with the 

Papacy and several civil wars with pretenders to his throne in Italy and Germany. 

Goslar. His christening was delayed until the following Easter so that Abbot Hugh of 

Cluny could be one of his godparents. But even before that, at his Christmas court 

Henry III induced the attending nobles to promise fidelity to his son. Three years later, 

still anxious to ensure the succession, Henry III had a larger assembly of nobles elect 

the young Henry as his successor, and then, on July 17, 1054, had him elected as 

king by Herman II, Archbishop of Cologne at Trebur. The coronation was held in 

Aachen in 1054. When Henry III unexpectedly died in 1056, the accession of the sixyear-old 

Henry IV was not opposed by his vassals. The dowager Empress Agnes 

acted as regent, and, according to the will of the dead emperor, the German pope 

Victor II was named as her counsellor. The latter's death in 1057 soon showed the 

political ineptitude of Agnes, and the powerful influence held over her by German 

magnates and Imperial functionaries. 

Agnes assigned the Duchy of Bavaria, given by her husband to Henry IV, to Otto of 

Nordheim. This deprived the young king of a solid base of power. Likewise, her decision 

to assign the Duchies of Swabia and Carinthia to Rudolf of Rheinfelden (who 

married her daughter) and Berthold of Zähringen, respectively, would prove mistakes, 

as both later rebelled against the king. Unlike Henry III, Agnes proved incapable of 

influencing the election of the new popes, Stephen IX and Nicholas II. The Papal 

alliance with the Normans of southern Italy, formed to counter the communal resistance 

in Rome, resulted in the deterioration of relations with the German King, as well 

as Nicholas' interference in the election of German bishops. Agnes also granted local magnates extensive territorial privileges that 

eroded the King's material power. 

In 1062 the young king was kidnapped during a conspiracy of German nobles led by archbishop Anno II of Cologne. Henry, who 

was at Kaiserwerth, was persuaded to board a boat lying in the Rhine; it was immediately unmoored and the king sprang into the 

stream, but was rescued by one of the conspirators and carried to Cologne. Agnes retired to a convent, the government subsequently 

placed in the hands of Anno. His first move was to recognize the Pope Alexander II in his conflict with the antipope 

Honorius II, who had been initially recognized by Agnes but was subsequently left without support. 

Anno's rule proved unpopular. The education and training of Henry were supervised by Anno, who was called his magister, while 

Adalbert of Hamburg, archbishop of Bremen, was styled Henry's patronus. Henry's education seems to have been neglected, and 

his willful and headstrong nature developed under the conditions of these early years. The malleable Adalbert of Hamburg soon 

became the confidant of the ruthless Henry. Eventually, during an absence of Anno from Germany, Henry managed to obtain the 

control of his civil duties, leaving Anno only with the ecclesiastical ones.

In March 1065 Henry was declared of age. The whole of his future reign was apparently marked by efforts to consolidate Imperial 

power. In reality, however, it was a careful balancing act between maintaining the loyalty of the nobility and the support of the pope. 

In 1066, one year after his enthroning at the age of fifteen, he expelled Adalbert of Hamburg, who had profited off his position for 

personal enrichment, from the Crown Council. Henry also adopted urgent military measures against the Slav pagans, who had 

recently invaded Germany and besieged Hamburg. 

In June 1066 Henry married Bertha of Maurienne, daughter of Count Otto of Savoy, to whom he had been betrothed in 1055. In the 

same year he assembled an army to fight, at the request of the Pope, the Italo-Normans of southern Italy. Henry's troops had 

reached Augsburg when he received news that Godfrey of Tuscany, husband of the powerful Matilda of Canossa, marchioness of 

Tuscany, had already attacked the Normans. Therefore the expedition was halted. 

In 1068, driven by his impetuous character and his infidelities, Henry attempted to divorce Bertha[1]. His peroration at a council in 

Mainz was however rejected by the Papal legate Pier Damiani, who hinted that any further insistence towards divorce would lead 

the new pope, Alexander II, to deny his coronation. Henry obeyed and his wife returned to Court, but he was convinced that the 

Papal opposition aimed only at overthrowing lay power within the Empire, in favour of an ecclesiastical hierarchy. 

In the late 1060s Henry set up with strong determination to reduce any opposition and to enlarge the national boundaries. He led 

expeditions against the Liutici and the margrave of a district east of Saxony; and soon afterwards he had to quench the rebellions of 

with Rudolf of Swabia and Berthold of Carinthia. Much more serious was Henry's struggle with Otto of Nordheim, duke of Bavaria. 

This prince, who occupied an influential position in Germany and was one of the protagonists of Henry's early kidnapping, was 

accused in 1070 by a certain Egino of being privy to a plot to murder the king. It was decided that a trial by battle should take place 

at Goslar, but when the demand of Otto for a safe conduct for himself and his followers, to and from the place of meeting, was 

refused, he declined to appear. He was thereupon declared deposed in Bavaria, and his Saxon estates were plundered. He obtained 

sufficient support, however, to carry on a struggle with the king in Saxony and Thuringia until 1071, when he submitted at 

Halberstadt. Henry aroused the hostility of the Thuringians by supporting Siegfried, archbishop of Mainz, in his efforts to exact tithes 

from them; but still more formidable was the enmity of the Saxons, who had several causes of complaint against the king. He was 

the son of one enemy, Henry III, and the friend of another, Adalbert of Bremen. He had ordered a restoration of all crown lands in 

Saxony and had built forts among this people, while the country was ravaged to supply the needs of his courtiers, and its duke 

Magnus was a prisoner in his hands. All classes were united against him, and when the struggle broke out in 1073 the Thuringians 

joined the Saxons. The war, which lasted with slight intermissions until 1088, exercised a most potent influence upon Henry's fortunes 

elsewhere. 

Initially in need of support for his expeditions in Saxony and Thuringia, Henry adhered to the Papal decrees in religious matters. His 

apparent weakness, however, had the side effect of spurring the ambitions of Gregory VII, a reformist monk elected as pontiff in 

1073, for Papal hegemony. 

The tension between Empire and Church culminated in the councils of 1074–1075, which constituted a substantial attempt to delegitimate 

Henry III's policy. Among other measures, they denied to secular rulers the right to place members of the clergy in office; 

this had dramatic effects in Germany, where bishops were often powerful feudatories who, in this way, were able to free themselves 

from imperial authority. Aside from the reacquisition of all lost privileges by the ecclesiasticals, the council's decision deprived the 

imperial crown of rights to almost half its lands, with grievous consequences for national unity, especially in peripheral areas like the 

Kingdom of Italy. 

Suddenly hostile to Gregory, Henry did not relent from his positions: after his defeat of Otto of Nordheim, he continued to interfere in 

Italian and German episcopal life, naming bishops at his will and declaring papal provisions illegitimate. In 1075 Gregory excommunicated 

some members of the Imperial Court, and threatened to do the same with Henry himself. Further, in a synod held in 

February of that year, Gregory clearly established the supreme power of the Catholic Church, with the Empire subjected to it. Henry 

replied with a counter-synod of his own. 

The beginning of the conflict known as the Investiture Controversy can be assigned to Christmas night of 1075: Gregory was kidnapped 

and imprisoned by Cencio I Frangipane, a Roman noble, while officiating at Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. Later freed by 

Roman people, Gregory accused Henry of having been behind the attempt. In the same year, the emperor had defeated a rebellion 

of Saxons in the First Battle of Langensalza, and was therefore free to accept the challenge. 

At Worms, on January 24, 1076, a synod of bishops and princes summoned by Henry declared Gregory VII deposed. Hildebrand 

replied by excommunicating the emperor and all the bishops named by him on February 22, 1076. In October of that year a diet of 

the German princes in Tribur attempted to find a settlement for the conflict, conceding Henry a year to repent from his actions, 

before the ratification of the excommunication that the pope was to sign in Swabia some months later. Henry did not repent, and, 

counting on the hostility showed by the Lombard clergy against Gregory, decided to move to Italy. He spent Christmas of that year in 

Besançon and, together with his wife and his son, he crossed the Alps with help of the Bishop of Turin and reached Pavia. 

Gregory, on his way to the diet of Augsburg, and hearing that Henry was approaching, took refuge in the castle of Canossa (near 

Reggio Emilia), belonging to Matilda. Henry's troops were nearby.

Henry's intent, however, was apparently to perform the penance required 

to lift his excommunication and ensure his continued rule. The choice of 

an Italian location for the act of repentance, instead of Augsburg, was not 

accidental: it aimed to consolidate the Imperial power in an area partly 

hostile to the Pope; to lead in person the prosecution of events; and to 

oppose the pact signed by German feudataries and the Pope in Tribur 

with the strong German party that had deposed Gregory at Worms, 

through the concrete presence of his army. 

He stood in the snow outside the gates of the castle of Canossa for three 

days, from January 25 to January 27, 1077, begging the pope to rescind 

the sentence (popularly portrayed as without shoes, taking no food or 

shelter, and wearing a hairshirt - see Walk of Canossa). The Pope lifted 

the excommunication, imposing a vow to comply with certain conditions, 

which Henry soon violated. 

Rudolf of Rheinfeld, a two-time brother-in-law of Henry, took advantage of 

the momentary weakness of the Emperor by having himself declared 

antiking by a council of Saxon, Bavarian, and Carinthian princes in March 

of 1077 in Forchheim. Rudolf promised to respect the electoral concept of 

the monarchy and declared his willingness to be subservient to the pope. 

Despite these difficulties, Henry's situation in Germany improved in the 

following years. When Rudolf was crowned at Mainz in May 1077, the 

population revolted and forced him to flee to Saxony, where he was 

deprived of his territories (later he was also stripped of Swabia). After the Henry IV begging Matilda of Canossa. 

inconclusive battle of Mellrichstadt (August 7, 1077) and the defeat of 

Flarchheim (27 January 1080) Gregory instead launched a second anathema against Henry in March 1080. However, the evidence 

that Gregory's hate had such a personal connotation led much of Germany to re-embrace Henry's cause. 

On October 14, 1080 the armies of the two rival kings met at the Elster River, in the plain of Leipzig. Rudolf was mortally wounded 

and died soon afterwards, and the rebellion against Henry lost momentum. Another antiking, Henry of Luxembourg, was fought 

successfully by Frederick of Swabia, Rudolf's successor in Swabia who had married Henry's daughter Agnes. Henry convoked a 

synod of the highest German clergy in Bamberg and Brixen (June, 1080). Here Henry had Gregory (dubbed "The False Monk") 

again deposed and replaced by the primate of Ravenna, Guibert (the antipope Clement III). 

Henry entered in Pavia and was crowned here as King of Italy, receiving the Iron Crown. He also assigned a series of privileges to 

the Italian cities who had supported him, and marched against the hated Matilda, declaring her deposed for lese majesty and confiscating 

her possessions. Then he moved to Rome, which he besieged first in 1081: he was however compelled to retire to 

Tuscany, where he granted privileges to various cities, and obtained monetary assistance (360,000 gold pieces)[2] from a new ally, 

the eastern emperor, Alexios I Komnenos, who aimed to thwart the Norman's aims against his empire. A second and equally 

unsuccessful attack on Rome was followed by a war of devastation in northern Italy with the adherents of Matilda; and towards the 

end of 1082 the king made a third attack on Rome. After a siege of seven months the Leonine city fell into his hands. A treaty was 

concluded with the Romans, who agreed that the quarrel between king and pope should be decided by a synod, and secretly 

bound themselves to induce Gregory to crown Henry as emperor, or to choose another pope. Gregory, however, shut up in Castel 

Sant'Angelo, would hear of no compromise; the synod was a failure, as Henry prevented the attendance of many of the pope's 

supporters; and the king, in pursuance of his treaty with Alexios, marched against the Normans. The Romans soon fell away from 

their allegiance to the pope; and, recalled to the city, Henry entered Rome in March 1084, after which Gregory was declared 

deposed and Clement was recognized by the Romans. On 31 March 1084 Henry was crowned emperor by Clement, and received 

the patrician authority. His next step was to attack the fortresses still in the hands of Gregory. The pope was saved by the advance 

of Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia, who left the siege of Durazzo and marched towards Rome: Henry left the city and Gregory 

could be freed. The latter however died soon later at Salerno (1085), not before a last letter in which he exhorted the whole 

Christianity to a crusade against the emperor. 

Feeling secure of his success in Italy, Henry returned to Germany. 

The Emperor spent 1084 in a show of power in Germany, where the reforming instances had still ground due to the predication of 

Otto of Ostia, advancing up to Magdeburg in Saxony. He also declared the Peace of God in all the Imperial territories to quench 

any sedition. On March 8, 1088 Otto of Ostia was elected pope as Victor III: with the Norman support, he excommunicated Henry 

and Clement III, who was defined "a beast sprung out from the earth to wage war against the Saints of God". He also formed a 

large coalition against the Holy Roman Empire, including, aside from the Normans, the Rus of Kiev, the Lombard communes of 

Milan, Cremona, Lodi and Piacenza and Matilda of Canossa, who had she remarried to Welf II of Bavaria, therefore creating a 

concentration of power too formidable to be neglected by the emperor.

In 1088 Henry of Luxembourg died and Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen, a 

longtime enemy of the emperor's, proclaimed himself the antiking's successor. 

Henry had him condemned by a Saxon diet and then a national one at 

Quedlinburg and Regensburg respectively, but was defeated by Egbert 

when a relief army came to the margrave's rescue during the siege of 

Gleichen. Egbert was murdered two years later (1090) and his ineffectual 

insurrection and royal pretensions fell apart. 

Henry then launched his third punitive expedition in Italy. After some initial 

success against the lands of Canossa, his defeat in 1092 caused the 

rebellion of the Lombard communes. The insurrection extended when 

Matilda managed to turn against him his elder son, Conrad, who was 

crowned King of Italy at Monza in 1093. The Emperor therefore found himself 

cut off from Germany. He could return there only in 1097: in Germany 

his power wall still at its height, as Welf V of Bavaria separated from 

Matilda and Bavaria gave back to Welf IV. 

Henry reacted by deposing Conrad at the diet of Mainz in April 1098, and 

designating his younger son Henry (future Henry V) as successor, under 

the oath sworn that he would never follow his brother's example. 

The situation in the Empire remained chaotic, worsened by the further 

excommunication against Henry launched by the new pope Paschal II, a 

follower of Gregory VII's reformation ideals elected in the August of 1099. 

But this time the emperor, meeting with some success in his efforts to 

restore order, could afford to ignore the papal bana. A successful campaign 

in Flanders was followed in 1103 by a diet at Mainz, where serious efforts 

were made to restore peace, and Henry IV himself promised to go on crusade. 

But this plan was shattered by the revolt of his son Henry in 1104, 

who, encouraged by the adherents of the pope, declared he owed no allegiance 

to an excommunicated father. Saxony and Thuringia were soon in 

arms, the bishops held mainly to the younger Henry, while the emperor 

was supported by the towns. A desultory warfare was unfavourable, however, 

to the emperor, who was taken as prisoner at an alleged reconciliation 

meeting at Koblenz. At a diet held in Mainz in December, Henry IV was 

forced to resign to his crown, being subsequently imprisoned in the castle 

The abdication of Henry IV in favour of Henry 

V from the Cronichle of Ekkehard von Aura. 

of Böckelheim. Here he was also obliged that he had unjustly persecuted Gregory VII and to have illegally named Clement III. 

When these conditions became known in Germany, a vivid movement of dissension spread. In 1106 the loyal party set up a large 

army to fight Henry V and Paschal. Henry IV managed to escape to Cologne from his jail, finding a considerable support in the 

lower Rhineland. He also entered into negotiations with England, France and Denmark. 

Henry was also able to defeat his son's army near Visé, in Lorraine, on March 2, 1106. He however died soon afterwards after 

nine days of illness, while he was guest of his friend Othbert, Bishop of Liège. He was 56. 

His body was buried by the bishop of Liege with suitable ceremony, but by command of the papal legate it was unearthed, taken 

to Speyer and placed in the at that time unconsecrated chapel of Saint Afra that was build on the side of the Imperial Cathedral. 

After being released from the sentence of excommunication, the remains were buried in the Speyer cathedral in August 1111. 

Henry IV was known for licentious behaviour in his early years, being described as careless and self-willed. In his later life, he displayed 

much diplomatic ability. His abasement at Canossa can be regarded as a move of policy to weaken the pope's position at 

the cost of a personal humiliation to himself. He was always regarded as a friend of the lower orders, was capable of generosity 

and gratitude, and showed considerable military skill.

BAVARIA 

Heinrich VIII., 1056-1106 (From 1084 Kaiser 

Heinrich IV). 

Pfennig. Nürnberg mint, c. 1090. 0.72 g. 

Obv.: Bust of king facing. 

Rev.: Wall-ring. 

Reference: Dannenberg -; Erlanger -. Greatest rarity, 

very nice! 


BAVARIA 


Heinrich IV). 

Pfennig. Regensburg mint, 1056-1084. 1,13 g. 

Obv.: Bust facing, H////CVSREX 

Rev.: Cathedral facade between 2 towers. 

Reference: Hahn 53, Dannenberg 1099. Very scarce, 

weak strike. Very nice! 



BAVARIA 


Heinrich IV). 


Obv: Bust of king with large moustache facing. 

Rev.: Dome tower in the central elbow of a building 

with 3 dome towers. 

Reference: Dannenberg -; Erlanger -, Greatest rarity! 

VF. 



BAVARIA 


Heinrich IV). 


Obv.: Crowned Bust facing, . +//////IMP 

Rev.: Building (wooden church?) 

Reference: Hahn - obv. like . 53,54, Dannenberg -, 

Extremely rare, weakly struck, but VF. 


BAVARIA 


Heinrich IV). 


Obv.: Bust of king facing. 

Rev. Building. 

BAVARIA 

Heinrich VIII., 1056-1106 (From 1084 Kaiser Heinrich IV). 


Obv.: Bust of Kaiser facing, with orb and lily-scepter. 

Rev.: Church building. 

Reference: Hahn 61. Weakly struck, but very nice coin! 

Reference: Dannenberg 1940 stark var.; Erlanger 1 

stark var. Greatest rarity! VF. 



BAVARIA 

Heinrich VIII., 1056-1106 (From 1084 Kaiser Heinrich 

IV). 

Pfennig, Type 3. Regensburg mint, ca. 1058 0,99 g. 

Heinrich IV., as KIng, with Bishop Gebhard III (1056- 

1060). 

Obv.: EINRI-VS REX , crowned bust facing. 

Rev.: REGNES PVRC Lateral view of the cathedral. 

Reference: Hahn 55 var. Greatest rarity, VF. 

This Koenigsdenar, which shows only the side view of the 

Regensburg cathedral as well as the city name in the 

German form, ranks among the large rare pieces of the 

medieval Regensburger and Bavarian numismatic history, 

and was missing in most important collections of medieval 

coinages. 

Estimate: 2.750 EUR. Price realized: 2,600 EUR (approx. 

3,313 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date) 

Estimate: 250 EUR. Price realized: 240 EUR (approx. 338 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)

Conrad II 1054-1055 

Conrad II (September or October 1052, Regensburg – 10 April 1055, Regensburg), called the Child, was the duke 

of Bavaria from 1054 to 1055. He was the second son of the Emperor Henry III and his second wife, Agnes of 

Poitou. He was briefly appointed duke of Bavaria, which had been held by his elder brother Henry. He died soon 

after and was replaced by Henry. 

If Conrad I is not numbered (because of his alternative name Cuno), Conrad the Child is sometimes numbered 

Conrad I. 

Otto II 1061-1070 

Otto of Northeim (German: Otto von Northeim), Duke of Bavaria (born about 1020, died 11 January 1083), belonged 

to the rich and influential Saxon family of the counts of Northeim, and having distinguished himself in war and peace 

alike, received the Duchy of Bavaria from the Dowager Empress Agnes, widow of Emperor Henry III, Holy Roman 

Emperor and mother of the child Emperor Henry IV, in 1061. He conspired with Anno, Archbishop of Cologne, to 

seize Henry IV in 1062, led a successful expedition into Hungary in 1063, and took a prominent part in the Empire's 

government during the king's minority. In 1064 he went to Italy to settle a papal schism, was largely instrumental in 

securing the banishment from court of Adalbert, Archbishop of Bremen, and crossed the Alps in the royal interests on 

two other occasions. He neglected his duchy, but added to his personal possessions, and in 1069 shared in two 

expeditions in the east of Germany. 

In 1070 Otto was accused by a certain Egino of being privy to a plot to murder the king, and it was decided he 

should submit to the ordeal of battle with his accuser. The duke asked for a safe-conduct to and from the place of 

meeting, and when this was refused he declined to appear and was consequently deprived of Bavaria, while his 

Saxon estates were plundered. He obtained no support in Bavaria, but raised an army among the Saxons and carried 

on a campaign of plunder against Henry until 1071, when he submitted. In the following year he received back 

his private estates. 

When the Saxon revolt broke out in 1073 Otto is represented by Bruno, the author of De bello Saxonico, as delivering 

an inspiring speech to the assembled Saxons at Wormsleben, after which he took command of the insurgents. 

By the peace of Gerstungen in 1074 Bavaria was restored to him. He participated in the Saxon rising of 1075, after 

which he was again pardoned and made administrator of Saxony. 

After the excommunication of Henry IV in 1076 Otto attempted to mediate between Henry and the Saxons, but when 

these efforts failed he again placed himself at their head. He assented to the election of Rudolph, Count of 

Rheinfelden, as German king, when his restoration to Bavaria was assured, and by his skill and bravery inflicted 

defeats on Henry's forces at Mellrichstadt, Flarchheim and Hohenmolsen. He remained in arms against the king until 

his death on 11 January 1083. 

Otto is described as a noble, prudent and warlike man, and he possessed great abilities. His repeated pardons 

showed that Henry could not afford to neglect such a powerful personality, and his military talents were repeatedly 

displayed. By his wife Richenza of Swabia, widow of Hermann, Count of Werla, he left four sons and three daughters. 

Otto is buried in the Nicolai Chapel in Northeim.

In 1070, King Henry IV deposed duke Otto, granting the duchy instead to Count Welf, a member of the Italo-Bavarian family 

of Este. Welf subsequently quarreled with King Henry and was deprived of his duchy for nineteen years, during which 

it was directly administered by the German crown. Welf recovered the duchy in 1096, and was succeeded by his sons 

Welf (II) and Henry (IX); the latter was succeeded by his son, Henry (X), who also became Duke of Saxony. 

Welf I 1070-1077, 1096-1101 

Welf was the son of Azzo II of Este and his wife Chuniza of Altdorf. When Welf's maternal uncle, Welf, Duke of Carinthia (also 

known as Welf III), died childless, Welf inherited his property. Welf married Ethelinde, daughter of Otto II, Duke of Bavaria. 

Although the Marquis of Este, guided by his cousin Matilda, continued firm in the Pope's interests, his son Welf, who had succeeded 

to the Bavarian states, and whose views were more immediately directed to Germany, supported the emperor. For his fidelity 

he was rewarded with the duchy of Bavaria, which had been forfeited by Otto, his father-in-law. When Duke Otto had become an 

enemy of King Henry IV, Welf divorced Ethelinde, and soon thereafter (in 1070) was appointed duke of Bavaria in Otto's stead. 

This event took place at Goslar in 1070, when the states of Bavaria submitted quietly to the new made duke, who was the representative 

of one of the most ancient families in the province; and although, in compliance with the commands of the emperor, he 

afterwards repudiated his duchess, the daughter of Otho, we do toot find that his influence was at all affected by such an act, 

which savored somewhat of injustice. 

During the Investiture Controversy, Welf sided with Pope Gregory VII, and in March 1077 supported the election of Rudolf of 

Rheinfelden as anti-king. They were reconciled in 1076, but the following year saw them again engaged in active hostilities. Henry, 

in consequence of these repeated acts of rebellion, deprived him of his newly-acquired sovereignty; but, supported by his faithful 

Bavarians, and aided by his father in Italy, he was able to maintain his place, and to set the ban of the empire at defiance in May 

1077. 

Welf joined the discontented princes who supported the standard of Rudolph, when all were put without the pale of the church who 

refused to obey the mandate of that Pope; and in that age of ignorance and superstition, many were obliged to comply with a 

Pope's mandate, who otherwise would have supported the sovereign of their own choice. Fortunately for the peace of Germany, 

Gregory died in 1085, and Welf , though he still adhered to the party of the church, began to relax in his exertions to maintain the 

usurper. In 1089, Welf's son Welf married Matilda of Tuscany, thus strengthening relationships with the pope. After the younger 

Welf divorced Matilda in 1095, Welf made amends with King Henry IV and was reappointed as duke of Bavaria. 

On the divorce of his first wife, Welf married a princess of Flanders, the widow of Tostig Godwinson, Earl of Northumbria, in 

England, and the sister of the queen of William I of England, the conqueror of that kingdom. 

After the death of his father Azzo in 1097, Welf tried to acquire his father's property south of the Alps, but did not succeed against 

his younger half-brother Fulco. 

In 1099, Welf joined the Crusade of 1101. He died while returning from the crusade in Cyprus in 1101 and was buried in 

Weingarten Abbey. He was succeeded as duke of Bavaria by his son Welf. 

Welf II 1101-1120 

Welf II (1072 – 24 September 1120, Kaufering), or Welfhard, called Welf the Fat, was duke of Bavaria from 1101 until his death. In 

the Welf genealogy, he is counted as Welf V. 

Welf was the oldest son of Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, and his wife Judith of Flanders. In 1089, he was married to Matilda of Tuscany, 

who was 26 years older, in order to strengthen the relation between his family and the pope during the Investiture Controversy 

between king and pope. During King Henry IV's Italian campaign of 1090, Welf and Matilda fought against the King. 

Since Matilda had secretly transferred her property to the Church before her marriage, Welf left her in 1095 and, together with his 

father, changed sides to King Henry IV, possibly in exchange for a promise of succeeding his father as duke of Bavaria. 

After his father's death in 1101 Welf indeed inherited the office of duke of Bavaria. He continued his alliance with the kings; he did 

not remarry and died childless in 1120. Welf was buried at Weingarten Abbey.

Henry IX the Black 1120-1126 

Henry IX (died 13 December 1126), called the Black, a member of the House of Welf, was duke of Bavaria from 1120 

to 1126. 

Henry was the second son of Welf I, Duke of Bavaria and Judith of Flanders. As a young man, he administered the 

family's property south of the Alps. Through his marriage to Wulfhilda, daughter of Magnus, Duke of Saxony, he 

acquired part of the Billung property in Saxony. 

In 1116, he joined Emperor Henry V's Italian campaign. He succeeded his brother Welf II, Duke of Bavaria, when the 

latter died childless in 1120. 

In the royal election of 1125, he supported his son-in-law Frederick II, Duke of Swabia, but switched his allegiance to 

Lothair, Duke of Saxony, after Lothair promised that Gertrud, his only daughter and heir, would marry Henry's son 

Henry. 

After Lothair won the election and banned Frederick, in 1126 Henry abdicated as duke of Bavaria and retired to the 

family foundation of Weingarten Abbey so that he did not have to take part in the prosecution of his son-in-law. Henry 

died shortly thereafter and was buried in Weingarten. 

Henry and Wulfhilda had the following children: 

Judith, married Frederick II, Duke of Swabia 

Conrad, died 17 March 1126 

Henry X the Proud 

Welf 

Sophia, married Berthold III, Duke of Zähringen and Leopold I, Duke of Styria 

Wulfhild, married Rudolf, Count of Bregenz 

Mathilde, married Diepold IV, Margrave of Vohburg and Gebhard III, Count of Sulzbach 

Adalbert, Abbot of Corvey 

BAVARIA 

Heinrich IX., 1120 - 1126. 

Pfennig. 24 mm 0.88 g. 

Obv.: Rider with lance right. 

Rev.: Round wall with 3 towers. 

Reference: Emmerig 35. Scarce, VF. 

Estimate: EUR 100. Price realized: 150 EUR (approx. 197 U.S. Dollars as of the 

auction date)

Henry X the Proud 1126-1139 

Henry the Proud (c. 1108 – 20 October 1139) was the Duke of Bavaria (Henry X, 

1126–1139), Duke of Saxony (Henry II, 1137–1139), and Margrave of Tuscany (1137- 

1139). 

He was the son of Henry the Black, Duke of Bavaria, and Wulfhild, daughter of Magnus 

Billung, Duke of Saxony, and thus a member of the Welf family, and, what was quite 

important, senior heir of the Billung family. His father and mother both died in 1126 

(father became a monk shortly before his death), and as his elder brother Conrad had 

entered the church and died before their parents, Henry became duke of Bavaria. He 

shared the family possessions in Saxony, Bavaria and Swabia with his younger brother, 

Welf. 

In 1127 he was married to Gertrude, the only child of Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor, 

whose marriage and inheritance Henry's father had been promised as reward for his 

changing to support Lothair in the royal election of 1125. Gertrude was heir of the properties 

of three Saxon dynasties: the House of Supplinburg, the Brunones, and the House 

of Northeim. The couple had only one son, Henry the Lion. After the marriage, Henry took part in the warfare between the king 

and the Hohenstaufen brothers, Frederick II, Duke of Swabia (who was Henry's brother-in-law, having been married with his sister 

Judith), and Conrad, Duke of Franconia, afterwards the German king Conrad III. While engaged in this struggle Henry was also 

occupied in suppressing a rising in Bavaria, led by Frederick, Count of Bogen, during which both duke and count sought to establish 

their own candidates in the Bishopric of Regensburg. After a war of devastation, Frederick submitted in 1133, and two years 

later the Hohenstaufen brothers made their peace with Lothair. In 1136, Henry accompanied his father-in-law to Italy, and taking 

command of one division of the imperial army marched into southern Italy, devastating the land as he went. Having distinguished 

himself by his military abilities during this campaign, Henry was appointed as margrave of Tuscany and as Lothair's successor in 

the Duchy of Saxony. He was also given the former properties of Matilda of Tuscany. 

When Lothair died in December 1137, Henry's wealth and position made him a formidable candidate for the German crown, but 

the same qualities which earned him the surname of Proud, aroused the jealousy of the princes and so prevented his election. 

The new king, Conrad III, demanded the imperial insignia which were in Henry's possession, and the duke in return asked for his 

investiture with the Saxon duchy. But Conrad, who feared his power, refused to assent to this on the pretext that it was unlawful 

for two duchies to be in one hand. Attempts at a settlement failed, and in July 1138 Henry was deprived of his duchies. In 1139 

Henry succeeded in expelling his enemies from Saxony and was preparing to attack Bavaria when he suddenly died in the Abbey 

of Quedlinburg. Henry was buried in the Collegiate Church of Königslutter next to his parents-in-law. 

His son was Henry the Lion, who was underage. Henry's duchy of Bavaria was given to Leopold IV, Margrave of Austria, a halfbrother 

of the new king Conrad. Saxony, which he had attempted to hold but was not officially invested with, was given to Albert 

the Bear, son of the younger daughter of the last Billung duke, Magnus. 

BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 


Obv.: Waist-high bust with banner and shield facing, head right. 

Rev.: Building with 3 towers and 2 arched doors. 

Reference: Emmerig 54. Scarce! Beautiful condition. 

Estimate: EUR 150. Price realized: 90 EUR (approx. 121 U.S. Dollars as of the auction 

date)

BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 

Pfennig. 21 mm 0,94g. 

Obv.: Bust facing left. 

Rev.: Temporal and secular busts facing slightly to 

each other, holding banner. 

Reference: Emmerig 50. Scarce! VF. 

Estimate: EUR 100. 

BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 


Obv.: Warrior with sword and shield figihting a lion, 

which is facing left. 

Rev.: Samson. 

Reference: Emmerig 59. Scarce. Weakly struck, but 

VF. 


BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 


Obv.: Chest-high bust with banner and shield facing 

right. 

Rev.: Building with 3 towers and 2 archways. 

Reference: Emmerig 54. Scarce! Fine toning and 

beautiful condition. 



BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 


Obv.: 2 people in arched windows, cross above. 

Rev.: Wild boar attacking a man. 

Reference: Emmerig 62. Scarce! Fine toning, VF. 



BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 


Obv.: Bust of duke facing, with flag. 

Rev.: 3-towered building, in archway a head. 

Reference: Emmerig 70b.VF. 

BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 


Obv.: Warrior with sword and shield right. 

Rev.: Round building with 3 towers. 

Reference: Emmerig 55. Scarce. Minimal rim damage. 

VF. 



BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 


Obv.: Layman, with angel. 

Rev.: Saint with crozier before crowned figure. 

Reference: Emmerig 69a. One side weakly struck. 


Estimate: EUR 100. Price realized: 110 EUR (approx. 145 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)

BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 


Obv.: Duke standing facing with flag and shield. 

Rev.: Man with sword and shield fighting a dragon. 

Reference: Emmerig 71. Boht sides weakly struck, 

but VF. 


BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 

Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1130/40 29 mm 

0,95 g. 

Obv.: Head in rosette or thorn ring. 

Rev.: Investiture scene. The duke sitting on the left, 

giving a banner to servant right. 

Reference: Emmerig 68 (hzgl. Mzst.?), Fiala 607, Fd. 

Kasing 75. VF. 

Estimate EUR 100. Price realized: 120 EUR (approx. 


BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 


Obv.: Chest-high bust with flag and shield facing, 

head right. 

Rev.: Building with 3 towers and 2 arches. 

Reference: Emmerig 54. Scarce! VF. 



BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 

Pfennig. Regensburg mint. 0,93 g. 

Obv.: Bust of duke facing, with flag. 

Rev.: Building with 3 towers and doorway; head facing 

in doorway. 

Reference: Emmerig 70 b. Exceptionally well-struck, 

dark patina. VF+ 



BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 

Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1130/40 0,97g. 

BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 


1,01 g. 

Obv.: Head in thorn ring. 



Reference: Emmerig 68. Slg. Bonh. 1979. VF. 



BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 

Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1130/40 1,00 g. 

Obv.: Head in thorn ring. 



Reference: Emmerig, 68; Slg. Bonhoff 1979. 

Beautiful patina. VF. 


Obv.: Samson drawing aside the columns of the palace of the Philistines to destroy it. 

Rev.: Centaur left, head turned to the right 

Reference: Emmerig, 58. Nice patina, VF-EF. Superb! 

Estimate: EUR 75. Price realized: 90 EUR (approx. 120 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)

BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 

Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1130/40 0,92 g. 

Obv.: Head in rosette or thorn ring. 

Rev.: Investiture scene. The duke sitting on the left, giving a banner to servant 

right. 

Reference: Emmerig 68 b/e var. Seldom seen with both sides so clearly 

struck! Break on rim, still XF. 

Estimation: 250,00. Price realized: 310 EUR (approx. 373 U.S. Dollars as 


BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 

Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1130/40 1,00 g. 

Obv.: Entrhoned duke facing, with flag and shield. 

Rev.: Warrior with sword on right, fighting lion facing left. 

Reference: Emmerig 71. Beautiful! 

BAVARIA 

Heinrich X., 1126 - 1138 

Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. 0,93 g. 

Estimation: 75,00. Price realized: 120 EUR (approx. 171 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date) 

Obv.: Bust of duke facing, with shouldered flag. 

Rev.: 3-towered building with arched door; facing head in door. 

Reference: Emmerig 70. Rare! Dark patina, seldom seen so well-struck. 

Price: 220,00. Price realized: 190 EUR (approx. 187 U.S. Dollars as of the 

auction date)

Leopold 1139-1141 

Leopold IV, the Generous (c. 1108–October 18, 1141) was Margrave of Austria from 1136 and Duke of Bavaria from 1139 until his 

death. 

He was one of the younger sons of Margrave Leopold III, the Holy. It is not known why he was originally preferred to his brothers 

Adalbert and Henry Jasomirgott. 

Through his mother Agnes, he was related to the Hohenstaufen. In the course of their struggle against the competing Welfen family, 

he was given the formerly Welfish Bavaria as a fief by Emperor Conrad III. He managed to maintain his position there, as his 

brother Otto was Bishop of Freising there. 

The most important measure of his short reign was the Exchange of Mautern entered into with the Bishop of Passau in 1137. The 

bishop was given the Church of St. Peter in Vienna, while the Margrave received extended stretches of land from the bishop outside 

the city walls, with the notable exception of the territory where a new church was to be built, which was to become St. 

Stephen's Cathedral. 

Leopold died at Niederaltaich (Bavaria) unexpectedly and was succeeded by his brother Henry. 

Henry XI Jasomirgott 

Heinrich (Henry) II, (1107 – January 13, 1177), Count Palatine of the Rhine, 

1140-1141, Margrave of Austria from 1141 to 1156 and, as Heinrich (Henry) 

XI, also Duke of Bavaria from 1141 to 1156, Duke of Austria, 1156-1177, was 

a prince of the Babenberg dynasty. 

As the son of Markgrave Leopold III, he first became Count Palatine of the 

Rhine until being appointed Duke of Bavaria and Margrave of Austria when 

his brother Leopold IV unexpectedly died. 

In the course of the dispute between the Welfen and Staufen dynasties in the 

Holy Roman Empire, the duchy of Bavaria had been taken away from the 

Welf Henry the Proud by the emperor and given to the Babenberg dynasty. 

The new Emperor Friedrich I tried to reach a compromise with the Welfs and 

endowed the son of Henry the Proud, Henry the Lion, with Bavaria in 1156. A 

replacement had to be found for the Babenberg family, namely the 

Privilegium Minus, by which Austria was elevated to a duchy and gained complete 

independence from Bavaria. 

Other than his father, who resided in Klosterneuburg for most of the time, 

Henry moved his residence to Vienna in 1145. Only by this act could the 

modern Austrian capital surpass cities such as Krems, Melk or 

Klosterneuburg. Since then, it has remained the capital of the country. Also in 

1147, St. Stephen's Cathedral was completed, which became a visible landmark 

of the city, showing its prominence. In 1155, Henry founded the 

Schottenstift monastery in Vienna, in the courtyard of which a statue of him 

stands to this day. 

Until 1143, he was married to Gertrud of Supplinburg, the daughter of 

Emperor Lothar II. In 1148 he married Theodora Comnena, a niece of the 

Byzantine Emperor Manuel I. Both marriages strongly show the importance of 

the House of Babenberg in Central Europe in that period. 

Henry's brother was the important chronicler Otto of Freising. His sister Judith was the wife of William V of Montferrat. 

Henry's surname, Jasomirgott, was first documented during the 13th century in the form of Jochsamergott, the meaning of which 

is unclear. According to one theory, it is derived from an Arab word bearing a connection to the Second Crusade where Henry 

participated in 1146. According to a popular etymology, it is derived from the formula Ja so mir Gott helfe (meaning: "Yes, God 

willing").

BAVARIA 

Heinrich XI. Jasomirgott, 1143 - 1156. 

Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. 25 mm 0,86g. 

Obv.: Curly-haired head facing slightly right, in circle; 

surrounded by 7 arches, each containing a head. 

Points and letters outside. 

Rev.: unclear; should be king and duke, with flag. 

Reference: Emmerig 78. Not fully struck, but VF. 



BAVARIA 


Thin Pfennig. 26 mm 0,90g. 

Obv.: Head in rosette. 

Rev.: Man with sword and shield fighting a lion. 

Reference: Emmerig 84. Dark toning, good VF. 



BAVARIA 


Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. 0,75g. 

Obv.: Head with net hood right in circle, surrounded 

by 7 arches, each containing a heaf. Outside 

wingss with points. 

Rev.: King entrhoned and standing duke, both holding 

a flag. 

Reference: Emmerig 78. Scarce! Rim broken, but 

nice! 



BAVARIA 


BAVARIA 


Thin Pfennig. 26 mm 0,85g. 

Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. 26 mm 0,85 g. 

Obv.: Head facing slightly right in circle; surrounded 

by 7 arches, each containing a head. Points and 

letters outside. 

Rev.: King entrhoned and standing duke, both holding 

a flag. 

Reference: Emmerig 78.Reverse weakly struck, VF. 



Obv.: Head facing slightly right in circle; surrounded by 7 arches, each 

containing a head. Points and letters outside. 

Rev.: Seated king right, with flag, to right standing duke, taking the 

flag. 

Reference: Emmerig 78, Slg. Friedensb. 3245.Reverse weakly struck. 

Scarce! VF. 

Estimate EUR 200

Henry XII the Lion 1156-1180 

Henry the Lion (German: Heinrich der Löwe; 1129 – 6 August 1195) was a member of the Guelph dynasty and Duke of 

Saxony, as Henry III, from 1142, and Duke of Bavaria, as Henry XII, from 1156, which duchies he held until 1180. 

He was one the most powerful of the German princes of his time, until the rival Hohenstaufen dynasty succeeded in 

isolating him and eventually deprived him of his duchies of Bavaria and Saxony during the reign of his cousin Frederick 

I and of Frederick's son and successor Henry VI. 

At the height of his reign, Henry ruled over a vast territory stretching from the coast of the North and Baltic Seas to the 

Alps, and from Westphalia to Pomerania. Henry achieved this great power in part by his political and military acumen 

and in part through the legacies of his four grandparents. 

Born in Ravensburg, he was the son of Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, who was the son of Duke 

Henry the Black and an heiress of the Billungs, former dukes of Saxony. Henry's mother was Gertrud, only daughter of 

Emperor Lothair II and his wife Richenza of Northeim, heiress of the Saxon territories of Northeim and the properties of 

the Brunones, counts of Brunswick. 

Henry's father died in 1139, aged 32, when Henry was still a child. King Conrad III had dispossessed Henry the Proud, 

who had been his rival for the crown in 1138, of his duchies in 1138 and 1139, handing Saxony to Albert the Bear and 

Bavaria to Leopold of Austria. Henry, however, did not relinquish his claims to his inheritance, and Conrad returned 

Saxony to him in 1142. A participant in the 1147 Wendish Crusade, Henry also reacquired Bavaria by a decision of the 

new Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1156. 

Henry is the founder of Munich (1157/58; München) and Lübeck (1159); he also founded and developed the cities of 

Stade, Lüneburg and Brunswick. In Brunswick, his capital, he had a bronze lion, his heraldic animal, erected in the 

yard of his castle Dankwarderode in 1166 — the first bronze statue north of the Alps. Later, he had Brunswick 

Cathedral built close to the statue. 

In 1147 Henry married Clementia of Zähringen, thereby gaining her hereditary territories in Swabia. He divorced her in 

1162, apparently under pressure from Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who did not cherish Guelphish possessions in his home area and offered 

Henry several fortresses in Saxony in exchange. In 1168 Henry married Matilda (1156 -1189), the daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of 

Aquitaine and sister of Richard Lionheart. 

Henry long and faithfully supported his older cousin, Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), in his attempts to solidify his hold on the Imperial Crown and 

his repeated wars with the cities of Lombardy and the Popes, several times turning the tide of battle in Frederick's favor with his fierce Saxon 

knights. But in 1174, Henry refused to aid Frederick in a renewed invasion of Lombardy because he was preoccupied with securing his own borders 

in the East. He did not consider these Italian adventures worth the effort, even after Frederick offered him the rich Imperial City of Goslar in southern 

Saxony as a reward, a prize Henry had long coveted. 

Barbarossa's expedition into Lombardy ended in utter failure. He bitterly resented Henry for failing to support him. Taking advantage of the hostility 

of other German princes to Henry, who had successfully established a powerful and contiguous state comprising Saxony, Bavaria and substantial 

territories in the north and east of Germany, Frederick had Henry tried in absentia for insubordination by a court of bishops and princes in 1180. 

Declaring that Imperial law overruled traditional German law, the court had Henry stripped of his lands and declared him an outlaw. Frederick then 

invaded Saxony with an Imperial army to bring his cousin to his knees. Henry's allies deserted him, and he finally had to submit in November 1181 

at a Reichstag in Erfurt. He was exiled from Germany in 1182 for three years, stayed with his father-in-law, Henry II of England, in Normandy before 

being allowed back into Germany in 1185. He was exiled again in 1188. His wife Matilda died in 1189. 

When Frederick Barbarossa went on the Crusade of 1189, Henry returned to Saxony, mobilized an army of his faithful, and conquered and ravaged 

the rich city of Bardowick as punishment for her disloyalty. Only the churches were left standing. Barbarossa's son, Emperor Henry VI, again defeated 

the Duke, but in 1194, with his end approaching, he made his peace with the Emperor, and returned to his much diminished lands around 

Brunswick, where he finished his days as duke of Brunswick, peacefully sponsoring arts and architecture. He died on 6 August 1195. 

The picture at the top right, taken from his tomb in Brunswick Cathedral constructed between 1230 and 1240, shows an idealized image. When the 

Nazis exhumed his corpse, they were disappointed to find a comparatively small man with black hair. This, presumably, was an inheritance from the 

northern Italian ancestors of the Gyelphs, the counts of Este.

BAVARIA 

Heinrich XII., the Lion, 1156-1180 


Obv.: Crowned male figure sitting right, with lilyscepter; 

behind stands man holding sword with 

both hands. 

Rev.: Helmeted man with sword and shield fighting 

lion running right. 

Reference: Emmerig 102. Somewhat weak strike, 

VF. 



BAVARIA 


Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1160 26 mm 

0,81 g. 

Obv.: Seated king with l ily-scepter and eagle. 

Rev.: Warrior with sword fighting another man. “S” 

forms around edge both sides. 

Reference: Emmerig 110. Not fully struck, but VF. 



BAVARIA 


Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1160 23 mm 0,96 g. 

Obv.: Rider with flag and shield riding to right; unidentified letters 

around rim. 

BAVARIA 


Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1180 0,91 g. 

Obv.: Helmeted rider riding right, with flag & 

shield. 

Rev.: Lion lays right in circle, tail placed between 

legs; border of 4 arches, each with a head slightly 

left; between/in arches crosses & half-crosses. 

Reference: Emmerig 120.F-VF. *POssibly issue of 

Duke Herzog Otto I. 



BAVARIA 


Rev.: Lion right in circle of arches, with heads and clover leafs, crosses 

outside. 

Reference: Emmerig 120e var. Scarce! Not fully struck. VF. 




Obv.: S+ONAX., rider with flag and shield to right, 

crosses in field. 

Rev.: Lion right in circle of arches containing heads 

and rings, rosettes outside. 

Reference: Emmerig 120c/g. Scarce variant. Not fully 

struck, but very nice! 



BAVARIA 


BAVARIA 



0,64 g. 

Obv.: Helmeted rider riding right, with flag & shield. 

Rosettes in field. Writing around outside. 

Rev.: Lion lays right in circle, tail placed between legs; 

border of 4 arches, each with a head slightly left; 

between/in arches rings & stars. 

Reference: Emmerig 120g. VF 

Estimation: EUR 75. Price realized: 55 EUR (approx. 


BAVARIA 


Thin Pfennig. Regensburg , c. 1160 24 mm 0,89 g. 

Obv.: Rider with flag & shield to right; head behind, 

rosettes in field. 

Rev.: Lion right in circle of arches with slightly-right 

facing heads and crosses, rosettes outside. 

Reference: Emmerig 120d var., Lanz 110-467 var. 

Scarce variety. Not fully struck, very nice! 




Obv.: OTOTOT -- Rider with flag and shield riding to right. 

Rev.: Lion right in circle of arches, with heads and rings, crosses outside. 

Reference: Emmerig 120g var. Extremely scarce variety. Not fully struck, 

but vervy nice! 

Estimate: EUR 100.

BAVARIA 



0,93 g. 

Obv.: Helmeted rider with flag & shield, riding left, 

rosettes in field. 

Rev.: Lio n right in 4-arched border, heads in arches, 

leaves in angles, rosettes outside. 

Reference: Emmerig 120a/e. F/VF. 


BAVARIA 


Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1180 0,85 g. 

Obv.: Duke riding to right, with shield & flag. Stars 

in field left & right. 

Rev.: Lion to left, tail between legs and over body. 

Arched border with heads or crosses in arches. 

Reference: Emmerig 119. Cleaned, but well-struck 

example. VF. 



BAVARIA 


Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1180 0,88 g. 

Obv.: Rider riding to right, rosettes in field. 

BAVARIA 


Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. 0,83 g. 

Obv.: Sword bearer to right with hat showing locks 

of hair before enthroned king facing. 

Rev.: Warrior fighting a lion. 

Reference: Emmerig 102 var. Scarce. Somewhat 

damaged, not fully struck. Fine! 


BAVARIA 


Rev.: Lion right in circle, arches around circle containing heads; inner 

angles with rings, outer angles rosettes. 

Reference: Emmerig 120a/g. Patina, VF+ 

Estimation: 125,00. Price realized: 1 10 EUR (approx. 128 U.S. 

Dollars as of the auction date) 

Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1160-70 1,03 g. 

Obv.: Standing man holding raised sword and seated 

crowned figure holding lily-scepter, both facing to 

right. 

Rev.: Warrior with sword and shield fighting lion. 

Reference: Emmerig 102. Beautiful specimen! 



BAVARIA 


BAVARIA 



Obv.: Duke seated facing, with lily-scepter and 

eagle. Rosette in field above left. 

Rev.: Warrior stand to right with raised sword, 

grasping kneeling person by the hair. 

Reference: Emmerig 110 a/c. Rare, exceptionally 

well-struck, slight rim damage. VF. 



BAVARIA 



Obv.: Standing man holding raised sword and seated 

crowned figure holding lily-scepter, both facing to 

right. 

Rev.: Helmeted warrior with sword and shield fighting 

lion running right. . 

Reference: Emmerig 102e. Patina. Good VF. 

Estimation: 100,00. Price realized: 1 10 EUR 



Obv.: Standing man holding raised sword and seated crowned figure 

holding lily-scepter, both facing to right. 

Rev.: Helmeted warrior with sword and shield fighting lion running 

right. . 

Reference: Emmerig 102. F/VF 

Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 130 EUR (approx. 184 U.S. 

Dollars as of the auction date)

Otto I 1180-1183 

Though Otto I of Wittelsbach was the third duke of Bavaria named Otto he is mostly called Otto I as founder of a new 

dynasty. Louis I and Otto II served also as Counts Palatine of the Rhine. 

Duke Otto I of Bavaria (1117, Kelheim – 11 July 1183, Pfullendorf, 

(German: Otto I Wittelsbach, Herzog von Bayern), since 1180 the 

first Wittelsbach Duke of Bavaria. 

Duke Otto I was a son of Otto IV, Count of Wittelsbach and a 

brother of Conrad I, Archbishop of Mainz (1161-1165 and 1183- 

1200) who was as Conrad III also Archbishop of Salzburg (1177- 

1183). 

As one of the best knights in the suite of Frederick I who had prevented 

a defeat of the Emperor near Verona in 1155, Otto was 

finally rewarded with the duchy of Bavaria in 1180 after the fall of 

Henry the Lion. But with the separation of Styria in the same year 

Bavaria lost the last of her southeastern territories. Otto died during 

a trip in Pfullendorf, Swabia and was buried in the crypt of 

Scheyern Abbey. Otto's family ruled Bavaria until the revolution in 

1918 for 738 years. 

BAVARIA 

Otto I., 1180-1183 

Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. 0.95 g. 

Obv.: Enthroned king facing, to his left a sword-bearer. 

Rev.: Knight with sword and shield fighting a lion. 

Reference: Emmerig 102; Fiala 628; Slg. A. -; Slg. Bonhoff 1980. VF 

Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 80 EUR (approx. 97 U.S. Dollars as 


BAVARIA 

Otto I., 1180-1183 

Thin Pfennig. Regensburg mint. 

Obv.: Enthroned king facing with lily scepter, to his left a sword-bearer. 

Rev.: Knight with sword and shield fighting a lion. 

VF-F 

Estimate: 1,000 DKK / 130 EUR. Price realized: 120 EUR (approx. 160 


Louis I 1183-1231 

Duke Louis I of Bavaria (German: Ludwig I der Kelheimer, Herzog von Bayern, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein) (Kelheim, 23 December 1173 

– 15 September 1231 in Kelheim) was the Duke of Bavaria in 1183 and Count Palatine of the Rhine in 1214. He was a son of Otto 

I and his wife Agnes of Loon. 

Louis extended the duchy of Bavaria and founded many cities. Among the cities he founded were Landshut in 1204, Straubing in 

1218 and Landau an der Isar in 1224. He supported the Welf Emperor Otto IV, who therefore confirmed the everlasting reign of 

the Wittelsbach family in Bavaria. But in 1211 Louis joined the Hohenstaufen party; Emperor Frederick II rewarded him with the 

Palatinate of the Rhine in 1214: His son Otto was married with Agnes of the Palatinate, a granddaughter of Duke Henry the Lion 

and Conrad of Hohenstaufen. With this marriage, the Wittelsbach inherited the Palatinate and kept it as a Wittelsbach possession 

until 1918. Since that time also the lion has become a heraldic symbol in the coat of arms for Bavaria and the Palatinate. 

In 1221 Louis participated in the Fifth Crusade and was imprisoned in Egypt. Louis was murdered in 1231 on a bridge in Kelheim. 

The crime was never cleared up since the murderer was immediately lynched. Due to the following aversion of the Wittelsbach 

family the city of Kelheim lost its status as one of the ducal residences. Louis was buried in the crypt of Scheyern Abbey. 

BAVARIA 

Ludwig I. der Kelheimer (1192-1231) 

Thick Pfennig. Regensburg mint. 0.89 g. 

Obv.: Chest-high bust facing, with prince’s hat; between 2 lilies. 

Rev.: 3 pointed arches with head facing in central arch; eagle above. 

Reference: Lanz Auktion 37 Nr. 589. VF. 

BAVARIA 

Ludwig I. der Kelheimer 1192-1231 or Otto II. 1231-1253 

Thick Pfennig. c. 1230-1240 0,80 g. 

Obv.: Duke with raised sword riding horse to right. 

Rev.: Griffin left. 

Reference: Emmerig 242. Rare! Patina., good VF. 

Estimation: 80,00. Price realized: 90 EUR (approx. 105 U.S. Dollars as of 


BAVARIA 


Thick Pfennig. c. 1230-1240 0,93 g. 


Rev.: Griffin left. 

Reference: Emmerig 242. Rare! Dark patina, VF. 


BAVARIA 


Pfennig. Munich or Freising mint. c. 1230-1240 0,73 g. 

Obv.: Facing half-bust with sword and crozier. 

Rev.: Embossing traces. (4-footed animal). 

Reference: Emmerig 243. Extremely rare! Beabutiful! 

Only known from the Feldmoching, Partenkirchen and Niederranna 

hoards. 

Estimation: 150,00.

Otto II 1231-1253 

Otto II of Bavaria (German: Otto II der Erlauchte , Herzog von 

Bayern, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein) (Kelheim, 7 April 1206 – 29 

November 1253, Landshut) was the Duke of Bavaria and 

Count Palatine of the Rhine (see Palatinate). He was a son of 

Louis I and Ludmila of Bohemia and a member of the 

Wittelsbach dynasty. 

At the age of sixteen, Otto was married with Agnes of 

Palatinate, a granddaughter of Duke Henry the Lion and 

Conrad of Hohenstaufen. With this marriage, the Wittelsbach 

inherited Palatinate and kept it as a Wittelsbach possession 

until 1918. Since that time also the lion has become a heraldic 

symbol in the coat of arms for Bavaria and the Palatinate. 

Otto acquired the rich regions of Bogen in 1240, and Andechs 

and Ortenburg in 1248 as possessions for the Wittelsbach and 

extented his power base in Bavaria this way. With the county 

of Bogen the Wittelsbach acquired also the white and blue 

coloured lozenge flag, since that time it has been the flag of 

Bavaria (and of the Palatinate). 

After a dispute with emperor Frederick II was ended, he joined the Hohenstaufen party in 1241. His 

daughter, Elizabeth, was married to Frederick's son Conrad IV. Because of this, Otto was banned by the 

pope. Like his forefathers Otto was buried in the crypt of Scheyern Abbey. 

BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 


Obv.: Lion standing to right, head facing. 

REv.: Spread eagle with head to right. 

Reference: Emmerig 227; Witt. 27 (there under 

Ludwig I.). VF. 



BAVARIA 

Ludwig I. der Kelheimer 1192-1231 or Otto II. 

1231-1253 

Pfennig. Munich or Freising mint. c. 1230-1240 

0,89 g. 


Rev.: Griffin left. 2 stars in field. 


Ludwig I). VF. 



BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 


Obv.: Griffin waling to left. 

Rev.: Duke seated facing, with flag and bird; rosettes 

in field, rosettes in outer edge. 

Reference:Emmerig 223; Witt. 47. VF. 



BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 

Pfennig. Munich or Ingolstadt mint. 0,72 g. 

Obv.: Head with curly hair facing left. 

Rev.: Standing lion with 1 raised front paw facing 

left. 

Reference: Witt. 50. Very rare! Reverese somewhat 

weakly struck, but coin is VF. From auction 

Hauck und Aufhäuser 15, München 2000, Nr. 974. 



BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 

Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1240-1260 18 mm 

1,00 g. 

Obv.: Bust of duke facing, with sword and lily 

scepter. 

Rev.: Bust of St. Peter with key and fish. 

Reference: Emmerig 233. Dark toning, VF. 



BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 


0,94 g. 

Obv.: Bare-headed bust of duke facing, with sword 

and lily scepter. 

Rev.: St. Peter facing, with key and fish. 

Reference: Emmerig 233. VF. 



BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 

Pfennig. Munich or Freising mint. 0,75 g. 

Obv.: Duke riding to right, raised sword in right hand. 

Rev.: Griffin left, 2 stars in field right. 


Ludwig I.).VF. 



BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 


Obv.: Spread eagle with a cross for its head. 

Rev.: Seated duke with flag and bird. 

Reference: Emmerig 224; Witt. 48. VF. 

BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 


1,06 g. 

Obv.: Spread eagle with a cross for its head. 

Rev.: Seated duke with flag and bird. 

Reference: Emmerig 224. Fd. Hersbruck 63. VF. 



BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 


Obv.: Duke seated facing with flag and bird; stars in 

field and around rim. 

Rev.: Griffin waking left. 

Reference: Emmerig 223; Witt. 47. VF. 




date).

BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 


Obv.: Duke facing with sword and branch. Satrs 

around rim. 

Rev.: St. Peter facing with key and fish. 

Reference: Emmerig 233; Witt. 43. BOht sides 

well-struck, slightly off center. VF+ 



BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 & Bishop Siegfried 1227-1240 


Obv.: Eagle with cross for its head. 

Rev.: Entrhoned duke facing with banner and falcon. 

Reference: Emmerig 224. Dark patina, good VF. 



BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 or Heinrich XII - 1253-1290 


Obv.: Bust of duke holding key and book. 

Rev.: Griffin springing right 

Reference: Met.39. Toned crude VF. 

BAVARIA 


Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1230-1240 0,97 g. 

Obv.: Bust of St. Peter facing with key and gospel 

book. “X” over book. 

Reverse: Flying lion right. 

Reference: Emmerig 226. Dark patina, good VF. 

Estimation: 75,00 

BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 

Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c.1230-1240 1,05 g. 

Obv.: Crowned spread eagle with head left. 

Rev.: Griffin right. 

Reference: Emmerig 225. Patina, VF. 

BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 

Hälbling. Regensburg mint. c. 1230-1240. 0,73 g. 

Obv.: Crowned spread eagle, head to right. 

Rev.: Lion right. 

Reference: Emmerig 227H. Extremely rare! Fine 

patina, VF. 


BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 


Obv.: Duke facing with flag and bird. (good strike). 

Rev.: Griffin walking left. 




Estimation: 40,00. Price realized: 35 EUR (approx. 41 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)

BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 or Heinrich XII - 1253-1290 


Obv.: Bare-headed chest-high bust of duke facing, with sword and lily scepter. 

Rev.: Bust of St. Peter facing with key and fish. 

Reference: Emmerig 233. Patina, small damage on edge, VF. 

Estimation: 50,00. Price realized: 60 EUR (approx. 70 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date) 

BAVARIA 

Otto II. 1231-1253 

Pfennig. 

Obv.: Eagle with cross for it’s head. 

Rev.: Duke seated, with attributes. 

Reference: Emmerig 224; Hersbruck 63; Bonhoff 1991; Metcalf 37 

Exceptional strike for issue. 

BAVARIA 


Thick Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1240 0,91g 

Obv.: Lion running right, head frontal. Ring of stars around ri m. 

Rev.: Spread eagle, head to right. Pearled circle around, rosette circle around that. 


On Otto II's death, Bavaria was divided between his sons. Henry became Duke of Lower 

Bavaria, and Louis of Upper Bavaria. From this point until the beginning of the 16th century, 

the territories were frequently divided between brothers, making the Dukes difficult to 

list. 

In Lower Bavaria, Henry XIII was succeeded by his three sons, Otto III, Louis III, and 

Stephen I ruling jointly. Otto III's successor in the joint dukedom was his son Henry XV. 

Stephen's successors were his sons Otto IV and Henry XIV. Henry XIV's son was John I.

LOWER BAVARIA 

(Nieder-Bayern) 

Henry XIII 1253–1290, son of Otto II 

Henry XIII of Bavaria, member of the Wittelsbach dynasty (19 November 1235 – 3 February 1290 in Burghausen) was duke of 

Lower Bavaria. As duke of Lower Bavaria he is also called Henry I. 

He was the younger son of Otto II and the Countess of Palatinate Agnes of Brunswick. 

His maternal grandparents were Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Agnes von Staufen. Agnes was a daughter of 

Conrad II, Margrave of Lower Lusatia. 

In 1254 he succeeded his father together with his brother Louis II in Bavaria and the Palatinate. The brothers divided their 

land in 1255 against the law, Henry received Lower Bavaria and Louis Upper Bavaria and the Palatinate. It was the first of 

many divisions of the duchy. 

This caused anger of the Bishops in Bavaria who allied with Otakar II in 1257. In August 1257 Otakar invaded Bavaria, but 

Henry and Louis managed to repulse the attack. It was one of the rare harmonious actions of both brothers who often argued. 

Henry XIII was succeeded by his oldest son Otto III, who also became king of Hungary. Henry's branch died out in 1340 and 

was inherited by Louis' son Emperor Louis IV. 

LOWER BAVARIA 

Heinrich XIII. von Niederbayern, 1253-1290. 

Pfennig. Regensburg mint. 0,97g 

Crowned lion’s bust rampant to left, over wall. 

Rev.: Angel. 

Reference: Emmerig 236; Metcalf 44. VF. 


LOWER BAVARIA 


Pfennig. 0,80g 

Obv.: H DUX, Panther rampant left. 

Rev.: Bishop? (picture on this coin damaged). 

Reference: Beierlein:20 



LOWER BAVARIA 


Pfennig. Regensburg mint. 

Obv.: Crowned lion’s bust rampant to left, over 

wall. 

Rev.: Angel. 

Reference: Emmerig 236; Metcalf 44. 

Lightly toned. Nicely struck obverse. 

LOWER BAVARIA 


Hälbling. Regensburg mint. c. 1250-1270 15 mm 

0,51g. 


Rev.: Angel. 

Reference: Emmerig 236; Metcalf 44.Very scarce! 

Reverse indeterminate, but VF. 



LOWER BAVARIA 



Obv.: Crowned lion’s bust rampant to left, over 

wall. 

Rev.: Angel. 

Reference: Emmerig 236; Metcalf 44. 

Toned. 

LOWER BAVARIA 


Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1250-1270 0,88g. 


Rev.: Angel. 

Reference: Emmerig 236; Metcalf 44; Witt. 55. 

VF. 



LOWER BAVARIA 


Pfennig. Munich mint. 0,91g 


LOWER BAVARIA 


Pfennig. Regensburg mint. c. 1250-1270 20 mm 0,99g. 


Rev.: Angel. 

Reference: Emmerig 236; Metcalf 44. Fine toning. VF. 


LOWER BAVARIA 


Pfennig. Regensburg mint. 0,98g 


Rev.: Bishop stands facing with crozier; Duke 

stands to left with sword. 

Reference: Emmerig 238. Rim damage, VF. 


Rev.: Bishop stands facing with crozier, right hand raised; Duke stands to left with sword in 

right hand.. 

Reference: Wittelsbach 2 Nr. 3112.

Co-rulers: 

Louis III 1290–1296, son of Henry XIII 

Stephen I 1290–1309, son of Henry XIII 

Otto III 1290–1312 (King of Hungary 1305-7), son of Henry XIII 

Louis III. (October 9, 1269 – October 9, 1296 in Landshut) was duke of Lower Bavaria from 1290 until 1296 as co-regent of his 

brothers Otto III and Stephen I. 

Stephen was born in Landshut, the son of Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria and Elizabeth of Hungary. His maternal grandparents were 

Béla IV of Hungary and Maria Laskarina. 

He was known for his expensive holding of court which led to a tax increase. He died unmarried and childless. 

Stephen I. (March 14, 1271 – December 10, 1310) was duke of Lower Bavaria from 1290 until 1310 as co-regent of his older 

brothers Otto III († 1312) and Louis III († 1296). 

Stephen was born in Landshut, the son of Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria and Elizabeth of Hungary. His maternal grandparents were 

Béla IV of Hungary and Maria Laskarina. 

His mother introduced the name Stephen onto the Wittelsbach dynasty with her youngest son. She was a sister of Stephen V of 

Hungary and may have named this son after him. 

To reduce the influence of the Wittelsbach Pope Nicholas IV refused his spiritual career in Salzburg and Stephen became a coregent 

of his brothers. During the absence of Otto III in Hungary 1305-1308 Stephen was the only governing duke of Lower 

Bavaria. Stephen was an enemy of the Habsburgs and died in 1310 during a war against Frederick I of Austria. 

Otto III of Bavaria, (11 February 1261 in Burghausen, – 9 November 1312 in Landshut), member of the Wittelsbach dynasty, 

was duke of Lower Bavaria from 1290 to 1312 and as Béla V also king of Hungary between 1305 and 1307. 

His parents were Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria and Elizabeth of Hungary. 

His maternal grandparents were Béla IV of Hungary and Maria Laskarina. 

Otto succeeded his father in 1290 as duke of Lower Bavaria, together with his younger brothers Louis III and Stephen I. In opposition 

to Habsburg Otto tried to regain Styria which Bavaria had lost in 1180. The Hungarian crown was offered to Otto who was a 

grandson of Béla IV of Hungary in 1301 but he did not accept before 1305. His involvement in Austrian and Hungarian affairs 

weakened his position in Bavaria and finally led to failure due to financial problems. In Hungarian historiography he is noted as 

an anti-king during the interregnum of 1301-1310. 

During his presence in Hungary 1305-1308 Lower Bavaria was ruled by his brother Stephen I. Otto was succeeded in Lower 

Bavaria by his son Henry XV, who shared power with his cousins, Henry XIV and Otto IV, both sons of Stephen I. John I, a son of 

Henry XIV, was the last duke of Lower Bavaria before Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor inherited the country and reunited the 

duchy in 1340. 

In January, 1279, Otto married Katharina of Habsburg. She was a daughter of Rudolph I of Germany and Gertrude of 

Hohenburg. They would have two children: 

Henry of Wittelsback (1280). Twin of brother of Rudolph. Died within the year of his birth. 

Rudolph of Wittelsback (1280). Twin of brother of Henry. Died within the year of his birth. 

Katharina died on 4 April 1282. Otto remained a widower for twenty-three years. On 18 May 1309, Otto married his second wife 

Agnes of Glogau. She was a daughter of Henry III, Duke of Silesia-Glogau and Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg. They had two 

children: 

Agnes of Wittelsbach (1310 - 1360). 

Henry XV, Duke of Bavaria (28 August 1312 - 18 June 1333).

LOWER BAVARIA 

Otto III., 1290-1312 & Bishop Heinrich II 1277-1296 


Obv.: Head of mitred bishop within arch. 

Rev.:Double arch with portraits within. 

Reference: Bonhoff 1967 

Sharp obverse, reverse weak. VF. 

LOWER BAVARIA 



LOWER BAVARIA 






Sharper obverse, reverse weak. 

Obv.: Bust of duke facing over turreted wall, H - O beside head to 

left and right. 

Rev.: Double gables, in which bishop’s head left and duke’s head 

right are facing. 

Reference: Emmerig 246. Obverse well-struck. VF. 



LOWER BAVARIA 






Sharper obverse, reverse weak. Crude. 

LOWER BAVARIA 



Obv.: Bust of duke facing, R - P beside head to left and right. 

Rev.: Double gables, in which 2 heads are facing. 

Reference:Emmerig -. VF. 



UPPER BAVARIA 

Louis II 1253–1294, son of Otto II 

Duke Louis II of Bavaria (German: Ludwig II der Strenge, Herzog von Bayern, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein; 13 April 1229 – 2 February 

1294), was Duke of Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1253. Born in Heidelberg, he was a son of duke Otto II and 

Agnes of Palatinate. She was a daughter of the Welf Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine, her grandfathers were Henry XII the 

Lion and Conrad of Hohenstaufen. 

In 1246 Louis supported his brother-in-law king Conrad IV of Germany against Heinrich Raspe and in 1251 Louis was at war again 

against the bishop of Regensburg. In 1253 Louis succeeded his father as duke of Bavaria. 

When the Wittelsbach country was divided in 1255 among Otto's sons, Louis received the Palatinate and Upper Bavaria, while his 

brother duke Henry XIII of Bavaria received Lower Bavaria. This partition was against the law and therefore caused the anger of 

the bishops in Bavaria who allied themselves with king Otakar II of Bohemia in 1257. In August 1257 Ottokar invaded Bavaria, but 

Louis and Henry managed to repulse the attack. It was one of the rare harmonious actions of the two brothers, who often argued. 

During the German interregnum after king William's death in 1256 Louis supported Richard of Cornwall. Together with his brother 

Louis also aided his young Hohenstaufen nephew Conradin in his duchy of Swabia, but it was not possible to enforce Conradin's 

election as German king. As a result for his support Louis was banned by the pope in 1266. In 1267 Louis accompanied Conradin 

only to Verona. After the young prince's execution in Naples in 1268, Louis inherited some of Conradin's possessions in Swabia 

and supported the election of the Habsburg Rudolph I against Ottokar II in 1273. On 26 August 1278 the armies of Rudolph and 

Louis met Otakar's forces on the banks of the River March in the Battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen where Otakar was defeated 

and killed. In 1289 the electoral dignity of Bavaria passed to Bohemia again, but Louis remained an elector as Count Palatine of 

the Rhine. After Rudolph's death in 1291 Louis could not enforce the election of his Habsburg brother-in-law Albert I against Adolf 

of Nassau. 

Louis died at Heidelberg. His son Rudolf succeded him, with Adolf of Nassau becoming his father-in-law a few months later. Louis 

was buried in the crypt of Fürstenfeld Abbey. 

He had his first wife Marie of Brabant —a daughter of duke Heinrich II. (Henry II.) of Brabant and Lothringen (Lorraine), and Maria, 

daughter of king Philipp of Schwaben (Swabia)— executed in Donauwörth in 1256 due to mistaken suspicion of adultery; back in 

those days the punishment for an adulterous wife was beheading. Any actual guilt on her part could never be validated. As expiation 

Louis founded the Cistercian friary Fürstenfeld Abbey (Fürstenfeldbruck) near Munich. 

Different sources tell varying tales about how this terrible mistake could happen in the first place: In 1256 Louis had been away 

from home for an extended time, due to his responsibilities as a sovereign in the area of the Rhine. His wife wrote two letters, one 

to her husband, and another to the earl of Kyburg at Hunsrück, a vassal of Louis. Details about the actual content of the second 

letter vary, but according to the chroniclers the messenger who carried the letter to Louis had been given the wrong one, and 

Ludwig came to the conclusion that his wife had a secret love affair. 

Over time a great many tales of folklore sprang up around Louis' bloody deed, most of them written long after Louis' death: Balladmongers 

embellished the tale into a murderous frenzy, during which Louis allegedly not only killed his wife after having ridden 

home for five days and nights, but also stabbed the messenger who brought him the wrong letter, then upon entering his castle 

stabbed his own castellan and a court lady and threw his wife's maid from the battlements, before he massacred his wife either by 

stabbing her (why change a winning formula?) or cutting off her head. 

Several more restrained chronicles support the account of Marie's execution in January 18, 1256 in Donauwörth at castle 

Mangoldstein by ducal decree for alleged adultery, but nothing beyond that. 

In 1260 Louis married his second wife Anna of Glogau. 

He married his third wife Mechthild, one of king Rudolph's daughters, on 27 October 1273. 

Louis II was succeeded by his oldest son Rudolf.

UPPER BAVARIA 

Ludwig II. von Bayern, 1268-1294. 

Pfennig. NÜRNBERG mint. 0,84 g. 

Obv.: Bust facing with crown-like headgear, ar 

rim: 4 rosettes in arches alternating with lilies. 

Rev.: Head facing waering headband around forehead, 

in which 2 buffalo horns bedecked with lily 

leaves are placed; and a lily enclosing. 

Reference: Erlanger 83; Hersbruck 35 hoard. ; 

Slg. Bonhoff 2026; Slg. Erlanger 38. 



UPPER BAVARIA 


Bracteate. Schongau mint. 0,55 g. 

Crowned bust facing between 2 vines. 

Reference: Berger 2687; Gebhart 34; Steinhilber 

144. Scratch on the edge, but beabutiful! 



UPPER BAVARIA 


Bracteate. Schongau mint. c. 1270/90 24 mm 0,73 g. 

Crowned bust facing with sword and palm branch. 

Reference: Steinh. 142, Gebh. 35, Berger (KM) 2685, 

Slg. Bonh. 1941. Exemple from the Niederrieden 

hoard. (II.3b). Beautiful! 



UPPER BAVARIA 



Crowned bust facing between 2 rings, in each 

hand a tower. 


146. Beautful! 



UPPER BAVARIA 



Crowned bust facing with sword and palm branch. 


142. Kl. Minor rim damage, VF. S 



UPPER BAVARIA 



Crowned bust facing between 2 rings, in each 

hand a tower. 

Reference: Gebhart 33, Steinhilber 146, Slg. 

Bonhoff 1946, Berger 2682. VF. 



Co-rulers: sons of Louis II: 

Rudolf I 1294–1317 

Louis IV 1294–1347 (alone from 1317) 

Rudolf I of Bavaria (October 4, 1274, Basle – August 12, 1319), (German: Rudolf I , Herzog von Bayern, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein), since 

1294 he was the Duke of Bavaria, Count Palatine of the Rhine, and a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty. Rudolf was the son of Louis II, 

Duke of Upper Bavaria, and Mechthild (Matilda), a daughter of King Rudolph I. 

He succeeded his father in 1294 and supported his father-in-law king Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg against his uncle, the Habsburg Albert of 

Austria. After Adolf's death Rudolf joined Albert's party but the strong dynastic policy of the new king caused a new conflict. Since Albert 

put pressure on Rudolf he had to accept his younger brother Louis IV as co-regent in 1301. After Albert's assassination in 1308 Rudolf 

voted for Henry of Luxemburg and then accompanied the new king to Italy. 

A civil war against his brother Louis IV due to new disputes on the partition of their lands was ended in 1313, when peace was made at 

Munich. Louis IV was elected German king in 1314 but Rudolf had voted for his opponent Frederick of Austria. In 1317 after another long 

controversy with Louis IV he lost the Palatinate and it was agreed that Rudolf gave up his rule until the conflict of Louis with Habsburg was 

ended. But then Rudolf died already in 1319, assumedly in England. 

But by the Treaty of Pavia in 1329, Louis granted the Palatinate to Rudolf's sons Rudolf II "the Blind" and Rupert I and Rudolf's grandson 

Rupert II, a son of Adolf. This way finally Rudolf I and his grandson Rupert II became the ancestors of the older (Palatinate) line of the 

Wittelsbach dynasty, which returned to power also in Bavaria in 1777 after the extinction of the younger (Bavarian) line, the descendants 

of Louis IV. 

Louis IV of Bavaria (also known as Ludwig the Bavarian) of the House of Wittelsbach (April 1, 

1282 – October 11, 1347) was duke of Bavaria from 1294/1301 together with his brother Rudolf I, 

also count of the Palatinate until 1329 and, German king since 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman 

Emperor in 1328. Louis died on October 11, 1347 when he suffered a stroke during a bear-hunt in 

Puch near Fürstenfeldbruck. He is buried in the Frauenkirche in Munich. 

Louis was a son of Louis II, Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine, and Mechthild 

(Matilda), a daughter of King 

Though Louis was partly educated in Vienna and became co-regent of his brother Rudolf I in Upper 

Bavaria in 1301 with the support of his Habsburg mother Mechthild and her brother King Albert I, he 

quarrelled with the Habsburgs from 1307 over possessions in Lower Bavaria. A civil war against his 

brother Rudolf due to new disputes on the partition of their lands was ended in 1313, when peace 

was made at Munich. 

In the same year Louis defeated his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Handsome. Originally, he was a 

friend of Frederick, with whom he had been raised. However, armed conflict arose when the tutelage 

over the young Dukes of Lower Bavaria (Henry XIV, Otto IV and Henry XV) was entrusted to 

Frederick. On November 9, 1313, Frederick was beaten by Louis in the Battle of Gamelsdorf and 

had to renounce the tutelage. 

After the death of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII, the Luxemburg party among the prince electors set aside Henry's son, the Bohemian 

king John of Luxemburg, because of his youth and chose Louis as rival king to Frederick the Handsome. Louis was elected in October 

1314 upon the instigation of Peter of Aspelt, the Archbishop of Mainz, with four of the seven votes. Louis then was quickly crowned by the 

Archbishop of Cologne, in Bonn instead of Aachen. In the following conflict between both kings Louis recognized in 1316 the independence 

of Switzerland from Habsburg. 

After several years of bloody war, victory finally seemed within the grasp of Frederick, who was strongly supported by his brother Leopold. 

However, Frederick's army was in the end decisively beaten in the Battle of Mühldorf on September 28, 1322 on the Ampfing Heath, 

where Frederick and 1300 nobles from Austria and Salzburg were captured. 

Louis held Frederick captive in Trausnitz Castle for three years, but the determined resistance by Frederick's brother Leopold, the retreat 

of the King of Bohemia John of Luxembourg from his alliance, and the Pope's ban induced Louis to release Frederick in the Treaty of 

Trausnitz of March 13, 1325. In this agreement, Frederick finally recognized Louis as legitimate ruler and undertook to return to captivity if 

he did not succeed in convincing his brothers to submit 

As he did not manage to overcome Leopold's obstinacy, Frederick returned to Munich as a prisoner, even though the Pope had released 

him from his oath. Louis, who was impressed by such nobility, renewed the old friendship with Frederick and they both agreed to rule the 

Empire jointly. Since the Pope and the electors strongly objected to this agreement, another treaty was signed at Ulm on January 7, 1326, 

according to which Frederick would administer Germany as King of the Romans, while Louis would be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor 

in Italy. However, after Leopold's death in 1326, Frederick withdrew from the regency of the Empire and returned to rule only Austria. He 

died on January 13, 1330.

Despite Louis' victory, Pope John XXII still refused to ratify his election, and in 1324 he excommunicated Louis, but the sanction had less 

effect than in earlier disputes between emperors and the papacy. 

After the reconciliation with Habsburg in 1326, Louis marched to Italy and was crowned King of Italy in Milan in 1327. Already in 1323 

Louis had sent an army to Italy to protect Milan against the Kingdom of Naples which was together with France the strongest ally of the 

papacy. 

In January 1328 Louis entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna, called captain of the 

Roman people. Three months later Louis published a decree declaring "Jacque de Cahors" (Pope John XXII) deposed on grounds of 

heresy. He then installed a Spiritual Franciscan, Pietro Rainalducci as Antipope Nicholas V, who was deposed after Louis had left Rome in 

early 1329. In fulfilment of an oath, on his return from Italy Louis founded Ettal Abbey on April 28, 1330. Philosophers such as Michael of 

Cesena, Marsilius of Padua and William of Ockham were now protected at the emperor's court in Munich. 

The failure of later negotiations with the papacy led in 1338 to the declaration at Rhense by six electors to the effect that election by all or 

the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation. 

Louis also allied in 1337 with Edward III of England against Philip VI of France, the protector of the new Pope Benedict XII in Avignon. 

Philip had prevented any agreement between the emperor and the pope. In 1338 Edward III was the emperor's guest at the Imperial Diet 

in the Kastorkirche at Coblence. In 1341 Louis deserted Edward but came only temporarily to terms with Philip. The expected English payments 

were missing and Louis intended to reach an agreement with the pope one more 

Louis IV was a protector of the Teutonic Knights. In 1337 he allegedly bestowed upon the Teutonic Order a privilege to conquer Lithuania 

and Russia, although the Order had only petitioned for three small territories.[1] Later he forbade the Order to stand trial before foreign 

courts in their territorial conflicts with foreign rulers. 

Louis concentrated his energies also on the economic development of the cities of the empire, so his name can be found in many city 

chronicles for the privileges he granted. 

In 1323 Louis gave Brandenburg as a fiefdom to his eldest son Louis V. With the Treaty of Pavia the emperor returned the Palatinate to 

his nephews Rudolf and Rupert in 1329. The duchy of Carinthia was released as an imperial fief on May 2, 1335 in Linz to his Habsburg 

relatives Albert II, Duke of Austria and Otto, Duke of Austria. 

With the death of duke John I in 1340 Louis inherited Lower Bavaria and then reunited the duchy of Bavaria. John's mother, a member of 

the Luxemburg dynasty, had to return to Bohemia. In 1342 Louis also acquired Tyrol for the Wittelsbach by voiding the first marriage of 

Margarete Maultasch with John Henry of Bohemia and marrying her to his own son Louis V, thus alienating the house of Luxemburg even 

more. 

In 1345 the emperor further antagonized the lay 

princes by conferring Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland 

and Friesland upon his wife Margaret of 

Holland. The hereditary titles of Magaret's sisters, 

one of them was the queen of England, 

were ignored. Due to the dangerous hostility of 

the Luxemburg Louis had increased his power 

base ruthlessly 

The acquisition of these territories and his restless 

foreign policy had earned Louis many enemies 

among the German princes. In the summer 

of 1346 the Luxemburg Charles IV was 

elected rival king, with the support of Pope 

Clement VI. Louis himself obtained much support 

from the Imperial Free Cities and the 

knighthood and successfully resisted Charles, 

who was widely regarded as a papal puppet 

("rex clericorum" as William of Ockham called 

him). Also the Habsburg dukes stayed loyal to 

Louis. In the Battle of Crécy Charles' father 

John of Luxemburg was killed; Charles himself 

also took part in the battle but escaped. 

Louis' sudden death in October 1347 avoided a 

longer civil war. The sons of Louis supported 

Günther von Schwarzburg as new rival king to 

Charles but finally joined the Luxemburg party 

after Günther's early death in 1349 and divided 

the Wittelsbach possessions among each other 

again.

Rudolph I., and Ludwig IV - 1294-1317 

UPPER BAVARIA 

Rudolph I., & his brother Ludwig IV., 1294-1317. 

Pfennig. Ingolstadt mint. 0,71 g. 

Obv.: Panther walking left, letters R L above. 

Rev.: Lozenge shield (Bavarian) between palm 

branches. 

Reference: Witt. 63. VF. 



UPPER BAVARIA 


Pfennig. Munich mint. 0,66 g. 

Obv.: Bust of monk left with pilgrim’s staff. 

Rev.: Crowned lion left. 

Reference: Witt. 61. VF 



UPPER BAVARIA 




Rev.: Unclear 

Reference: Witt. 63. F 



UPPER BAVARIA 



Obv.: Bust of monk left with pilgrim’s staff. 

Rev.: Crowned lion left. 

Reference: Witt. 61. F/VF 



UPPER BAVARIA 



Obv.: Bust of monk left, holding crozier before him. 

Rev.: Unclear. 

Reference: Witt. 64 (there under Ludwig IV.). 

Reverse barely struck, but VF. 



UPPER BAVARIA 




Rev.: Lozenge shield (Bavarian) between palm 

branches. 

Reference: Witt. 63. F. 

UPPER BAVARIA 


Pfennig. Munich or Ingolstadt mint. 


Rev.: Lozenge shield (Bavarian) between palm branches. 



Reference: Witt. 63, Beierlein 41. Both sides well-struck, VF. 

Estimate: 50 EUR

Kaiser Ludwig IV., 1317-1347 

UPPER BAVARIA 

Ludwig IV., 1314-1347. 


Obv.: Crowned bust facing between swords. 

Rev.: Spread eagle facing, head turned left. 

Reference: Witt. 65. R Rim damage, some areas weakly struck, but VF. 


UPPER BAVARIA 

Ludwig IV., 1314-1347. 


Obv.: Crowned bust facing between swords. 

Rev.: Spread eagle facing, head turned left. 

Reference: Witt. 65. Beierlein 44. Rare! Well-centered, light patina. Beautiful! Probably minted 

with his brother Rudolf. 


UPPER BAVARIA 

Ludwig IV., 1314-1347. 

Pfennig. Ingolstadt mint. 

Obv.: ING over unicorn rampant. 

Rev.: Deer head with antlers. 

Reference:MBNG. 32-33, 1914-1915, S. 116 f. Anm. Beierlein, S. 27. Very rare! Beautiful 

patina, weak strike, still VF. 

Price: 250,00. Price realized: 270 EUR (approx. 265 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)

Co-rulers of Reunited Bavaria - 1347-1349, sons of Louis IV: 

Louis V the Brandenburger (1315 - 1361) 

Stephen II (1319 - 1375) 

Louis VI the Roman (1328 - 1365) 

William I (1330 - 1389) 

Albert I (1336 - 1404) 

Otto V (1346 - 1379 

Co-rulers, sons of Louis IV: 

Second partition, 1349-1503 

LOWER BAVARIA 

(Nieder-Bayern) 

Stephen II 1349–1353 

William I 1349–1353 

Albert I 1349–1353 

LOWER BAVARIA PARTITIONED 

Dukes of Bavaria-Landshut 

Otto V 1375–1379, son of Louis IV 

John II 1375–1392, son of Stephen II 

Frederick 1375–1392, son of Stephen II 

Stephen III 1375–1392, son of Stephen II 

In 1392 Bavaria-Landshut was broken into three duchies, Bavaria-Munich, a smaller Bavaria-Landshut, and Bavaria-Ingolstadt. 

BAVARIA - Landshut 

Otto V. und Friedrich I., 1376 - 1379. 

Pfennig of Wurzburg type. Lauf or Sulzbach mint. 17 mm 0,66 g. 

Obv.: Head facing wearing hat, under it a shield. 

Rev.: Lion rampant left in circle. Legens around, in side outer circle. 

Reference: Steinhilber (Würzburger Schlag) 9 var. Good VF. 

Estimate: EUR 50. Price realized: 35 EUR (approx. 43 U.S. Dollars as of the 

auction date) 


Otto V. und Friedrich I., 1376 - 1379. 

Pfennig of Wurzburg type. Lauf or Sulzbach mint. 18 mm 0,64 g. 

Obv.: Head facing wearing hat, under it a shield. OTT - .ANI. 

Rev.: Lion rampant left in circle, lion breaking through circle. 

Reference: Steinhilber (Würzburger Schlag) 9m var. VF. 

Estimate: EUR 50.

Dukes of Bavaria-Munich 

John II 1392–1397 

Co-rulers, sons of John II: 

William III 1397–1435 

Ernest 1397–1438 (sole ruler from 1435) 

Dukes of Bavaria-Landshut 

Frederick 1392–1393 

Henry XVI the Rich 1392–1450, son of Frederick 

Dukes of Bavaria-Ingolstadt 

Stephen III 1392–1413 

Louis VII the Bearded 1413–1443 (d. 1447), son of Stephen III 

Dukes of Bavaria-Straubing 

Co-rulers: 

William I 1353–1388 

Albert I 1353–1404 (alone from 1397) 

Albert II 1389–1397, son of Albert I 

William II 1404–1417, son of Albert I 

Contested rule: 

John III 1418–1425, son of Albert I 

Jacqueline 1417–1432, daughter of William II 

(uncontested from 1425) 

Bavaria-Straubing was partitioned among the other Bavarian duchies. 

THE COINS LISTED ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES WILL APPLY 

TO PARTITIONED BAVARIA, AND ITS CONFUSING 

MULTITUDE OF RULERS! 

See Above Chart for Exact Area


Stephan II., 1347 - 1375. 

Monk-Pfennig. Munich mint. 0,42 g. 

Obv.: Bust of monk left, with cross, hood and beggin 

staff. 

Rev.: Bavarian shield. 

Reference: Beierlein 52 var. Witt. 145. Rare! 

Beautiful! Struck by 4-strike method. 



Stephan II., 1347 - 1375 


Stephan II., 1347 - 1375. 


Obv.: Bust of monk left, without begging staff; in 

circle. 

Reverse: Cornered Bavarian coat of arms. 

Reference: Beierlein 56. Witt. 147. Rare! Good 

VF. Struck by 4-strike method. 




Stephan II., 1347 - 1375. 



Stephan II., 1347 - 1375. 


Obv.: Bust of monk left, with hood and cross on 

the shoulder. In thread circle, 4-strike method. 

Rev.: Round Bavarian shield. 

Reference: Beierlein 57. Witt. 148. Very rare! Nice 

condition! 


Obv.: Picture of monk with Bavarian shield on his shoulder left. 


Reference: Beierlein 55 var. (Sshieldform). Witt. 146 var. Very rare!! Patina, VF. 



Stephan II., 1347 - 1375. 


Obv.: Bust of monk left with pilgrim’s staff, on the shoulder long cross. 


Reference: Wittelsbach1: 145. VF.

Johann II, Stephan III. & Friedrich I. 1375-1392 


Johann II, Stephan III. & Friedrich I. 1375-1392 

Pfennig. Sulzbach mint. 

*Made for Ober-Pfalz. 

Obv.: Bavarian shield between h - e; S above. 

Reference: Wittelsbach 156, Beierlein Tf. 5/77, Götz Seite 314 Anm.Very scarce, VF. 


Johann II. - 1375-1397 


Johann II. (1375-1397) 

Pfennig. Ötting mint. 0,56g 

Obv.: Walking dog, over its backs three, a tree presenting blossoms., the Oettinger mintmark 

Rev.: Bavarian shield in square. 

Reference: Wittelsbach1: 155. VF.

Stephan III. and his Brother Johann II. 1395-1397 


Stephan III. and his brother Johann II. 1395-1397. 

Pfennig. Ingolstadt (?) mint. 0,48g 

Obv.: Head facing. 

Rev.: Bavarian coat of arms 

Reference: Witt. -. VF. 




Stephan III. and his brother Johann II. 1395-1397. 

Pfennig. Ingolstadt or Munich (?) mint. 0,48g 

Obv.: Stag head left, 3 rosettes left, right, above head. 

Rev.: Bird left. 

Reference: Witt. -. Very rare! VF. 

A similar piece - 1891 in the find to pc. Kunigunde (Cilli/Galizien), which 

must have been hidden in the year 1400. Research shows it comes at the earliest 

from Stephan III. (1375-1413) or one of his brothers in question. A 

description of find contents is with Luschin of Ebengreuth (Steieri 

Muenzfunde, NR. 224). 



Stephan III. & his son Ludwig VII. 1402-1413 


Stephan III. and his son Ludwig VII. 1402-1413. 


Obv.: Rampant panther left. 

Rev.: S L, hammer below. 

Reference: Wittelsbach 3387, VF 





Pfennig. Wasserburg mint. 

Obv.: Rampant lion left. 

Rev.: S L 

Reference: Wittelsbach 3395, Beierlein 90. VF. 





Obv.: Panther rampant left. 

Rev.: S L, star below. 

Reference: Wittelsbach 3392, Beierlein 82. VF. 



Stephan III., der Knäufel 1392-1447 


Heinrich XVI., the Rich, 1393-1450. 

Pfennig. Landshut mint. 0,48 g. 

Obv.: “H” between 2 rosettes. 

Rev.: Helmet facing with chin straps 

Reference: Witt. 3426. VF + 


Stephan III. 1392-1447. 


Obv.: Rampant panther left. 

Rev.: Left: Upright hammer, to right a gothic “S”. 

Reference: Wittelsbach -, similar to 3384, Beierlein -, like 79. VF. 


date) 

Henry XVI (IV) the Rich 1392–1450 





Pfennig. Ötting mint. 0,44 g. 

Obv.: Gothic H between 2 rings 

Rev.: Dog running left; tree behind him. 

Reference: Wittelsbach3435. VF. 




Obv.: Gothic H between 2 5-pointed stars. 

Rev.: Dog running left; tree behind him. 

Reference: Witt. 3433. Rim break, VF. 







Pfennig. Landshut mint. 0,57 g. 

Obv.: “H” between 2 rosettes. 




Pfennig. Landshut mint. 

Obv.: “H” between 2 rings. 


Reference: Kellner 16, Wittelsbach 3428. VF+ 



Reference: Beierlein 111 var. Kellner 12 b. Dark patina, VF. 

Price: 60,00. Price realized: 60 EUR (approx. 66 U.S. Dollars as of the 

auction date)

William III 1397–1435 and 

Ernest 1397–1438 (sole ruler from 1435) 

BAVARIA - Munich 

Ernst I., 1397-1438 & his brother William III 1397-1435 


Obv.: Monk’s head left in line circle. 

Rev.: Gothic initials E W in line circle. 

Reference: Witt. 165. 4-Schlag method. VF+ 




Ernst I 1397-1438 & brother William III 1397-1435 




Reference: Hauser 819; Witt. 165. 4-Schlag method.. 

VF. 




Ernst I., 1397-1438 & his brother William III 1397-1435 






Pfennig. Munich mint. 16 mm 0,49 g. 


Rev.: Gothic initials E W in circle of dashes.. 

Reference: Witt. 164. Dark toning, beautiful! 4- 

Schlag method.. 



Reference: Witt. 165. 4-Schlag method.. Somewhat cleaned, VF. 





Pfennig. Munich mint. 



Reference: Wittelsbach 160. VF. 4-Schlag method.. 




Ernst and his nephew Adolf, 1435 - 1438. 



Rev.: Gothic initials E A in line circle. 

Reference: Hauser 823; Witt. 169. VF. 4-Schlag method. 

Ernst I and Adolf, 1397-1438 

Estimate: 10,00 EUR. Price realized: 50 EUR (approx. 54 U.S. Dollars 





Obv.: Monk’s head left in pearl circle of lozenges. 

Rev.: Gothic initials E A in pearl circle. 

Reference: Beierlein 154. Witt. 169 Anm. Very rare! Dark patina, VF. 4- 

Schlag method. 






Rev.: Gothic initials E A in line circle. 

Reference: Beierlein 153. Witt. 169. VF. Well struck. 4-Schlag method. 





Pfennig. Munich mint. 16mm 0.53g. 

Obv.: Monk’s head (a canting device for München) 

Rev.: EA in circle. The designs are partly flattened by the Vierschlag, a 

method used to make the coin more round after it was struck on a square 

flan. FINE. 

Reference: Beierlein 153.


Ludwig IX., the Rich, 1450-1479. 

Albrecht III. the Pious 1438-1460 

Pfennig. Braunau am Inn mint. c. 1450/55 16 mm 

0,37g. 

Obv.: Bavarian coat of arms on shield on 2 crossed 

branches, in pearl circle. 

Rev.: Gothic L. 

Reference: Beierlein. 94, Witt 3454, K. 5. Very 

scarce. Small flan break. VF. 

Estimation: DM 250. Price realized: 250 DEM 



Albrecht III. the Pious 1438-1460 

Pfennig. Munich mint. 

Obv.: Monk’s head. 

Rev.: Gothic A between 2 clovers. 

Reference: Wittelsbach 176, Beierlein 159. Both sides well-struck, VF+ 


Ludwig IX. the Rich 1450-1479 



Pfennig. Landshut mint. c. 1459 0,41g. 

Obv.: Letter “L” between 2 5-leaf rosettes. 

Rev.: Helmet with chin straps, in pearl circle. 

Reverence: Kellner 24; Witt. 3445. VF. 





Hälbling. 0,15 g. 

Obv.: Helmet with simple chin straps, in line circle. 

Reference: Wittelsbach 3446, Beierlein 134. Scarce! VF. 





Obv.: Letter “L” between 2 rings, in real circle 

made of lozenges. 

Rev.: Dog running left, tree behind. 

Reference: Witt. 3451.VF++ 



BAVARIA RE-UNITED 1505 

Albrecht IV., 1465 - 1508 

Duke Albert IV of Bavaria-Munich (15 December 1447 in 

Munich – 18 March 1508 in Munich), (German: Albrecht IV., 

der Weise, Herzog von Bayern), from 1467 Duke of Bavaria- 

Munich, from 1503 Duke of the reunited Bavaria. 

Albert was a son of Albert III, Duke of Bavaria and Anna of 

Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Einbeck. After the death of his older 

brother John IV, Duke of Bavaria he gave up his spiritual 

career and returned from Pavia to Munich. When his brothers 

Christoph and Wolfgang had resigned Albert became sole 

duke, but a new duchy Bavaria-Dachau was created from 

Bavaria-Munich for his brother Duke Sigismund in 1467. After 

Sigismund's death in 1501, it reverted to Bavaria-Munich. 

Due to pressing from his father-in-law Frederick III, Holy 

Roman Emperor, Albert decided to return territorial acquisitions 

in Swabia in 1492 to avoid a conflict with the Habsburg. 

After the death of the last duke of Bavaria-Landshut George in 1503 Albert managed to reunite 

the whole of Bavaria in a dreadful war against George's heirs, the Palatinate line of his 

Wittelsbach family but had to transfer Kufstein to his brother-in-law Maximilian I, Holy Roman 

Emperor as compensation for his support. For the Palatinate branch a new duchy of Palatinate- 

Neuburg was created. 

To avoid any future division of Bavaria Albert edicted the everlasting succession of the firstborn 

prince in 1506. Nevertheless his oldest son and successor William IV, Duke of Bavaria had to 

share his power from 1516 onwards with his younger brother Louis X, Duke of Bavaria. After the 

death of Louis in 1545 the edict became effective until the end of Bavarian monarchy in 1918. 

Albert is buried in the Frauenkirche in Munich.

BAVARIA 

Albert IV., the Wise, 1465-1508. 

1/2 Batzen, 1506 Landshut or Munich mint. 0,44 g. 

Obv.: Bavarian arms 

Rev.: Rampant lion left. 

Reference: Hahn 7; Witt. 200 b var. VF + 



BAVARIA 


1/2 Batzen, 1509 Straubing mint. 



Reference: Hahn:7: Weak strike. Very nice! 

Estimate: EUR 30 

BAVARIA 


1/2 Batzen, 1506 



Reference: Wittelsb:200Aa. VF. 



BAVARIA 


Heller. Landshut mint. 0,22 g. 

Obv.: Bavarian shield 

Rev.: Cross in thread circle. 

Reference: Hahn 1. Beierlein 183. VF. 

Price: 100,00.

Wilhelm IV. and Ludwig X. 1516-1545 

William IV of Bavaria (German: Wilhelm IV., Herzog von Bayern), (13 

November 1493 – 7 March 1550) was Duke of Bavaria from 1508 to 1550, until 

1545 together with his younger brother Louis X, Duke of Bavaria. He was born in 

Munich to Albert IV and Kunigunde of Austria, a daughter of Emperor Frederick 

Though his father had determined the everlasting succession of the firstborn 

prince in 1506 his younger brother Louis refused a spiritual career with the argument 

that he was born before the edict became valid. With support of his mother 

and the States-General, Louis forced William to accept him as co-regent in 1516. 

Louis then ruled the districts of Landshut and Straubing, in general in concord 

with his brother. 

William initially sympathized with the reformation but changed his mind as it grew 

more popular in Bavaria. In 1522 William issued the first Bavarian religion mandate, 

banning the promulgation of Martin Luther's works. After an agreement with 

Pope Clement VII in 1524 William became a political leader of the German 

Counter reformation, although he remained in opposition to the Habsburgs since 

his brother Louis X claimed the Bohemian crown. Both dukes also suppressed 

the peasant uprising in South Germany in an alliance with the archbishop of 

Salzburg in 1525. 

The conflict with Habsburg ended in 1534 when both dukes reached an agreement 

with Ferdinand I in Linz. William then supported Charles V in his war against the Schmalkaldic League in 1546. 

William was a significant collector and commissioner of art. Among other works he commissioned an important suite of paintings 

from various artists, including the Battle of Issus by Albrecht Altdorfer. This, like most of William's collection, is now housed in the 

Alte Pinakothek in Munich. 

On 23 April 1516, before a committee consisting of gentry and knights in Ingolstadt, he issued his famous purity regulation for the 

brewing of Bavarian Beer, stating that only barley, hops, and water could be used. This regulation remained in force until it was 

abolished as a binding obligation in 1986 by Paneuropean regulations of the European 

Louis X (German: Ludwig X., Herzog von Bayern), (Grünwald, 18 September 

1495 – 22 April 1545 in Landshut) was Duke of Bavaria (1516-1545), together 

with his older brother William IV, Duke of Bavaria. His parents were Albert IV and 

Kunigunde of Austria, a daughter of Emperor Frederick III. 

Though his father had determined the everlasting succession of the firstborn 

prince in 1506 Louis refused a spiritual career with the argument that he was 

born before the edict became valid. With support of his mother and the States- 

General, Louis forced his brother to accept him as co-regent in 1516. Louis then 

ruled the districts of Landshut and Straubing, in general in concord with his brother. 

Like his brother he first showed sympathy for the reformation but decided to take 

action against its expansion in Bavaria already in 1522. Both dukes also suppressed 

the uprising of farmers in South Germany in their duchies in 1525. Since 

Louis claimed the Bohemian crown Bavaria was in opposition against Habsburg 

until 1534 when both dukes reached an agreement with Ferdinand I in Linz. 

After his visit in Italy Louis built the first Renaissance palace constructed north of 

the Alps, the Landshut Residence which was modelled 1537 - 1543 after the 

Palazzo del Te in Mantua. 

Having no son Louis was succeeded by his brother William. This was finally the end of the divisions of the duchy of Bavaria.

BAVARIA 

Wilhelm IV. under Guardianship, 1508-1511. 

1/2 Batzen 1508, Straubing. mint. 

Obv.: Bavarian arms, “S” above. With name of his 

father, Albert aound arms. 


Reference: Hahn 16; Witt. 227 d. Minor weakness 

in strike at edge. Veyr nice! 



Wilhelm IV. - 1508 - 1550 

BAVARIA 


1/2 Batzen 1508, Straubing. mint. 23 mm 1,87 g. 




Reference: Hahn 16. Scarce! VF. 

Estimation DM 200. 

BAVARIA 


1/2 Batzen 15108, Straubing. mint. 24 mm 1,44 g. 




Reference: Witt. 229 a, Hahn 16. Weak strike, VF. 



Wilhelm IV. and Ludwig X. 1516-1545 

BAVARIA 

Wilhelm IV. and Ludwig X. 1516-1545. 

6 Kreuzer 1536, Munich mint. 

Obv.: Two coats of arms, (Lion right & Bavarian) bound together; 

date below, outer legend ends in “BAVAR”. 

Rev.: Lion rampant left on shield, outer legend ends in “N”. 

Reference: Hahn 24. Dark patina. Nice! 

Estimate: 45 EUR 

BAVARIA 


10 Kreuzer 1525, Munich mint. 4,85 g 

Obv.: Quartered Bavarian arms; year above. 

Rev.: St. George riding left, killing dragon. 

Reference: Hahn 26; Witt. 242. Very rare. Beautiful toning, 

insignificant pressure point. VF. 

Estimate: 2.500 EUR. Price realized: 2,900 EUR (approx. 3,485 


BAVARIA 



Obv.: Two coats of arms, (Lion right & Bavarian) bound together; 

date below, outer legend ends in “BAVAR”. 

Rev.: Lion rampant left on shield, outer legend ends in “N”. 

Reference: Hahn 24; Witt. 249 n. Scarce! VF. 



BAVARIA 


1/2 Batzen 1530 

Obv.: Bavarian shield, date above. 

Rev.: Lion rampant left. 

Reference: Wittelsb:247 VF. 



BAVARIA 


6 Kreuzer 1536. 

BAVARIA 


Heller, Munich mint. 13 mm 0,25g. 

Uniface. Bavarian shield in 4-schlag square. 

Obv.: Two coats of arms, (Lion right & Bavarian) 

bound together; date below, outer legend ends in 

“BAVAR”. 

Rev.: Lion rampant left on shield, outer legend ends 

in “N”. 

Reference: Hahn 24 Dark patina, VF. 



Reference: Hahn 19 (?). Very scarce. Dark toning, VF. 



BAVARIA 


1/2 Batzen 1525 

Obv.: Bavarian shield, date above. 

Rev.: Lion rampant left. 

Reference: Hahn 22. Sehr schönVF. 



Albert V 1550-1579 

Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (German: Albrecht V., Herzog von Bayern), (29 

February 1528 – 24 October 1579), was Duke of Bavaria from 1550 until his 

death 

Albert was educated at Ingolstadt under good Catholic teachers. In 1547 he married 

Anne Habsburg of Austria, a daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 

and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (1503–1547), daughter of King Ladislaus II of 

Bohemia and Hungary and his wife Anne de Foix, the union ending the political 

rivalry between Austria and Bavaria. 

Albert was now free to devote himself to the task of establishing Catholic conformity 

in his dominions. A strict catholic, Albert was a leader of the German 

Counter-Reformation. Incapable by nature of passionate adherence to any religious 

principle, and given rather to a life of idleness and pleasure, he pursued the 

work of repression because he was convinced that the cause of Catholicism was 

inseparably connected with the fortunes of the house of Wittelsbach. He took little 

direct share in the affairs of government and easily lent himself to the plans of his 

advisers, among whom during the early part of his reign were two sincere 

Catholics, Georg Stockhammer and Wiguleus Hundt. The latter took an important 

part in the events leading up to the treaty of Passau (1552) and the peace of 

Augsburg (1555). For the first time since the 13th century the Jesuites were 

called again to Munich. 

Duke Albert made strenuous efforts to procure for his son, Ernest of Bavaria, 

election as Archbishop-elector of Cologne. These efforts would not pay off until 

after Albert's death; however, a member of the house of Bavaria would be 

Archbishop of Cologne for almost two centuries thereafter 

Albert was a patron of the arts and founded not only several collections such as the Wittelsbach antique collection, the collection 

of Egyptian art, the coin collection and the Wittelsbach treasury in the Munich Residenz but also the court library in Munich. He 

appointed Orlando di Lasso and many other artists, this led to a huge burden of debts (½ Mio. Fl.). Albert was also the principal of 

the Antiquarium in the Munich Residenz, the largest renaissance hall north of the Alps. 

BAVARIA 

Albert V., 1550-1579. 


Obv.: Bavarian quartered arms, date above. Title of 

Albert in outer inscription. 

Rev.: Double-headed spread eagle, crown above, 

value in orb on chest; title of Ferdinand I. 

Reference: Hahn 40; Witt. 483. Minor flan break at 

rim; slightly weak strike, but very nice! 



BAVARIA 

Albert V., 1550-1579. 

1/2 Batzen 1578. Regensburg mint. 

Obv.: Crossed keys, legend around. 

Rev.: Double-headed spread eagle, crown above, 

value in orb on chest, Imperial title. 

Reference: Beckenbauer 4407. Weak strike, very 

nice! 


BAVARIA 

Albert V., 1550-1579. 

Copper Wertmarke 1559, ducal carriage piece. 

Obv.: Bavarian arms. Date below. H A above. 4-leaf 

rosettes with stems each side of shield. 

Rev.: legend WAGEN/3 letters. 

Reference: Witt. 530. VF. 



Wilhelm V., the Pious, 1579-1597 

William V, Duke of Bavaria (29 September 1548 - 7 February 1626), called the Pious, 

(German: Wilhelm V., der Fromme, Herzog von Bayern) was Duke of Bavaria from 

1579 to 1597. 

William was born in Landshut, the son of Albert V and Anna of Austria (1528-1590). 

He received a Jesuit education and showed keen attachment to Jesuit Counter 

Reformation tenets. His title 'the Pious' was given to him because he was one of the 

most Catholic rulers of Bavaria: he devoted his daily routine to masses (when possible, 

several times a day), prayer, contemplation, and devotional reading. He took part in 

public devotions, processions, and pilgrimages. 

His residence as crown prince was the ancient fortified Wittelsbach seat Trausnitz 

Castle in Landshut. Its upgrading from a Gothic fortification into a renaissance complex 

of truly representational proportions including an arcaded inner court were achieved in 

the decade between 1568 and 1578. 

Like his Wittelsbach father and grandfather, William was a strong supporter of the 

counter-reformation. He secured the archbishopric of Cologne for his brother Ernest 

with his campaign in 1583, and this dignity remained in the possession of the family for 

nearly 200 years. Two of his sons also followed ecclesiastical careers: Philipp Wilhelm v. Wittelsbach became the Bishop of 

Regensburg and Cardinal, and Ferdinand became Archbishop of Cologne. During his reign non-Catholics were forced to leave, 

and the Geistlicher Rat, an ecclesiastical council was formed, independent of the traditional privy council or the treasury, which 

administered secular affairs. The Geistlicher Rat supervised and disciplined the duchy’s Catholic clergy through regular visitations; 

it controlled the Catholicism of all the state officials by issuing certificates documenting their annual confession and communion; it 

funded new Catholic schools, new Catholic colleges, new houses of religious orders, especially the missionary and educational 

ones, such as the Jesuits and Capuchins for men and the Ursulines for women. 

The Jesuit Michaelskirche was built in Munich between 1583 and 1597 as a spiritual center for the counter-reformation. William's 

spending on Church-related projects, including funding missionaries outside Bavaria— as far away as Asia and America— put 

tremendous strain on the Bavarian treasury, and was one of the reasons William in 1597 abdicated in favour of his son Maximilian 

I. William retired into a monastery, and died in 1626 in the Schleissheim Palace. He is buried in the Michaelskirche. 

BAVARIA 

Wilhelm V., the Pious, 1579-1597. 

Medaillenklippe 1590. Regensburg mint. 34 x 33 

mm, 9,10 g. 

Obv.: Angel with sword and book over Regensburg 

city arms. 

Rev.: Inscription and date. 

Reference: Plato 328. Edge and field had some 

work, VF. 



BAVARIA 


“Black” Pfennig 1587, Munich mint. 

Obv.: “W”, last two digits of date “87” above. 

Rev.: Bavarian arms. 

Reference: Hahn 53; Witt. 584. Slight curve, VF. 



BAVARIA 


“Black” Pfennig 1587, Munich mint. 

Obv.: “W”, last two digits of date “87” above. 

Rev.: Bavarian arms. 

Reference: Hahn 53; Witt. 584. Dark patina, VF. 



Maximilian I., as Duke 1598-1623 

Maximilian I, Elector and Duke of Bavaria (17 April 1573 – 27 September 1651), called "the 

Great", was a Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and a prince-elector (Kurfürst) of the Holy Roman 

Empire. His reign was marked by the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). 

He was born in Munich, the eldest son of William V of Bavaria and Renata of Lorraine. He was 

educated by the Jesuits at the University of Ingolstadt, and began to take part in the government 

in 1591. In 1595 he married his cousin, Elisabeth Renata (also known as Elizabeth of 

Lorraine), daughter of Charles III, Duke of Lorraine, and became Duke of Bavaria upon his 

father's abdication in 1597. His first marriage to Elisabeth Renata was childless. Only a few 

months after the death of Elisabeth Renata, Maximilian married, on 15 July 1635 in Vienna, his 

25-year-old niece Maria Anna of Austria, the daughter of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor 

and Maximillian's sister, Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574-1616). The main motivation for this swift 

remarriage was not so much political grounds as the hope of producing a prince to inherit. In 

contrast to the Elector's first wife, Maria Anna was very interested in politics and well instructed 

about developments. She was not bound to the Habsburgs, but rather completely advocated 

the Bavarian standpoint. Additionally, she conducted lively exchanges of opinion with high officials 

of the Munich court and took part in meetings of the cabinet. By his second wife, Maria 

Anna of Austria, he left two sons, Ferdinand Maria, who succeeded him, and Maximilian Philip. 

As the ablest prince of his age he sought to prevent Germany from becoming the battleground 

of Europe, and although a rigid adherent of the Catholic faith, was not always subservient to 

the church. Weak in health and feeble in frame, Maximilian had high ambitions both for himself 

and his duchy, and was tenacious and resourceful in prosecuting his designs. 

Maximilian refrained from any interference in German politics until 1607, when he was entrusted with the duty of executing the imperial ban 

against the free city of Donauwörth, a Protestant stronghold. In December 1607 his troops occupied the city, and vigorous steps were taken 

to restore the supremacy of Catholicism. Some Protestant princes, alarmed at this action, formed the Protestant Union to defend their interests, 

which was answered in 1609 by the establishment of the Catholic League, in the formation of which Maximilian took an important part. 

Under his leadership an army was set on foot, but his policy was strictly defensive and he refused to allow the League to become a tool in 

the hands of the House of Habsburg. Dissensions among his colleagues led the duke to resign his office in 1616, but the approach of trouble 

brought about his return to the League about two years later. 

Having refused to become a candidate for the imperial throne in 1619, Maximilian was faced with the complications arising from the outbreak 

of war in Bohemia. After some delay he made a treaty with the emperor Ferdinand II in October 1619, and in return for large concessions 

placed the forces of the League at the emperor's service. Anxious to curtail the area of the struggle, he made a treaty of neutrality with 

the Protestant Union, and occupied Upper Austria as security for the expenses of the campaign. On November 8, 1620 his troops under 

Count Tilly defeated the forces of Frederick, King of Bohemia and Count Palatine of the Rhine, at the Battle of White Mountain near Prague. 

In spite of the arrangement with the Union, Tilly then devastated the Rhenish Palatinate, and in February 1623 Maximilian was formally 

invested with the electoral dignity and the attendant office of imperial steward, which had been enjoyed since 1356 by the Counts Palatine of 

the Rhine. After receiving the Upper Palatinate and restoring Upper Austria to Ferdinand, Maximilian became leader of the party which 

sought to bring about Wallenstein's dismissal from the imperial service. At the Diet of Regensburg in 1630 Ferdinand was compelled to 

assent to this demand, but the sequel was disastrous both for Bavaria and its ruler. Attempting to remain neutral during the war, Maximilian 

signed the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau (1631) with the Kingdom of France, but this proved worthless. 

Early in 1632 the Swedes marched into the duchy and occupied Munich, and Maximilian could only obtain the assistance of the imperialists 

by placing himself under the orders of Wallenstein, now restored to the command of the emperor's forces. The ravages of the Swedes and 

their French allies induced the elector to enter into negotiations for peace with King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and Cardinal Richelieu of 

France. He also proposed to disarm the Protestants by modifying the Edict of Restitution of 1629, but these efforts were abortive. 

In September 1638 baron Franz von Mercy was made master-general of ordnance in the army of Bavaria, then the second largest army in 

the Holy Roman Empire. Mercy and Johann von Werth as lieutenant field-marshal fought with varying success France and Sweden. 

In March 1647 Maximilian concluded the Truce of Ulm (1647) with France and Sweden, but the entreaties of Emperor Ferdinand III led him 

to disregard his undertaking. Bavaria was again ravaged, and the elector's forces defeated in May 1648 at Zusmarshausen. The Peace of 

Westphalia soon put an end to the struggle. By this treaty it was agreed that Maximilian should retain the electoral dignity, which was made 

hereditary in his family; and the Upper Palatinate was incorporated with Bavaria. 

Maximilian reorganized the Bavarian administration and army, he introduced mercantilist measures as well as a new corpus juris, the Codex 

Maximilianeus. In 1610 Maximilian ordered to enlarge the Munich Residenz and to upgrade the Hofgarten. He acquired numerous paintings 

of Albrecht Dürer, Peter Paul Rubens and additional artists for the Wittelsbach collection. 

The elector died at Ingolstadt on September 27, 1651. He is buried in St. Michael's Church, Munich. In 1839 a statue was erected to his 

memory at Munich by Ludwig I, king

BAVARIA 

Maximilian I., as Duke, 1598-1623 

Kipper Copper Pfennig . 

Obv.: Bavarian arms. 

Rev.: “I”; rings (?) left and right. 

Reference: Hahn 64. VF - Exceptional! 



BAVARIA 

Maximilian I., as Duke, 1598-1623 

Kipper Copper Pfennig . 

Uniface. Crowned lion rampant left. 

Reference: Hahn 79 var., Götz 96 var. VF 

Estimate: 125 EUR.

Augsburg 

As A Bisopric and an 

Imperial Mint City

Augsburg is a city in south-central Germany, 50 miles north west from Munich. It is the 

capital and the largest city of the Swabia administrative region of Bavaria, and is located 

at the confluence of the Wertach and Lech rivers. The population was 276,193 in 2004. 

Augsburg is part of the larger Munich Metropolitan Area with a population of > 6 million. 

The city was founded in 15 BC in the reign of Roman emperor Augustus as a garrison 

called Augusta Vindelicorum. Around 120 AD Augsburg became the capital of the Roman 

province Raetia. It was laid to waste by the Huns in the fifth century, by Charlemagne in 

the eighth, and by Welf of Bavaria in the eleventh; it rose each time only to greater prosperity. 

It became an Imperial Free City on March 9, 1276. Given its strategic location on the trade 

routes to Italy, it became a major trading centre. It produced large quantities of woven 

goods, cloth and textiles, and was the base for the Fugger banking empire. The Fuggerei, 

part of the city devoted to housing for the needy citizens of Augsburg, was founded in 

1516 and is still in use today. 

In 1530 the Augsburg Confession was presented to the Holy Roman Emperor at the Diet of 

Augsburg. Following the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, after which the rights of religious 

minorities in imperial cities were to be protected, a mixed Catholic–Protestant city council 

presided over a majority Protestant population; see Paritätische Reichsstadt (German). 

Until the Thirty Years' War (1618–48), religious peace in the city was largely maintained 

despite increasing confessional tensions. In 1629, Ferdinand II issued the Edict of 

Restitution resulting in the installation of an entirely Catholic city government that radically 

curtailed the rights of local Protestants. This persisted until April 1632, when the 

Swedish army of Gustavus Adolphus took the city without resistance. Just over two years 

later, the Swedish army was routed at nearby Nördlingen, and by October 1634 Catholic 

troops had surrounded Augsburg. The Swedish garrison refused to surrender and a disastrous 

siege ensued through the winter of 1634–5, during which thousands died of hunger 

and disease.

Ulrich, Graf von Dillingen, 923-973 

Saint Ulrich (c.890–July 4, 973), sometimes spelled Uodalric or Odalrici, was Bishop of 

Augsburg and a leader of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany. He was the first saint to be 

canonized. 

Ulrich was born in 890 at Kyburg, Zurich, Switzerland or near Augsburg and studied at the 

monastery of St. Gall. 

Ulrich's family were Alamanni and Swabian. He personally lived in simplicity and poverty. He 

was the son of Count Hucpald and Thetbirga, and was connected with the dukes of Alamannia 

and the imperial family of the Ottos. As a child he was sickly; when old enough to learn he was 

sent to the monastic school of St. Gall, where he proved to be an excellent scholar. He 

resolved to enter the priesthood, but was in doubt whether to enter the Benedictine Abbey of 

St. Gall or to become a secular priest. He was sent before April, 910, for his further training to 

Adalbero, Bishop of Augsburg, who made him a chamberlain. On Adalbero's death (28 April 

910) Ulrich returned home, where he remained until the death of Bishop Hiltine (28 November 

923). 

Through the influence of his uncle, Duke Burchard of Alamannia, and other relatives, Ulrich was appointed bishop of Augsburg by 

King Henry, and was consecrated on 28 December 923. He proved himself to be a ruler who united severity with gentleness. He 

sought to improve the low moral and social condition of the clergy, and to enforce a rigid adherence to the laws of the Church. Ulrich 

hoped to gain this end by periodical visitations, and by building as many churches as possible, to make the blessings of religion more 

accessible to the common people. His success was largely due to the good example he set his clergy and diocese. For the purpose 

of obtaining relics he went on two journeys to Rome, in 910, and in 952 or 953. 

Magyars repeatedly attacked in the territories of Bavaria and Swabia. Ulrich served as general in the defense of Augsburg. He built a 

stone wall fortification around the city. During these attacks many churches and buildings were destroyed, which Ulrich later rebuilt. 

Ulrich attended several imperial meetings and synods, such as at Ingelheim in 948, Augsburg 952, Rome in 972 and again at 

Ingelheim in 972. 

German emperor Otto I the Great granted Ulrich the right to mint coins. 

When Ulrich was too old and weak to say Mass, angels are said to have come to him to assist him. After he died in 973 he was 

buried at the St. Afra church he had rebuilt in Augsburg; the burial was performed by Bishop Wolfgang of Ratisbon. Later the St. 

Ulrich and Afra church was built in the same spot. 

Ulrich demanded a high moral standard of himself and others. A hundred years after his death, a letter apparently written by him, 

which opposed celibacy, and supported the marriage of priests, suddenly appeared. The forger of the letter counted on the opinion of 

the common people, who would regard celibacy as unjust if St. Ulrich, known for the rigidity of his morals, upheld the marriage of 

priests (cf. "Analecta Boll.", XXVII, 1908, 474). Ulrich was also steadfastly loyal, as a prince of the empire, to the emperor. He was 

one of the most important props of the Ottonian policy, which rested mainly upon the ecclesiastical princes. He constantly attended 

the judicial courts held by the king and in the diets. He even took part in the Diet held on 20 September 972, when he defended himself 

against the charge of nepotism in regard to his nephew Adalbero, whom he had appointed his coadjutor on account of his own illness 

and desire to retire to a Benedictine abbey. During the struggle between Otto I and his son Duke Ludolf of Swabia, Ulrich had 

much to suffer from Ludolf and his partisans. When in the summer of 954 father and son were ready to attack each other at Illertissen 

in Swabia, at the last moment Ulrich and Bishop Hartbert of Chur were able to mediate between Otto and Ludolf. Ulrich succeeded in 

persuading Ludolf and Konrad, Otto's son-in-law, to ask the king's pardon on 17 December 954. Before long the Magyars entered 

Germany, plundering and burning as they went, and advanced as far as Augsburg, which they besieged with the fury of barbarians. It 

was due to Ulrich's ability and courage that Augsburg was able to hold out against the besiegers until the Emperor Otto arrived. On 

10 August 955, a battle was fought in the Lechfeld, and the invaders were finally defeated. The later assertion that Ulrich himself took 

part in the battle is incorrect, as Ulrich could not have broken through the ranks of the Magyars, who were south of him, although 

north of the emperor. 

As morning dawned on 4 July 973, Ulrich had ashes strewn on the ground in the shape of a cross; the cross sprinkled with holy 

water, and he was placed upon it. His nephew Richwin came with a message and greeting from the Emperor Otto II as the sun rose, 

and immediately upon this, while the clergy sang the Litany, St. Ulrich died. He was succeeded by Henry. 

Places that were named after him are said to be host to healing abilities. Attesting to his early cultus, there is a very beautiful miniature 

from the tenth century in a manuscript now in the library of Einsiedeln (no. 261, fol. 140). Other miniatures are at the Royal 

Library of Munich, in manuscripts dating from the year 1454 (Cgm., 94, fo. 26v, and Cgm., no. 751). 

Many miracles are said to have been wrought at his grave; only 20 years after his death, Ulrich was one of the first saints to be officially 

canonized by Pope John XV on July 4, 993 (the first saint to be canonized "officially" by the Vatican, rather than solely by public 

accord).

AUGSBURG - BISHOPRIC 

Ulrich, 1. Periode, 923-955. 

Denar 948/955. Mintmaster AZZO. 1,37 g. 

Obv.: Cross, in 3 angles a ball; 

Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster name ANNO in center, 2-staged 

roof. 

Reference: Hahn 131 b 2; Steinhilber 4 e/f. Rare, VF+ 





Denar 948/955. (2. Type) Mintmaster ENO. 22 mm 1,38 g. 

Obv.: Cross, ball in each angle. VDALRICVS EPS 

Rev.: Church gable with “EN”. 

Reference: Steinh. 5, Hahn 131d1/6. Scarce, well-struck, VF-XF. 

Estimation: EUR 300. Price realized: 280 EUR (approx. 343 U.S. 




Denar 948/955. Mintmaster AZZO. 1,42 g. 

Obv.: Cross, in 3 angles a ball; 

Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster name ANNO in center, 2-staged 

roof. 

Reference: Hahn 131 b 2; Steinhilber 4 f. Weak strike, but very nice! 





Denar 948/955. Mintmaster ENC. 1,43 g. 

Obv.: Cross 

Rev.: Church gable with ENC. 

Reference: Dannenberg 1019f. One of the earliest coins of Augsburg! 

VF. 

Estimation CHF 300. Price realized: 240 CHF (approx. 182 U.S. 



LIUTOLF, 989-996 

Denar Mintmaster VVI. 23 mm 1,48 g. 

Obv.: Cross, in angles: Ball, ring, ball, empty. , +LIVTOLFVS EPS 

Rev.: Letterchurch with 2-staged roof, mintmaster’s initials in center, 

VVI, AVGVSTA CIV 

Reference: Hahn 138 a1. Steinh. 9. VF. 





Denar Mintmaster VVI. 1,45 g. 

Obv.: Cross, in the angles: ball, ring, ball, empty. +LIVTOLFVSEPS 

Rev.: Church, with 2-staged roof, 2 steps, mintmaster’s initials VVI in center. 

AVGVSTACIVI 

Reference: Hahn 138 a 1 A, Steinhilber 9 var., Dannenberg 1023 a-d. Very 

scarce! VF. 



Liutolf 989-996 




Obv.: Cross, in the angles: Ball, ring, ball, empty. 

Rev.: Letterchurch with 2-staged roof, mintmaster’s initials in center, VVI. 

Reference: Hahn 138 Aa 1; Steinhilber 9 d. Beautiful example with attractive 

toning. 






Obv.: Cross, in the angles: ball, ring, ball, empty. +LIVTOLFVSEPS 

Rev.: Church, with 2-staged roof, 2 steps, mintmaster’s initials VVI in center. 

AVGVSTACIVI 

Reference: Hahn 138 A, Steinhilber 9 e. Beautiful example! 


of the auction date)

BRUNO, 1006-1029 

Bruno or Brun (died 1029) was the son of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria (the Wrangler or Quarrelsome) and Gisela of Burgundy. He 

was the brother of St. Henry II of Germany, the only Holy Roman Emperor to be made a saint. Bruno was Bishop of Augsburg 

from 1006 or 1007 until 1029. 

Bruno of Augsburg lived at a time when Christianity was still making inroads into various parts of Europe. As a bishop, he forwarded 

his kinsman St. Stephen's efforts to convert rebellious pagans to the new faith. 

At one time Bishop Bruno was proposed to have been father of Agatha, wife of Edward the Exile and the grandfather of another 

saint: Saint Margaret of Scotland, but this solution to Agatha's parentage has passed out of favor. 

It is not known if Bruno became a father before becoming a bishop or afterward. In any event, it needs to be understood that the 

sexual restrictions of a Catholic bishop were not as severe then as they are today. In addition, it is likely that Bruno's close relationship 

to the emperor Henry II as well as the fact that Roman Catholic views and customs were new to the region may have had 

something to do with the issue of Bishop Bruno's married state. 


Bruno. 2 Period 1009-1026. 

Denar Mintmaster ICO. 1,21 g. Regensburg style. 

Obv.: Outline cross; inside inscription; IVNO instead of BRVNO ES. 

Wedge with 3 points in each angle. Outer legend appears retrograde. 

Rev.: Letterchurch, mintmaster’s name ICO (backwards) in center. 

Reference: Hahn Vs. zu 147, Rs. 31 f6 (identical) Greatest rarity. 

Curved, wonderful example! 




Bruno. 1006-1029 

Denar Mintmaster IMMO. 20 mm 1,11 g. 

Obv.: Outline cross; inside inscription; BRVNO xESx. Wedge with 3 

points in each angle. 

Rev.: Letterchurch, mintmaster’s name IMMO in center; 

AUGSTA.CIV around. 

Reference: Steinh. 14b. Hahn 147b1/III. VF. 




Bruno. 2 Period 1009-1026. 


Obv.: Outline cross; inside inscription; BRVNO xESx. Wedge with 3 points in 

each angle. 

Rev.: Letterchurch, mintmaster’s name VVI in center; AUGSTA.CIVI around. 

Reference: Hahn 147 a 1, Steinhilber 13 b. Scarce. Slight rim damage, VF. 


auction date)

Bishop Eberhard I. and King Konrad II. 1029-1047 

Bishop Eberhard I (1007-40), chancellor to Henry II, greatly increased the possessions of the diocese 


Eberhard I. and King Konrad II. 1029-1047 

Pfennig. 1,14 g. 

Obv.: EPERHATEPS, cross, in the angles: K-V-O-N 

Rev.: AVGSTACIVI, 5-columned temple. 

Reference: Steinhilber 16, Hahn 151, Dannenberg 1029. Slightly curved, VF. 


date) 

Bishop Konrad von Hirscheck, 1150 - 1167 


Konrad I. or Hartwig I. 1150-1184 

Thin Pfennig. 21 mm 0,74 g. 

Obv.: Chest-high bust facing, with crozier and book. 

Rev.: 3-towered building with large gate arch, on the middle tower a 

cross. 

Reference: Steinhilber 42 var.. 

Price: 175,00 EUR 



Thin Pfennig. 0,80 g. 

Obv.: +TATN//TNVN - chest-high bust facing, with crozier and 

book. 

Rev.: +ATVNT/VNA - 3-towered building with large gate arch, on 

the middle tower a cross. 

Reference: Steinhilber 42. VF - Beautiful! 






Obv.: Chest-high bust of bishop facing, with 

crozier and book. 

Rev.: 3-towered building with large gate arch, on 


Reference: Steinhilber 42. VF. 










Reference: Steinhilber 42. Slg. Bonhoff 1886. 

Patina, weak strike. Nice! 

Price: 50,00. Price realized: 54 EUR (approx. 53 









Reference:Slg. A. 424; Slg. Bonhoff 1886; 

Steinhilber 42. Weak strike, VF. 

Estimate:: 100 EUR. 




Obv.: +TATN//TNVN - chest-high bust facing, 

with crozier and book. 

Rev.: +ATVNT/VNA - 3-towered building with 

large gate arch, on the middle tower a cross. 

Reference: Steinhilber 42. VF & Beautiful. 



Konrad I. 1150-1167. 


Obv.: Bishop stands facing, on each side a kneeling 

person with raised hands. Writing around edge. 

Rev.: Facing bust of St. Ulrich over 2-towered building, 

facing bust in gateway of building. 

Reference: Steinh. 40, Slg. Bonh. 1883. Porrly 

struck. VF. 






Obv.: Chest-high bust of bishop facing, with crozier 

and book. 



Reference:Steinhilber 42, Slg. Bonhoff 1886. Weak 

strike, small edge damage. VF. 




Konrad 1150-1167. 


Obv.: Bishop stands facing, on each side a kneeling 

person with raised hands. Writing around edge. 

Rev.: St. Ulrich bust facing over 2-towered building, 

facing bust in gateway of building. 

Reference: Steinhilber 40, Slg. Bonhoff 1883. 

Beautiful patina, weak strike, but beautiful! 





Thin Pfennig. 22 mm 0,69 g. 





Reference: Steinhilber 42. 0,69g. Scarce, VF and 

beuatiful! 



Konrad I. 1150-1167. 


Obv.: Bishop stands facing, hands raised in blessing. 

Writing around edge. 

Rev.: Facing bust of St. Ulrich over 2-towered 

building, facing bust in gateway of building. 

Reference: Steinhilber 40. Slg. Bonhoff 1883. 

Scarce! Nice patina, VF. 



Bishop Hartwig I. von Lierheim, 1167-1184 


Hartwig I. von Lierheim, 1167-1184. 

Half-bracteate. 0,82 g. 

Obv.: Chest-high bust of bishop facing, holding 2-towered church 

and crozier. 

Rev.: Bust of St. Ulrich facing, above gateway with 2 towers; angel’s 

bust in gateway of bu9ilding. 

Reference: Berger -; Steinhilber 43. Rare! Weak strike, and minor 

damage, VF. 




Thin pfennig. 0,76 g. 

Obv.: Bishop’s head right. 

Rev.: Bust in gateway of 3-towered building. 

Reference: Slg. A. 427; Slg. Bonhoff 1889; Steinhilber 48. VF. 

Estimate: 150. EUR. Price realized: 180 EUR (approx. 217 U.S. 





Obv.: Angel’s bust right, holding corss staff with both hands. 

Rev.: 3-towered building with gateway. 

Reference: Slg. Bonhoff 1890 (this example); Steinhilber 49. 

Somewhat off-center, obverse an exceptional example, reverse barely 

struck. 






Obv.: Angel’s bust right, holding corss staff with both hands. 

Rev.: 3-towered building with gateway. 

Reference: Slg. A. 428; Slg. Bonhoff 1890; Steinhilber 49.VF. 

Estimate: 100. EUR. Price realized: 110 EUR (approx. 133 U.S. 




Bracteate. 0,73 g. 

Obv.: Bishop’s head right in circle. Outer border of triangles and 

rings. 

Reference: Berger 2626; Steinhilber 48. VF. 

Estimate: 150,00 EUR. Price realized: 230 EUR (approx. 283 U.S. 




Pfennig. 22 mm 0,78 g. 

Obv.: Bishop seated facing on arch, with crozier and book. Around 

edge: letter H alternating with ringlets repeated around. 

Reference: Steinh. 56. Slg. Bonh. 1893. Berger 2631. VF. 



*NOTE: Usually attributed to Udalshcalk; see next page. 




BUst of winged figure with crozier. 

Reference: Steinhilber 49. Berger - . Patina, good VF. 

Price: 100,00. Price realized: 90 EUR (approx. 88 U.S. Dollars as of 





Obv.: Sun wheel. 

Rev.: Bust of saint. (Unclear on this example). 

Reference: Steinh. 46. Slg. Bonh. 1887.Nice! 

Estimate: EUR 100. Price realized: 100 EUR (approx. 128 U.S. 


Bishop Udalschalk von Eschenlohe, 1184 - 1202 


Udalschalk von Eschenlohe 1184-1202. 

Half bracteate. 23 mm 0,77 g. 

Obv.: 3 towers over gateway arch; bishop’s head facing in archway, 

Cross on each side of middle tower. 

Rev.: Enthroned bishop facing with crozier and lily scepter. Well struck 

reverse: 

Reference: Steinh. 53, Slg. Bonh. 1892, Berger (KM) -. Beautiful! 

Estimate EUR 100. Price realized: 250 EUR (approx. 303 U.S. Dollars 




Bracteate. 26 mm 0,90 g. 

Obv.: Bust facing with crozier and book; 4 balls in 

field; around edge circle of arches with cross in arch. 

Reference:Steinh. 58, Slg. Bonh. 1898, Berger (KM) 

2630. Beautiful example, almost like brand new! 









Obv.: Bishop seated facing on arch, with crozier and book. Around 

edge: letter H alternating with ringlets repeated around. 

Reference: Steinh. 56, Slg. Bonh. 1893, Berger (KM) 2631. Nice! 

Estimate EUR 100. Price realized: 120 EUR (approx. 146 U.S. Dollars 


Obv.: Bishop’s head wearing mitre with 2 points facing, 

in circle; around edge: 4 lilies and 4 rings in 

half-moons. 

Reference: Steinh. 51. A bit weakly struck art edges. 

VF. 





Obv.: Bishop’s head wearing mitre with 2 points facing, 

in circle; around edge: 4 lilies with small crosses 

each side; and 4 stars in half-moons. 

Reference:Berger 2632; Steinhilber 52. Beautiful! 






Bishop’s head wearing mitre, facing, in 9-pointed 

thorn circle; edge of half-moons. 

Reference: Berger 2634; Slg. Bonhoff 1900; 

Steinhilber 59. Kl.Somewhat weak strike, bit a 

beautiful example, with beautiful patina. 






Chest-high bust of bishop facing with Ulrich’s cup 

and Ulrich’s cross. 

Reference: Berger 2628; Steinhilber 60. Wide rim. 

Beautiful! 

*NOTE: The grave of St. Ulrich was opened in 

1183, and his footless cup & cross were found. 






Obv.: Bishop seated on arch facing, holding crozier 

and book, all within border of repeating “H•” 

pattern 

Reference: Steinhilber 56, Slg. Bonhoff 1893, 

Berger 2631. Beautiful! 





Chest-high bust of bishop facing with Ulrich’s cup 

and Ulrich’s cross. 

Reference: Berger 2628; Steinhilber 60. Beautiful 

patina. Exceptional coin! 

*NOTE: The grave of St. Ulrich was opened in 

1183, and his footless cup & cross were found. 








Reference: Slg. A. 438; Slg. Bonhoff 1900; 

Steinhilber 59. VF. 






Obv.: Bishop’s head wearing mitre with 2 points 

facing, in circle; around edge: 4 lilies with small 

crosses each side; and 4 stars in half-moons. 

Reference: Steinhilber 52. Fd. Wollishausen 9. 

Cahn-Wüthr. –. Patina. Beautiful! 

Estimate: CHF 250.00. Price realized: 210 CHF 





Bishop’s head facing in 9-pinted circle; edge of 

half-moons. 

Reference: Slg. A. 438; Slg. Bonhoff 1900; 


Estimate: 125. EUR. Price realized: 120 EUR 






and book, all within border of repeating “H•” pattern 

Rev.: Incuse of obverse. 

Reference: Bonhoff 1893. Good VF, lightly toned. 

From Collection C.G. Ex Classical Numismatic 

Group 63 (21 May 2003), lot 1779. 

Estimate: $200. Price realized: 120 USD 




Obv.: Enthroned bishop facing, right hand raised in 

blessing; left with open book; rosette over book. 

Rev.: Many-towered building. 

Reference: Steinhilber 54 var. (legend ends 

VS.N.V.). Very scarce! Beautiful! 

Estimate: 250 EUR. Price realized: 2,400 EUR 

(approx. 3,045 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)



Half-Bracteate. 0,77 g 


facing, in circle; around edge: 4 lilies and 4 rings 

in half-moons. 

Rev.: 3-towered building over arch, heart-shaped 

leaf in arch. 

Reference: Steinhilber 51, Slg. Bonhoff -, Berger -. 

Weak strike, rev. off-center, but VF and beautiful! 






pattern 

Reference: Steinhilber 56. Berger 2631. Nice patina, 

slightly weak strike. Beautiful! 






Obv.: Mitred facing bust within linear border; border 

ornamented with four annuleted arcades 

between four lis 

Rev.: Ecclesiastical arcade between two towers; 

five (?) small crosses around near edge. 

Reference: Steinhilber 51; Bonhoff -; Förschner 

13; Berger -. VF, lightly toned. 



Bracteate. 0,86 g 


facing, in circle; around edge: 4 lilies and 4 rings 

in half-moons. 

Rev.: Unclear, possibly building or Incuse of obv. 

Reference: Steinhilber 51 (only obv.). Berger - . 

Slg. Bonhoff - . Slg. Cahn - . Patina, beautiful! 






Obv.: Chest-high bust of bishop with crozier and 

book. 4 balls in field around head. Circle of arches 

with srosses inside around outer edge. 

Reference: Steinhilber 58. Berger - . Slg. Bonhoff 

1898. Patina, beautiful! 





Bracteate. 22mm 0,82 g. 



pattern 

Rev.:Incuse of obverse. 

Reference: Förschner 19; Bonhoff 1893. Good VF, 

lightly toned. 





facing, in circle; around edge: 4 lilies with small 

crosses each side; and 4 stars in half-moons. 

Rev.: Castle gate. 

Reference: Steinhilber 52. Beautiful patina, nice! 








Reference: Steinhilber 59. Berger 2634. Slg. 

Bonhoff 1900. Fine Patina, beautiful! 





Bracteate. 25mm 0,84 g. 



Reference: Bonhof 1900; Steinhilber 59. Nice 

example, VF

Bishop Hartwig II. von Hirnheim, 1202 - 1208 


Hartwig II. von Hirnheim, 1202-1208. 


Chest-high bust of bishop wearing 2-pointed mitre facing, both hands 

raised in blessing; ball over each hand; all in circle, outer edge: 8 arches 

with lilies inside them. 

Reference: Steinh. 61. Slg. Bonh. 1903. Berger 2640. Fully-struck and 

well-centered! Beautiful! Like new! 

Estimate: EUR 150. Price realized: 260 EUR (approx. 349 U.S. Dollars as 





Head facing in middle arch of 3-arched hall; 

above 2 leapards facing each other center. 











Bust of bishop facing with crozier and cross-staff, outer edge: 8 arches with 

lilies inside them. 

Reference: Berger 2636; Slg. Bonhoff 1906; Steinhilber 62. Beautiful! 



Bust of bishop facing with crozier and cross-staff, 

outer edge: 8 arches with lilies inside them. 

Reference: Berger, KM 2636; Slg. Bonhoff 1906; 

Steinhilber 62. 0.59 g. VF. 









Steinhilber 62. Beautiful patina, VF. 

Schätzpreis: 75,00 EUR. Price realized: 105 EUR 





Chest-high bust of bishop facing, with palm branch and crozier. Outer border 

of arches. 

Reference: Berger -; Slg. Bonhoff -; Steinhilber 69. Scarce! Beautiful patina, 

wonderful condition! 









Bonhoff 1906. Beautiful! 









Chest-high bust of bishop facing, with palm 

branch and crozier. Outer border of arches. 

Chest-high bust of bishop wearing 2-pointed mitre facing, both hands 

raised in blessing; ball over each hand; all in circle, outer edge: 8 arches 


Reference: Steinhilber 61. Berger 2640. Slg. Bonhoff 1903. Dark patina, 

exceptional condition! 



Reference: Steinhilber 69. Berger - . Slg. Cahn - . 

Slg. Bonhoff - . Rare! Fine patina, exceptional 

condition. 

ex Lechfeld hoard, Nr. 8 ff. 






Chest-high bust of bishop wearing 2-pointed 

mitre facing, both hands raised in blessing; ball 

over each hand; all in circle, outer edge: 8 arches 



Bonhoff 1903. Patina, weak strike, but beautiful! 

ex Giessener Münzhandlung, Dez. 1981. 

Price: 100,00 . Price realized: 80 EUR (approx. 


Bishop Siegfried von Rechberg, 1208 - 1227 


Siegfried III. 1208-1227. 


Chest-high bust of bishop facing, with key and crossstaff. 

8 arches around outer edge. 


Slg. Bonhoff - . Rare! Fine Patina, small rim break. 

Good VF. From Lechfeld hoard, Nr. 26 ff. 









Bishop holding lily-scepter, tower behind him at right. 

Reference: Steinhilber 75, Slg. Bonhoff -, Berger -. Greatest rarity. Strong 

edge break, but beautiful condition. 






Slg. Bonhoff - . Rare! Splendid Patina, good VF. 

From Lechfeld hoard, Nr. 26 ff. 








Reference: Steinhilber 70 var. (6 Pearls on the mitre) 

Berger - . Slg. Cahn - . Slg. Bonhoff - . Rare! Patina, 

beautiful! From Lechfeld hoard, Nr. 149 

Estimation: 350,00.

Bishop Siboto von Seefeld 1227-1249 


Siboto, 1227-1249. 


Bust of bishop facing with crozier and palm brach. Arch-bows around outer edge. 

Reference: Berger -; Steinhilber 73. Slightly off-center, VF+. 


date) 


Siboto, 1227-1249. 


Bust of bishop facing; with lily-scepter, tower in background right. 

Reference: Berger 2643; Steinhilber 75. Very rare, dark patina. Rim break. VF+. 


date) 

*Also attributed to Siegfried III. 1208-1227 above! 


Siboto, 1227-1249. 


Bust of bishop facing with crozier and palm brach. Arch-bows around outer edge. 

Reference: Steinhilber 73, Slg. Bonhoff 1911. VF + 


date)

Bishop Hartmann von Dillingen, 1250-1286 


Hartmann von Dillingen, 1250-1286. 


Bust of bishop facing between 2 croziers; under 

archway with battlements and small tower left & 

right. 

Reference: Berger 2646; Steinhilber 82. Beautiful! 






Head of bishop wearing 2-pointed mitre, between 

ringlet on each side. 

Reference: Steinh. 93. Berger 2652. Beautiful! 






Bishop with crozier in both hands walks to left, 

head facing. Wing to right. 

Reference: Berger 2654; Steinhilber 78. Beautiful 

patina! Excellent condition. S 






Head of bishop wearing 2-pointed mitre facing. 

Reference:Steinh. - . Berger - . Rare! From the silverhoard 

of S Lechfeld, Stumpf 122.VF. 


(approx. 1,002 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date) 




BUst of bishop facing between to half-moon 

shaped arches. 

Reference: Berger 2648; Steinhilber 91. Flan break, 

but VF+. 






Chest-high bust of bihsop wearing 2-pointed mitre 

facing; with crozier in each hand. 

Reference: Steinhilber 77. Berger - . Very rare. 

Patina! Beautiful! From Lechfeld hoard, 47 ff. 

Estimation: EUR 300,00.




Bust of bishop facing, between 2 half-moon 

shaped arches. 

Reference: Steinhilber 91. Berger 2648. Dark patina, 

beautiful! 






Head of bishop facing over building with two 

towers at ends. 

Reference: Steinhilber:85. VF. 






Bust of bishop facing, in each hand a ball-like 

container. 

Reference: (Ciborium). Steinh. 86, Slg. Bonh. -, 

Berger (KM) -. Exemple from the Niederrieden 

horad. Scarce! Beabutiful condition. 






Enthroned bishop facing, with cross staff (which 

looks like Egyptian ANKH symbol) and crozier. 


Steinhilber 83. VF & beautiful! 






Bust of bishop facing between 6-leaved rosette left 

and half-moon right; both hands held up palm outwards. 

Reference: Steinh. 89, Slg. Bonh. -, Berger (KM) -. 

Scarce, beautiful condition. 






Chest-high bust of bishop facing with croziers in 

each hand. 

Reference: Berger -; Steinhilber 77. Rare and b eautiful! 






Bust of bishop facing between 2 croziers, turreted 

arch above with small tower at each end. 

Reference: Berger 2646; Steinhilber 82. Fine 

Patina, XF + 











Reference: Steinh. 82. Berger 2646. Slg. Bonh. 

1913. Beautiful! 



Chest-high bust of bishop facing, wearing 2-pointed mitre, 

with crozier in each hand. 

Reference: Steinhilber 77. Berger - . Slg. Cahn - . Slg. 

Bonhoff - . Rare! Magnificent Patina, well-centered, looks 

almost uncirculated! From Lechfeld hoard, Nr. 44 ff. 

Estimation: 250,00. Price realized: 300 EUR (approx. 








Bonhoff 1913. Nice Patina, minor rim break. Good 

VF. 






Bust of bishop facing, in each hand a ball-like container. 

Reference: Berger -; Steinhilber 86. Rare, beabutiful 

example! 



Bishop Wolfhard von Roth-Wackernitz 1288-1302 


Wolfhard von Roth-Wackernitz, 1288-1302. 


Mitred head facing, with crozier and book. 8 

arches outer rim, points in the angles. 


1919. Beautiful! 









1919. Beautiful! Nice patina. 








Reference: Berger 2656; Steinhilber 94. VF-XF. 









1919. Exceptional example, like new! 





Mitred head facing, with crozier and book. 8 arches 

outer rim, points in the angles. 

Reference: Berger 2656; Steinhilber 94. Beautiful! 





Bracteate.(after 1290). 0,62 g. 



Reference: Steinhilber 94. Fd. Füssen I,10. 

Cahn-Wüthr. 318. VF & Beautiful! 

Estimate: CHF 100.00. Price realized: 140 CHF 


Bishop Marquardt von Randeck 1348-1366 


Marquard von Randeck, 1348-1366. 


Head of bishop facing, wearing central-pointed mitre, holding 

crozier and book. 4 points around head. 

Reference: Steinh. 96. Berger 2662. Beautiful! 



Burkhard von Ellerbach 1373-1404 

Heller. 0,47 g. 

Obv.: Hand, “D” on palm. 

Rev.: Gable-cross, point at each arm end. All in 

line circle. 

Reference: Slg. Bonhoff - like 1925/1926); 





Marquard von Randeck, 1348-1366. 



Burkhard von Ellerbach 1373-1404 & successors. 

Heller. after convention of 1396. 

Obv.: Shield, lattice right. 

Rev.: Gable-cross, large ringlet in gable of each 

arm. 

Reference: Steinhilber 154. Very scarce! F. 



Head of bishop facing, wearing central-pointed mitre, holding 

crozier and book. 4 points around head. 

Reference: Berger 2662; Steinhilber 96. Exceptional! 



Bishop Burkhard von Ellerbach 1373-1404 


Burkhard von Ellerbach 1373-1404 


Obv.: Hand, “D” on palm. 

Rev.: Gable-cross, point at each arm end. All in 

line circle. 

Reference: Steinhilber 149, Slg. Bonhoff 1926. 

VF+ 



Bishop Peter von Schaumberg 1424-1469 


Peter von Schaumburg, 1424-1469. 

Pfennig, after 1441. Mintmaster Franz Basinger 0,44 g. 

Obv.: Head of bishop facing with crozier and Pyr. 

Rev.: The letter “B”. 

Reference: Steinhilber 177. VF++ 

Estimate: 25 EUR. Price realized: 25 EUR (approx. 35 




Pfennig, 



Pfennig, 0,46 g. 


Rev.: Indeterminate. 


Rev.: The letter “h” with arrow point. 




Reference: Steinhilber 177ff. Nice. 





Pfennig, after 1441. Mintmaster Franz Basinger 








Pfennig, after 1441. Mintmaster Franz Basinger 

0,44 g. 



Reference: Steinhilber 177.

Bishop Johann II. von Werdenberg, 1469-1486 

or Friedrich II., 1486-1505 


Johann II. von Werdenberg, 1469-1486 or Friedrich II., 1486-1505. 

Pfennig, Mintmaster Matthias Basinger. 0,41 g. 

Obv.: Head of bishop facing, with crozier and pyr. 

Rev.: M B between 2 wedges. 

Reference: Steinhilber 181 a. F-VF. 


date) 

Bishop Eberhard IV. von Eppstein-Königstein 

1481-1535 


Eberhard IV. von Eppstein-Königstein 1481-1535. 

Batzen, 1515. Nördlinger Type. 

Obv.: Chest-high bust of Maximilian I right, with imperial orb and shouldered 

scepter. 

Rev.: 2 shields side-by-side. Date in Roman Numerals above. 

Reference: Schulten 35. VF and beautiful! 




Eberhard IV. von Eppstein-Königstein 1481-1535. 

1/2 Batzen 1520. 

Obv.: Spread eagle, head left. Augsburg shield below eagle at rim. 

Rev.: Quartered coat-of-arms, date above. 

Reference:Schulten 42, Herzfelder 126. Scarce, VF+. 

Estimate: 125 EUR.

Bishop Heinrich von Knörringen 1598-1646 


Heinrich von Knörringen 1598-1646 

Kipper Copper Kreuzer 1622. 

Obv.: Double cartouche, date above. 

Rev.: +I+/KREIT/ZER/+ 

Reference: Forster 395. VF. 




Copper Marke, 1599. 

Obv.: Coat-of-arms, divides date (2 digits, 99) 

Rev.: Scales, star between balance arms. 

Reference: Forster -, MBNG 1913, Nr. 9. Very scarce, VF. 


date) 



Kipper Copper Double Heller, 1621. 

Uniface. Arms in cartouche divides date. H E A above. 

Reference: Forster 393, Slg. Kraaz -. VF. 


date)

Regensburg 

ARCHBISHOPRIC 

The first settlements in Regensburg date to the Stone Age. The Celtic name Radasbona was the oldest name given to a settlement near 

the present city. Around AD 90 the Romans built a small "cohort-fort" in what would now be the suburbs. 

In 179 the Roman fort Castra Regina ("fortress by the river Regen") was built for Legio III Italica during the reign of Emperor Marcus 

Aurelius.[1] It was an important camp on the most northern point of the Danube: it corresponds to what is today the core of Regensburg's 

Altstadt ("Old City") east of the Obere and Untere Bachgasse and West of the Schwanenplatz. It is believed that even in late Roman times 

it was the seat of a bishop, and St Boniface re-established the Bishopric of Regensburg in 739. 

In 845, fourteen Bohemian princes came to Regensburg to receive baptism there. This was the starting point of Christianization of the 

Czech people, and the diocese of Regensburg became the mother diocese of Prague. These events had a wide impact on the cultural 

history of the Czech lands, as consequently they were incorporated in the Roman Catholic and not into the Slavic-Orthodox world. The 

fact is well remembered, and a memorial plate at St John's Church (the alleged place of the baptism) was unveiled a few years ago, commemorating 

the incident in the Czech and German languages. 

In 1245 Regensburg became a Free Imperial City and was a trade center before the shifting of trade routes in the late Middle Ages. At the 

end of the 15th century Regensburg became part of the Duchy of Bavaria in 1486, but its independence was restored by the Holy Roman 

Emperor in 1496. 

The city adopted the Protestant Reformation in 1542, and its Town Council remained entirely Lutheran until the incorporation of the city 

into the Principality of Regensburg under Carl von Dalberg in 1803. A minority of the population stayed Roman Catholic and Roman 

Catholics were excluded from civil rights ("Bürgerrecht"). The town of Regensburg must not be confused with the Bishopric of 

Regensburg. Although the Imperial city had adopted the Reformation, the town remained the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop and several 

abbeys. Three of the latter, St. Emmeram, Niedermünster and Obermünster, were estates of their own within the Holy Roman Empire, 

meaning that they were granted a seat and a vote at the Imperial diet (Reichstag). So there was the unique situation that the town of 

Regensburg comprised five independent "states" (in terms of the Holy Roman Empire): the Protestant city itself, the Roman Catholic bishopric 

and the three monasteries mentioned above. 

From 1663 to 1806, the city was the permanent seat of the Reichstag of the Holy Roman Empire. Thus Regensburg was one of the central 

towns of the Empire, attracting visitors in large numbers. 

Following are issues for the Bishops of Regensburg

REGENSBURG- Bishopric 

Hartwig I., 1105 - 1126. 

Pfennig (1120-1130) 24 mm 0,90 g. 

Obv.: Chest-high bust of saint with crozier and 

church model. 

Rev.: Samson with columns of a round archway. 

Reference: Emmerig 53. Scarce! Fine! 


Gebhard III. 1056-1060 


Gebhard III. (1056-1060) and Heinrich IV., as King, (1056-1084). 

Denar. 3. Type, ca. 1058 0,99 g. 

Obv.: EINRI-VS REX Crowned bust facing. 

Rev.: REGNES PVRC Lateral view of Cathedral. 

Reference: Hahn 55 var. Of greatest rarity. VF. 

This Koenigsdenar, which shows as only the side view of the Regensburger cathedral as well as the 

city name in the German form, ranks among the large rare pieces of the medieval Regensburger and 

Bavarian numismatic history, and was missing in most important collections of medieval coinages. 

Estimate: 2.750 EUR. Price realized: 2,600 EUR (approx. 3,313 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date) 

Hartwig I., 1105 - 1126 


Hartwig I., 1105 - 1126. 

Pfennig (1120-1130) 21 mm 0,73 g. 

Obv.: Seated bishop with crozier and book, small 

representation. 

Rev.: Gateway arch wtih 3 towers. 

Reference: Emmerig 57. Scarce, VF. 




Hartwig I., 1105 - 1126. 

Pfennig (1120-1130) 23 mm 0,87 g. 


Hartwig I., 1105 - 1126. 

Pfennig (1120-1130) 2 mm 0,91 g. 

Obv.: Seated bishop with crozier and book, larger 

representation. 


Obv.: Chest-high bust of bishop with crozier and raised left hand. 


Reference: Stamp variant. Emmerig 57. Scarce! 

Dark toning, beautiful! 



Reference: Emmerig - (Rev. like 57). Greatest rarity, beautiful toning, beautiful condition! 


date)

Konrad I. 1126-1132 


Konrad I. 1126-1132 

Thin Pfennig (1130-1140) 27 mm 0,95 g. 

Obv.: Centaur with hatchet and shield. 

Rev.: Warrior fighting with a lion. 

Reference: Emmerig 60 (Ducal coinage.?), Fiala 605, Fd. Kasing 24. 

Estimate EUR 100. Price realized: 100 EUR (approx. 125 U.S. Dollars as of the auction 

date) 

Heinrich I. von Wolfratshausen, 1132-1155 


Heinrich I. von Wolfratshausen, 1132-1155. 

Pfennig (ca. 1140-1150) 22 mm 0,95 g. 

Obv.: Duke turned to the sitting bishop with crozier. 

Rev.: Building with 3 towers; in gateway a bare head 

facing. 

Reference:Emmerig 88. Scarce. VF. 





Pfennig (ca. 1140-1150) 0,87 g. 

Obv.: Head facing in rosette. 

Rev.: Person sitting to left and gives a crozier to a 

second person on his left. 

Reference:Emmerig 87. VF. 





Pfennig (ca. 1130-1140) 25 mm 0,95 g. 

Obv.: Bishop in blessing pose left, witih crozier. 

Rev.: Angel giving child to another figure. 

Reference:Emmerig -. Unpublished, VF. 



Pfennig (ca. 1130-1140) 23 mm 0,93 g. 

Obv.: Chest-high bust of bishop facing, with crozier. 


Reference: Emmerig 66. Scarce: XF/F 




date)



Pfennig (ca. 1130-1140) 25 mm 0,83 g. 



Reference: Emmerig 66. 0,83g. Scarce, VF. 




Pfennig (ca. 1140-1150) 23 mm 0,93 g. 


Rev.: Building with 3 towers; in gateway a bare head facing. 

Reference: Emmerig 88. 0,93g. Scarce! F/VF. 

Estimate: EUR 100. Price realized: 170 EUR (approx. 253 U.S. 




Pfennig (ca. 1140-1150) 23 mm 0,95 g. 


Rev.: Building with 3 towers; in gateway a bare 

head facing. 

Reference: Emmerig 88.Scarce! Dark toning, small 

rim break. VF. 





Pfennig (ca. 1130-1140) 24 mm 0,93 g. 



Reference: Emmerig 66. Scarce! Small rim break, 

VF/F. 





Pfennig (ca. 1130-1140) 21 mm 0,98 g. 

Obv.: CHest-high bust of bishop with crozier; head to left. 

Rev.: Investiture scene, warrior facing right with sword on left 

side, facing a figure seated to left. Small figure between. 

Seated figure giving banner to warrior. 

Reference: Emmerig 67. Very scarce! Edge damage, but beautiful! 

Estimate: EUR 200. Price realized: 220 EUR (approx. 259 


Hartwig II. von Ortenburg, 1155 - 1164 


HARTWIG II. bis KONRAD II., 1155-1185. 

Thin Pfennig 1,01 g. 

Obv.: Seated bishopt with crozier, blessing a layman 

to his right; to right a small angel. 

Rev.: Angel bust on 2-towered building. 




Hartwig II. von Ortenburg, 1155 - 1164. 

Thin Pfennig (ca. 1160-1170) 0,94 g. 




Reference: Emmerig 104. Patina,beautiful! 

Estimation: EUR 225,00. Price realized: 200 EUR 








Obv.: Bishop with crozier, blessing layman standing 

before him; small angel behind bishop. 

Rev.: Angel bust on 2-towered building; head facing 

left in building doorway. 

Reference: Emmerig 105. Rare! Beautiful fdark 

patina, VF. 

Price: 125,00. 

Obv.: Seated bishopt with crozier, blessing a layman to his right; to right a small angel. 


Reference: Emmerig 104. Rare! Patina,beautiful! 

Price: 200,00. 

*NOTE: Emmerig #104 is also attributed to Eberhard I, der Schwabe, 1164-1167 and 

Konrad II, 1167-1185.

Eberhard I., der Schwabe, 1164-1167 


Eberhard I., der Schwabe, 1164-1167. 

Thin Pfennig (ca. 1160-1170) 25 mm 0,97 g. 

Obv.: Seated bishopt with crozier, blessing a layman to his right; to right 

a small angel. 

Rev.: Angel’s bust on 2-towered building. 

Reference: Emmerig 104. Weak strick, but still VF. 



Konrad II., 1167-1185. 

Pfennig (1180-1185) 0,96 g. 




Reference: Emmerig 104. Both sides well struck! 

VF+ 




Eberhard I., der Schwabe, 1164-1167. 

Thin Pfennig (ca. 1160-1170) 25 mm 0,97 g. 

Obv.: Seated bishopt with crozier, blessing a layman to his right; to right 

a small angel. 


Reference: Emmerig 104. Exceptionally well-struck; VF+ 



Konrad II., 1167-1185 


Konrad II., 1167-1185. 

Pfennig (ca. 1180) 0,87 g. 

Obv.: Bishsop standing facing with crozier and 

book; 3 rosettes in field left. 

Rev.: Angel’s bust facing in circle; 4 arches around 

circle, each containing an angel’s head. Rosettes 

between arches. 

Reference: Emmerig 123. Slightly off-center, VF & 

Beautiful! 




Konrad II., 1167-1185. 

Pfennig (ca. 1170-1180) 0,99 g. 

Obv.: Bishop seated facing, w ith crozier and key. 

Rev.: Angel standing facing with open wings. 




ANONYMOUS ISSUES, 12th CENTURY 


Anonymous. ca. 1200 

Thick Pfennig (ca. 1200) 21 mm 0,72 g. 

Obv.: Bust of tonsured religious figure facing, with shouldered key in 

right hand; book in left hand. Circle of rosettes outer rim. 



Anonymous. 12th Century. 

Pfennig (ca. 1200) 0,67 g. 

Obv.: Bust of a bishop with mitre facing, crozier in right hand, book ni 

left hand. 

Rev.: Church building with cross on center steeple, 2 side towers from 

which a person looks toward center. 

Reference: Emmerig 159 or 160 (?).VF. 0,72 g 

Reference: Emmerig (Regensburg) Anhang E. Slightly weak strike, VF. 

Estimate EUR 60. Price realized: 60 EUR (approx. 73 U.S. Dollars as of 




Konrad IV., 1204 - 1226 


Konrad IV., 1204 - 1226 

Pfennig (ca. 1225) 0,98 g. 

Obv.: Bust of bishop facing, with 2 cross-staves. 

Rev.: 3 round archces, in the middle arch a man’s 

head, above arch 2 lions turned toward each other. 

Reference: Emmerig 221, Wittelsbach 23. Beautiful 

condition! 



Konrad IV., 1204 - 1226 

Pfennig 20 mm 0,95 g. 

Obv.: Bust of duke facing, with sword and flag. 

Rev.: Bishop wtih book and crozier. 

Reference: Emmerig 173. Fd. Petting 34. VF. 




Konrad IV., 1204 - 1226 

Pfennig 0,85 g. 

Obv.: Bishop’s bust facing, between stars. 

Rev.: Seated bishop facing with crozier and book. 

Reference: Emmerig 211. Rare! Good VXF. 




Siegfried (1227-1246) 

Thick Pfennig 0,79 g. 

Obv.: Bust of bishop facing with crozier and palm branch. 

Rev.: 3 pointed arches with 2 eagles above. 

Reference: Lanz Auktion 37 Nr. 630. Beautiful! 

Siegfried, 1227 - 1246 


Siegfried (1227-1246) 

Thick Pfennig 20 mm 0,80 g. 

Obv.: Lion right, head facing front. 

Rev.: Half lion and half-eagle. 

Reference: Emmerig 231. Very scarce, good VF. 



ALBERT I. VON PITENGAU, 1246-1260 


Albert I. von Pitengau, 1246-1260. 


Obv.: Bishop’s chest-high bust facing with right 

hand raised in blessing, and crozier in left. 

Rev.: St. Peter with key and fish. 





Albert I. von Pitengau, 1246-1260. 

Pfennig. 

Mitred bishop with crozier, making benediction. 

Facing bust of St. Peter, holding large key. 

Emmerig 234; Bonhoff 1962; Metcalf 42 Good VF. 

Attractive toning, striations from flan manufacture 

still visible. Partial weak strike. 


Albert I. von Pitengau, 1246-1260 and successors 

Pfennig (1253-1296). 

Obv.: Flying lion with bishop’ mitred head left. 

Rev.: Flying angel’s bust facing (weak). 

Reference: Emmerig 237, Wittelsbach 56. VF. 



Albert II. 1260-1262 


Albert II. (1260-1262) 

Thick Pfennig (1253-1296). 0,70g 


Rev.: Flying angel’s bust facing (weak). 

Reference: Emmerig 237, Wittelsbach 56. VF. 

Leo Thundorfer, 1262-1277. 


Leo or Heinrich II., 1262/1277/1296. Co-issue with Duke Heinrich XIII. 

Thick Pfennig (ca. 1270-1290). 0,78g 

Obv.: Bust of St. Peter facing with key and fish. 

Rev.: Bishop with crozier standing,, duke seated on right. 

Reference: Emmerig 239. Dark patina, well-struck! Beautiful! 

Estimation: 80,00. Price realized: 100 EUR (approx. 1 19 U.S. Dollars as 



Leo Thundorfer, 1262-1277. 

Thick Pfennig (1253-1296). 0,97g 


Rev.: Flying angel’s bust facing 

Reference: Emmerig 237. Good VF. 



Heinrich II 1277-1296 


Heinrich II. - 1277-1296 

Thick Pfennig (ca. 1270-1290). 

Obv.: Facing bust of St. Peter, holding large key. 

Rev.: Bishop and duke standing (obscured by partial strike). 

Reference: Emmerig 239; Bonhoff 1965. Nice obverse. Small internal flan crack.


Anonymous issue, 1315-1374 

Unspecified Bishops - 1315-1374 

Thick Pfennig Co-issue of Duke and Bishop 0,96g 

Obv.: Mitred head facing under arch. 

Rev.: Double gabled archway, bishop’s head facing left arch, duke 

facing right arch. 





Johann I. von Bayern, 1384-1409. 

Co-issue of Duke & Bishop 

Pfennig (ca. 1392/1409). 0,74 g. 


Anonymous issue, 1315-1374 

Pfennig Co-issue of Duke and Bishop 0,84g 

Obv.: Duke’s bust facing over turreted wall, H O on each side of 

head. 

Rev.: Double-pointed arched portal, between the points a tower with 

turrets, in left portal a bishop’s mitred head; duke’s head wearing flat 

hat in right portal. 

Reference: Emmerig 246. Beautiful! 

Johann I. von Bayern, 1384-1409 

Obv.: Bust of duke facing with sword and flag. 

Rev.: Regensburg shield. (crossed keys). 

Reference: Emmerig 249 a. VF 






Pfennig (ca. 1392/1409). 0,76 g. 



Reference: Emmerig 249 a. VF 






Pfennig (ca. 1392/1409). 0,97 g. 




Pfennig (ca. 1392/1409). 0,74 g. 

Obv.: Bust of bishop facing with right hand raised 

in blessing and crozier. 





Obv.: Bust of bishop facing with right hand raised in blessing and crozier. 

Rev.: Regensburg shield. (crossed keys) in 4-lobed border.. 



date)




Pfennig (ca. 1392/1409). 0,91 g. 



Reference: Emmerig 249 a. VF. Dark patina! 





Pfennig ca. 1392. 0,83 g. 



Pfennig 18 mm 0,74 g. 



Rev.: Regensburg shield. (crossed keys) in 4-lobed 

border.. 

Reference: Emm. 250. VF. 

Obv.: Bust of bishop facing with right hand raised in blessing and 

crozier. 

Rev.: Regensburg shield. (crossed keys) in multi-lobed border.. 

Reference: Emmerig 250 a. Dark patina, beautiful! 

Price: 50,00. Price realized: 50 EUR (approx. 55 U.S. Dollars as of 









Rev.: Regensburg shield. (crossed keys) in 4-lobed 

border.. 

Reference: Emmerig 250; Slg. Bonhoff 1968. VF. 




Thick Pfennig 0,70 g. 

Obv.: Bust of bishop facing with right hand raised in blessing and crozier. 

Rev.: Regensburg shield. (crossed keys) in 3-lobed border, each lobe wtih 

3 small arches.. 


Maximilian I., 1493 - 1519 


Maximilian I., 1493 - 1519. 

Batzen 1519. 3,86 g. 

Obv.: 3/4-bust of St. Wofgang with crozier in right hand and church model in left hand. 

“S. WOLFGANG ORAPRO” 

Rev.: Regensburg shield. (crossed keys); date above. “MONETA CIVITAS RATISPO” 

Reference: Beckenbauer 1204. Beautiful! 

Estimation: 100,00. Price realized: 121 EUR (approx. 172 U.S. Dollars as of the auc - 

tion date)

Johann III. von Pfalz-Simmern 1507-1538 


Johann III. Pfalzgraf, 1507 - 1538 

10 Kreuzer 1529. 30 mm 5,44g. 

Obv.: Coat of arms, date *1529* above. “IOANES 

ADMINIS RATISBO (Rosette)” 

Rev.: Crowned double eagle. (legends for Kaiser 

Karl V.). 

Reference: Emmerig/Kozinowski 5 Fe. Scarce, VF. 





Pfennig (Dreier) 1528. 17 mm 0,44g. 

Obv.: Coat of arms, date above, in ornate 4-lobed border. 

Rev.: *I* in diamond-shaped border. 

Reference: Emmerig/Kozinowski 25A. XF. 



Batzen 1523. 27 mm 2,78g. 

Estimate: EUR 50. Price realized: 30 EUR (approx. 35 U.S. Dollars as 


Obv.: “JOHANES ADMINISTRAT RATISBON 

*C*E”, coat of arms, above: *1523*. 

Rev.: St. Peter holding key and book. 

“S.PETRE.NAVE.TVERE.CHRISTIA” (“N” backwards). 

Reference:Emmerig/Kozinowski 10. Scarce! Small 

rim break at edge, but beabutiful! 





10 Kreuzer 1527. 29 mm 



1/2 Batzen 1523. 22 mm 1,68g. 

Obv.: +JOAN ADMINISTRAT RATIS C E”, coat 

of arms, date *1525* above. 

Rev.: Rev.: St. Peter holding key and book. 

“S.PETRE.NAVE.TVEAR.CHRISTI” (“N” backwards). 

Reference: Emmerig/Kozinowski 16 Aa. Scarce. 

Light weakness, but beautiful! 



Obv.: Coat of arms, date *1527* above. “IOANES ADMINIS RATIS- 

BO (Rosette)” 

Rev.: Crowned double eagle. (legends for Kaiser Karl V.). 

Reference: Emmerig/Kozinowski 3C var. (*IOANES), Schulten 2838. 

VF. 

Estimate EUR 100. Price realized: 160 EUR (approx. 223 U.S. 


Pankraz von Sinzenhofen, 1538 - 1548 


Pankraz von Sinzenhofen, 1538 - 1548 

Taler 1546. 42 mm 28,43g. 

Obv.: 2 coats-of-arms under mitre with crozier through it. 

Rev.: Crowned double-headed eagle. (legends for Kaiser Karl V.). 

Reference: Emmerig/Kozinowski 40 Ab, Dav. 9680. VF. 

Estimate: EUR 300. Price realized: 230 EUR (approx. 271 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date) 

Georg von Pappenheim 1548-1563 


Georg von Pappenheim 1548-1563. 

Körtling 1561. 

Obv.: Coat of arms, date above, all in 4-lobed border. 

Rev.: Royal orb, denomination inside. 

Reference: Emmerig/Kozinowski 67. F. 

Estimate: 30 EUR. Price realized: 33 EUR (approx. 39 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)

Passau 

Archbishopric 

Passau (Latin: Batavis or Batavia, also Passavium; Italian: Passavia; Czech: Pasov) is a town in Lower Bavaria, 

Eastern Bavaria, Germany, known also as the Dreiflüssestadt (City of Three Rivers), because the Danube River is 

joined there by the Inn River from the South, and the Ilz River coming out of the Bavarian Forest to the North. 

During the second half of the 5th century, St. Severinus established a monastery here. In 739, an Irish monk called 

Boniface founded the diocese of Passau and this was the largest diocese of the Holy Roman Empire for many years. 

In the Treaty of Passau (1552), Archduke Ferdinand I, representing Emperor Charles V, secured the agreement of 

the Protestant princes to submit the religious question to a diet. This led to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. 

During the Renaissance and early modern period, Passau was one of the most prolific centers of sword and bladed 

weapon manufacture in Germany (after Solingen). Passau smiths stamped their blades with the Passau wolf, usually 

a rather simplified rendering of the wolf on the city's coat-of-arms. Superstitious warriors believed that the Passau 

wolf conferred invulnerability on the blade's bearer, and thus Passau swords acquired a great premium. As a result, 

the whole practice of placing magical charms on swords to protect the wearers came to be known for a time as 

"Passau art." (See Eduard Wagner, Cut and Thrust Weapons, 1969). Other cities' smiths, including those of Solingen, 

recognized the marketing value of the Passau wolf and adopted it for themselves. By the 17th century, Solingen was 

producing more wolf-stamped blades than Passau was.

Unspecified Bishops - ca. 1150-1180 

PASSAU - Bishopric 

Anonymous bishop issue, ca. 1150-1180 

Pfennig. 

Obv.: Under triple arch, bust facing slightly left under center arch with 

lily-scepter and palm branch. Two towers right and left above arch, 

cross (?) above central arch.. 

Rev.: Waist-high bust of bishop facing, with cross-topped orb. 

Reference: Ke:7a var.VF+/F.. 



Hartwig II.-1155-1164 Graf v.-Ortenburg 

Pfennig. ca. 1160-1170. 

Obv.: Entrhoned bishop facing slightly to right, with right hand raised in 

blessing and crozier in left hand, to right a layman with outstreched hand, 

angel to left of bishop. 

Rev.: Round building with dobel-arched doors and 2 towers, bust of angel in 

arch above wall and between towers.. 

Reference: Slg. Bohnhoff:1954 Emmerich 104 Slg. Hohenstaufen 1604 VF. 

Estimate: EUR 200. Price realized: 380 EUR. 


Anonymous bishop issue, ca. 1150-1180 

Pfennig. 

Obv.: Under triple arch, bust facing slightly left under center arch with 

lily-scepter and palm branch. Two towers right and left above arch, 

cross (?) above central arch.. 

Rev.: waist-high bust of bisho with crozier and book. 

Reference: Ke:7car., Koch 7. Rim break, but nice coin! 


Hartwig II.-1155-1164 


Hartwig II.-1155-1164 Graf v.-Ortenburg 

Pfennig. ca. 1160-1170. 

Obv.: Entrhoned bishop facing slightly to right, with right hand raised in blessing 

and crozier in left hand, to right a layman with outstreched hand, angel to left of 

bishop. 

Rev: Rev.: Round building with dobel-arched doors and 2 towers, bust of angel in 

arch above wall and between towers.. In lower arches bearded busts left. 

Reference: Slg. Bohnhoff:1956 Emmerich 105 Slg. Hohenstaufen 1605 Obv. weak. 


Diepold, 1172-1190 


Diepold, 1172-1190. 

Pfennig. c. 1175. 0.91 g. 

Obv.: Bust of bishop wtih crozier and book under gate arch. 

Rev.: Stoning of St. Stephen.. 

Reference: Kellner 9. Very scarce, small rim break, VF. 


date)

Wolfgang v. Leubrechtskirchen 1191-1204 


Wolfgang v. Leubrechtskirchen 1191-1204 

Pfennig. 0.92 g. 

Obv.: Bishop facing with mitre and crozier. Crosses in field left. 

Rev.: Bust slightly left with lily-scepter and palm branch, under 3-arched building 

with 2 towers; above a bust between 2 ringlets (or rosettes). 

Reference:Buchenau: 3938 VF. 


Mangold von Berg, 1206 - 1215 


Mangold von Berg, 1206 - 1215. 


Obv.: Bishop facing with crozier. 

Rev.: Bust slightly left with lily-scepter and palm branch, under 3-arched building 

with 2 towers; above a bust between 2 stars. 

Reference: Kellner 17. VF. 

Estimation DM 150. Price realized: 320 DEM (approx. 169 U.S. Dollars as of the 

auction date) 

Ulrich II. von Andechs, 1215 - 1221 


Ulrich II. von Andechs, 1215 - 1221 

Pfennig. (ca. 1210-1225). 19 mm 0.91 g. 

Obv.: Half-bust of bishop with crozier and palm branch; rosettes in field. 

Rev.: Head facing over arch with 2 towers; in archway a lamb, rosette to left. 

Reference: Kellner 19, Koch (NZ. 76) 9. Scarce! VF. 

Estimate: EUR 150. Price realized: 1,200 EUR. 


Ulrich von Andechs 1215-1221 bis Gebhard von Plain 1222-1232. 


Tonsured bust facing, under arch and between 2 towers; cross above. 


Reference: Kellner similar to . 18. F-VF. 

Estimate: 30 EUR. Price realized: 52 EUR.


Gebhard I. 1221-1232-Graf v. Playen 

Pfennig. 

Obv.: Bare-headed half-bust with cross-staff and palm 

branch. 

Rev.: Head with mitre facing in diamond-shaped 

ornamental border. 

Reference: Ke: 13, Koch 13 Very rare! Exceptional! 



Rudiger von Bergheim, 1233-1250 


Obv.: Bare-headed half-bust with cross-staff and 

palm branch. 



Reference: Kellner 31 (13), Koch 13. Beautiful! 



*Also listed under Gebhard I above. 

Gebhard I. 1221-1232 



Pfennig. 

Obv.: Agnus Dei (Lamb with cross staff) to left in 

circle. (PATA)VIEN(SIS). 

Rev: . Winged lily over winged head. (smashed). 

Reference: Ke: 16 Koch 16. tlw. Weakly struck, but 

nice example. 


Rüdiger 1233-1250 




Obv.: Mitred head between 2 towers, below a wolf 

left. 

Rev.: Winged head facing over lily. 

Reference: Kellner 29, Koch (NZ. 76) 18. Scarce! 

VF. 




Pfennig. 

Obv.: Agnus Dei (Lamb with cross staff) to left in 

circle. (PATA)VIEN(SIS). Edge lettering not really 

visible. 

Rev: . Winged lily over winged head. 

Reference: Ke:16, Koch 16. Edge break at 6 o’clock. 

Nice! 




Pfennig. ca. 1240. 0,98g. 

Obv.: Crozier between facing bishop’s head on left 

and wolf standing to right. 

Rev.: Angle’s bust facing over lily. 

Reference: Kellner 26. 0.98 g. Very scarce! VF. 




Pfennig. 0,77g. 

Obv.: Bare-headed half-bust with cross-staff and 

palm branch. 



Reference: Kellner 31. Patina, beautiful! 




Pfennig. 

Obv.: Mitred head facing under arch and between 2 

stars; above a winged head. 

Rev.: Spread eagle with man’s head facing from. 

Reference: Ke: 19 Koch 19. Archive number VF. 




Pfennig. 


left. 

Rev.: Not visible, scarcely struck! 

Reference: Ke: 18 Koch 18 f.s.sch. 




Pfennig. 

Obv.: Bishop’s bust with crozier facing left, tower 

behind him to right. 

Rev.: Eagle with open wings and head of bishop. 

Reference: Ke: 20, Koch 20. Rev. some weakness, 

but VF. 




Pfennig. 


left. 

Rev.: Winged head facing over lily. 

Reference: Ke: 18, Koch 18 VF/VF+ 




Pfennig. 



Pfennig. 

Obv.: Bishop’s mitred head facing right, between 

two towers, lily above. 

Rev.: Mitred head facing inside circle of stars. 

Reference: Ke: 22 VF. 


Obv.: Bishop’s mitred head facing right, between two towers, lily above. 


Reference: Ke: 22 Koch: 21 VF. 

. 

Estimate: EUR 45. Price realized: 95 EUR.



Pfennig. 

Obv.: Mitred head facing between 2 turreted towers 

with a star above, above head a steepled tower. 

Rev.: Winged monster left in circle of stars. 

Reference: Ke 23 Koch 23. VF. 



Berthold von Peiting, 1250-1254. 

Pfennig. 



Pfennig. 


with a star above, above head a steepled tower. 

Rev.: Winged monster (Dragon?) left in circle of 

stars. 

Reference: Ke 23 Koch 23. VF & beautiful! 




Pfennig. 




Obv.: Bishop’s head facing under turreted arch, all 

in thread circle. 

Rev.: Head inside a double circle with stars. 

Reference: Kellner - (22), Koch 22, Höfken 7, Slg. 

Eglmeier 1517. VF+ 


Obv.: Bishop’s mitred head facing right, between two towers, lily above. 


Reference: Kellner 204 (there under Salzburg?). Rim break, but still beautiful 

coin! 

Estimate: 75 EUR. Price realized: 80 EUR. 

Berthold von Peiting, 1250-1254 

Obv.: Mitred head facing between 2 towers, above head a turreted tower 

between 2 croziers. 

Rev.: Wolf left in front of a building with 2 towers, corss above building 

center. Star above wolf in doorway. 

Reference: Ke: 24 Nice condition! 





Obv.: Mitred head facing between 2 turreted towers with a star above, 

above head a shingled steepled tower. 

Rev.: Flying monster (dragon?) left in circle of stars. 


Estimate: 100 EUR.





with a star above, above head a shingled steepled 

tower. 











with a star above, above head a shingled steepled 

tower. 

Rev.: Flying monster (dragon?) left in circle of stars 

Reference: .Kellner 32. VF. 





Reference: Kellner 32(23). Beautiful patina, wonderful preservation! 








Obv.: Mitred head facing between 2 towers, above 

head a turreted tower between 2 croziers. 

Rev.: Wolf left in front of a building with 2 towers, 

corss above building center.Star above wolf in door. 

Reference: Kellner 33. Very scarce, VF. 




Rev.: Flying monster (dragon?) in circle of stars. 

Reference: Kellner 32, Koch 23, Höfken 12. Fine patina, VF and exceptional! 

Estimate EUR 75. Price realized: 85 EUR. 

Otto v. Lonstorf-1254-1256 


Otto von Lonstorf, 1254 - 1265. 

Pfennig. (1254/1451) 18 mm 0.66 g. 

Obv.: Crowned wolf standing left, crozier behind it. 

Rev.: Four-footed winged animal (Griffin) standing left. 

Reference: Kellner 28, Koch 28. Scarce! Beautiful condition. 





Obv.: Bishop’s head facing under winged tower. 

Rev.: Wof wearing mitre left, cross above. 

Reference: Kellner (2) 34.Very nice! 





Pfennig. 

Obv.: Bishop’s head facing under winged tower. 

Rev.: Wolf left, cross above. 

Reference: Ke: 26 Koch 26. Weakly struck, rare! 

Nice coin. 




Pfennig. 

Obv.: Wolf standing left, crozier behind it. 

Rev.: Four-footed winged animal (Griffin) standing 

left. 

Reference: Ke:28 Koch 28 Rev. some weakness 

in strike. Beautiful! 


ANONYMOUS ISSUE, 13TH CENTURY 


Unspecified Bishop in Passau - 13th Centnury. 

Pfennig. 

Obv.: Angel’s bust facing, head looking left, over 3-towered building. 

Rev.: 4-footed beast to left, head facing front. 

Reference: Ke: 30 f.Beautiful! 


Leonhard v. Layming 1423-51 


Leonhard v. Layming 1423-51 

Pfennig. 16 mm 

Reference: Bon. 2074. Crude aVF.

Ulrich III. von Nußdorf 1451-1479 



Pfennig. 

Uniface. Split shield, with wolf and unicorn. 

Reference: Kellner 54, Koch 42. VF. 





Uniface 4-Sclag style.. Split shield, with wolf and unicorn. 

Reference: Kellner 54, Koch (NZ. 76) 42. Scarce1 VF. 


ASSAU - Bishopric 



Uniface 4-Sclag style.. Split shield, with wolf and unicorn, in pearl circle. 

Reference: Kellner 55, Koch (NZ. 76) -. 0,46g. Selten. Sehr schön. 


Wigileus Fröschl von Marzoll 1500-1517 


Wigileus Fröschl, 1500 - 1517 

Batzen 1516. 27 mm 3,16g. 

Obv.: Coat of arms, date above. “WIGILEUS.EPS.PATAVIENS.+” 

Rev.: St. Stephen looking slightly right, with his attributes, over coat of 

arms of Passau. “SUB TVO PRESIDIO” 





1/2 Batzen 1508. 

Obv.: St. Stpehen standing slightly to right, looking toward left, with hsi attributes. 

“S*STEPH*ORA*PRO NOBIS.” “N: backwards. 

Rev.: Coat of arms in ornamental circle.”MONETA*EPI*PATAVIENSIS.1508. 

“N” is backwards. 

Reference: Kellner 59, Schulten 2633. Greatest rarity. Minor rim damage, but 

beautiful! 

Estimate: 500 EUR. Price realized: 1,200 EUR. 



Pfennig, ca. 1513. 15 mm 0,48g. 

Uniface. Shield with wolf left; above letter “W”. 

Reference: Kellner 65. Scarce1 Dark toning, VF. 




Batzen 1516. 

Obv.: Coat of arms, date above. “WIGILEUS.EPS.PATAVIENS.+” 

Rev.: St. Stephen looking slightly right, with his attributes, over coat of 

arms of Passau. “SUB TVO PRESIDIO” 

Reference: Kellner 60, Schulten 2632. Weak strike, but VF. 



Ernst von Bayern 1517-1540, as Administrator 

10 Kreuzer (Zehner) 1524. 

Obv.: ERNESTVS.VTRIVSQ.BAVARIE.DVX, 

Quartered Pfalz-Bavarian coat-of-arms, year above. 

Rev.: ADMINISTRATOR ECCLESIE PATAVI, coat 

of arms wtih ringlet above and at sides. 

Reference: Ke:73b Rim damage, but VF. 




Batzen 1519. 26 mm 3,04g. 

Obv.: Quartered coat of arms of Pfalz & Bavaria, 

date above. 

Rev.: Bust of St. Stephen looking slightly to right, 

with attributes, over city coat-of-arms shield. 

Reference: Kellner 74. Dark toning. Beautiful! 


Ernst von Bayern, 1517 - 1554 

Administrator of Passau 



Batzen 1532. 

Obv.: 3 coat-of-arms shields arranged in circle. 

(Pfalz, Bavaria & Passau). 

Rev.:St. Stephen standing, looking slightly left. 

Reference: Ke:60. Nice! 




Batzen 1532. 27 mm 2,91g. 

Obv.: 3 coat-of-arms shields arranged in circle. 

(Pfalz, Bavaria & Passau). 

Rev.:St. Stephen standing, looking slightly left. 

Reference: Kellner 78. Greatest rarity, VF/F. 




10 Kreuzer (Zehner) 1524. 29 mm 4,84g. 

Obv.: ERNESTVS.VTRIVSQ.BAVARIE.DVX, 

Quartered Pfalz-Bavarian coat-of-arms, year above. 

Rev.: ADMINISTRATOR ECCLESIE PATAVI, coat 

of arms wtih ringlet above and at sides. 

Reference: Ke:73b. Very scarce. Beautiful! 

Schätzpreis-Estimate: EUR 750. Price realized: 1,000 

EUR. 



Zweier 1533. 17 mm 0,49g. 

Uniface. 2 shields; left with wolf and right with 

Bavarian arms. Year above. Below: “E” between 

rosettes. 

Reference: Kellner 79d. VF. 

Estimate: EUR 50.




Uniface. Wolf left in shield between rings. “E” 

above. 





Batzen 1519. 

Obv.: Quartered coat of arms of Pfalz & Bavaria, date above. 



Pfennig. c. 1520. 14 mm 0,34g. 

Uniface. Wolf right in shield between ringlets. “E” 

above. 

Reference: Kellner 84. Scarce. VF. 

Rev.: Bust of St. Stephen looking slightly to right, with attributes, over 

city coat-of-arms shield. 

Reference: Kellner 59, Schulten 2642. VF. 




Ernst von Bayern 1517-1540, als Administrator 

Batzen 1523. 27 mm 

Obv.: Quartered coat of arms of Pfalz & Bavaria, 

date above. 

Rev.: Bust of St. Stephen looking slightly to right, 

with attributes, over city coat-of-arms shield. 


Estimate EUR 100. 


Ernst von Bayern 1517-1540, als Administrator 

Batzen 1521. 

Obv.: Quartered coat of arms of Pfalz & Bavaria, date above. 

Rev.: Bust of St. Stephen looking slightly to right, with attributes, over city 

coat-of-arms shield. 

Reference: Kellner 74. VF+. 


Nürnberg

Nuremberg (German: Nürnberg is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. It is situated 

on the Pegnitz river and the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal and is Franconia's largest city. It is located about 170 kilometres north 

of Munich, at 49.27° N 1 1.5° E. Population (as of 01/2006) is 500,132. 

From 1050 to 1571, the city expanded and rose dramatically in importance due to its location on key trade routes. It is often 

referred to as having been the 'unofficial capital' of the Holy Roman Emperor, particularly because Reichstage (Imperial Diets) and 

courts met at Nuremberg Castle. The Diets of Nuremberg were an important part of the administrative structure of the empire. In 

1219 Nuremberg became an Imperial Free City under Emperor Frederick II.[1] Nuremberg soon became, with Augsburg, one of 

the two great trade centers on the route from Italy to Northern Europe. In 1298, the Jews of the town were accused of having desecrated 

the host and 698 were slain in one of the many Rintfleisch Massacres. Behind the massacre in 1298 was also the desire 

to combine the northern and southern parts of the city, which were divided by the Pegnitz River. Jews had been settled in that 

flood-prone area, but as the city leaders realized, this center of town was crucial to its future development. Hence, the Jewish population 

had to be removed. This area is now the place of the City Market, Frauenkirche and Rathaus (City Hall). 

The cultural flowering of Nuremberg in the 15th and 16th centuries made it the center of the German Renaissance. 

In 1525, Nuremberg accepted the Protestant Reformation, and in 1532, the religious Peace of Nuremberg, by which the Lutherans 

gained important concessions, was signed there. In 1632 during the Thirty Years' War, the city, occupied by the forces of Gustavus 

Adolphus of Sweden, was besieged by the army of Imperial general Albrecht von Wallenstein. The city declined after the war and 

recovered its importance only in the nineteenth century, when it grew as an industrial center. At the beginning of the nineteenth 

century Nuremberg was practically bankrupt. In 1806 with the Holy Roman Empire formally being dissolved, Nuremberg passed to 

Bavaria. The Bavarian state took over the city's debts and guaranteed their amortization. The first German railway, from 

Nuremberg to nearby Fürth, was opened in 1835. 

Nuremberg was an early center of humanism, science, printing, and mechanical invention. 

The city contributed much to the science of astronomy. In 1471 Johannes Mueller of Königsberg (Bavaria), later called 

Regiomontanus, built an astronomical observatory in Nuremberg and published many important astronomical charts. In 1515, 

Albrecht Dürer, a native of Nuremberg, mapped the stars of the northern and southern hemispheres, producing the first printed star 

charts, which had been ordered by Johann Stabius. Around 1515 Dürer also published the "Stabiussche Weltkarte", the first perspective 

drawing of the terrestrial globe. Perhaps most famously, the main part of Nicolaus Copernicus' work was published in 

Nuremberg in 1543. 

Printers and publishers have a long history in Nuremberg. Many of these publishers worked with well-known artists of the day to 

produce books that could also be considered works of art. In 1470 Anton Koberger opened Europe's first print shop in Nuremberg. 

In 1493, he published the Nuremberg Chronicles, also know as the World Chronicles (Schedelsche Weltchronik), an illustrated history 

of the world from the creation to the present day. It was written in the local Franconian dialect by Hartmann Schedel and had 

illustrations by Michael Wohlgemuth, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff, and Albrecht Dürer. Others furthered geographical knowledge and 

travel by map making. Notable among these was navigator and geographer Martin Behaim, who made the first world globe. 

Sculptors such as Veit Stoss and Peter Vischer are also associated with Nuremberg. 

Composed of prosperous artisans, the guilds of the Meistersingers flourished here. Richard Wagner made their most famous member, 

Hans Sachs, the hero of his opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel was born here and 

was organist of St. Sebaldus Church.

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE - Nürnberg 

KONRAD III., 1139 - 1152 

Thin pfennig. 23 mm 0,67g. 

Obv.: Chest-high bust of king facing with lance and orb, over a wall. 

Rev.: Church cross over the steeple. 

Nürnberg as an Imperial Mint City 

Reference: Slg. Erlanger 9, Slg. Gaettens 1499. Scarce. Well-struck, VF. 


Konrad III. 1138-1152 


KONRAD III., 1139 - 1152 

Thin pfennig. 0,87 g 

Obv.: ////RAD/// Chest-high bust of king facing, with scepter and orb, in 

square (Vierschlag). 

Ref.: 3-towered building over an arcade, in pearled square. 

Reference: Erlanger 6, Slg. Erlanger -. Weak strike, very nice! 



Frederick I Barbarossa - 1152-1190 

Frederick I Barbarossa[1] (1122 – 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at 

Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March, crowned King of Italy 

at Pavia in 1154, and finally crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 

June 1155. He was crowned King of Burgundy at Arles on 30 June 1178. 

Before his royal election, he was by inheritance Duke of Swabia (1147–1152, as 

Frederick III). He was the son of Duke Frederick II of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. His 

mother was Judith, daughter of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, from the rival House of 

Welf, and Frederick therefore descended from Germany's two leading families, making 

him an acceptable choice for the Empire's prince-electors. 

Frederick was born in 1122. In 1147, he became duke of Swabia and shortly afterwards 

made his first trip to the East, accompanying his uncle, the German king Conrad 

III, on the Second Crusade. The expedition proved to be a disaster, but Frederick distinguished 

himself and won the complete confidence of the king. When Conrad died in 

February 1152, only Frederick and the prince-bishop of Bamberg were at his deathbed. 

Both asserted afterwards that Conrad had, in full possession of his mental powers, 

handed the royal insignia to Frederick and indicated that Frederick, rather than 

Conrad's own six-year-old son, the future Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, should succeed 

him as king. Frederick energetically pursued the crown and at Frankfurt on 4 

March the kingdom's princely electors designated him as the next German king. He 

was crowned at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) several days later. 

Anxious to restore the Empire to the position it had occupied under Charlemagne and 

Otto I the Great, the new king saw clearly that the restoration of order in Germany was 

a necessary preliminary to the enforcement of the imperial rights in Italy. Issuing a general 

order for peace, he made lavish concessions to the nobles. Abroad, Frederick 

Barbarossa, middle, flanked by his two 

children, King Henry VI (left) and Duke 

Frederick VI (right). From the Welf 

Chronicle 

intervened in the Danish civil war between Svend III and Valdemar I of Denmark and began negotiations with the East Roman 

emperor, Manuel I Comnenus.

It was probably about this time that the king obtained papal assent for the annulment of his childless marriage with Adelheid of 

Vohburg, on the grounds of consanguinity (his great-great-grandfather was a brother of Adela's great-great-great-grandmother). 

He then made a vain effort to obtain a bride from the court of Constantinople. On his accession Frederick had communicated the 

news of his election to Pope Eugene III, but had neglected to ask for the papal confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick concluded 

the treaty of Constance with the Pope whereby, in return for his coronation, he promised to defend the papacy, to make no peace 

with king Roger II of Sicily or other enemies of the Church without the consent of Eugene and to help Eugene regain control of 

the city of Rome. 

He undertook six expeditions into Italy. In the first of which he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome by Pope Adrian IV, following 

the suppression by Imperial forces of the republican city commune led by Arnold of Brescia. He left Italy in the autumn of 

1155 to prepare for a new and more formidable campaign. Disorder was again rampant in Germany, especially in Bavaria, but 

general peace was restored by Frederick's vigorous measures. The duchy of Bavaria was transferred from Henry II Jasomirgott, 

margrave of Austria, to Frederick's formidable younger cousin Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, of the House of Guelph, whose 

father had previously held both duchies. Henry was named duke of Austria in compensation for his loss of Bavaria. On June 9, 

1156 at Würzburg, Frederick married Beatrice of Burgundy, daughter and heiress of Renaud III, thus adding to his possessions 

the sizeable realm of the County of Burgundy. 

His uncle, Otto of Freising, wrote an account of Frederick's reign entitled Gesta Friderici I imperatoris (Deeds of the Emperor 

Frederick). Otto died after finishing the first two books, leaving the last two to Rahewin, his provost. The text is in places heavily 

dependent on classical precedent. For example, Rahewin's physical description of Frederick: 

His character is such that not even those envious of his power can belittle its praise. His person is well-proportioned. He is shorter 

than very tall men, but taller and more noble than men of medium height. His hair is golden, curling a little above his forehead... 

His eyes are sharp and piercing, his beard reddish, his lips delicate... His whole face is bright and cheerful. His teeth are 

even and snow-white in color... Modesty rather than anger causes him to blush frequently. His shoulders are rather broad, and he 

is strongly built 

reproduces word for word (except for details of hair and beard) a description of another monarch written nearly eight hundred 

years earlier by Sidonius Apollinaris.[2] 

In June 1158, Frederick set out upon his second Italian expedition, accompanied by Henry the Lion and his fearsome Saxons. 

This expedition resulted in the establishment of imperial officers in the cities of northern Italy, the revolt and capture of Milan, and 

the beginning of the long struggle with Pope Alexander III. In response to his excommunication by the pope in 1160, Frederick 

declared his support for Antipope Victor IV. Returning to Germany towards the close of 1162, Frederick prevented the escalation 

of conflicts between Henry the Lion of Saxony and a number of neighbouring princes who were growing weary of Henry's power, 

influence and territorial gains. He also severely punished the citizens of Mainz for their rebellion against Archbishop Arnold. The 

next visit to Italy in 1163 saw his plans for the conquest of Sicily ruined by the formation of a powerful league against him, brought 

together mainly by opposition to imperial taxes. 

In 1164 Frederick took what are believed to be the relics of the "Biblical Magi" (the Wise Men or Three Kings) from Milan and 

gave them as a gift (or as loot) to the Archbishop of Cologne, Rainald of Dassel. The relics had great religious significance and 

could be counted upon to draw pilgrims from all over Christendom. Today they are kept in the Shrine of the Three Kings in the 

Cologne cathedral. 

Frederick then focused on restoring peace in the Rhineland, where he organized a magnificent celebration of the canonization of 

Charlemagne at Aachen. In October 1166, he went once more on journey to Italy to secure the claim of his Antipope Paschal III, 

and the coronation of his wife Beatrice as Holy Roman Empress. This time, Henry the Lion refused to join Frederick on his Italian 

trip, tending instead to his own disputes with neighbors and his continuing expansion into Slavic territories in northeastern 

Germany. Frederick's forces achieved a great victory over the Romans at the Battle of Monte Porzio, but his campaign was 

stopped by the sudden outbreak of an epidemic (malaria or the plague), which threatened to destroy the Imperial army and drove 

the emperor as a fugitive to Germany, where he remained for the ensuing six years. During this period, Frederick decided conflicting 

claims to various bishoprics, asserted imperial authority over Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary, initiated friendly relations with 

the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, and tried to come to a better understanding with Henry II of England and Louis VII of 

France. Many Swabian counts, including his cousin the young Duke of Swabia, Frederick IV, died in 1167, so he was able to 

organize a new mighty territory in the Duchy of Swabia under his reign in this time. His little son Frederick V became the new 

Duke of Swabia. 

In 1174, Frederick made his fifth expedition to Italy but was opposed by the pro-papal Lombard League, which had previously 

formed to stand against him. With the refusal of Henry the Lion to bring help to Italy, the campaign was a complete failure. 

Frederick suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Legnano near Milan, on May 29, 1176, where he was wounded and for some 

time was believed to be dead. He had no choice other than to begin negotiations for peace with Alexander III and the Lombard 

League. In the Peace of Venice, 1177, Frederick and Alexander III reconciled. The Emperor acknowledged the Pope's sovereignty 

over the Papal States, and in return Alexander acknowledged the Emperor's overlordship of the Imperial Church. The Lombard 

cities, however, continued to fight until 1183, when, in the Peace of Constance, Frederick conceded their right to freely elect town 

magistrates.

Frederick did not forgive Henry the Lion for refusing to come to his aid in 1174. By 1180, Henry had successfully established a 

powerful and contiguous state comprising Saxony, Bavaria and substantial territories in the north and east of Germany. Taking 

advantage of the hostility of other German princes to Henry, Frederick had Henry tried in absentia by a court of bishops and 

princes in 1180, declared that Imperial law overruled traditional German law, and had Henry stripped of his lands and declared an 

outlaw. He then invaded Saxony with an Imperial army to bring his cousin to his knees. Henry's allies deserted him, and he finally 

had to submit in November 1181. He spent three years in exile at the court of his father-in-law Henry II of England in Normandy, 

before being allowed back into Germany. He finished his days in Germany, as much-diminished Duke of Brunswick. He lived a relatively 

quiet life, sponsoring arts and architecture. 

After making his peace with the Pope, Frederick embarked on the Third Crusade (1189), a massive expedition in conjunction with 

the French, led by king Philip Augustus, and the English, under Richard Lionheart. He organized a grand army of 100,000 to 

150,000 men (or 15,000 men including 3,000 knights)[clarify] and set out on the overland route to the Holy Land. 

The Crusaders passed through Hungary and Serbia and then entered Byzantine territory, arriving at Constantinople in the autumn 

of 1189. From there they pushed on through Anatolia (where they were victorious in two battles) and Cilician Armenia. The 

approach of the immense German army greatly concerned Saladin and the other Muslim leaders, who began to rally troops of 

their own and prepare to confront Barbarossa's forces. 

However, on 10 June 1190, Frederick died while crossing the Saleph River (now known as Göksu) in Cilicia, south-eastern 

Anatolia. The exact circumstances are unknown to Western scholars (Islamic scholars of the time related his death to the will of 

God). Western scholars suggest that he was jumping in when the shock of the cold water caused him to have a heart attack at 

the age of 64. Weighed down by his mail armour, he drowned in water that was barely hip-deep, according to the chronicler Ali ibn 

al-Athir. The armour of the day, designed to be as light as possible, was probably not heavy enough to cause a healthy man to 

drown in hip-deep waters; however, some reenactors and living historians argue that, in light of Frederick's advanced age, the 

weight of the armour plus the difficulty of struggling through water (not something many armoured men would be accustomed to), 

could have forced him under before reaching shore. 

Frederick's death plunged his army into chaos. Leaderless, panicked, and attacked on all sides by Turks, many Germans deserted, 

were killed, or even committed suicide. Only 5,000 soldiers, a tiny fraction of the original forces, arrived in Acre. Barbarossa's 

son, Frederick VI of Swabia carried on with the remnants of the army, with the aim of burying the Emperor in Jerusalem, but 

efforts to conserve his body in vinegar failed. Hence, his flesh was interred in the Church of St. Peter in Antiochia, his bones in the 

cathedral of Tyre, and his heart and inner organs in Tarsus. 

Frederick's early death left the Crusader army under the command of the rivals Philip II of France and Richard I of England 

("Lionheart"), who had traveled to Palestine separately by sea, and ultimately led to its dissolution. Richard Lionheart continued to 

the East where he fought Saladin, but ended without accomplishing the Crusaders' main goal, the capture of Jerusalem and the 

Holy Land. 

Frederick is the subject of many legends, including that of a sleeping hero, like the much older British Celtic legends of Arthur or 

Bran the Blessed. Legend says he is not dead, but asleep with his knights in a cave in the Kyffhäuser mountain in Thuringia or 

Mount Untersberg in Bavaria, Germany, and that when the ravens cease to fly around the mountain he will awake and restore 

Germany to its ancient greatness. According to the story, his red beard has grown through the table at which he sits. His eyes are 

half closed in sleep, but now and then he raises his hand and sends a boy out to see if the ravens have stopped flying. A similar 

story, set in Sicily, was earlier attested about his grandson, Frederick II. The Kyffhäuser Monument atop the Kyffhäuser commemorates 

Frederick. 


Friedrich I. 1152-1190 


Uniface. Large rosette of 6 arches with inner field; an “S” therein. Outside a circle of half-arches, 

points inside them. 

Reference: Slg. Erl. 19, Zt. der Staufer 1502. Scarce, beautiful example. 

Estimation: EUR 150. Price realized: 220 EUR (approx. 270 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)



Thin Pfennig. 0,89g. 

Obv.: Eagle with spread wings to left in circle; aound it 5 counterclock-wise 

running lions. 

Rev.: Enthroned emperor (unclear0. 

Reference: Erlanger 20, Slg. Bonhoff -, Slg. Erlanger -, Slg. 

Hohenstaufen 1501 (110,— DM), Fiala 646. Of greatest rarity, some 

rtim damage, but veyr nice. 






Obv.: Enthroned emperor with lily-scepter and imperial orb. 

Rev.: Rose with stem in pearled circle; surrounded by 4-arched border with ornaments. 

Reference: Erlanger 10, Slg. Erlanger 1. Very scarce. Both sides well-struck. VF. 




Thin Pfennig. 0,80g. 

Obv.: Enthroned emperor with lily scepter and imperial orb, in field, a 

retrograde “B” 

Rev.: Rose (Comet) with tail in pearl circle, in 4-lobed lily border, with 

Hebrew letters “Kof”, “Dad”, “Aleph” and “Schin”. 

Reference: Erlanger 10 / Lanz Auktion 113 Nr.585. VF.

Heinrich VI. and his Successors 1190-1250 


Heinrich VI., 1190-1197, Philipp, 1198-1208 or Otto IV., 1192-1218. 


Obv.: Eagle looking reight, with open wings in circle, 4 heads facing and divided 

lilies around outer edge. 

Rev.: Enthroned king. 

Reference: Erlanger 26, Slg. Erlanger 8. Weakly struck, but VF. 


date) 



Pfennig. ca. 1210-1225. 0,91g. 

Obv.: On left side, Lion standing left with head facing frontal; on right side panther 

springing right. 

Rev.: 2 lions intertwined, eagle below. 

Reference: Erlanger 39, 70, Slg. 




Obv.: Crowned head facing. 

Rev.: Crowned chest-high bust facing with scepter and imperial orb. 

Reference: Erlanger 25; Hersbruck 3 hoard. Some edge clipping, VF. 


Otto IV., 1192-1218 or Friedrich II., 1215-1250 


Otto IV., 1192-1218 or Friedrich II., 1215-1250. 


Obv.: Eagle with head to right and crown of 3 

balls. 

Rev.: Enthroned king facing with imperial orb and 

lily scepter. (not visible this example). 

Reference: Erlanger 41, Slg. Erlanger -, Slg. 

Bonhoff -. Weak strike, but VF. 




Pfennig. ca. 1210-1225. 0,88g. 

Obv.: LIlly cross, small diamond shape in center, at 

rim small crosses in arches. 

Rev.: 2 crowned lions sit against each other, heads 

turned facing. Below an eagle between 2 crosses 

above stars. 

Reference: Fund von Hersbruck 29; Slg. Bonhoff -; 

Slg. Erlanger 17. Sehr schön 




Pfennig. ca. 1210-1225. 0,95g. 

Obv.: On left side, Lion standing left with head 

facing frontal; on right side panther springing 

right. 

Rev.: 2 lions intertwined, eagle below 

Reference: .Erlanger 39; Fund von Hersbruck 28; 

Slg. Bonhoff 2017; Slg. Erlanger 15. Slight weakness, 

but nice! 





Obv.: Left side, forepart of lion standing to left, with head of a man. Right side, an 

eagle with spread wings, head turned right. 

Rev.: Crowned head facing with 3 corsses at the ends of the crown. 

Reference: Erlanger -; Fund von Hersbruck -; Slg. Bonhoff 2066. Rim damage, but 

very nice! 


auction date) 



Pfennig. ca. 1190-1210 1,02 g. 

Obv.: Lion right with man’s head, looking backwards. 

Rev.: Enthroned king (not clear on this example.) 

Reference: Erlanger 23. Fund Hersbruck 7. vz 

Price: 50,00. Price realized: 105 EUR (approx. 1 16 U.S. Dollars as of the auction 

date)

Friedrich II., 1212-1250 or 

Konrad IV., 1250-1254 or 

Interregnum, 1254-1273. 


Friedrich II. oder Konrad IV. oder Interregnum 1215-1250-1254-1273. 


Obv.: Lion walking left, with raised right paw. 

Rev.: Bust of king facing with 2 raised lily scepters. 

Reference: Erl. 67, Slg. Erl. 28, Fd. Hersbruck 34. VF. 




Pfennig. ca. 1240-1268 0,95g. 


Rev.: Bust of king facing with 2 raised lily scepters. Rosettes around rim. 

Reference: Erlanger 67; Fund von Hersbruck 34; Slg. Bonhoff 2023; Slg. Erlanger 28. 

Minor damage on reverse, but beautful! 


date) 



Pfennig. ca. 1240-1268 0,96g. 


Rev.: Bust of king facing with 2 raised lily scepters. Rosettes around rim. 

Reference: Fund von Hersbruck 34; Slg. Bonhoff 2023; Slg. Erlanger 28. Unusually wellstruck 

example, magnificent condition. 

Estimate: 50,00 EUR. Price realized: 130 EUR (approx. 144 U.S. Dollars as of the auction 

date)


Friedrich II. 1215-1250. 


Obv.: Spread eagle looking right. 

Rev.: Enthroned king facing with orb and lily 

scepter. 

Reference: Erl. 26. Fd. Hersbruck 2.Beautiful! 





Pfennig. ca. 1245-1250 0,96g. 

Obv.: Bust of king right holding lily scepter before. 

Rev.: 2 standing birds, in the middle a 3-part staff 

above a gable. 

Reference: Erlanger 71; Fund von Hersbruck 18; 

Slg. Bonhoff 2013; Slg. Erlanger 31. Good portrait, 

some weak spots. VF. 





Pfennig. ca. 1225-1240 0,94g. 

Obv.: Standing lion left, next to fish. 

Rev.: Half eagle and horse torso. 

Reference: Erlanger 61; Slg. Erlanger 25. Scarce, 

VF. 

Estimation: 75 EUR. Price realized: 80 EUR 


FRIEDRICH II., 1215-1250 




Obv.: Running horse right, lily above. 

Rev.: 2 crowned lions, cross below. 

Reference: Erl. 57. Fd. Hersbruck 25. VF 






Obv.: Crowned bust of king left with lily scepter and 

bird. 

Rev.: Crowned king stands facing with wings, 2 

eagle heads on wings. 

Reference: Erlanger 80; Fund von Hersbruck 21. VF. 





Pfennig. ca. 1230 0,90g. 

Obv.: Head right with diadem. 

Rev.: Enthroned king facing. with scepter. 

Reference: Erlanger 59. Leu-Erlanger 24. 



Pfennig. ca. 1190-1210 21 mm 0,85g. 

Obv.: Spread eagle looking right. 

Rev.: Enthroned king facing with orb and lily 

scepter. 

Reference: Erl. 26, Slg. Erl. 8, Fd. Hersbruck 2. 

Fine patina, beautiful! 






Obv.: King rides right, with falcon on right hand. 

Pfennig. 0,79 g. König reitet r. mit Falke auf der 

Rev.: Head of a lion facing. 

Reference: Erlanger -; Fund von Hersbruck -. Very 

rare, some weakness in strike. VF+ 





Pfennig. ca. 1225-1240 0,94g. 

Obv.: Bust with cross and sword facing left. 

Rev.: Enthroned king. 

Reference: Slg. Bonhoff 2014, Slg. Erlanger 35. 

Rev. weakly struck, small rim breaks. Nice coin! 

Estimate: 55 EUR.



Pfennig. ca. 1230/1245 0,87g. 

Obv.: Lion standing right in circle; crosses and palm branches around. 

Rev.: Enthroned king facing. 

Reference: Erlanger 58, Slg. Erlanger 23. Good VF> 





Pfennig. ca. 1210-1220 0,98g. 

Obv.: Standing lion to left; beside it standing wolf 

or panther right. 

Rev.: Two entwined lions, eagle below. 

Reference: Erlanger 39, Fd. Hersbruck 28, Slg. 

Erlanger 15. Both sides well struck, VF+ 






Obv.: Lion left 



Pfennig. ca. 1220-1230 0,91g. 

Obv.: Horse running right, lily abovc. 

Rev.: Bust of king facing. 

Rev.: 2 entwined lions over a cross, 5-petaled 

rosettes around rim. 

Reference: Erlanger 51, Slg. Erlanger -. Reverse 

somewhat weak, but VF. 



Reference: Erlanger 67, Fd. Hersbruck 34. 






Pfennig. ca. 1220-1230 0,94g. 

Obv.: Diademed head right. 

Rev.: Enthroned king facing, right hand outstretched, 

cross aobe right arm. 

Reference: Erlanger 59, Fd. Hersbruck 9. Fantastic 

portrait, both sides well-struck. Beautiful! 



Obv.: Crowned lion with man’s head walking right, had facing frontal. 

Rev.: Eated king facing, to the left side a 6-pointed star. 

Reference:Erlanger 56, Slg. Erlanger -. VF. 


the auction date)

Konrad IV., 1250-1254 or Interregnum, 1254-1273 


Konrad IV., 1250-1254 or Interregnum, 1254-1273. 

Pfennig. ca. 1250-1268. 0,94 g. 

Obv.: Bust with cross and shouldered sword facing left. 

Rev.: Enthroned king facing with sword and scepter, rosettes in field. 

Reference: Erlanger 78; Fund von Hersbruck 17; Slg. Bonhoff 2014; Slg. Erlanger 35. VF and 

beautiful! 


Konradin von Hohenstaufen, 1258-1268 


Konradin von Hohenstaufen, 1258-1268. 

Hälbling. 0,42 g. 

Uniface. Lion left. 

Reference: Fd. Hersbruck 34 a; Slg. Bonhoff 2025; Slg. Erlanger -. VF. 


Ludwig der Strenge von Bayern 1268-1273 


Ludwig der Strenge von Bayern 1268-1273. 


Obv.: Crowned bust facing. 

Rev.: Head with buffalo horns, which surround a 

rosette. 


Bonhoff 2026. VF. 






Obv.: Crowned bust facing. 4 arches on outer rim 

with stars inside; lis between arches. 


lily. Star above. 


Bonhoff 2026. Beautiful VF. 






Obv.: Crowned bust facing. 4 arches on outer rim 

with stars inside; lis between arches. 


rosette. Outer rim with stars and spades. 

Reference: Erlanger 83; Fund von Hersbruck 35; 

Slg. Bonhoff 2026; Slg. Erlanger 38. VF. 



Adolf von Nassau 1291-1298 


Adolf von Nassau 1291-1298. 


Obv.: (ADOLFVS) Bust facing with sword and crozier. 

Rev.: (CIVITAS) Spread eagle lookign left, star nest to tail feathers. 

Reference: Erlanger 90, Slg. Erlanger 39, Fund Unterwohlsbach 31 (Münzstätte 

Schweinfurt). VF. 


date) 

Anonymous 14th Century Issue 


Anonymous 13th/14th Century 

Heller. 15 mm 0,48 g. 

Obv.: Hand, letter “N” next to it on left. 

Rev.: Split cross, balls in the arm slipts. 

Reference: Erlanger 94 b/f (var.), Slg. Erl. -. Very scarce, VF. 


Sigismund 1410-1437 


Sigismund 1410-143. 


Obv.: Eagle on cross. 

Rev.: “N” bewteen 2 balls. 

Reference: Kellner 125, Slg. Erl. 85. VF. 

Estimate EUR 50.

Nürnberg Civic Issues 


Johann IV. and Markgraf Albrecht Achilles 1404-1464. 

Heller. 14 mm 0,29 g. 

Obv.: City shield on split-end cross. 

Rev.: Retrograde “N”. 

Reference: v.Schr. 310, Fd. von Ebersfeld 13. Extremely rare, well struck, beautiful! 

Estimate EUR 400. 


City Issue, with Title of Charles V. 

Zehner, 1527 

Obv.: City shield divides date. “INSIG*REIPV*NURENBERG* 

Rev.: Spread eagle looking left, “CARO*V*ROMA IMP*CAES*AVG*” 

Reference: Ke:134 Henkelspur R VF. 

Estimate: EUR 260 


City Issue, with Title of Charles V. 

1/2 Taler, (1554). 

Obv.: City shield, “MONE.ARGENT.REIP.NORNBERG” 

Rev.: Crowed double headed eagle, “.CAROL.V.ROM. .IMPE.AVGVST.” 

*Corrosion traces at edge. 


Nürnberg Jetons - “Rechenpfennig” 

Jetons were a token or coin-like medal produced across Europe from the 13th through the 17th 

centuries. They were produced as counters for use in calculation on a lined board similar to an 

abacus. They also found use as a money substitute in games, similar to modern casino chips or 

poker chips. Thousands of different jetons exist, mostly of religious and educational designs, as 

well as portraits, these most resembling coinage. 

The Romans had similarly used pebbles, in Latin "calculi" - little stones. Addition is straight forward, 

and relatively efficient algorithms for multiplication and division were known. 

As Arabic numerals and the zero came into use, "pen reckoning" gradually displaced "counter 

casting" as the common accounting method. Jetons for calculation were commonly used in 

Europe from about 1200 to 1400, and remained in occasional into the early nineteenth century. 

In Italy pen reckoning became common earlier, and was mandatory for bookkeeping use by 

1300. 

Neurenberg, Germany, was in the late Middle Ages an important center of production of jetons 

for commercial use. Later - "counter casting" being obsolete - the production shifted to jetons 

for use in games and toys, sometimes copying more or less famous jetons with a political background 

as the following. In "the Nederlanden", the Low Countries, the respective mints in the late 

Middle Ages in general produced the counters for the official bookkeeping. These mostly show 

the effigie of the ruler within a flattering text and on the reverse the rulers escutcheon and the 

name or city of the accounting office. During the Dutch Revolt this pattern changed and by both 

parties, the North in front, about 2.000 different, mostly political, jetons (Dutch: Rekenpenning) 

were minted depicting the victories, ideals and aims. 

*These issues are often encountered, and so the Nurnberg issues are listed here. 

Counting table (woodcut probably from Strasbourg). The spaces between the lines 

function as the wires on an abacus. The place value is marked at the end.

Nürnberg 

Hans Krauwinckel. 

Rechenpfennig (Copper), 1601. 4,78g. 

Obv.: Lucretia stabbing herself in a room. 

Rev.: Judith with sword putting the head of 

Holophernes in a sack which is held by a servant 

girl. 

Reference: Stalzer 303. Good VF. 



Nürnberg 


Issues of Hans Krauwinckel 

Nürnberg 


Rechenpfennig (AE), ca 1586 - 1636. 

Obv.: Imperial orb in pointed 3-lobed border. “*DAS 

WORT GOTS BLEIT EWIG KLICK” 

Rev.: 3 crowns alternate with 3 lilies, around a 

rosette. “*HANNS.KRAVWIN CKEL .IN. 

NVRNBE:” 

Reference: Mitch:1505. VF. 


Rechenpfennig (AE), before 1586 - 1636. 21 mm 0,92g. 

Obv.: *GOTT.ALLEIN.DIE.EHRE.SEI, Imperial orb in pointed 3lobed 

border. 

Rev.: *HANNS.KRAVWIN CKEL.IN.NVR, 3 crowns alternate 

with 3 lilies, around a rosette. 

Reference: Stalzer, Staatliche Münzsammlung München 1,1, Tafel 

40, 389. Beautiful! 


Nürnberg 


Rechenpfennig (AE) 

Nürnberg 


Rechenpfennig (AE), ca 1586 - 1636. 

Obv.: Imperial orb in pointed 3-lobed border. 

“*GLUCK BESCHERTIST VNGEWERT” 


rosette. “*HANNS.KRAVWIN CKEL .IN. 

NVRENBE:” 

Reference: Mitch:1509. VF. 


Obv.: 2 plant branches tied at bottom, crown above, 2 crowns left 

and right, 6 lis. 

Rev.: Warriot standing to left with spear and torch. 

F. 

Estimate: EUR 10

Nürnberg 

Damian Krauwinckel. 

Issues of Damian Krauwinckel 

Rechenpfennig 1553 28 mm 5,48g. “School Pfennig” 

Obv.: Counting master at counting table. 

Rev.: Alphabet and date. 

Reference: Stalzer 62 var. VF. 

Estimation: EUR 200. Price realized: 235 EUR. 

Nürnberg 


Rechenpfennig 1567 (Copper) 

Obv.: Venus with cloth and jug stands facing, divinding date. 

Rev.: Quartered coat of arms. 

Reference: Neumann 32438 var.; Stalzer Tf. 19, 1. Very rare, VF. 

Estimate: 150,00 EUR. Price realized: 160 EUR. 

Nürnberg 


Rechenpfennig 1553 (Copper) “School Pfennig” 


Rev.: Alphabet and date. 

Reference: Neumann -; Minor rim damage, VF. 

Estimate: 75.00 EUR. Price realized: 65 EUR. 

Nürnberg 


Rechenpfennig 1566 26 mm 

Obv.: Archer shooting arrow facing right. 

Rev.: Lily-cross, in the angles small stars. 

Reference: Mitchiner - . Neumann 32183 (only the cross side) Veyr rare, 

dark flecked patina. Very nice! 

Price: 125,00. Price realized: 270 EUR.

Nürnberg 

Hans Schultes. 

Rechenpfennig (AE) 4,03g. 


Rev.: Alphabet 

Reference: Stalzer 280. Beautiful! 



Issues of Hans-Schultes 

Nürnberg 


Rechenpfennig (AE) 

Obv.: Imperial orb in pointed 3-lobed border. Hans 

Schultes name around outer rim. 


rosette. Hans Schultes name around outer rim. 

Reference: Mitch:1342, Flan crack, but very nice. 


*NOTE: Very similar to Hans Krauwinckel 

issue! 

Nürnberg *MADE FOR PRUSSIAN AREAS Albrecht von Brandenburg- 

Ansbach, 1525-1568 


Rechenpfennig (Copper) c. 1540. 25,5 mm. 2.77 g. 

Obv.: Bust right, “*GOTTES*WORT*PLEIBT*EBIGLI” 

Rev.: 6-line inscription, ornament at bottom. “VERBV DOMINVM 

MANAETIN AETERNV. .M:HANS” 

Reference: Bahrfeldt, Marienburg 1232; Neumann -; Vossberg -. .; VF. 


Nürnberg 


Rechenpfennig (AE) 1586-1603 

Nürnberg *MADE FOR PRUSSIAN AREAS Albrecht von Brandenburg- 

Ansbach, 1525-1568 


Rechenpfennig (Copper) c. 1540. 25,5 mm. 4.83 g. 

Obv.: Bust right, “*GOTTES*WORT*PLEIBT*EBIGLI” 

Rev.: 6-line inscription, ornament at bottom. “HER GIB DVUE MIR EIN SIN 

VND MAS DAS ICH GV TVE VND DAS BOS LAS” 

Reference: Bahrfeldt, Marienburg -; Neumann -; Vossberg 1365. VF. 



Rev.: 6 lines of writing, (alphabet and 

HANS.SC/HULTES” in square ornamented border. 

Reference: Koenig/Stalzer 346, Neumann -, 

Mitchiner -. Minor rim damage, light corrosion. VF. 


Nürnberg 

Kilian Koch 

Rechenpfennig 1587 (Copper) 3,99g. 

Obv.: Flying horse right. Name Kilian Koch and date below. 

Rev.: Virtus with cornucopia. 

Reference: Stalzer 46. Good VF. 

Estimation: DM 100. Price realized: 90 DEM (approx. 41 U.S. Dollars as of 


Nürnberg 

Issues of Kilian Koch 

Nürnberg 

Kilian Koch 

Small Messing Rechenpfennig 1594 

Obv.: Crowned head left in pearled circle. “*KILIANVS*KOCH*NORIB” 

Rev.: Date and inscription in 6 lines. 

Reference: Stalzer 74, Neumann 32545. Very scarce. VF. 


Messing and Miscellaneous Jetons 

Rechenpfennig (Copper) 25 mm 3,20g. 

Obv.: Helmeted head right, H on left, T on right. 

Rev.: Bird left in milti-lobed lily border. 

Reference:Neumann 32939 (Papagei). Scarece, 

VF. 

Estimation: EUR 100. Price realized: 210 EUR. 

Nürnberg 

Rechenpfennig 

Obv.: Winged lion of St. Mark with book left. 

Rev.: Compass showing prime directions. 


Nürnberg 

Rechenpfennig (Copper) 20 mm 1,20g. 

Obv.: Burggraf shield (dog head left with 3 

ringlets) in ornamental 4-lobed border. 

Rev.: Double-lined lily cross, in each angle a 6pointed 

star. (in French style). 

Reference: Slg. Erl. -, Mitchiner p.335, 18 b2. 

Both sides nice! Scarce, VF. 

Estimate EUR 150.

Nürnberg 

Rechenpfennig (Copper) 1507 

Obv.: Bust of poor man left, “. ich.pin.in.der.arm.rot 

1507” 

Rev.: “vil.vm.svnst.geraitx” 2 crossed daggers 

between A C. Zwei Dolche zwischen A - C. 

Reference: Neumann 35630. VF. 


Nürnberg 

Rechenpfennig 26,8 mm. 

Obv.: Winged lion of St. Mark with book left. 

Rev.: Imperial orb in pointed 3-lobed border. Points 

in border angles. Name of Hans Schultes. 

Reference: Neumann 32148 var., Stalzer 252. Small 

corrosion specks, VF. 


Nürnberg 

Rechenpfennig (Copper) late 15th-early 16th Cent. 

15,51 g. 

Obv.: Sailing ship. 

Rev.: Orb with 2 stars in double-lined 3-arched border. 

Arches meet with points. 

Reference: Neumann -, Mitchiner vergl. 1188. 

Exceptional condition. 


Nürnberg *MADE FOR PRUSSIAN AREAS 

Rechenpfennig 

Obv.: Bearded bust right. 

Rev.: 4-field coat-of-arms. Name of Hans Schultes. 

Reference: Neumann similar to 32168, Stalzer 386. 

F-VF. 


Nürnberg 

Rechenpfennig 1559. 

Obv.: Ornamental border around coat of arms. 

REGNVNG THVN GAR LEICHT IST 

Rev.: DEM DER GETREV VNT FROM IST 

around edge, in cartouche: 1559 / DEVS / VIDET. 

Reference: Neumann -, Mitchiner -. VF. 


Nürnberg 

Rechenpfennig 

Obv.: Man in renaissance dress at counting table, 

RECHENMEISTER 

Rev.: Alphabet in circle, around edge: WVLF 

LAFER IN NVRMBERG 

Reference: Neumann 32366. Remnants of old silvering. 

VF+

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