International Hotspots

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Walk by Faith; Serve with Abandon 

Expect to Win! 

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The Advocacy Foundation, Inc. 

Helping Individuals, Organizations & Communities 

Achieve Their Full Potential 

Since its founding in 2003, The Advocacy Foundation has become recognized as an effective 

provider of support to those who receive our services, having real impact within the communities 

we serve. We are currently engaged in community and faith-based collaborative initiatives, 

having the overall objective of eradicating all forms of youth violence and correcting injustices 

everywhere. In carrying-out these initiatives, we have adopted the evidence-based strategic 

framework developed and implemented by the Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency 

Prevention (OJJDP). 

The stated objectives are: 

1. Community Mobilization; 

2. Social Intervention; 

3. Provision of Opportunities; 

4. Organizational Change and Development; 

5. Suppression [of illegal activities]. 

Moreover, it is our most fundamental belief that in order to be effective, prevention and 

intervention strategies must be Community Specific, Culturally Relevant, Evidence-Based, and 

Collaborative. The Violence Prevention and Intervention programming we employ in 

implementing this community-enhancing framework include the programs further described 

throughout our publications, programs and special projects both domestically and 

internationally. 

www.Advocacy.Foundation 

ISBN: ......... ../2017 

......... Printed in the USA 

Advocacy Foundation Publishers 

Philadelphia, PA 

(878) 222-0450 | Voice | Data | SMS 

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Dedication 

______ 

Every publication in our many series’ is dedicated to everyone, absolutely everyone, who by 

virtue of their calling and by Divine inspiration, direction and guidance, is on the battlefield dayafter-day 

striving to follow God’s will and purpose for their lives. And this is with particular affinity 

for those Spiritual warriors who are being transformed into excellence through daily academic, 

professional, familial, and other challenges. 

We pray that you will bear in mind: 

Matthew 19:26 (NLT) 

Jesus looked at them intently and said, “Humanly speaking, it is impossible. 

But with God everything is possible.” (Emphasis added) 

To all of us who daily look past our circumstances, and naysayers, to what the Lord says we will 

accomplish: 

Blessings!! 

- The Advocacy Foundation, Inc. 

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The Transformative Justice Project 

Eradicating Juvenile Delinquency Requires a Multi-Disciplinary Approach 

The Juvenile Justice system is incredibly 

overloaded, and Solutions-Based programs are 

woefully underfunded. Our precious children, 

therefore, particularly young people of color, often 

get the “swift” version of justice whenever they 

come into contact with the law. 

Decisions to build prison facilities are often based 

on elementary school test results, and our country 

incarcerates more of its young than any other 

nation on earth. So we at The Foundation labor to 

pull our young people out of the “school to prison” 

pipeline, and we then coordinate the efforts of the 

legal, psychological, governmental and 

educational professionals needed to bring an end 

to delinquency. 

We also educate families, police, local businesses, 

elected officials, clergy, schools and other 

stakeholders about transforming whole communities, and we labor to change their 

thinking about the causes of delinquency with the goal of helping them embrace the 

idea of restoration for the young people in our care who demonstrate repentance for 

their mistakes. 

The way we accomplish all this is a follows: 

1. We vigorously advocate for charges reductions, wherever possible, in the 

adjudicatory (court) process, with the ultimate goal of expungement or pardon, in 

order to maximize the chances for our clients to graduate high school and 

progress into college, military service or the workforce without the stigma of a 

criminal record; 

2. We then endeavor to enroll each young person into an Evidence-Based, Data- 

Driven Transformative Justice program designed to facilitate their rehabilitation 

and subsequent reintegration back into the community; 

3. While those projects are operating, we conduct a wide variety of ComeUnity- 

ReEngineering seminars and workshops on topics ranging from Juvenile Justice 

to Parental Rights, to Domestic issues to Police friendly contacts, to Mental 

Health intervention, to CBO and FBO accountability and compliance; 

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4. Throughout the process, we encourage and maintain frequent personal contact 

between all parties; 

5 Throughout the process we conduct a continuum of events and fundraisers 

designed to facilitate collaboration among professionals and community 

stakeholders; and finally 

6. 1 We disseminate Monthly and Quarterly publications, like our e-Advocate series 

Newsletter and our e-Advocate Monthly and Quarterly Electronic Compilations to 

all regular donors in order to facilitate a lifelong learning process on the everevolving 

developments in both the Adult and Juvenile Justice systems. 

And in addition to the help we provide for our young clients and their families, we also 

facilitate Community Engagement through the Transformative Justice process, 

thereby balancing the interests of local businesses, schools, clergy, social 

organizations, elected officials, law enforcement entities, and other interested 

stakeholders. Through these efforts, relationships are built, rebuilt and strengthened, 

local businesses and communities are enhanced & protected from victimization, young 

careers are developed, and our precious young people are kept out of the prison 

pipeline. 

Additionally, we develop Transformative “Void Resistance” (TVR) initiatives to elevate 

concerns of our successes resulting in economic hardship for those employed by the 

penal system. 

TVR is an innovative-comprehensive process that works in conjunction with our 

Transformative Justice initiatives to transition the original use and purpose of current 

systems into positive social impact operations, which systematically retrains current 

staff, renovates facilities, creates new employment opportunities, increases salaries and 

is data-proven to enhance employee’s mental wellbeing and overall quality of life – an 

exponential Transformative Social Impact benefit for ALL community stakeholders. 

This is a massive undertaking, and we need all the help and financial support you can 

give! We plan to help 75 young persons per quarter-year (aggregating to a total of 250 

per year) in each jurisdiction we serve) at an average cost of under $2,500 per client, 

per year. * 

Thank you in advance for your support! 

* FYI: 

1 In addition to supporting our world-class programming and support services, all regular donors receive our Quarterly e-Newsletter 

(The e-Advocate), as well as The e-Advocate Quarterly Magazine. 

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1. The national average cost to taxpayers for minimum-security youth incarceration, 

is around $43,000.00 per child, per year. 

2. The average annual cost to taxpayers for maximum-security youth incarceration 

is well over $148,000.00 per child, per year. 

- (US News and World Report, December 9, 2014); 

3. In every jurisdiction in the nation, the Plea Bargaining rate is above 99%. 

The Judicial system engages in a tri-partite balancing task in every single one of these 

matters, seeking to balance Rehabilitative Justice with Community Protection and 

Judicial Economy, and, although the practitioners work very hard to achieve positive 

outcomes, the scales are nowhere near balanced where people of color are involved. 

We must reverse this trend, which is right now working very much against the best 

interests of our young. 

Our young people do not belong behind bars. 

- Jack Johnson 

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The Advocacy Foundation, Inc. 

Helping Individuals, Organizations & Communities 

Achieve Their Full Potential 

…a compendium of works on 

International Incidents Series 

International Hotspots 

“Turning the Improbable Into the Exceptional” 

Atlanta 

Philadelphia 

______ 

John C Johnson III 

Founder & CEO 

(878) 222-0450 

Voice | Data | SMS 


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Biblical Authority 

Deuteronomy 20:1-4 (NIV) 

Going to War 

1 When you go to war against your enemies and see horses and chariots and an army 

greater than yours, do not be afraid of them, because the Lord your God, who brought 

you up out of Egypt, will be with you. 2 When you are about to go into battle, the priest 

shall come forward and address the army. 3 He shall say: “Hear, Israel: Today you are 

going into battle against your enemies. Do not be fainthearted or afraid; do not panic or 

be terrified by them. 4 For the Lord your God is the one who goes with you to fight for 

you against your enemies to give you victory.” 

Isaiah 2:4 

4 

He will judge between the nations and will settle disputes for many peoples. They will 

beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not 

take up sword against nation, nor will they train for war anymore. 

Isaiah 19:2 

2 

“I will stir up Egyptian against Egyptian—brother will fight against brother, neighbor 

against neighbor, city against city, kingdom against kingdom. 

Jeremiah 46:16 

16 

They will stumble repeatedly; they will fall over each other. They will say, ‘Get up, let 

us go back to our own people and our native lands, away from the sword of the 

oppressor.’ 

Jeremiah 51:20 

20 

“You are my war club, my weapon for battle—with you I shatter nations, with you I 

destroy kingdoms, 

Micah 7:8 

Israel Will Rise 

8 

Do not gloat over me, my enemy! Though I have fallen, I will rise. 

Though I sit in darkness, the Lord will be my light. 

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Zechariah 10:5 

5 

Together they will be like warriors in battle trampling their enemy into the mud of the 

streets. They will fight because the Lord is with them, and they will put the enemy 

horsemen to shame. 

Zechariah 14:2 

2 

I will gather all the nations to Jerusalem to fight against it; the city will be captured, the 

houses ransacked, and the women raped. Half of the city will go into exile, but the rest 

of the people will not be taken from the city. 

________ 

Matthew 24:6 

6 

You will hear of wars and rumors of wars, but see to it that you are not alarmed. Such 

things must happen, but the end is still to come. 

Romans 8:37 

37 

No, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him who loved us. 

Romans 12:19 

19 

Do not take revenge, my dear friends, but leave room for God’s wrath, for it is written: 

“It is mine to avenge; I will repay,” says the Lord. 

Romans 13:4 

4 

For the one in authority is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, 

for rulers do not bear the sword for no reason. They are God’s servants, agents of wrath 

to bring punishment on the wrongdoer. 

2 Corinthians 10:4 

4 

The weapons we fight with are not the weapons of the world. On the contrary, they 

have divine power to demolish strongholds. 

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Ephesians 6:10-17 

The [Whole] Armor of God 

10 

Finally, be strong in the Lord and in his mighty power. 11 Put on the full armor of 

God, so that you can take your stand against the devil’s schemes. 12 For our struggle is 

not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the 

powers of this dark world and against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly 

realms. 13 Therefore put on the full armor of God, so that when the day of evil comes, 

you may be able to stand your ground, and after you have done everything, to 

stand. 14 Stand firm then, with the belt of truth buckled around your waist, with the 

breastplate of righteousness in place, 15 and with your feet fitted with the readiness that 

comes from the gospel of peace. 16 In addition to all this, take up the shield of faith, with 

which you can extinguish all the flaming arrows of the evil one. 17 Take the helmet of 

salvation and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God. 

James 4:1-2 

Submit Yourselves to God 

1 What causes fights and quarrels among you? Don’t they come from your desires that 

battle within you? 2 You desire but do not have, so you kill. You covet but you cannot get 

what you want, so you quarrel and fight. You do not have because you do not ask God. 

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Table of Contents 

…a compilation of works on 


International Hotspots 

Biblical Authority 

I. Introduction: International No-Go Areas……………………………… 21 

II. Global Health Initiatives…………………………………………………. 31 

III. Child Refugee Zones…………………………………………………… 39 

IV. No-Fly Zones…………………..…………………………………........... 43 

V. Ongoing International Armed Conflict Zones……………………….. 47 

VI. Active International Separatist Movements................................... 55 

VII. Active International Rebel Groups..…………………………………. 129 

VIII. Designated International Terrorist Groups….……………………… 145 

IX. Current Travel Advisories……………………………………………… 165 

X. References…………………………………………………….............. 175 

Attachments 

A. Peace and Conflict 

B. Understanding International Conflict 

C. Peacekeeping and International Conflict Resolution 

Copyright © 2003 – 2019 The Advocacy Foundation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 

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This work is not meant to be a piece of original academic 

analysis, but rather draws very heavily on the work of 

scholars in a diverse range of fields. All material drawn upon 

is referenced appropriately. 

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I. Introduction 

International No-Go Areas 

A "no-go area" (or "no-go zone") is an area in a town barricaded off to civil authorities 

by a force such as a paramilitary, or an area barred to certain individuals or groups. The 

term has also been used to refer to areas: 

 

Undergoing insurgency where ruling authorities have lost control and are unable 

to enforce sovereignty; 

 

That have a reputation for violence and 

crime which makes people frightened to 

go there ; 

That are inhabited by a parallel 

society that have their own laws and 

which are controlled by violent non-state 

actors have been described as "no-go 

zones". 

Some types of no-go zones, such as military 

exclusion zones, border zones, or other 

declared exclusion zones, may have a legal 

basis. De facto no-go zones may arise in 

conjunction with inadequate local governance or 

tactical advantage. The boundaries of de facto no-go zones are volatile and responsive 

to changes in security and tactical advantage. No-go zone boundaries can be 

negotiated between hostile parties or declared unilaterally by one side of a conflict. 

Other no-go zones are undeclared or unofficial, making accurate boundary identification 

difficult. No-go zones in which rescue or security services are unavailable enable 

unrestricted lethal violence. 

Hong Kong 

Historic No-Go Zones 

With no government enforcement from the British colonial government aside from a few 

raids by the Hong Kong Police, the Kowloon Walled City became a haven for crime and 

drugs. It was only during a 1959 trial for a murder that occurred within the Walled City 

that the Hong Kong government was ruled to have jurisdiction there. By this time, 

however, the Walled City was virtually ruled by the organized crime syndicates known 

as Triads. Beginning in the 1950s, Triad groups such as the 14K and Sun Yee 

On gained a stranglehold on the Walled City's countless brothels, gambling parlors, 

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and opium dens. The Walled City had become such a haven for criminals that police 

would venture into it only in large groups. 

Mozambique 

During the Mozambican War of Independence, the Mozambique Liberation Front 

(FRELIMO) set up and defended no-go "liberated zones" in the north of the country. 

Northern Ireland 

During the Troubles, the term was applied to urban areas in Northern Ireland where 

the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and British Army could not operate 

openly. Between 1969 and 1972, Irish nationalist/republican neighborhoods 

in Belfast and Derry were sealed off with barricades by residents. The areas were 

policed by vigilantes and both Official and Provisional factions of the Irish Republican 

Army (IRA) operated openly. The most notable no-go area was called Free Derry. 

The areas' existence was a challenge to the authority of the British government. On 31 

July 1972, the British Army demolished the barricades and re-established control 

in Operation Motorman. It was the biggest British military operation since the Suez 

Crisis. Although the areas were no longer barricaded, they remained areas where the 

British security forces found it difficult to operate and were regularly attacked. As a 

result, they entered only in armored convoys and in certain circumstances, such as to 

launch house raids. Police presence in these areas remained contentious into the 

2000s and the main republican political party, Sinn Féin, refused to support the police. 

In 2007, however, the party voted to support the new Police Service of Northern 

Ireland (PSNI). 

Pakistan 

The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) were in actuality no-go areas for the 

Pakistani authorities, where the Pakistani police could not enter. The situation was 

changed temporarily with the United States invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, when the 

Pakistani government was supported by U.S. military forces. Currently FATA is no more 

a "no-go area" as it has been merged with the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 

Rhodesia 

The term "no-go area" has a military origin and was first used in the context of the Bush 

War in Rhodesia. The war was fought in the 1960s and 1970s between the army of the 

predominantly white minority Rhodesian government and communist-backed black 

nationalist groups. 

The initial military strategy of the government was to seal the borders to prevent 

assistance to the guerrillas from other countries. However, with the end of Portuguese 

colonial rule in Angola and Mozambique, and especially the arrival of some 

500,000 Cuban armed forces and tens of thousands of Soviet troops, this became 

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untenable and the white minority government adopted an alternative strategy ("mobile 

counter offensive"). This involved defending only key economic areas, transport links 

("vital asset ground"), and the white civilian population. The government lost control of 

the rest of the country to the guerilla forces, but carried out counter-guerilla operations 

including "free-fire attacks" in the so-called "no-go areas," where white civilians were 

advised not to go. 

Turkey 

After the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, the Turkish communist guerillas established 

"liberated" no-go zones. 

Venezuela 

"Peace zones", seen in red, offered to gangs 

by the Venezuelan government. 

In 2013, the Venezuelan government negotiated with large 

criminal gangs on how to prevent violence and agreed to 

avoid policing gang territory in what were known as "peace 

zones", reinforcing criminal behaviors and making gang 

practices de facto law. According to InSight Crime, there are over a 

dozen mega-gangs in Venezuela, with some having up to 300 

members. 

Alleged and Acknowledged Contemporary No-Go Areas 

The following are areas that have been described as no-go areas in recent years, 

though in some cases the characterization has been disputed. 

Belgium 

In the wake of the 2015 Paris attacks, the Molenbeek municipality in Brussels was 

described in many media reports as a "no-go area", where gang violence and Islamic 

fundamentalism had fed on Molenbeek's marginalization, despair and festering 

resentment of authority. In 2015 Belgium's home affairs minister said that the 

government did not "have control of the situation in Molenbeek" and that terrorists' links 

to this district were a "gigantic problem". Other academics, commentators, journalists 

and residents have contested the description of Molenbeek as a no-go zone. 

Brazil 

Some slum areas (known as favelas) in Brazil, most notably in Rio de Janeiro, are 

controlled by gangs with automatic weapons. Police and investigative reporters have 

been tortured and killed there, such as Tim Lopes in 2002. Attempts at clearing up such 

areas have led to security crises in Rio as well as in São Paulo. 

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France 

An early usage of the term regarding Europe was in a 2002 opinion piece by David 

Ignatius in The New York Times, where he wrote about France, "Arab gangs regularly 

vandalize synagogues here, the North African suburbs have become no-go zones at 

night, and the French continue to shrug their shoulders." La Courneuve, a municipality 

(commune) in the Paris region, was described by police as a no-go zone. 

In 2010, Raphaël Stainville of French newspaper Le Figaro called certain 

neighborhoods of the southern city Perpignan "veritable lawless zones", saying they 

had become too dangerous to travel in at night. He added that the same was true in 

parts of Béziers and Nîmes. In 2012, Gilles Demailly [fr], the mayor of the French 

city Amiens, in the wake of several riots, called the northern part of his city a lawless 

zone, where one could no longer order a pizza or call for a doctor. In 2014, Fabrice 

Balanche, a scholar of the Middle East, labelled the northern city of Roubaix, as well as 

parts of Marseille, "mini-Islamic states", saying that the authority of the state is 

completely absent there. American magazines Newsweek and The New Republic have 

also used the term to describe parts of France. 

In January 2015, after the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris, various American media, 

including the news cable channels Fox News and CNN, described the existence of nogo 

zones across Europe and in France in particular. In some cases, the French areas 

termed "sensitive urban zones" were described as no-go zones. Both networks were 

criticized for these statements, and anchors on both networks later apologized for the 

characterizations. The mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, said that she intended to sue Fox 

News for its statements. 

Germany 

A sociology paper published in 2009 said that right-wing extremists had been discussing 

the creation of no-go areas in Western Europe since the 1980s. It described attempts to 

create "national liberated zones" (national befreite Zonen) in Germany: "'no-go-areas', 

which are areas dominated by neo-Nazis," attributing their appeal in the former DDR to 

"the unmet promises of modernisation and the poor socio-cultural conditions that offer 

no perspectives to young people". Whether or not Germany actually had no-go zones 

was disputed: the paper concluded "according to ... state officials, the police and other 

relevant institutions, [the phenomenon of no-go zones] does not actually exist ... by 

contrast, the national press in Germany, various civic associations, and also experts 

acknowledge and give examples of the existence of no-go areas." 

In a 2011 interview, Bernhard Witthaut [de], then president of the German police 

union Gewerkschaft der Polizei (GdP), stated that in some areas police would always 

respond to alerts with more than two officers because of concerns of policemen to 

become target of crime themselves. In 2016, Rainer Wendt head of the smaller 

Deutsche Polizeigewerkschaft (DPolG) stated that areas exist where police "hardly dare 

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to stop a car [...] Because they know that they'll be surrounded by 40 or 50 men". In 

2017, Wendt warned that Germany faced a risk of "police-free zones in Germany". 

In a February 2018 interview, German Chancellor Angela Merkel stated that there are 

no-go areas in Germany, saying, "There are such areas and one has to call them by 

their name and do something about them." This came in the context of arguing for 

a zero-tolerance policy in German policing. It appeared to be the first time that a 

German government politician had stated that no-go areas exist in the country. 

Kenya 

In Kenya, the ongoing conflict in Somalia, where the terrorist organization al- 

Shabaab controls territory, has severely affected the security situation even on the 

Kenyan side of the border. There have been terrorist attacks and kidnappings in Kenya 

followed by a Kenyan intervention, Operation Linda Nchi, and police crackdowns. These 

have affected counties bordering Somalia and in Nairobi, the suburb of Eastleigh, which 

is inhabited mostly by Somalis. The U.S. government prohibits its personnel from 

traveling to the counties bordering Somalia: Mandera, Wajir and Garissa and Tana 

River County, Lamu county and Kilifi county north of Malindi. The area has been called 

a "no-go zone for travelers" because of terrorism and internal conflicts. Already in 2004, 

Eastleigh was described as a no-go zone for Kenyan authorities after dark. In 2012, in 

travel advisories issued by the U.S. and U.K. governments, Eastleigh was temporarily 

declared a no-go zone because of bombings and ongoing conflict. 

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Israel and Palestine 

The Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) maintains a border zone on the Gaza strip and 

declares "no-go zones", where they may use lethal force to enforce the security 

exclusion zone. An IDF spokesman said that "residents of the Gaza Strip are required 

not to come any closer than 300 meters from the security fence", although there is some 

allowance for farmers to approach up to 100 meters if they do so on foot 

only. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs said that 

the no-go zones include about 30% of the arable land in the Gaza strip, and a small 

number of residents farm in the exclusion zones despite the risk of military 

action. Unlike a legal border zone, the no-go zone is declared unilaterally in occupied 

territory, without acknowledgement or cooperation of Palestinian authorities, and as 

such can be considered a disputed no-go zone. It is considered unlawful by the 

Swedish organization Diakonia. 

Malaysia 

The Gaya Island is a location of an illegal Filipino colony, called Kampung Lok Urai, with 

stilt houses girdling the beach. Both the Malaysian federal government and the Sabah 

state government do not officially recognize the settlement and the inhabitants as the 

inhabitants are known as illegal immigrants. It has a 6,000 floating population of largely 

Filipinos Suluk and Bajau. It is considered a dangerous, high crime or "no-go" area by 

the police and the locals. 

South Africa 

The term "no-go zone" has been informally applied to high-crime neighborhoods in 

South African cities. In South Africa, the apartheid policy created segregated 

neighborhoods where whites risked being removed or victimized in black-only 

neighborhoods and vice versa. Because of the bantustan system, many urban 

inhabitants lived in the city illegally per apartheid laws. For example, in Cape 

Town, Cape Flats was a neighborhood where many of those evicted were relocated. It 

became a "no-go area" as it was controlled by criminal gangs. However, many of these 

areas have experienced significant gentrification; for example, Woodstock in Cape 

Town has experience significant urban renewal and cannot be described as a no-go 

zone anymore. 

Nevertheless, MiX Telematics uses the term "no-go zones" to warn drivers of the risk 

of carjacking and other crime in its proprietary Matrix vehicle tracking software. In 2010, 

a housing complex comprising a number of city blocks in Atlantis, Western Cape were 

described as a "no-go zone for police conducting raids", and ambulances could not 

enter without police escort. In 2014, the situation had improved, and after convictions of 

several gang members, a police official said that "legislation concerning organised crime 

was beginning to work". In 2018, a gang war in Parkwood, Cape Town was reported to 

turn the area into a "no-go zone", although a minister visited the area to ensure policing 

continues. 

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Sweden 

Some urban areas in Sweden have been called no-go zones. The Swedish government 

states that "no-go zones", where "criminality and gangs have taken over and where the 

emergency services do not dare to go" do not exist. They acknowledge that there are 

areas "increasingly marred by crime, social unrest and insecurity". 

A 2016 report from the Swedish Police mapped 53 "exposed" areas (Utsatta 

områden) and 15 "particularly exposed" areas. An "exposed area" was defined as an 

area with low socioeconomic status and high crime. A "particularly exposed" area was 

defined as an area nearby to an "exposed area" the inhabitants of which demonstrated 

the following qualities: 

 

 

 

 

Unwillingness to participate in legal proceedings 

Hindrance of Swedish police operations 

Parallel social structure 

Violent extremism 

Swedish police protocol differs for working in these areas. For example, the police bring 

certain equipment and work in pairs when in a "particularly exposed area". 

In a 2017 interview with the conservative opinion magazine Weekly Standard's Paulina 

Neuding [sv], Gordon Grattidge, the head of the Swedish ambulance drivers' union, 

stated that there were some areas too dangerous for rescue workers to enter without 

police protection, using the English term "no-go zones" to describe them. 

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In March 2015, journalist Henrik Höjer discussed the rise of criminality, 

especially organized crime, in various neighborhoods within Sweden since the mid- 

1990s, especially in the city of Malmö. He interviewed a police officer and task force 

chief who referred to such areas as "no go areas" and wrote that gangs like to lay claim 

to an area by throwing stones at mailmen, police, firefighters and ambulances who enter 

the area. 

In February 2016, a news crew for Australia's 60 Minutes working with anti-immigration 

activist Jan Sjunnesson reported having come under attack, including allegedly having 

stones thrown on them and a car running over the foot of a cameraman who was trying 

to prevent it from leaving in the immigrant-dominated district 

of Rinkeby of Stockholm. 60 Minutes published the video, on which reporter Liz 

Hayes says "there are now 55 declared no-go zones in Sweden." 

A 10-minute December 2016 film by FoxNews.com's Ami Horowitz, Stockholm 

Syndrome, focused on violence by Muslim immigrants within Sweden, and included an 

interview with two policemen who seemed to confirm that there are no-go areas for 

police in Sweden. During the interview, one officer states, "If the police is chasing 

another car for some kind of crime, if they reach what we call 'no-go areas', the police 

won't go after it." The police officers later objected to the interview and said that their 

quotes had been taken out of context, and a videographer who worked on the film 

supported the officers' account, saying the video was cut together unethically. The 

documentary gained significant attention several months later when U.S. 

President Donald Trump indirectly alluded to it in a speech. The film as a whole, and its 

description of no-go areas, have both been disputed by sources within Sweden; the 

Swedish The Local quoted a police spokesperson as saying that, though there are 

areas "characterized by, among other things, the difficulty for the police to fulfill its duty", 

"There are no guidelines that the police should not visit these areas". The description of 

no-go zones was also disputed by several sources, including the interviewed policemen. 

United Kingdom 

Around the time of the 2001 Oldham riots, BBC Radio 4 reporter Barnie Choudhury 

wrote "An investigation for Today has found disturbing evidence that Asian youths in 

parts of Oldham are trying to create no go areas for white people...It's not clear whether 

this is bravado but their message is blunt... white people keep out". 

In 2012, Professor Hamid Ghodse of the United Nations' International Narcotics Control 

Board included areas of Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool as "no-go areas" run by 

drug traffickers, comparing them to Brazilian favelas. Local police forces denied the 

claims. In 2015 Donald Trump, in the early stages of his presidential campaign, stated 

on Twitter that the UK was trying to "disguise [its] massive Muslim problem", and 

retweeted an article which falsely claimed that the city of Birmingham was totally under 

Muslim control. These remarks were condemned by the mayor of Birmingham. 

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These claims, especially about London, continue to echo on social media typically 

accompanied by claims of "Sharia Law" being imposed in several neighbourhoods. 

Articles ridiculing these claims have appeared in the media. Other ironic responses 

have pointed out that no-go zones exist in London, including 10 Downing 

Street and Buckingham Palace. 

The group Falmouth Hates Students have declared the town of Falmouth, Cornwall a 

no-go zone for students. 

Criticism of Use of The Term 

Articles have appeared in The Atlantic and Business Week magazines, Media Matters 

for America, and Snopes.com including criticism of the use term "no-go zone" to refer to 

areas claimed to operate under Sharia Law in Europe or the US. 

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II. Global Health Initiatives 

Global Health Initiatives (GHIs) are humanitarian initiatives that raise and disburse 

additional funds for infectious diseases– such as AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria– 

for immunization and for strengthening health systems in developing countries. GHIs 

classify a type of global initiative, which is defined as an organized effort integrating the 

involvement of organizations, individuals, and stakeholders around the world to address 

a global issue (i.e.: climate change, human rights, etc.). 

Examples of GHIs are the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), 

the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund), and the World 

Bank's Multi-country AIDS Program (MAP), all of which focus on HIV/AIDS. 

The Gavi (formerly the GAVI Alliance) focuses on immunization, particularly with 

respect to child survival. 

GHI Functions 

In terms of their institutional structure, GHIs have little in common with each other. In 

terms of their function – specifically their ability to raise and disburse funds, provide 

resources and coordinate and/or implement disease control in multiple countries – GHIs 

share some common ground, even if the mechanisms through which each of these 

functions is performed are different. 

PEPFAR - an initiative established in 2003 by the Bush Administration - and PEPFAR II 

(PEPFAR’s successor in 2009 under the Obama Administration) are bilateral 

agreements between the United States and a recipient of its development aid for 

HIV/AIDS – typically an international non-government organization INGO or a recipient 

country’s government. The Global Fund, established in 2002, and the GAVI Alliance, 

launched in 2000, are public-private partnerships that raise and disburse funds to treat 

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AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and for immunization and vaccines. The World Bank is 

an International financial institution. It is the largest funder of HIV/AIDS within the United 

Nations system and has a portfolio of HIV/AIDS programs dating back to 1989. In 2000, 

the Bank launched the first phase of its response to HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa – 

the Multi-Country AIDS Program (MAP). This came to an end in 2006 when a second 

phase – Agenda for Action 2007-11 – came into effect. 

GHI Funding 

Tracking funding from GHIs poses challenges. However, it is possible to determine the 

amounts of funding GHIs commit and disburse from sources such as the OECD 

CRS online database, as well as data provided by individual GHIs (Figure 1). 

Since 1989, the World Bank has committed approximately US$4.2bn in loans and 

credits for programs, and has disbursed US$3.1bn. Of this total, the Bank's MAP has 

committed US$1.9bn since 2000. Through bilateral contributions to HIV/AIDS and 

Tuberculosis programmes and donations to the Global Fund, PEPFAR has donated 

approximately US$25.6bn since 2003. In July 2008, the U.S Senate re-authorised a 

further US$48 bn over five years for PEPFAR II, of which US$6.7bn has been 

requested for FY 2010. During the period 2001-2010, donors have pledged US$21.1bn 

to the Global Fund, of which US$15.8bn has been paid by donors to the Fund. Gavi has 

approved US$3.7bn for the period 2000-2015 

Political Economy of GHIs 

The amount of political priority given to Global Health Initiatives varies between national 

and international governing powers. Though evidence shows that there exists an 

inequity between resource allocation for initiatives concerning issues such as child 

immunization, HIV/AIDS, and family planning in comparison to initiatives for high-burden 

disorders such as malnutrition and pneumonia, the source of this variance is unknown 

due to lack of systematic research pertaining to this subject. Global political priority is 

defined as the extent to which national and international political leaders address an 

issue of international concern through support in the forms of human capital, 

technology, and/or finances in order to aid efforts to resolve the problem. Global political 

priority is demonstrated through national and international leaders expressing sustained 

concern both privately and publicly, political systems and organizations enacting 

policies to help alleviate the issue, and national and international agencies providing 

resource levels that reflect the severity of the given crisis. 

The amount of attention a given global initiative receives is considerably dependent on 

the power and authority of actors connected to the issue, the power and impact of ideas 

defining and describing the issue, the power of political contexts framing the 

environments in which the actors operate to address the issue, as well as the weight 

and power of issue characteristics indicating the severity of the issue (i.e.: statistical 

indicators, severity metrics, efficacy of proposed interventions, etc.). Factors including 

objective measurability, scalability of the issue and proposed interventions, ability to 

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track and monitor progress, risk of perceived harm, as well as simplicity and affordability 

of proposed solutions all contribute to the degree to which a given global initiative is 

likely to receive political attention. 

However, case studies have shown that the likelihood of global initiatives garnering 

public and political attention is not limited to the aforementioned factors. For example, 

initiatives concerning polio eradication continue to receive substantial resources in spite 

of the relatively small global burden of disease as compared to chronic diseases such 

as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and some communicable diseases such 

as pneumonia which comparatively attract fewer worldwide resources irrespective of the 

high morbidity and mortality rates associated with such diseases. These cases highlight 

the need for extensive research methods and evaluative measures to assess the 

relative causal weights of factors used to determine how global political priority is 

attributed to global health initiatives. Existing debates also attribute factors such as the 

increasing influences of economic globalization, international organizations, and 

economic actors with little to no previous health remit as each contributing to the 

evolution of global health governance. 

Impact of GHIs on Country Health Systems 

There is much discussion about the extent to which the volume of these additional funds 

creates multiple effects that positively and/or negatively impact both health systems and 

health outcomes for specific diseases. Assessing the direct impact of GHIs on specific 

diseases and health systems poses challenges pertaining to the issue of attributing 

particular effects to individual GHIs. As such, a common response in evaluations of 

GHIs is to acknowledge the inherent limitations of establishing causal chains in what is 

a highly complex public health environment, and to base conclusions on adequacy 

statements resulting from trends that demonstrate substantial growth in process and 

impact indicators. 

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However, existing literature argues that this approach towards evaluating GHIs can 

inadvertently result in overlooking the impact of social determinants on a disease, as 

implementers and evaluators are less likely to tackle the complexity of a disease within 

the larger social, political, cultural, and environmental system. Even if a GHI is 

effectively evaluated– perhaps showing a decrease in disease prevalence– the 

challenge remains of comprehensively analyzing the long-term impacts of the GHI by 

addressing the root social, political, or environmental causes of the disease. 

Accordingly, existing debates suggest that GHIs should be less concerned with the 

eradication of specific diseases, and should instead focus primarily on factors– such as 

basic living conditions, sanitation, and access to nutritious food– that are essential to 

delivering a sustainable heath program. 

Research on the Effects of GHIs 

A small number of institutions have shaped, and continue to shape, research on GHIs. 

In 2003, researchers at Abt Associates devised an influential framework for 

understanding the system-wide effects of the Global fund which has informed much 

subsequent research, including their own studies of system-wide effects of the Global 

Fund in Benin, Ethiopia, Georgia and Malawi - often referred to as the 'SWEF' studies. 

Abt continues to support ongoing research on the effects of GHIs in multiple countries. 

The Washington-based Center for Global Development has also been very active in its 

analysis of GHIs, particularly PEPFAR financing. The Center's HIV/AIDS Monitor is 

essential reading for researchers of GHIs. With hubs in London and Dublin, the Global 

Health Initiatives Network (GHIN) has been coordinating and supporting research in 22 

countries on the effects of GHIs on existing health systems. 

Knowledge of the effects of GHIs on specific diseases and on health systems comes 

from multiple sources. Longitudinal studies enable researchers to establish baseline 

data and then track and compare GHI effects on disease control or country health 

systems over time. In addition to Abt Associates' SWEF studies, additional early 

examples of this type of analysis were three-year, multi-country studies of the Global 

Fund in Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. In 2009, research findings were 

published from tracking studies in Kyrgyzstan, Peru and Ukraine that sought to identify 

the health effects of the Global Fund at national and sub-national levels. 

In contrast to longitudinal studies, multi-country analyses of GHIs can provide a 

‘snapshot’ of GHI effects but are often constrained by “aggressive 

timelines”. The Maximising Positive Synergies Academic Consortium, for example, 

reported in 2009 on the effects of the Global Fund and PEPFAR on disease control and 

health systems, drawing on data from 20 countries. Most GHI evaluations – both 

internally and externally commissioned – rely on this type of short-term analysis and, 

inevitably, there is often a trade-off between depth and breadth of reporting. 

Synthesis of data from multiple sources is an invaluable resource for making sense of 

the effects of GHIs. Early synthesis studies include a 2004 synthesis of findings on the 

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effects of the Global Fund in four countries by researchers at the London School of 

Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), a 2005 study by McKinsey & Company and 

an assessment of the comparative advantages of the Global Fund and World Bank 

AIDS programs. 

Two wide-ranging studies were published in 2009: a study of interactions between GHIs 

and country health systems commissioned by the World Health Organization and a 

study by researchers from LSHTM and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. The 

latter study - The effects of global health initiatives on country health systems: a review 

of the evidence from HIV/AIDS control – reviewed the literature on the effects of the 

Global fund, the World Bank MAP and PEPFAR on country health systems with respect 

to: 1) national policy; 2) coordination and planning; 3) stakeholder involvement; 4) 

disbursement, absorptive capacity and management; 5) monitoring & evaluation; and 6) 

human resources (Table 2). 

Evaluations of GHIs 

In a comparison between the three largest donors in sponsoring efforts to win the fight 

against AIDS in Africa, a research study found that PEPFAR performs best in money 

transfer and data collection; the Global Fund outperforms in tailoring programmatic 

initiatives and sharing data; and MAP performs highest in collaborating with government 

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systems, strengthening health systems, and helping to build the capacity of local 

recipients. Each of the four GHIs summarized has been evaluated at least once since 

2005 and all four produce their own annual reports. 

World Bank MAP 

The primary purpose of the MAP initiative was to introduce a major upscaling of multisectoral 

approach to responding to the HIV/AIDS crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa by 

involving a multitude of stakeholders including community-based organizations (CBOs), 

non-governmental organizations (NGOs), line ministries, and state governments at the 

highest levels. 

A comprehensive study of MAP programs published in 2007 reviewed whether MAP 

was implemented as designed, but did not evaluate MAP or assess its impact. In 

addition, there have been two evaluations that provide important additional insight into 

the effectiveness of the Bank's HIV/AIDS programs (though not specifically MAP 

focused). In 2005, the Bank conducted an internal evaluation - Committing to Results: 

Improving the Effectiveness of HIV/AIDS Assistance - which found that National AIDS 

strategies were not always prioritized or costed. 

Supervision, and monitoring and evaluation (M&E), were weak; civil society had not 

been engaged; political commitment and capacity had been overestimated, and 

mechanisms for political mobilization were weak; and bank research and analysis, 

whilst perceived to be useful, was not reaching policy makers in Africa. In 2009, a hardhitting 

evaluation of the Bank’s Health, Nutrition and Population support – Improving 

Effectiveness of Outcomes for the Poor in Health, Nutrition and Population – found that 

a third of the Bank’s HNP lending had not performed well, and that while the 

performance of the Bank’s International Finance Corporation investments had 

improved, accountability was weak. 

Global Fund 

Unlike many implementing agencies, the Global Fund has no presence in the countries 

it supports; rather it is a financial mechanism which provides funding to countries in the 

form of grants through a Secretariat in Geneva on the competitive basis of country 

proposals. Special emphasis is placed on proposals demonstrating country ownership 

as well as those that meet other evidence-based, performance-based, and inclusivitybased 

criteria. 

A five-year, comprehensive evaluation of the Global Fund published a synthesis report 

in 2009 of findings from three Study areas. The Fund’s Technical Evaluation Research 

Group (TERG) Five Year Evaluation (5YE) of the Global Fund drew on data from 24 

countries to evaluate the Fund’s organizational effectiveness and efficiency, partnership 

environment and impact on AIDS, TB and Malaria. The Evaluation highlighted the 

possible decline in HIV incidence rate in some countries, and rapid scale up of funding 

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for HIV/AIDS, access and coverage, but also identified major gaps in support for 

national health information systems, and poor drug availability. 

GAVI Alliance 

Though GHIs have been instrumental in bringing national and international attention to 

crucial global health issues, existing debates suggest that they can also negatively 

impact country health systems. As such, disease-specific GHIs such as GAVI have 

worked to integrate health system strengthening (HSS) measures into programmatic 

implementation. However, the existing global debate questions the efficacy of HSS 

programs aimed at targeting technical solutions with clear measurable outcomes versus 

those more broadly focused on supporting holistic health systems. 

In 2008, an evaluation of GAVI’s vaccine and immunization support - Evaluation of the 

GAVI Phase 1 performance - reported increased coverage of HepB3, Hib3 and DTP3 

and increased coverage in rural areas but also a lack of cost data disaggregated by 

vaccine that prevented GAVI from accurately evaluating the cost effectiveness of its 

programs and vaccines, and an “unrealistic” reliance by GAVI on the market to reduce 

the cost of vaccines. The same year, a study of the financial sustainability of GAVI 

vaccine support - Introducing New Vaccines in the Poorest Countries: What did we 

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learn from the GAVI Experience with - found that although GAVI funding equated to $5 

per infant in developing countries per year for the period 2005-10, resource need was 

accelerating faster than growth in financing. 

Findings from two evaluations of GAVI’s support for health systems 

strengthening (HSS) were published in 2009. An external evaluation by HLSP found 

insufficient technical support provided to countries applying for GAVI grants, an underperforming 

Independent Review Committee (IRC), and weaknesses in GAVI’s 

monitoring of grant activities. The study also found that countries were using GAVI 

grants for ‘downstream’ short-term HSS fixes rather than ‘upstream’ and long-term 

structural reform. A study by John Snow, Inc. praised the multi-year, flexible and 

country-driven characteristics of GAVI HSS grant funding and encouraged GAVI to 

continue this support. But also found weak M&E of grant activity, low Civil Society 

involvement in the HSS proposal development process, unclear proposal writing 

guidelines, and over-reliance by countries on established development partners for 

assistance in implementing health system reform. 

PEPFAR 

A quantitative study by Stanford University in 2009 – The President's Emergency Plan 

for AIDS Relief in Africa: An Evaluation of Outcomes – calculated a 10.5% reduction in 

the death rate in PEPFAR’s 12 focus countries, equating to 1.2 million lives saved at a 

cost of $2450 per death averted. In 2007, an evaluation of PEPFAR by the Institute of 

Medicine found that PEPFAR had made significant progress in reaching its targets for 

prevention, treatment and care but also reported that budget allocations "limit the 

Country Teams ability to harmonize PEPFARs activities with those of the partner 

government and other donors", and PEPFARs ABC (Abstinence, Be faithful, and correct 

and consistent Condom use) priorities "fragment the natural continuum of needs and 

services, often in ways that do not correspond with global standards". 

The PEPFAR program has brought about substantial impact in its recipient countries. 

The level of urgency and scale of initiatives led through the PEPFAR program were 

commensurate with that of the HIV/AIDS epidemic at the time of implementation. 

Existing debates suggest that the next phase of the program consider placing emphasis 

on the development of knowledge surrounding HIV/AIDS programming. 

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III. Child Refugee Zones 

1 in 5 Children Live in a War Zone 

And that number has only risen in the past few years. 

by Michelle Chen | February 26, 2019 

Around the world, a stunning one in five children are growing up in a war zone today. 

Neither their governments, nor humanitarian-aid groups, nor their families can 

guarantee the basic elements of survival, much less anything like a happy childhood. 

That’s according to a bleak accounting by human-rights researchers that reveals that in 

many regions, it’s not soldiers who suffer the most on the front lines, but the estimated 

420 million children who live in conflict-affected areas—about a fifth of all youth. The 

total count, drawn from an international database, represents an increase of 30 million 

between 2016 and 2017. The humanitarian group Save the Children (STC) estimates 

that conflict now impacts children at the highest rate in a generation. 

Today’s war-zone children grapple with everyday violence that would be unthinkable in 

more peaceful and privileged societies. STC found that based on a United Nations 

index of “grave violations against children,” the number of incidents of “being killed, 

maimed, recruited by armed groups or abducted, sexual violence, attacks on schools 

and denial of humanitarian aid” jumped from roughly 10,000 in 2010 to 25,000 in 2017. 

Often, children are “specifically targeted”— perhaps to maximize the political spectacle 

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of carnage, or to test the rules of combat by deliberately placing children in the crossfire—or 

deliberately starved under siege. 

About 30 percent of kids in Africa and 40 percent in the Middle East are living in conflict 

zones today, while Asia has the highest number of children in conflict zones, 195 

million. Beyond the front lines, countless children have been displaced, often living as 

refugees abroad indefinitely. The rise in the number of children in conflict zones is 

driven partially by an expansion in populations affected by conflict, but also by 

increasing violence by non-state actors as war shifts from traditional international 

fighting to informal clashes. Overall, since 1990, according to Bernice Romero, senior 

director of public policy and advocacy at STC, “conflict is happening in more populated 

areas, including the urbanization of war, the rise of non-state actors, the increasing 

number of conflicts, and conflicts becoming longer and more drawn out.” 

Child deaths in conflict reached nearly 10,700 in 2017, a rise of about 6 percent from 

the previous year. In many cases, children are the “collateral damage” of warfare. For 

example, roughly one in three of those children were killed by improvised explosives or 

unexploded devices, like landmines, that are triggered inadvertently. But many children 

were slaughtered directly on the front lines. About 8,000 boys and girls were “recruited” 

into or otherwise used in combat. Many have been “sacrificed” as suicide bombers. The 

use of children as weapons has ticked up about 3 percent overall in 2016—including a 

near quadrupling of children as tools of warfare in the long-running sectarian conflict of 

the Central African Republic. 

Young survivors grow up in a world hostile to childhood. Asmaa, a Syrian child refugee 

whose family escaped to Lebanon after losing her mother to the war, testified in the 

report on how exposure to war shapes children’s behavior: “My 11-year-old brother 

used to cover his ears when the shelling was happening. He thought that if he closed 

his ears, he would not hear the shelling anymore. He stopped eating.’” 

Other documented abuses against children include more than 1,400 attacks on schools, 

more than 950 documented sexual assaults, and more than 2,550 verified cases of 

abduction (and those are only the numbers that have been verified). And even after the 

war technically ceases, survivors struggle with social and economic collapse, including 

“the breakdown of markets and essential public services, such as healthcare, water and 

sanitation; and pervasive insecurity.” Children are especially vulnerable to malnutrition 

and disease outbreaks, and to the oppression and abuse of child marriage and childlabor 

trafficking. 

The report denounces not only the direct combatants in war but also the governments 

that are indirectly responsible for human-rights violations against children, through their 

failure to intervene through political pressure, or in some cases, their complicity in 

conflict. The report explicitly points to the need for accountability from the Western 

countries that orchestrate proxy wars by facilitating arms sales or providing back-up 

military assistance. 

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The US and UK governments, for example, have faced public criticism over lucrative 

arms deals with Saudi Arabia, which fuel its devastating assault on Yemen. Aid itself 

has often become weaponized: Although the Geneva Conventions mandate that states 

either provide for the basic needs of civilians or, failing that, allow intervention by 

outside humanitarian-aid organizations, in many conflict zones, particularly communities 

in Yemen and Syria, children and families have suffered long-term deprivation of food 

and medicine as the political impasse between warring factions has blocked aid 

convoys from entering. 

Amid this near-total impunity among state and non-state perpetrators of conflict, humanrights 

advocates are calling for international justice: Accountability might come through 

institutions like the International Criminal Court or other human-rights tribunals, or in 

domestic courts, through criminal cases brought under laws of universal jurisdiction. But 

for the children of war, justice will always come too late, if it ever happens at all. For 

refugee children—who make up one in every 200 children worldwide and a third of the 

world’s migrant children—even after they escape to safer territory, the wounds of war 

continue to reverberate through other social ills, including family violence and 

psychological distress that endure as intergenerational trauma. Both child refugees and 

conflict survivors face elevated risk of mental distress, yet suffer greater barriers to 

mental-health care, typically because of logistical, social, or language barriers to 

services, along with lack of culturally appropriate services. 

In the aftermath of conflict, advocates call for a child-centered recovery process, which 

is focused on providing children not just safety and shelter but also socially supportive 

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environments and stable educational access—for many refugee kids, such basic 

provisions are what they most need for rehabilitation, rather than intensive 

psychotherapy. Ideally, their recovery would also play a role in shaping their futures. 

Romero says via e-mail that in post-conflict communities, “civil society voices—including 

those of children—must be prioritized in monitoring and advocating for child rights and 

peace-building.” Initiatives like youth parliaments, for example, are designed to provide 

young people a public platform, “to highlight their points of view and promote their 

advocacy.” 

Today, however, the youngest victims of war do not have a voice in Congress; the sites 

of their suffering lie a world away from Capitol Hill and insular diplomatic summits. But 

unlike the politicians, those children can’t just turn away from the conflicts that the 

“international community” regards as mere geopolitical inconveniences, because war is 

where they live. 

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IV. No-Fly Zones 

A no-fly zone or no-flight zone (NFZ), or air exclusion zone (AEZ), is a territory or an 

area over which aircraft are not permitted to fly. Such zones are usually set up in a 

military context, somewhat like a demilitarized zone in the sky, and usually 

prohibit military aircraft of a belligerent power from operating in the region. Aircraft that 

break the no-fly zone may be shot down, depending on the terms of the NFZ. Air 

exclusion zones and anti-aircraft defenses are sometimes set up in a civilian context, for 

example to protect sensitive locations, or events such as the 2012 London Olympic 

Games, against terrorist air attack. 

No-fly zones are a modern phenomenon. They can be distinguished from traditional air 

power missions by their coercive appropriation of another nation's airspace only, to 

achieve aims on the ground within the target nation. While the Royal Air Force (RAF) 

conducted prototypical air control operations over contentious colonial possessions 

between the two World Wars of the 20th century, no-fly zones did not assume their 

modern form until the end of the Persian Gulf War in 1991. 

During the Cold War, the risk of local conflict escalating into nuclear 

showdown dampened the appeal of military intervention as a tool of U.S. statecraft. 

Perhaps more importantly, air power was a relatively blunt instrument until the 

operational maturation of stealth and precision-strike technologies. Before the Gulf 

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War of 1991, air power had not demonstrated the “fidelity” needed to perform nuanced 

attacks against transitory, difficult-to-reach targets—it lacked the ability to produce 

decisive political effects short of total war. However, the demise of the Soviet Union and 

the rise in aerospace capabilities engendered by the technology revolution made no-fly 

zones viable in both political and military contexts. 

Iraq, 1991–2003 

Past No-Fly Zones 

In 1991, the United States, United Kingdom, France, Turkey, and other states 

intervened in Kurdish-Iraqi dispute in northern Iraq by establishing a no-fly zone in 

which Iraqi aircraft were prevented from flying. The intent of the no-fly zone was to 

prevent possible bombing and chemical attacks against the Kurdish people by the Iraqi 

regime of Saddam Hussein. The initial operations were dubbed Operation Provide 

Comfort and Operation Provide Comfort II and were followed by Operation Northern 

Watch. While the enforcing powers had cited United Nations Security Council 

Resolution 688 as authorizing the operations, the resolution contains no explicit 

authorization. The Secretary-General of the UN at the time the resolution was 

passed, Boutros Boutros-Ghali called the no-fly zones "illegal" in a February 2003 

interview with John Pilger. In southern Iraq, Operation Southern Watchwas established 

in 1992 to protect Iraq's Shia population. It originally extended to the 32nd parallel but 

was extended to the 33rd parallel in 1996. 

Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1993–1995 

In 1992, the United Nations Security Council passed United Nations Security Council 

Resolution 781, prohibiting unauthorized military flights in Bosnian airspace. This led 

to Operation Sky Monitor, where NATO monitored violations of the no-fly zone but did 

not take action against violators of the resolution. In response to 500 documented 

violations by 1993, including one combat violation, the Security 

Council passed Resolution 816, which prohibited all unauthorized flights and allowed all 

UN member states to "take all necessary measures...to ensure compliance with [the nofly 

zone restrictions]." This led to Operation Deny Flight. NATO later launched air strikes 

during Operation Deny Flight and during Operation Deliberate Force. 

Lessons from Iraq and Bosnia 

A 2004 Stanford University paper published in Journal of Strategic Studies, "Lessons 

from Iraq and Bosnia on the Theory and Practice of No-fly Zones," reviewed the 

effectiveness of the air-based campaigns in achieving military objectives. The paper's 

findings were: 1) A clear, unified command structure is essential. In Bosnia and 

Herzegovina, during "Operation Deny Flight," a confusing dual-key coordination 

structure provided inadequate authority and resulted in air forces not being given 

authority to assist in key situations; 2) To avoid a "perpetual patrol problem," states 

must know in advance their policy objectives and the exit strategy for no-fly zones; 3) 

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The effectiveness of no-fly zones is highly dependent on regional support. A lack of 

support from Turkey for the 1996 Iraq no-fly zone ultimately constrained the coalition's 

ability to effectively enforce it. 

Libya, 2011 

As part of the 2011 military intervention in Libya, the United Nations Security 

Council approved a no-fly zone on 17 March 2011. The resolution includes provisions 

for further actions to prevent attacks on civilian targets. NATO seized the opportunity to 

take the offensive, bombing Libyan government positions during the civil war. The 

NATO no fly zone was terminated on 27 October after a unanimous vote by the UNSC. 

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Libya, 2018 and 2019 

A no-fly zone was declared by the Libyan National Army (LNA) in the country's south 

during the LNA's offensive in the region in 2018. It was later re-implemented for 10 days 

in 2019 as the LNA established control over oil fields in the region. The LNA declared 

another no-fly zone in the country's west, during the 2019 Western Libya 

offensive. These no-fly zones can be distinguished by the fact that they are 

implemented by one belligerent party to a civil war on another, instead of being 

enforced by a foreign power. 

Civilian Example 

Civilian air exclusion zones are communicated in NOTAM, NOtice To AirMen. A 

NOTAM for an AEZ will include map coordinates and altitudes for the borders, as well 

as a short explanation. As NOTAMs are used to communicate various events, an AEZ 

NOTAM will specify it is an exclusion zone. Concerns about possible air attacks on the 

2012 Olympic Games in London led to many precautions and layers of protection, 

including airspace zones that could be entered only with permission. No-fly zones are 

often put in place for events such as the 2017 G20 Hamburg summit. 

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V. Ongoing International 

Armed Conflict Zones 

The following is a list of ongoing armed conflicts that are taking place around the 

world and continue to result in violence. 

List Guidelines 

This list of ongoing armed conflicts is for the sole purpose of identifying present-day 

conflicts and the death toll associated with each conflict. The guidelines of inclusion are: 

 

 

 

Armed conflicts consist in the use of armed force between two or 

more organized armed groups, governmental or non-governmental 

alike. Interstate, intrastate and non-state armed conflicts are listed. 

This is not a list of countries by intentional homicide rate, and criminal gang 

violence is generally not included, unless there is also 

significant military or paramilitary involvement. 

Fatality figures include battle-related deaths (military and civilian) as well as 

civilians intentionally targeted by the parties to an armed conflict. Only direct 

deaths resulting from violence are included for the current and past year; excess 

deaths indirectly resulting from famine, disease and disruption of services are 

included along with violent deaths only in the cumulative fatalities count, when 

available. 

Listed conflicts has at least 100 cumulative deaths in total and at least 10 

deaths in current or in the past calendar year. 

 

 

 

Fatality totals may be underestimated or unavailable due to a lack of 

information. A figure with a plus sign indicates that at least that many people 

have died (e.g. 455+ indicates that at least 455 people have died) – the actual toll 

could be higher. 

Location refers to the state(s) where the main violence takes place, not to the 

warring parties. Italics indicate disputed territories and unrecognized states. 

A territorial dispute or a protest movement which has not experienced deliberate 

and systemic deaths due to state or paramilitary violence is not considered to be 

an armed conflict. 

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Major Wars 

(10,000 or more deaths in current or past year) 

The 4 conflicts in the following list have caused at least 10,000 direct violent deaths in 

current or past calendar year. 

Start of 

conflict 

Conflict Continent Location Cumulative 

fatalities 

Fatalities 

in 2018 

Fatalities 

in 2019 

1978/2001 Afghanistan conflict 

Asia 

Afghanistan 

(1,240,000– 35,941+ 16,008 

Current phase 

2,000,000 since 

1978)(2014) 

2006 Mexican Drug War North 

Mexico 115,000 22,500 

America 

2011 Syrian Civil War Asia 

Syria 

~570,000 23,000 3,951 

2011 Yemeni Crisis 

Asia 

Yemen 

60,223– 

25,705 [a] 8,949 [11] 

Yemeni Civil War 

83,700 [9][10] 

Saudi 

(2015–present) 

Arabia(spillover) 

Al-Qaeda 

insurgency in 

Yemen 

South Yemen 

insurgency 

Saudi–Yemeni 

border conflict 


 

Saudi Arabian-led 

intervention in 

Yemen 

Wars 

(1,000–9,999 deaths in current or past year) 

The 6 conflicts in the following list have caused at least 1,000 and fewer than 10,000 

direct violent deaths in current or past calendar year. 

Conflicts causing at least 1,000 deaths in one calendar year are considered wars by 

the Uppsala Conflict Data Program. 

Start of 

conflict 

Conflict Continent Location 

Cumulative 

fatalities 

Fatalities 

in 2018 

Fatalities 

in 2019 

1991 

1998 

2003 

Somali Civil War 

Current phase 

Communal conflicts in 

Nigeria 

 

Iraq conflict 

Iraqi insurgency 


Africa 

Somalia 

Kenya 

500,000 3,952 1,112 

Africa Nigeria 17,156 3,020 142 

Asia Iraq 288,000 4,861 889 

2009 Boko Haram insurgency Africa 

2011 

Ethnic violence in South 

Sudan 

Africa 

Nigeria 

Cameroon 

Niger 

Chad 

South 

Sudan 

51,567+ 2,213 244 

383,000- 

400,000 

1,166 519 

Page 48 of 278

Start of 

conflict 


Cumulative 

fatalities 

Fatalities 

in 2018 

Fatalities 

in 2019 

 

South 

Sudanese Civil 

War 

2012 Northern Mali conflict Africa Mali 3,300+ 1,285 640 

Minor Conflicts 

(100–999 deaths in current or past year) 

The 28 conflicts in the following list have caused at least 100 and fewer than 1,000 

direct violent deaths in current or past calendar year. 

Start of 

conflict 


Cumulative 

fatalities 

Fatalities 

in 2018 

Fatalities 

in 2019 

1947 

Kashmir conflict (Indo- 

Pakistani Wars) 

2019 India– 

Pakistan 

standoff 

Asia 

India 

Pakistan 

45,000– 

130,000+ 

548 ~208 

1948 

Insurgency in Balochistan 

Sistan and 

Baluchestan 

insurgency 

Asia 

Pakistan 

Iran 

20,289– 

20,589+ 

416 143 

1948 

Internal conflict in 

Myanmar 

Kachin conflict 

 

 

 

Karen conflict 

Rohingya 

conflict 

Asia 

Myanmar 

130,000– 

210,000 

171 13 

1964 Colombian conflict 

1965 

1967 

Israeli–Palestinian conflict 

Gaza–Israel 

conflict 

Naxalite–Maoist 

insurgency 

South 

America 

Asia 

Asia 

Colombia 

Venezuela 

Ecuador 

Palestine 

Israel 

India 

220,000 709 196 

25,000 304 50 

12,877– 

14,369+ 

412 129 

1969 Moro conflict (1969-2019) Asia Philippines 120,000 268 25 

1969 CPP-NPA-NDF rebellion Asia Philippines 43,388+ 203 5 

1984 

Kurdish–Turkish conflict 

 

Kurdish– 

Turkish conflict 


Asia 

Turkey 

Iraq 

Syria 

45,000+ 523 37 

1996 

Allied Democratic Forces 

insurgency 

Africa 

Democratic 

Republic of the 

Congo 

3,353+ 235 10 

1999 Ituri conflict Africa 

Democratic 


Congo 

60,000+ 369 

Page 49 of 278

Start of 

conflict 


Cumulative 

fatalities 

Fatalities 

in 2018 

Fatalities 

in 2019 

2002 

Insurgency in the 

Maghreb (2002–present) 

Africa 

Algeria 

Burkina Faso 

Chad 

Libya 

Mali 

Mauritania 

Morocco 

Niger 

Tunisia 

Western 

Sahara 

16,873 322 

2003 War in Darfur Africa Sudan 300,000 599 

1960 

South Thailand 

Insurgency 

2004 Kivu conflict Africa 

2004 

2011 

Insurgency in Khyber 

Pakhtunkhwa 

Libyan Crisis 

Libyan Civil 

War (2014– 

present) 

Asia Thailand 6,921 218 35 

Democratic 


Congo 

11,873+ 943 

Asia Pakistan 43,346+ 217 35 

Africa Libya 29,859–42,253 727 500 

2011 Sinai insurgency Africa Egypt 5,000+ 740 69 

2011 South Kordofan conflict Africa Sudan 7,000+ 114 

2012 

Central African Republic 

conflict 

Africa 

Central 

African Republic 

8,000+ 838 9 

2013 Batwa-Luba clashes Africa 

Democratic 


Congo 

561 154 

2014 War in Donbass Europe Ukraine 12,800–13,000 156+ 6 

2015 Burundian unrest Africa Burundi 1,291 198 

2016 Philippine Drug War Asia Philippines 12,000 +886 

2016 Oromo-Somali clashes Africa Ethiopia 1,065+ 865 

2017 Anglophone Crisis Africa Cameroon 1,850+ 652 234 

2017 

2019 

Islamist insurgency in 

Mozambique 

Terrorism in Sri Lanka 

Terrorism linked to ISIL 

2019 Sri Lanka 

Easter 

bombings 

 

2019 Kalmunai 

shootout 

Africa Mozambique 230+ 161 17 

Asia Sri Lanka 274 274 

Page 50 of 278

Skirmishes and Clashes 

(Fewer than 100 deaths in current or past year) 

The 16 conflicts in the following list have caused fewer than 100 direct violent deaths in 

current or past calendar year. 

Start of 

conflict 

1922 


Arab separatism in 

Khuzestan 

ASMLA 

insurgency 

Cumulative 

fatalities 

Fatalities 

in 2018 

Asia Iran 206–345 10 

Fatalities 

in 2019 

1946 Kurdish separatism in Iran Asia Iran 13,100–35,000 62–66 1 

1954 

Insurgency in Northeast 

India 

 

 

 

 

Insurgency in 

Meghalaya 

Assam separatist 

movements 

Insurgency in 

Manipur 

Ethnic conflict in 

Nagaland 

1963 West Papua conflict Asia Indonesia 

Asia India 25,000+ 71 16 

150,000– 

400,000 

21–26 11 

1975 Cabinda War Africa Angola 30,000 4 12 

1980 Internal conflict in Peru 

South 

America Peru 70,000 10 

1987 LRA insurgency Africa 

Democratic 


Congo 

Central 

African Republic 

100,000+ 14 

1995 Ogaden insurgency Africa Ethiopia 1,400–11,000 21 

1998 

Dissident Irish Republican 

campaign 

Europe 

United 

Kingdom 

80+ 0 1 

2006 Terrorism in Punjab Asia Pakistan 2300+ 36 21 

2007 Terrorism in Sindh Asia Pakistan 7079+ 48 13 

2009 

2009 

Sudanese nomadic 

conflicts 

Insurgency in the North 

Caucasus 

Africa Sudan 5,000+ 18 

Europe Russia 4,053–4,084 13 14 

2013 Insurgency in Egypt Africa Egypt 739+ 40 6 

2014 Islamic terrorism in Europe Europe European 

Union 

423+ 12 4 

2016 Kamwina Nsapu rebellion Africa 

Democratic 


Congo 

Angola 

772+ 46 

Page 51 of 278

Deaths by Country 

This section details armed conflict-related fatalities by country. 

Page 52 of 278

Conflict-Related Fatalities In The World's 17 Deadliest Countries 2014 – 2018 

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 

Ra 

nk 

Country 

De 

ath 

s 

Countr 

y 

De 

ath 

s 

Countr 

y 

De 

ath 

s 

Countr 

y 

De 

ath 

s 

Countr 

y 

De 

ath 

s 

1 Syria 

76,0 

21 

a 

Syri 

55,2 

19 

a 

Syri 

49,7 

42 

a 

Syri 

39,0 

00 

Afgh 

anistan 

35,9 

41 

2 South 

Sudan 

50,0 

00 

Afgh 

anistan 

36,3 

45 

co 

Mexi 

23,9 

53 

co 

Mexi 

31,1 

74 

co 

Mexi 

27,7 

65 

3 Mexico 

27,6 

62 Iraq 

24,1 

13 Iraq 

23,8 

98 

Afgh 

anistan 

23,0 

65 

en 

Yem 

22,2 

01 

4 Iraq 

24,0 

00 

co 

Mexi 

20,5 

25 

Afgh 

anistan 

23,5 

39 Iraq 

13,1 

87 

a 

Syri 

19,7 

99- 

23,000 

5 Afghanist 

an 

14,6 

38 

ria 

Nige 

8,12 

2 

alia 

Som 

5,57 

5 

Mya 

nmar 

6,70 

0+ Iraq 

4,92 

0 

6 Nigeria 

11,3 

60 

en 

Yem 

6,42 

5 

ria 

Nige 

4,68 

4 

alia 

Som 

4,96 

9 

ria 

Nige 

4,85 

0 

7 Pakistan 

5,51 

9 

ine 

Ukra 

4,34 

4 

an 

Sud 

3,89 

1 

Sout 

h Sudan 

3,52 

8 

alia 

Som 

3,86 

2 

8 Ukraine 

4,77 

1 

alia 

Som 

4,08 

7 

Sout 

h Sudan 

3,54 

4 

ria 

Nige 

3,43 

2 

Sau 

di Arabia 

3,50 

9 

9 Somalia 

4,44 

7 

stan 

Paki 

3,68 

8 

a 

Liby 

2,86 

5 

an 

Sud 

2,45 

0 

Demo 

cratic 

Republic 

of the 

Congo 

1,75 

7 

10 Sudan 

3,89 

2 

Sout 

h Sudan 

3,25 

8 

ey 

Turk 

2,01 

3 

Demo 

cratic 

Republic 

of the 

Congo 

1,85 

7 Mali 

1,28 

5 

11 

Central 

African 

Republic 

3,34 

7 

an 

Sud 

3,21 

6 

stan 

Paki 

1,80 

3 

Cent 

ral African 

Republic 

1,75 

7 

Sout 

h Sudan 

1,16 

6 

12 Libya 

2,82 

5 

pt 

Egy 

2,83 

6 

pt 

Egy 

1,70 

7 

a 

Liby 

1,56 

4 India 

988 [3 

00] 

13 

Israel/ 

Palestine 

2,36 

5 

a 

Liby 

2,70 

6 

Demo 

cratic 

Republic 

of the 

Congo 

1,56 

5 

pt 

Egy 

1,50 

6 

Cam 

eroon 

945 

14 Yemen 

1,50 

0 

Demo 

cratic 

Republic 

of the 

Congo 

1,69 

9 

en 

Yem 

1,37 

5 

opia 

Ethi 

1,44 

5 

opia 

Ethi 

886 

15 Cameroo 

n 

1,36 

6 

Cam 

eroon 

1,42 

9 

opia 

Ethi 

1,11 

4 

Phili 

ppines 

1,42 

9 

Cent 

ral African 

Republic 

842 

Page 53 of 278

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 

Ra 

nk 

Country 

De 

ath 

s 

Countr 

y 

De 

ath 

s 

Countr 

y 

De 

ath 

s 

Countr 

y 

De 

ath 

s 

Countr 

y 

De 

ath 

s 

16 

Democratic 


Congo 

1,23 

5 Niger 986 India 905 Yem 

en 

1,31 

9 

stan 

Paki 

736 

17 Egypt 

1,17 

6 

Mya 

nmar 

881 Ukra 

ine 

902 Paki 

stan 

1,26 

9 

Phili 

ppines 

471 

Page 54 of 278

VI. Active International 

Separatist Movements 

AFRICA 

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Africa. Separatism 

includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist 

or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three 

criteria: 

1. They are active movements with living, active members; 

2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region 

(as opposed to personal autonomy); 

3. They are the citizen/inhabitants of the conflict area and do not come from another 

country. 

Under each region listed is one or more of the following: 

 

 

 

De facto state: for regions with de facto autonomy from the government 

Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state 

Proposed autonomous area: for movements toward greater autonomy for an 

area but not outright secession 

Page 55 of 278

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

De facto autonomous government: for governments with de 

facto autonomous control over a region 

Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in 

question, with or without control 

Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system 

to push for autonomy or secession 

Militant organization(s): for armed separatist organizations 

Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities 

Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s) 

Algeria 

Kabylia 

 

Ethnic group: Kabyle people 

o Proposed state: Republic of Kabylia (Berber language: Tagduda 

Taqbaylit). 

o 

o 

o 

Government-in-exile: Provisional Government of Kabylia (ANAVAD 

AQVAYLI UΣTIL). 

Movement leader: Ferhat Mehenni. 

Political party: Kabylian Movement for Self-Determination (Mak-Anavad). 

Angola 

 

Ethnic group: Lunda-Tchokwé people 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Lunda-Tchokwé (República 

Democrática da Lunda-Tchokwé) (RDLT) 

Government-in-exile: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda- 

Tchokwé (PDDELT) 

Claimant group: Manifesto Jurídico Sociológico do Povo Lunda-Tchokwé 

(MJSPL), also an Advocacy group 

Political party: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé 

(PDDELT) 

Page 56 of 278

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Traditional Kingdom: Lunda-Tchokwe Kingdom 

Status: Juridical Fight on ICC 

Leaders: Dr. Jota Filipe Malakito (The Founder Leader) 

Movements: Mulher Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé (MULT), Pioneiros Unidos 

da Lunda-Tchokwé (PULT), Juventude Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé(JULT) 

News 

Broadcast: www.diariodomanifestojuridicosociologicodopovolundes.com 

Vindicating area: The Forgotten Portuguese Protectorate of Lunda (The 

entire East Part of current Angola) or current North-Lunda, South-Lunda, 

Moxico and Kuando-Kubango 

o Extension Vindicating area: 602.709 Km 2 

o Population: 2.692.723 ( Since the 2014 ) 

Cabinda 

 

Ethnic group: Cabindans 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Cabinda 

Government-in-exile: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda 

(FLEC) (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) 

Political party: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda 

(FLEC), Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda 

Militant organization: Forças Armadas de Cabinda (FAC) 

Cameroon 

Ambazonia 

 

Ethnic group: Anglophones of Southern Cameroons, consisting of over 80 ethnic 

groups 

o 

o 

Population: ~4 million people. 

Proposed state: Federal Republic of Ambazonia 

Page 57 of 278

o Pressure group: Interim Government of Ambazonia, Ambazonia 

Governing Council and others 

o 

o 

Militant groups: Ambazonia Self-Defense Council, Ambazonia Defence 

Forces, SOCADEF, other smaller militias 

Status: Ongoing war 


Northern Muslim Regions 

 

Ethnic group: Muslims in the Central African Republic 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Logone 

Pressure group and militant organization: Séléka 

Comoros 

Anjouan 

 

Ethnic group: 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Anjouan 

Political parties: Anjouan People's Movement, Mouvement Populaire 

Anjouanais, Mawana 

 

 

Mohéli 

Ethnic group: 

o 

Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Mwali 

Republic of The Congo 

 

South Congo (Brazzaville) 

o 

o 

Pressure group: Provisional Assembly and governance of the State of 

South Congo 

Proposed state: State of South Congo 

 

Loango 

o 

Pressure group: the royal clan "Tchimongo-Lumbu-Tchinkondi" 

Page 58 of 278

o 

Traditional Kingdom: Kingdom of Loango 

Democratic Republic of the Congo 

 

Bas-Congo 

o 

o 

Pressure group: Bundu dia Kongo 

Proposed state: Kingdom of Kongo 

 

Katanga 

o 

o 

o 

Political parties: Union of Independent Federalists and Republicans 

Militant organizations: Mai Mai Kata Katanga 

Status: Sporadic violence 

 

Kwili, Kivu, Bukavu 

o 

o 

Proposed state: United Republic of Kivu 

Status: Insurgency 

Equatorial Guinea 

Bioko 

 

Ethnic group: Bubi 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Bioko Island 

Pressure group: Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island 

o Status: The indigenous Bubi people are now outnumbered 

by Fernandinos and Fang immigrants from the mainland. 

Ethiopia 

 

Afar 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Islamic State of Afaria 

Political party: Afar Liberation Front 

 

Gambela 

o 

Militant organization: Gambela People's Liberation Front 

 

Ogaden (Somali Region) 

Page 59 of 278

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Ogadenia (member of the Unrepresented 

Nations and Peoples Organization) or Somalia 

o Political party: Ogaden National Liberation Front, Western Somali 

Liberation Front, Ogaden Republican Army 

o 

Pressure group: Ogaden Youth Association 

 

Oromia 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Oromia (also known as Oromia) (member of 

the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) 

Militant organizations: Oromo Independence Movement, Oromo Liberation 

Front, Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia, Conference of Oromiya 

Peoples Liberation Front, Oromo Youth Revolutionary Movement (also 

known as Abiddaa) 

Pressure group: The National Youth Movement for Freedom and 

Democracy (also known as Qeerroo) 

 

Sidama Zone 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Sidama 

Political party: Sidama Liberation Front 

France 

 

Réunion 

Secessionist movements: 

 

 

 

Political party: Lorganizasion Popilèr po Libèr nout Péi (Lplp) – Popular Front for 

National Liberation: composed of Nasion Rénioné, Mar, Drapo rouz, Patriot 

rénioné and Mir. 

Political party: Marxist–Leninist Communist Organisation of Réunion 

Mayotte continues to have autonomist movements despite the island having 

voted to become France's 101st department in 2011. 

Ghana 

 

 

Western Togoland 

Proposed State: State of Western Togoland 

Page 60 of 278

Restoration Group: Homeland Study Group Foundation (HSGF) 

Military Wing: Western Togoland Defense Council 

Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) 

Kenya 

 

Mombasa 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Mombasa Republic 

Political party: Mombasa Republican Council 

 

Wajir County, Mandera County, Garissa County (Former North Eastern Province) 

o 

Proposed state: Western Republic of Somalia or Somalia 

Libya 

Proposed States: 

Cyrenaica 

 

Ethnic group: Libyan 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Semi-autonomous "State of Cyrenaica" 

o Political Groups: Movement for Federal Libya, National Union 

Party, Cyrenaica Youth Movement 

o 

o 

Senior Leaders: Dr. Abubakr Buera, Mr. Faraj Kezza, Dr. Azza Huwati, 

Ms. Najat Obedi, Mr. Mohamed Buisir, Mr. Ahmad Sannusi, Ms. Sarah Ali 

Youth Leaders: Fathi Agori, Enas AlJazwi, Muheddine Mansuri, Osama 

Buera, Essa Arabi, Zeid Erragas, Mohamed Ali, Mustafa Orefy, Mabrooka 

Najm 

Toubouland 

 

Ethnic group: Toubou 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Toubouland 

Militant organization: Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya 

Mali 

Azawad 

Page 61 of 278

Ethnic Groups: Tuareg, as well as Songhai, Fula and Arabs/Moors 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Azawad 

Political party: Coordination of Azawad Movements (Includes MNLA) 

Militant organizations: National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad 

Mauritius 

 

Rodrigues 

Morocco 

Rif 

 

 

Ethnic group: Riffian 

o Proposed state: Rif 

o Political party: RIM 

o Militant organisation(s): RIM 

Rif Independence Movement – occurred in Morocco during the 1920s, and was 

revitalized in 2013. Rif Independence Movement is a charter member of the 

Organization of Emerging African States. 

Namibia 

Caprivi 

 

Ethnic Group: Lozi 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Free State of Caprivi Strip/Itenge 

Political party: Caprivi African National Union 

Militant organization: Caprivi Liberation Army 

Niger 

Agadez 

 

Ethnic group: Tuareg 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Agadez 

Militant organization: Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara 

Political parties: Taniminnak Tidot N Tenere, Tidot Union of Tenere 

Proposed state: Akal N Tenere, Tenere Republic 

Page 62 of 278

Nigeria 

Biafra 

 

Ethnic group: Igbo 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Biafra (defunct) 

National Liberation Movement: Bilie Human Rights Initiative 

o Political party: Biafran Congress Party (BCP), Movement for the 

Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Separatist movements: The Indigenous People of Biafra, Biafra Zionist 

Movement, Biafra Rebirth 

Government in exile: Biafran Government in exile 

Radio News 

Broadcast: www.radiobiafra.co, www.peopleofbiafra.org, www.biafragalax 

y.com 

Rwanda 

 

 

Batwaland (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) 

Ethnic group: Twa 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Batwaland 

Political party: Association for the Promotion of Batwa 

Senegal 

Casamance 

 

Ethnic group: Diola 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Casamance 

Militant organization: Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance 

Somalia 

Somaliland 

 

Ethnic group: Somali 

Page 63 of 278

o 

o 

o 

De facto state: Somaliland 

Political organizations: Government of Somaliland 

Militant organization: Somaliland Armed Forces 

South Africa 

Boer/Afrikaner homeland 

 

Ethnic group: Afrikaners 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Volkstaat 

Political Party: Freedom Front Plus (in parliament and member of 

the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization). Outside 

parliament: National Conservative Party of South Africa, Boerestaat 

Party, Herstigte Nasionale Party. 

Pressure group: Orania Movement 

Status: Accord on Afrikaner self-determination 

KwaZulu Natal 

 

Ethnic group: Zulu 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Zulu Kingdom 

Pressure group: Zulu royal family 

Cape Republic 

 

Linguistic group: Afrikaans speakers 

o 

o 

Proposed State: Western Cape, Northern Cape (Excluding two districts), 

six municipalities within the Eastern Cape and one municipality in Free 

State. 

Political Party: Cape Party 

South Sudan 

Nuerland 

 

Ethnic group: Nuer 

o Militant organization: Nuer White Army, SPLA-Nasir (1991 - 1994) 

Page 64 of 278

o 

Status: Ongoing insurgency 

Spain 

Canary Islands 

Ethnic group: Canarians 

Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista 

Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias 

Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Alternativa Nacionalista 

Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo, Inekaren 

Youth movement: Azarug 

Proposed state: Canary Islands (sometimes also Western 

Sahara and Tamazgha) 

Sudan 

Darfur 

 

Ethnic group: Fur, Zaghawe, Masalit 

o Proposed state: Darfur 

o Militant organization: Darfur Liberation Front 

o Status: War in Darfur 

Eastern Front 

 

 

Ethnic group: Beja, Rashaida 

Militant organization: Beja Congress, Rashaida Free Lions 

Tanzania 

Zanzibar 

 

Ethnic group: Swahili 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Zanzibar 

Political party: Civic United Front (member of Unrepresented Nations and 

Peoples Organization), Uamsho 

Uganda 

Buganda 

 

Ethnic group: Ganda 

o 

Proposed state: Kingdom of Buganda 

Page 65 of 278

o 

o 

De facto autonomous area: Kingdom of Buganda 

Youth movement: Buganda Youth Movement 

Rwenzururu 

 

Ethnic group: Konjo people 

o 

Proposed state: Yiira Republic 

Zambia 

Barotse 

 

Ethnic group: Lozi 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Barotseland 

Militant organization: Barotse Royal Establishment 

Zimbabwe 

Matabeleland 

 

Ethnic group: Matabele 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Matabeleland, Mthwakazi Free State 

Militant organization: Mthwakazi Liberation Front (M.L.F.) 

Political party: Matabeleland Freedom Party 

ASIA 

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism 



criteria: 

1. They are active movements with current, active members. 


(as opposed to personal autonomy). 

3. They are the citizen/peoples of the conflict area and not comes from other 

country. 


Page 66 of 278

De facto state: for regions with a de facto polity 

Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding or anticipated sovereign state 



o De facto autonomous government: for governments with de 


o Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in 


o Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system 


o Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations or insurgencies 

o Advocacy group(s): for nonviolent, non-electoral, participatory entities 

o Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s) 

Azerbaijan 

Breakaway State 

Artsakh 

 

Ethnic group: Armenians 

o 

o 

De facto state: Republic of Artsakh 

Government-in-exile: Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh 

Bangladesh 

 

Ethnic group: Jumma people 

o 

o 

Political party: Parbotto Chottogram Jonshonghoti Shomiti 

Armed wing: Shanti Bahini 

Bangabhumi 

 

Ethnic group: Bengali Hindus 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Region: South-western Bangladesh 

Organisation: Banga Sena 

Leader: Kalidas Baidya 

Armed wing: Bir Banga 

Burma/Myanmar 

Arakan 

Page 67 of 278

Ethnic group: Rakhine 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Arakan Federation 

Advocacy group: Arakan Independence Alliance, Arakan Army (Kachin 

State), Arakan Army (Kayin State) 

Zo Asia 

 

 

Ethnic group: Chin 

Proposed state: Republic of Zo Asia 

o 

Militant organisation: Chin National Front (member of the Unrepresented 

Nations and Peoples Organization) 

Kachin 

 

Ethnic group: Kachin 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Kachinland 

Political party: Kachin National Organization 

Kawthoolei 

 

Ethnic group: Karen 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Kawthoolei 

Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army 

Advocacy group: Karen National Union 

Karenni 

 

Ethnic group: Karenni 

o Proposed state: United Karenni Independent States 

o Militant organisation: Karenni Army 

o Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of 


o Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government 

Kokang 

 

Ethnic group: Kokang people (ethnic Han Chinese) 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Unification with China 

Political party: Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army 

Page 68 of 278

Mon State 

 

Ethnic group: Mon 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Mon State 

Political party: New Mon State Party 

Shan States 

 

Ethnic group: Shan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples 

Organization) 

o Proposed state: Federated Shan States 

o Political party: Shan Democratic Union 

o Militant organization: Shan State Army 

o Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State 

o Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States [1] 

Wa State 

 

Ethnic group: Wa 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Wa State 

Political party: United Wa State Party 

Militant organisation: United Wa State Army 

Zale'n-gam 

 

Ethnic group: Kuki 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Zale'n-gam 

Militant organisation: Kuki National Army 

Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation 

Zogam 

 

Ethnic group: Zomi 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Zogam or Federated State of Zomi 

Political parties: Zomi National Congress, Zomi Reunification Organization 

Militant organizations: Zomi National Front/Army, Zomi Revolutionary 

Army, 

Advocacy group: Global Zomi Alliance 

Government in exile: Republic of Zogam 

Page 69 of 278

Cyprus 

Breakaway state 

Northern Cyprus 

Ethnic group: Turkish Cypriot 

Proposed: Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (Recognised by Turkey) 

o De facto state: Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 

• Political organization: Government of Northern Cyprus 

China 

The People's Republic of China (China, PRC) considers itself the sole legitimate state 

representing China. The PRC's territory consists of Mainland China, Hong Kong, 

and Macau. The PRC also claims the ROC-controlled area to be its territory. The PRC 

established the Special Administrative Region in Hong Kong and Macau under one 

country, two systems policy. 

The Republic of China (Taiwan, ROC) also identifies itself as the sole legitimate state 

representing China. The ROC's territory consists of the island of 

Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and nearby islands. The ROC also constitutionally 

claims the PRC-controlled area to be its territory. 

Wu (region) 

 

Ethnic group: Wuyue people 

o 

o 

proposed state: Nguyuit Republic 

• Advocacy groups: 上海吳越獨立建國 (Shanghai Democratic 

Party—Nguyuit) 

Political parties: 上海民族黨 (Shanghai National Party) 

Taiwan island 

 

Ethnic group: Hoklo Taiwanese 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Hoklo Taiwan or unification with Southern 

Fujian 

• Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive 

Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party), New 

Power Party 

• Advocacy groups: World United Formosans for Independence 

Page 70 of 278

Ethnic group: Taiwanese aborigines 

o 

Political parties: Taiwan First Nations Party 

• Proposed autonomous area: Aborigines of Taiwan's 

Autonomy[citation needed] 

• Advocacy groups: Council of Indigenous Peoples 

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 

 

Ethnic group: Mongolian 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of South Mongolia or unification with Mongolia 

Tibet 

 

• Political parties: Inner Mongolian People's Party (member of 

the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Southern 

Mongolian Democratic Alliance, [4] Mongolian Liberal Union Party 

Ethnic group: Tibetan 

o 

Proposed state: Tibet 

• Government-in-exile: Lobsang Sangay, head of the Central Tibetan 

Administration (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples 

Organization) 

• Political parties: International Tibet Independence 

Movement, National Democratic Party of Tibet 

• Advocacy group: Students for a Free Tibet, Tibetan Youth 

Congress, International Campaign for Tibet 

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 

 

Ethnic group: Uyghur 

o 

Proposed state: East Turkestan 

• Government-in-exile: East Turkistan Government in Exile 

• Political parties: East Turkestan independence movement 

• Militant organizations: Turkistan Islamic Party, East Turkestan 

Liberation Organization (considered to be associated with Al 

Qaeda and Islamic State) 

• Advocacy groups: World Uyghur Congress (member of 


Page 71 of 278

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 

Main articles: Localism in Hong Kong, Hong Kong independence movement, and Hong 

Kong autonomy movement 

 

 

People: Hong Kongers 

Pro-independence 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Hong Kong, British Overseas Territory of 

Hong Kong, or Commonwealth realm of Hong Kong 

Political parties and advocacy groups: Independence-leaning localist 

groups including Hong Kong National Party, Hong Kong Indigenous, Hong 

Kong Independence Party, Hong Konger Front, [11] Youngspiration 

 

Pro-autonomy 

o 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Hong Kong city-state under Commonwealth 

of Chinese States 

Advocacy groups: Hong Kong Resurgence Order 

Georgia 

Breakaway states: 

Abkhazia 

 

Ethnic group: Abkhaz 

o 

o 

o 

De facto state with partial de jure recognition: Republic of Abkhazia 

Political organisation:Government of Abkhazia 

Militant organization: Abkhazia Army 

South Ossetia 

 

Ethnic group: Ossetians 

o 

o 

o 

De facto state: Republic of South Ossetia, proposed integration to Russia 

Political organization: Government of South Ossetia 

Militant organization: South Ossetia Army 

Page 72 of 278

Proposed autonomous movements: 

Armenians in Samtskhe-Javakheti 

 


o 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Javakhk 

Advocacy groups: Javakhk, United Javakhk Democratic Alliance, Virk 

Samegrelo 

 

 

 

People: Mingrelians 

Proposed state: Republic of Mingrelia 

Movements: Mingrelian Nationalist Party, Jinjikhat'I, Mingrelian People Group 

India 

Assam 

 

Proposed state: Assam 

o 

o 

Ethnic group: Assamese 

Militant organization: ULFA 

 

 

Proposed state: Bodoland 

o Ethnic group: Bodo 

o Militant organization: NDFB 

Proposed state: Kamtapur 

o Ethnic group: Koch Rajbongshi 

o Militant organization: KLO 

Jammu & Kashmir 

 

Proposed state: Kashmir or merge with Pakistan 

o 

o 

o 

Ethnic-Religious group: Kashmiri Muslim 

Political organization: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu Kashmir 

Liberation Front 

Militant organization: Lashkar-e-Taiba, Hizbul Mujahideen 

Manipur 

 

Proposed state: Manipur 

o Ethnic group: Meitei 

o Militant organization: UNLF, 

Page 73 of 278

PLA 

Nagaland 

 

Proposed state: Nagalim 

o 

o 

Ethnic group: Naga 

Militant organization: NSCN 

Punjab 

 

Proposed state: Khalistan 

o 

o 

Ethnic-Religious group: Punjabi Sikh 

Political organization: Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) 

West Bengal 

 

Proposed state: Kamtapur 

o 

o 

Ethnic group: Koch Rajbongshi 

Militant organization: KLO 

Indonesia 

Aceh 

 

Proposed state: Republic of Aceh 

o 

Militant organization: Free Aceh Movement (negotiated peace with the 

Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the 

separatism still has supporters) 

Kalimantan 

 

Proposed state: Kalimantan Borneo or Malaysia 

South Moluccas 

 

Proposed state: South Moluccas 

o Government-in-exile: Republik Maluku Selatan (member of 


o 

Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front 

Page 74 of 278

Minahasa 

 

Proposed state: Gerakan Kemerdekaan Minahasa 

West Papua 

 

 

Proposed state: Republic of West Papua 

Militant organization: Free Papua Movement 

Riau 

 

Proposed state: Riau 

o 

Advocacy group: Gerakan Riau Merdeka 

Iran 

Azerbaijan (Iran) 

 

Ethnic group: Azeri 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Merge with Republic of Azerbaijan 

Political party: CAMAH (South Azerbaijan National Liberation Movement) 

Khūzestān 

 

Ethnic group: Arabs 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Islamic Republic of Al-Ahwaz 

Militant organisations: Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular 

Front, Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party, Ahwaz Liberation 

Organisation, Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz 

Advocacy group: Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (member of 


Iranian Kurdistan 

 

Ethnic groups: Kurdish 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of East Kurdistan 

o Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of 


Page 75 of 278

o 

Militant organisations: Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan, Komalah 

Balochistan 

 

Ethnic group: Baloch 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Balochistan along with Balochistan, Pakistan 

Political party: Balochistan People's Party 

Militant organisations: Jundallah (Iran) 

Iraq 

Proposed States 

Kurdistan 

 

Ethnic groups: Kurdish 

o 

Proposed state: Kurdistan 

o Political parties: Kurdistan Independence Movement, Kurdistan 

Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of 


o 

De facto autonomous state: Iraqi Kurdistan 

Assyria 

 

Ethnoreligious group: Assyrian 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed autonomous region: Nineveh Plains Assyria 

Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party 

Militant organisations: Nineveh Plain Protection Units, Dwekh Nawsha 

Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of 

Europe 

Turkmeneli 

 

Ethnic group: Turkmen 

o Proposed state: Turkmeneli or unification with Turkey 

o 

Political party: Iraqi Turkmen Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations 

and Peoples Organization) 

Page 76 of 278

Sinjar 

 

Ethnoreligious group: Yazidi 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Sinjar with Sinjar Mountain region in Iraq or 

unification with Kurdistan 

o Political organization: Yazidi Movement for Reform and 

Progress, Yazidis Community 

Japan 

Hokkaido 

 

Ethnic group: Ainu 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Ainu 

Political parties: Ainu Party (アイヌ民族党 , Ainu minzoku tō) 

Political group: Ainu independence movement 

Okinawa 

 

Ethnic group: Ryukyuan 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Ryukyu 

Political parties: Kariyushi Club (Formerly, Ryukyu Independence Party, 

琉球独立党 , Ryūkyū Dokuritsutō) 

Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement 

o Note: The supporters of the movement want the Amami 

Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture, former part of the defunct Ryukyu 

Kingdom until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu. See also Invasion 

of Ryukyu. 

Laos 

ChaoFa 

 

Ethnic group: Hmong 

o 

Proposed state: Hmong ChaoFa Federated State 

Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 

Page 77 of 278

Malaysia 

Sarawak 

 

 

Proposed state: Sarawak 

Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak For Sarawakian 

Big Team (S4S Big Team), Sarawak Association of People's Aspirations (SAPA), 

Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM), 

Sarawak Liberation Movement 

Sabah 

 

 

Proposed state: Sabah 

Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sabah Sarawak Keluar 

Malaysia (SSKM) 

Nepal 

Madhesh 

Ethnic Group: Madhesi peoples (including Maithils, Bhojpuris and Tharus). 

Proposed state: Madhesh 

Advocacy group: Alliance for Independent Madhesh [31] 

Militant Group: Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha, Madhesh Mukti Tigers (MMT), 

Tharuwan National Liberation Front (TNLF). [32] 

Pakistan 

Balochistan 

 

Ethnic group: Baloch 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Balochistan along with Sistan and Baluchestan 

Political party: Baloch National Movement, Baloch Republican Party, Free 

Balochistan Movement (member of the Unrepresented Nations and 

Peoples Organization) 

o Militant organisations: Baloch Liberation Army, Baloch Liberation 

Front, Baloch Republican Army 

Sindh 

Page 78 of 278

Ethnic group: Sindhi 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Sindhudesh 

Political party: Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz 

Militant organizations: Sindhudesh Liberation Army 

Palestine 

State of Judea 

 

Ethnic group: Jews 

o 

Proposed state: State of Judea 

Philippines 

Bangsamoro Region 

 

Ethnic group: Moro 

o 

Proposed state: Islamic State 

• Militant organization: Abu Sayyaf, [34][35][36] Bangsamoro Islamic 

Freedom Fighters, Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao, Maute Group 

• Advocacy group:Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement 

Cordillera Administrative Region 

 

Ethnic group: Igorot 

o Proposed autonomous area: Cordillera Autonomous 

Region or Autonomous Region of the Cordillera 

o Advocacy group: Autonomy in the Administrative Cordillera 

Movement, Cordillera People's Liberation Army, Cordillera Bodong 

Administration 

National Capital Region 

 

Proposed autonomous area: Metro Manila Autonomous Region 

Russia 

Altai Republic 

Page 79 of 278

Ethnic group: Altais 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Altai Republic 

Political party: El Kurultai 

Buryatia 

 

Ethnic group: Buryats 

o Proposed state: Buryatia 

o Political party:All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture 

Evenkia 

 

Ethnic group: Evenks 

o Proposed state: Evenkia 

Khakassia 

 

Ethnic group: Khakas 

o 

Proposed state: Khakassia 

Sakha Republic 

 

Ethnic group: Yakuts 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Sakha Republic 

Political party: Sakha-Amuk 

Tuva 

 

 

Ethnic group: Tuvans 

Proposed state: Tuva 

o 

Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front "Free 

Tuva" 

Sri Lanka 

Tamil Eelam 

 

Ethnic group: Tamil 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Tamil Eelam 

Political party: Tamil National Alliance (autonomy within Sri Lanka) 

Page 80 of 278

o 

o 

o 

Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE was 

defeated by the Sri Lankan military in 2009) 

Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam 

Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam 

Syria 

Rojava 

 

Ethnic and ethno-religious group: Kurdish, Yazidis 

Proposed states 

As-Suwayda 

o De facto autonomous region: Federation of Northern Syria – Rojava 

o Political party: Democratic Union Party 

o Militant organization: People's Defence Units 

o Political Movement: Democratic Confederalism, Democratic 

Socialism, Feminism, Ecosocialism 

 

Ethno-religious group: Druze 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Jabal Druze State 

Political parties: Progressive Socialist Party (Syria) 

Militant organizations: Jaysh al-Muwahhideen 

Aram 

 

Ethno-religious group: Arameans 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Aram 

Political parties: Aramean Democratic Organization 

Advocacy group: World Council of Arameans (Syriacs) 

Assyria 

 

Ethnic group: Assyrian 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Assyria 

Political parties: Syriac Union Party, Assyrian Democratic Organization 

Militant organizations: Syriac Military Council, Sutoro 

Advocacy groups: Assyria Council of Europe 

Syrian Turkmen 

Page 81 of 278

Ethnic group: Syrian Turkmen 

o Proposed state: Autonomous or free Bayırbucak and Northern 

Aleppo (Western Turkmeneli) or Turkey 

o 

o 

Political parties: Syrian Turkmen Assembly (official governing umbrella 

for Syrian Turkmen National Bloc and Syrian Democratic Turkmen 

Movement) 

Militant organizations: Syrian Turkmen Brigades 

Tajikistan 

Badakhshan 

 

Ethnic group: Pamiri 

o 

o 

Proposed state: United Badakhshan Peoples Republic 

Political party: Lali Badakhshon 

Thailand 

Patani 

 

Ethnic group: Malays 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Patani Darul Makrif (Negara Patani Darul Makrif) 

Militant organization: Patani United Liberation Organization 

Turkey 

Northern Kurdistan 

 

Ethnic group: Kurdish 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Kurdistan 

Political parties: Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), Peoples' Democratic 

Party (HDP) 

o Militant organizations: Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), Group of 

Communities in Kurdistan (KCK), Kurdistan Freedom 

Hawks (TAK), Democrat Party of 

Kurdistan/North(PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of 

Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP) 

Page 82 of 278

Uzbekistan 

Karakalpakstan 

 

Ethnic group: Karakalpaks 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Karakalpakstan 

Advocacy group: Free Karakalpakstan National Revival Party 

Vietnam 

Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation 

 

Ethnic group: Khmer people 

Montagnard Foundation, Inc. 

 

Ethnic group: Indigenous peoples of the Central Highlands in Vietnam 

Yemen 

South Yemen 

 

Ethnic group: Adeni Arabs, 

o 

o 

Proposed state: South Arabia, State of Aden 

De facto state: Southern Transitional Council 

• Political party: South Yemen Movement 

Hadhramaut 

 

Ethnic group: Hadhrami Arabs 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Kathiri, Qu'aiti, Wahidi Balhaf, Mahra 

De facto state: Hadhramaut Region, Protectorate of South Arabia 

• Political party: Hadhrami League 

EUROPE 

Page 83 of 278

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often 

refers to full political secession, though separatist movements may seek nothing more 

than greater autonomy or to be recognized as a national minority. 

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes 

contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria: 

1. They are active movements with active members; 


(as opposed to personal autonomy); 

3. They are citizens/peoples of the conflict area and do not come from another 

country. 


 

 

 

De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy; 

Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state; 

Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an 

area but not outright secession; 

o De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto 

autonomous control over a region; 


question, with or without control; 


to push for autonomy or secession; 

o Militant organization(s): for armed organizations; 

o Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory 

entities; 

o Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s). 

Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In 

the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free 

Alliance(EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases 

where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to 

be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active 

irredentist movements. 

Azerbaijan 


Artsakh 

 


Page 84 of 278

o 

o 

De facto state: Republic of Artsakh 

Government-in-exile: Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh 

• Militant organization: Artsakh Defense Army 

Belgium 

Autonomist Movements 

German-speaking Community 

 

People: German-speaking 

o 

Autonomous area: Eastern Belgium 

Secessionist Movements 

• Political parties: ProDG (former EFA member) 

Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region) 

 

People: Flemish Dutch 

o 

Proposed state: Flanders, Unification with the Netherlands 

Wallonia 

• Political parties: New Flemish Alliance (member of the European 

Free Alliance), Libertair, Direct, Democratisch, and Vlaams Belang 

• Movements: Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB), Overlegcentrum van 

Vlaamse Verenigingen [nl] 

• Militant organization: Order of Flemish Militants (defunct) 

• Strength: 24,35 % 

 

People: Walloons 

o 

Proposed state: Walloon Republic 

• Political parties: Walloon Rally 

 

People: French 

o 

Proposed state: Unification with the French Republic (with Brussels- 

Capital Region) 

• Political parties: Wallonia France Rally, Brussels France Rally 

Page 85 of 278

Bosnia and Herzegovina 


Republika Srpska 

 

People: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina 

o 

Proposed state: unification with Serbia 


• Political parties: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian 

Democratic Party, Serbian Radical Party, SRS "Dr. Vojislav Šešelj" 

Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia 

 

People: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina 

o 

Proposed state: Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a refounded third 

entity of Bosnia-Herzegovina (formerly unification with Croatia) 

• Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and 

Herzegovina, Croatian Democratic Union 1990, Croatian Christian 

Democratic Union 

Czech Republic 

Autonomist movements 

Moravia 

 

People: Moravian 

o 

Political parties: Moravané (EFA member) 

Denmark 

Bornholm 

 

o 

Proposed autonomous region: Bornholm 

Page 86 of 278

• Political party: Bornholm's Self-Government Party (Bornholms 

selvstyreparti) 

Faroe Islands 

 

People: Faroese 

o 

Proposed state: Faroe Islands 

• Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre 

Party, Self-Government Party 

• Movement: Faroese independence movement 

Finland 

Åland 

 

People: Åland Swedes 

o 

Proposed state: Åland 

• Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member) 

France 

Secessionist movements 

French Basque Country 

 

People: Basque 

o Proposed state: Unification with the Basque Country and Navarre – 

Euskal Herria 

• Political parties: Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Batasuna, Eusko 

Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque 

Nationalist Party). 

• Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen 

Batzordeak 

• Youth advocacy groups: Egi, Gazte Abertzaleak, Iritzarri, Segi 

• Militant organisations: ETA, Irrintzi 

Page 87 of 278

Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and parts of Pays de la 

Loire 

 

People: Bretons 

o Proposed state: Brittany 

• Advocacy groups: Celtic League 

• Political parties: Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann, Breiz Atao 

• Militant organization: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary 

Army) (ARB) 

Northern Catalonia / Roussillon (predominantly Pyrénées-Orientales) 

 

People: Catalans 

o 

Proposed state: Unification with Catalonia – Catalan Countries 

• Political parties: Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (EFA 

member), Unitat Catalana (EFA member), Candidatura d'Unitat 

Popular 

Corsica 

 

People: Corsicans 

o 

Proposed state: Corsica 

• Political party: Corsica Libera 

• Militant group: National Liberation Front of Corsica 

Savoy 

o 

Proposed state: Savoy 

• Political party: Liga de la Savouè (Savoyan League) 

Occitania 

 

People: Occitans 

o 

Proposed state: Occitania 

• Political party: Partit de la Nacion Occitana 

Provence 

Page 88 of 278

People: Provençals (Occitans) 

o 

Proposed state: Provence 

Autonomist movements 

Alsace 

• Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença 

 

People: Alsatians (Allemanics) 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Alsace 

• Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Nationalforum Elsass- 

Lothringen, Unser Land (EFA member) 

Brittany 

 

People: Bretons 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Brittany 

• Political party: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh (EFA member) 

Corsica 

 

People: Corsicans 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Corsica 

• Political party: Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member) 

Alpes-Maritimes 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: County of Nice 

• Political party: Partit Nissart (Parti niçois (fr)) 

Normandy 

 

People: Normans 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Normandy 

Page 89 of 278

• Political party: Mouvement normand 

Savoy 

 

People: Savoyans 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Savoy 

• Political party: Movement Règion Savouè (EFA member) 

Occitania 

 

People: Occitans 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Occitania 

• Political parties: Partit Occitan (EFA member), Iniciativa per 

Occitània, Anaram au Patac, Hartèra 

Georgia 

Breakaway States 

Abkhazia 

People: Abkhaz 

o 

o 

o 

De facto state with partial de jure recognition: Republic of Abkhazia 

Political organisation: Government of Abkhazia 

Militant organization: Abkhazian Armed Forces 

South Ossetia 

 

People: Ossetians 

o 

o 

o 

De facto state: with partial de jure recognition 

Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia 

Militant organization: Armed Forces of South Ossetia 

Germany 


Bavaria 

Bavaria 

Page 90 of 278

People: Bavarians 

o 

Proposed state: Free State of Bavaria 

• Political party: Bavaria Party (EFA member) 


East Frisia 

 

People: Frisians 

o 

Proposed autonomous region: East Frisia 

• Political party: Die Friesen 

Franconia 

 

People: Franconians 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Franconia 

Sorbs 

• Political party: Partei für Franken 

Lusatia 

 

People: Sorbs 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Lusatia 

• Political party: Lusatian Alliance 

North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate 

 

Proposed autonomous area: Rhineland 

Schleswig-Holstein 

 

People: Danish 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Southern Schleswig 

• Political party: South Schleswig Voter Federation 

Page 91 of 278

Baden-Württemberg 

 

People: Swabians 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Swabia 

Pomerania 

 

People: Pomeranians 

o Proposed autonomous area: Western Pomerania, Mecklenburg- 

Vorpommern 

Italy 

Friuli-Venezia Giulia 

Main article: Friulian Front 

 

People: Friulians 

o 

Proposed state: Friuli 

• Political parties: 

Separatist Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan, Patrie Furlane, Friulian 

Front, Autonomist Pact for Autonomy Lega Nord Friuli-Venezia Giulia 

 

People: Triestines 

o 

Proposed state: Free Territory of Trieste 

• Political movements: Movimento Trieste Libera; Territorio Libero di 

Trieste, Free Territory of Trieste Movement, Lega Nord 

Trieste (defuct) 

Liguria 

 

People: Ligures 

o 

Proposed state: Ligurian Republic 

• Political parties: Ligurian Independence Movement, Lega Nord 

Liguria 

Page 92 of 278

Lombardy 

 

People: Lombards 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Lombardy 

• Political parties: Independence Front Lombardy(defunct), Pro 

Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda 

Piedmont 

 

People: Piedmonteses 

o 

Proposed state: Piedmont 

• Political parties: Piedmont Padanian League, Piedmontese 

Union (defuct), Lega Nord Piemont, Movement for Piedmontese 

Regional Autonomy (defuct) 

 

Proposed autonomous region: Ossola 

o 

Political parties: Ossolan Union for Autonomy (defunct) 

 

Proposed autonomous region: Valsesia 

o 

Political parties: Valsesian Autonomist Movement (defuct) 

 

Proposed state: Padania 

o 

Political parties (autonomist): Lega Nord, Great North 

o Political parties (secessionist): Lega Nord (formerly), Lega 

Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union 

Sardinia 

 

People: Sardinians 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Sardinia 

• Political parties (autonomist): Lega Nord Sardinia, Fortza 

Paris, Sardinian Reformers 

• Political parties (secessionist): Sardinian Action Party, Sardinia 

Nation, Independence Republic of Sardinia, Project Republic of 

Sardinia, Party of Sardinians, others 

Page 93 of 278

Sicily 

 

• Militant organisations: Fronte Nazionale de Liberazione de sa 

Sardigna (defunct), Movimentu 

Nazionalista 

Sardu (defunct), Movimento Armato Sardo (defunct) 

People: Sicilians 

o 

Proposed state: Sicily 

• Political parties (autonomist): Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the 

Sicilians 

• Political parties (secessionist): Free Sicilians 

• Groups: Sicilian National Front, Sicilia Nazione, Sicilian National 

Liberation Movement. 

South Tyrol 

 

People: South Tyroleans (a subset of Tyroleans) 

o 

Proposed state: Unification with Tyrol (Austria) 

• Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen, South Tyrolean 

Freedom, Citizens' Union for South Tyrol, Lega Nord Alto Adige – 

Südtirol 

• Militant organisations: South Tyrolean Liberation 

Committee (defunct) 

Tuscany 

 

People: Tuscans 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Tuscany 

• Political parties: Lega Nord Toscana, Tuscan Identity, More 

Tuscany, Tuscan Federalist Alliance, Lega Toscana 

Trentino 

 

People: Trentinians 

o 

Proposed autonomous region: Trentino 

Page 94 of 278

• Political parties: Lega Nord Trentino 

 

People: Ladins 

o 

Proposed autonomous region: Ladinia 

• Political parties: Fassa Association, Ladin Autonomist Union 

Aosta Valley 

 

People: Valdôtains 

o 

Proposed state: annexation to Switzerland 

• Political parties: Lega Nord Valle d'Aosta, Aosta Valley Nation 

Veneto 

 

Proposed state: Republic of Venice 

o 

Political parties (autonomist): Liga Veneta, North-East Project, Veneto for 

Autonomy 

o Political parties (secessionist): Venetian Independence, We Are 

Veneto, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetian People's Unity, Party for 

Independent Veneto, Venetian Left 

Kosovo 

North Kosovo 

 

People: Kosovo Serbs 

o 

Proposed state: Re-unification with Serbia or autonomy 

• Political organizations: Assembly of the Community of 

Municipalities (status unknown), Serb List 

Moldova 


Transnistria 

 

People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans 

Page 95 of 278

o 

De facto state: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic 

• Political organisation: Government of Transnistria 

• Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria 

Proposed independent and autonomous movements 

Gagauzia 

 

People: Gagauz 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Gagauzia 

• Political organization: Gagauzian People Assembly 

Taraclia 

 

People: Bulgarians 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Taraclia 

Netherlands 


Frisia 

 

People: Frisian 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Frisia 

• Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member) 

• Status: Democratic movement seeking greater autonomy for 

Frisian-speaking people in Friesland 

Groningen 

 

People: Groningers 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Groningen 

• Political party: Groningen Centraal! 

Page 96 of 278

Limburg 

 

People: Limburgish 

o 

Proposed state: reunification with Limburg (Belgium) 

North Macedonia 

• Political party: de Limburgse Liga 

Albanian community in North Macedonia 

 

People: Albanians 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of Ilirida or unification with Albania 

Poland 


Upper Silesia 

 

People: Silesians 

o 

Proposed autonomous area or state: Silesia 

• Political party: Silesian Autonomy Movement 

Kashubia 

 

People: Kashubians 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Kashubia 

• Political party: Kaszëbskô Jednota 

Romania 

Hungarian community in Romania 

 

People: Hungarians and Székelys 

o 

Proposals for Hungarian territorial autonomy: 

• Székely Land: Székely autonomy initiatives 

• Partium 

Page 97 of 278

o 

o 

Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the 

demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 

1993. Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic 

Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for 

Hungarian autonomy. Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), 

the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and 

government and supports the case of Szekler autonomy in Szekely 

Land. It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium. 

Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council, Hungarian National 

Council of Transylvania, Liga Pro Europa, a Romanian- 

Hungarian regionalist NGO, Provincia, a group of intellectuals promoting 

regionalization of Romania. 

Other Administrative Proposals by Regionalist Organizations 

 

 

Banat 

Transylvania 

o 

o 

Political organizations: Liga Transilvania-Banat, a regionalist party led by 

Sabin Gherman. 

Advocacy organizations: Autonomy for Transylvania (AFT) campaign, it 

demands autonomy for Transylvania. Democratic League of 

Transylvania (Liga Transilvania Democrată), a regionalist NGO, an active 

supporter of the "Autonomy for Transylvania" campaign, League of 

Banat (Liga Banateana), a regionalist NGO. 

Russia 

Idel-Ural 

 

People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Tatars, Udmurts 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Idel-Ural Republic 

Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural. 

Karelia 

 

People: Karelian 

o 

Proposed state: Karelia or unification with Finland 

Tatarstan 

Page 98 of 278

People: Tatars 

o 

o 

Militant organization: All-Tatar Public Center 

Tatarstan 

Kaliningrad 

 

People: Russian 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Kaliningrad 

Proposed autonomous area: Kaliningrad 

Udmurtia 

 

People: Udmurts 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Udmurtia 

Movement: Congress of the Peoples of Udmurtia 

Russia's North Caucasus 

Insurgency in the North Caucasus 

Chechnya 

 

People: Chechens 

o 

o 

Militant organization: Chechen separatists 

Proposed state: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile) 

Circassia 

 

People: Circassians 

o 

o 

Movement: Circassian nationalism; Circassian Congress; Circassian 

Youth Initiative; Adyge Djegi; Adyghe Khase; International Circassian 

Association (member of UNPO) 

Proposed entity: Circassia, including all regions historically included in 

Circassia and/or inhabited by Circassians (note: this includes Adygea as 

well as north Kabardino-Balkaria, north Karachay–Cherkessia, southeast 

Krasnodar Krai, and south Stavropol Krai) 

Karachay-Balkaria 

Page 99 of 278

People: Balkars, Karachays 

o Movement: Various nationalist organizations in Kabardino- 

Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia 

o 

o 

Goals: Autonomy for the Karachay and Balkaria, rather than in biethnic 

republics where they must share power with Russians and Circassians 

(division of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia into smaller 

units, also popular for Circassian nationalists). Then, the unification of 

Karachay and Balkar units is advocated by some but not all nationalists 

(see Balkar and Karachai nationalism) 

Proposed autonomous republic: Karachay-Balkar Republic (includes south 

Kabardino-Balkaria and south Karachey-Cherkessia) 

Serbia 

Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia, 

proposed by the League of Social Democrats of 

Vojvodina in 1999 – the map also includes an 

autonomous Sandžak and Kosovo. 


Vojvodina 

 

 

People: Serbs, Hungarians in Serbia 

Proposed state: Republic of Vojvodina 

o Political parties: League of Social 

Democrats of Vojvodina 

Proposed autonomous area: Hungarian 

Regional Autonomy in Northern Vojvodina 

Vojvodina, Vojvodina's Party 

 

Political parties (autonomist): League of Social 

Democrats of Vojvodina, Reformists of 

o 

Proposals for Hungarian territorial autonomy in the northern part of 

Vojvodina: 

• People: Hungarians of Vojvodina 

Page 100 of 278

• Political parties: Hungarian Coalition composed of three political 

parties (Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians, Democratic Party of 

Vojvodina Hungarians, Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina 

Hungarians) 

Sandžak 

People: Bosniaks of Serbia 

Proposed autonomous province: Sandžak 

Advocacy groups (autonomist): Bosniak Democratic Party of Sandžak, List for 

Sandžak, Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak, Islamic Community in Serbia [52] 

Breakaway State 

Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija 

 

 

People: Albanians in Kosovo 

Proposed: Republic of Kosovo 

o 

De facto state: Republic of Kosovo (recognized by 53% of UN member 

states) 

• Political organisation: Government of Kosovo 

• Movement: Albanian nationalism in Kosovo 

Slovakia 


Southern Slovakia: 

 

People: Hungarians 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact 

Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian 

presence. 

• Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community, In 

2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy. 

Spain[edit] 

Further information: Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain 

Page 101 of 278

See also: List of active separatist movements in Africa § Spain 


Andalusia 

 

People: Andalusian 

o 

Proposed state: Andalusia 

• Political parties (nationalist): Partido 

Andalucista (dissolved), Bloque Andaluz de Izquierdas, Partido 

Comunista del Pueblo Andaluz 

• Political parties (secessionist): Nación Andaluza, Asamblea 

Nacional de Andalucía, Candidatura Unitaria de Trabajadores 

• Youth movements: Jaleo!!!, Juventud Independentista 

Revolucionaria Andaluza, Juventudes Andalucistas 

• Trade union: Sindicato Andaluz de Trabajadores 

Aragon 

 

People: Aragonese 

o 

Proposed state 

• Socialist: Aragon 

• Federalist: Aragon 

• Political party (nationalist): Chunta Aragonesista (EFA 

member), Tierra Aragonesa 

• Political party (secessionist): Estau Aragonés, Puyalón de 

Cuchas, 

• Youth movements: Purna Astral, Chobenalla Aragonesista 

• Trade union: Sindicato Obrero Aragonés (SOA) 

Page 102 of 278

• Other pro-independence organizations: A 

Enrestida, Sindicato d'Estudiants Independentistas y 

Revolucionarias d'Aragón (SEIRA), Bloque Independentista 

de Cuchas 

Asturias 

 

People: Asturians 

o 

Proposed state: Asturias 

• Political parties (autonomist): Partíu Asturianista, Unión 

Renovadora Asturiana 

• Political parties (nationalist): Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana (EFA 

member), Unidá, Bloque por Asturies, Compromisu por Asturies 

• Political parties (secessionist): Andecha Astur 

• Youth movements: Darréu, UNA-Mocedá, Fai! 

• Trade unions: Corriente Sindical d'Izquierda, SUATEA 

• Other pro-independence organisations: Sofitu 

Balearic Islands 

 

People: Balearics – Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry) 

o 

Proposed state: Balearic Islands – Catalan Countries (Confederation of 

Catalan States) 

• Political parties: Partit Socialista de Mallorca-Entesa 

Nacionalista (in Majorca), Més per Menorca, Més per Mallorca 

• Youth advocacy groups: Arran, Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana 

de les Illes Balears 

Basque Country (autonomous community) 

 

People: Basques 

o Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria [10] 

• Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) 

(member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko 

Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Amaiur, Aralar, Eusko Abertzale 

Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action), Batasuna (illegalised due to 

alleged terrorism support) 

Page 103 of 278

• Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen 

Batzordeak 

• Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte 

Abertzaleak, Haika (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak 

• Militant organisations: ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) (ceasefire 

since 2011), Iraultza (disbanded), Komando Autonomo 

Antikapitalistak (merged with ETA) 

Canary Islands 

 

People: Canarians 

o 

Proposed state: Republic of the Canary Islands 

• Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido 

Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva 

Canarias 

• Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Alternativa 

Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del 

Pueblo, 

• Youth movement: Azarug 

Cantabria 

 

People: Cantabrians 

o 

Proposed state: Cantabria 

• Political party: Cantabrian Nationalist Council 

• Youth movement: Regüelta (Revolt) 

• Trade union: Intersindical Cántabra 

Castile 

 

People Castilians 

o 

Proposed state: Castile 

• Political parties (autonomist): Partido Castellano PCas 

• Political parties (secessionist): Izquierda Castellana 

• Youth movements: Yesca 

Page 104 of 278

Catalonia 

 

People: Catalans 

o 

Proposal state: Catalan Republic – Catalan Countries (Confederation of 

Catalan States) (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas) 

• Political parties: 

• JuntsxCat (34/135), Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia 

Yes (32/135): coalition to stand in the Catalan parliamentary 

election, 2017 supported by Republican Left of 

Catalonia (33/135 seats in the Catalan parliament) 

and Democrats of Catalonia (3/135), Left Movement (1/135) 

and other small parties and civil organisations 

• Popular Unity Candidacy–Constituent Call, coalition to stand 

in the Catalan parliamentary election, 2015 supported 

by Popular Unity Candidacy (4/135) and other small parties 

and civil organisations 

• Political parties (autonomist): Catalunya en Comú–Podem (8/135) 

• Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium 

Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés 

Constituent, Catalunya Acció, Sobirania i Progrés, Committees for 

the Defense of the Republic 

• Youth advocacy groups: Arran, La Forja, Joventuts d'Esquerra 

Republicana de Catalunya, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut 

Nacionalista de Catalunya, Unió de Joves 

Galicia 

 

People: Galicians 

o 

Proposed state: Galicia. 

• Political party: Bloque Nacionalista Galego (Galician Nationalist 

Block) (autonomist) (EFA member), Nós-Unidade Popular (WE- 

Popular Unity) (independentist), Frente Popular Galego (Galician 

Popular Front) (independentist), Partido Galeguista (The Galician 

Party), Terra Galega Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist 

Party), Alternativa Galega de Esquedas (Galician Left Alternative) 

• Youth advocacy groups: Xeira, Galiza Nova, AGIR, CAF 

Page 105 of 278

• Militant organisation: Resistência Galega 

León 

 

People: Leonese 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Leonese region 

• Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL 

• Youth movements: Conceyu Xoven, RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa [56] 

• Advocacy groups: AGORA País Llionés 

• Militant organisations: Tierra Lleunesa 

Navarre 

 

People: Navarran or Navarrese (a subgroup of Basque people) 

o 

Proposed states: Unification with the Basque Country – Euskal Herria 

• Political parties: Geroa Bai, Bildu, Basque Nationalist 

Action, Batasuna, Euskal Herritarrok 

• Militant organisations: ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) (ceasefire 

since 2011), Iraultza (disbanded), Komando Autonomo 

Antikapitalistak (merged with ETA) 

Valencia 

 

People: Valencians – Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry) 

o 

Proposed state: Valencian Country or unification with Catalan Countries 

• Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the 

Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the 

Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist 

Left, Valencian Left 

• Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend pan- 

Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a 

Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of 

Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan 

Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom 

of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain. 

Page 106 of 278

• Youth advocacy groups: Arran, Youths of Compromís (mostly 

soveranist and non-secessionist), Youths of Republican Left of the 

Valencian Country 

• Trade union: Intersindical Valenciana 

• Other organizations: Valencian Sovereignty (Sobirania Valenciana) 

Additionally, there are a number of almost extinct secessionist or soveranist movements 

in other autonomous communities and historical territories, 

e.g. Extremadura and Murcia. 

Cartagena 

 

Proposed autonomous area: Cartagena 

o 

Political parties: Cantonal Party, Movimiento Ciudadano de Cartagena 

Extremadura 

 

People: Extremadurans 

o 

Proposed state: Extremadura 

Castilla–La Mancha 

• Political parties (sovereignist): Bloque Popular de Extremadura 

• Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Extremeña, Extremadura 

Unida 

• Trade union: Unión Extremeña de Trabajadores 

 

People: Mancheguians 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: La Mancha 

• Political parties: Movimiento Popular Manchego, Partido 

Regionalista Manchego 

Murcia 

 

People: Murcians 

o 

Proposed state: Murcia 

Page 107 of 278

• Political parties (nationalist): Partido Federal Murciano, Partido del 

País Murciano, Unión de los Pueblos de Murcia 

• Political parties (autonomist): Partido Regionalista 

Murciano, Partido Murcianista, Nueva Región, Unión Democrática 

de la Región de Murcia-Coalición Ciudadana Regional 

Local secessionist (mostly autonomist) movements 

include Aranesism, Bercianism, Cartagenism, Majorcanism, Manchego 

autonomism, Navarrism, Valencian Blaverism and Eastern Andalusian autonomism. 

Aran Valley 

 

People: Aranese (a subset of Gascon Occitans) 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Aran Valley – within Catalonia 

• Political parties: Convergència Democràtica Aranesa, Unitat 

d'Aran, Partit Renovador d'Arties-Garòs, Esquèrra Republicana 

Occitana, Partit de la Nacion Occitana, Partit Occitan 

Switzerland 


Canton of Jura or wider Jura region (including the three districts of Bernese Jura and 

the Laufen District) 

 

People: Jurassien (French-speaking) 

o 

Proposed state: Free State of Jura 

• Political party: Mouvement Indépendantiste Jurassien (Jurassian 

Independentist Movement) [60] 

Canton of Ticino 

 

People: Ticinesi (Italian-speaking) 

o 

Proposed state: Unification with Lombardy Insubria 

• Political party: Lega Sud Ticino 

• Pressure groups: Domà Nunch 

Page 108 of 278


Jura Region 

 

People: Jurassien (French-speaking) 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Unification of the three districts of Bernese 

Jura and the Laufen District with the Canton of Jura 

Ukraine 

• Militant organisations: Mouvement Autonomiste 

Jurassien (Jurassian Autonomist Movement), Groupe Bélier (Youth 

activists movement) 

A map of the 2014 pro-Russian protests and unrest in Ukraine, by 

oblast. Severity of the unrest, at its peak, is indicated by the 

colouring. 'RSA' indicates 'Regional State Administration', the 

name for the governments of the oblasts (regions) of Ukraine. 

Proposed Autonomous Regions 

Subcarpathian Ruthenia 

People: Hungarian 

Ukrainians, Rusyn Ukrainians 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Transcarpathian Regional Confederation of 

the Hungarian and Rusyn People 

• Political parties: People's Parliament Carpathian Rusyns, which 

demands autonomy of Ruthenia 

Breakaway States 

Autonomous Republic of Crimea 

 

 

People: Crimeans, Russians 

Proposed: Republic of Crimea (within the Russian Federation) 

o 

De facto state: Republic of Crimea 

Page 109 of 278

• Political organization: Pro-Russian separatists, Russian 

government 

• Movement: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation 

De facto States 

Occupied territories of Eastern Ukraine, controlled by DPR and LPR 

Luhansk Oblast (occupied areas) 

 

 

People: Russians in Ukraine 

Proposed: Luhansk People's Republic 

o 

De facto state: Luhansk People's Republic 

• Political parties: Free Donbass, New 

Russia Party 

People's Militia 

• Militant organization: Luhansk 

Donetsk Oblast (occupied areas) 

 

 

People: Russians in Ukraine 

Proposed: Donetsk People's Republic 

o 

De facto state: Donetsk People's Republic 



Northern Ireland 

• Political organisation: People's Soviet of the Donetsk People's 

Republic 

• Political parties: Donetsk Republic, Free Donbass, New Russia 

Party 

• Militant organization: Donbass People's Militia 

Page 110 of 278

People: Irish 

Proposed state: Reunification with Republic of Ireland 

Movement: United Ireland 

o Political parties: Aontú, Sinn Féin, Social Democratic and Labour 

Party, Republican Sinn Féin, Irish Republican Socialist 

Party, éirígí, Workers' Party of Ireland, Irish Republican Socialist Party. 

o Militant organisations: Real Irish Republican Army, Continuity Irish 

Republican Army, Óglaigh na hÉireann 

o 

Advocacy group: Celtic League, 32 County Sovereignty Movement 

Scotland 

 

People: Scots 

o 

Proposed state: Scotland 

• Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member), Scottish 

Green Party, RISE, Scottish Socialist Party 

• Advocacy groups: Celtic League 

Shetland 

 

People: Shetlanders 

o 

Proposed state: Unification with Norway 

Wales 

 

People: Welsh 

o 

Proposed state: Wales 


England 

• Political parties: Plaid Cymru, Cymru Annibynnol, Cymru Sovereign 

• Advocacy groups: Cymuned, Celtic League, YesCymru 

 

People: English 

Page 111 of 278

o 

Proposed autonomous area: England 

• Political parties: English Democrats, UKIP 

• Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament 

Scotland 

 

People: Scots 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Scotland 

• Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member) 

Wales 

 

People: Welsh 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Wales 

• Political parties: Plaid Cymru 

Cornwall (possibly including the Isles of Scilly) 

 

People: Cornish 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Cornwall 

• Political parties: Green Party of England and Wales, Mebyon 

Kernow (EFA member), Cornish Nationalist Party, Liberal 

Democrats 

• Advocacy groups: Celtic League, Cornish Constitutional 

Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary 

Parliament, Tyr Gwyr Gweryn, Wessex Constitutional Convention 

London 

 

People: Londoners 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: London 

Canvey Island 

 

Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island 

Page 112 of 278

o 

Political parties: Canvey Island Independent Party 

Wessex 

 

People: People of Wessex 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Wessex 

• Political parties: Wessex Regionalists 

• Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention 

Yorkshire 

 

People: People of Yorkshire 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Yorkshire 

North East England 

• Political parties: Yorkshire Party 

• Advocacy group: Yorkshire Devolution Movement 

 

People: People of North East England 

Northern Isles 

o Proposed autonomous area: North East England or Northumbria 

• Political parties: North East Party 

 

People: Shetlanders and Orcadians 

o Proposed autonomous area: Northern Isles 

• Advocates: Liam McArthur MSP, Tavish Scott MSP, and some local 

independent councillors 

Orkney 

 

People: Orcadians 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Orkney 

• Political parties: Liberal Democrats 

• Advocates: Liam McArthur MSP 

Page 113 of 278

Shetland 

 

People: Shetlanders 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Shetland 

Na h-Eileanan Siar 

• Political parties: Liberal Democrats 

• Advocates: Tavish Scott MSP, 

 

People: People of the Outer Hebrides 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Outer Hebrides 

Mercia 

 

People: People of Mercia 

o 

Proposed autonomous area: Mercia 

• Advocacy groups: Acting Witan of Mercia, Sovereign Mercia 

Independence Movements of Dependent Territories 

Isle of Man 

 

 

People: Manx 

Proposed State: Isle of Man 

o 

o 

Political party: Mec Vannin 

Advocacy group: Celtic League 

NORTH AMERICA 

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in North America. 

Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an 

autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list 

must meet three criteria: 

1. They are active movements with living, active members. 

2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic 

region. 

Page 114 of 278

3. They are the citizen/peoples of the conflict area and do not come from other 

countries. 


 

 

 











o Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations (sometimes 

called terrorist organisations) 

o Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities 

o Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s) 

Canada 


Results of the 1995 Quebec independence referendum. 

49.42% voted in favour of independence. 

Alberta 

 

Proposed state: Alberta or part as Western 

Canada 

Pacific Northwestern US and British Columbia 

 

 

Proposed state: Cascadia 

Political party: BC Cascadia Party, Cascadian Independence Party 

Newfoundland and Labrador 

 

Proposed State: Newfoundland and Labrador 

Quebec 

 

Regional group: Québécois people 

Page 115 of 278

Proposed state: Republic of Quebec 

Civil organization: Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society, Mouvement national des 

Québécois et des Québécoises (MNQ), Rassemblement pour l'indépendance du 

Québec (RIQ), Les Intellectuels pour la souveraineté (IPSO), Mouvement de 

libération nationale du Québec(MLNQ), Réseau de Résistance du 

Québecois (RRQ) 

 

 

Labor union: Confédération des syndicats nationaux (CSN), Centrale des 

syndicats du Québec (CSQ), Fédération des travailleurs du 

Québec (FTQ), Union des artistes (UDA) 

Political party: Parti Québécois, Bloc Québécois, Québec solidaire, Marxist– 

Leninist Party of Quebec 

Saskatchewan 

 

 

Proposed state: Republic of Saskatchewan or part as Western Canada 

Political party: Western Independence Party of Saskatchewan 

Western Canada 

 

 

Proposed state: Western Canada 

Political party: Western Canada Independence Party 


Alberta 

Proposed autonomous area: Alberta 

 

Political party: Freedom Conservative Party of Alberta [1] , Alberta Independence 

Party 

Quebec 

 

 

Proposed autonomous area: Quebec 

Political party: Coalition Avenir Québec, Équipe Autonomiste 

Denmark 


Greenland 

Page 116 of 278

Ethnic group: Greenlandic Inuit 

Proposed state: Greenland 

Political party: Inuit Ataqatigiit, Forward, and Inuit Party 

Mexico 

Zapatista (Chiapas) 

 

 

 

 

Ethnic group: Chiapas Mayas 

De facto autonomous area: Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities 

Political parties: Council of Good Government 

Militant organization: Zapatista Army of National Liberation 

Nicaragua 

Mosquito 

 

 

Ethnic group: Miskito people 

Proposed state: Communitarian Nation of Moskitia 

Saint Kitts and Nevis 

Nevis 

 

 

Proposed state: Dominion of Nevis. 

Political parties: Nevis Reformation Party, Concerned Citizens' Movement 

United States 


New Afrika 

• Proposed state: Republic of New Afrika 

• Ethnic group: Afro-Americans 

• Includes Louisiana, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi 

California 

 

 

 

Proposed state: Second Californian Republic/"New" California 

Pressure groups: Yes California, Californians for Independence 

Political party: California National Party 

Page 117 of 278

Cascadia (including Washington, Oregon, and the Canadian province of British 

Columbia) 

 

 

Proposed state: Cascadia 

Pressure group: Cascadia Independence Movement 

Hawaii 

 

 

 

Ethnic group: Native Hawaiians 

Pressure groups: Nation of Hawaiʻi, Office of Hawaiian Affairs 

Political party: Hawaii Independence Party 

New England 

Proposed state: Republic of New England 

Pressure group: New England Independence Campaign [7] 

Lakotah 

 

 

Proposed state: Republic of Lakotah 

Ethnic group: Lakota people 

Texas 

Proposed state: Republic of Texas 

Pressure groups: Texas Nationalist Movement, [8] Republic of Texas 

organization (defunct) 

Vermont 

Proposed state: Restoration of the Vermont Republic 

Political party: Vermont Independence Party [9][10] 

Pressure group: Second Vermont Republic and the Green Mountain Anarchist 

Collective 

Territories 

Puerto Rico 

 

 

 

 

Cultural group: Puerto Rican people 

Proposed state: Republic of Puerto Rico 

Political party: Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP) 

Pressure group: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, Movimiento Independentista 

Nacional Hostosiano (MINH), Socialist Front (FS) 

Page 118 of 278

Other 

Militant organization: Boricua Popular Army (Macheteros), Cadets of the 

Republic 

Confederate States of America 

 

 

Proposed state: Confederate States of America or Southern United States 

Pressure groups: Identity Dixie, New Confederate Army, League of the South. 

French Overseas Departments 

Martinique 

 

Proposed state: Republic of Martinique 

Political party: Martinican Progressive Party, Martinican Independence 

Movement 

OCEANIA 

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Oceania. Separatism 



criteria: 



(as opposed to personal autonomy). 

3. They are the citizen/peoples of the contested area. 

Under each region listed is one or more of the following (except for The United States 

which only has the last one): 

 

 

 









Page 119 of 278

o 

o 

o 

o 



Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations 



Australia 

Australia 

 

Ethnic group: Indigenous Australians 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Various 

Pressure groups: Aboriginal Tent Embassy, Murrawarri Republic 

Torres Strait Islands 

 

Ethnic group: Torres Strait Islanders 

Norfolk Island 

o Proposed state: Torres Strait Islands [1][2][3] 

 

Ethnic group: Norfolk Islanders 

o 

Proposed state: Norfolk Island 

Western Australia 

 

Proposed state: Western Australia 

Tasmania 

 

Proposed state: Tasmania 

o 

Pressure group: First Party of Tasmania 

Chile 

 

Rapa Nui (Easter Island) 

o 

Ethnic group: Rapa Nui 

Page 120 of 278

Fiji 

Rotuma 

 

Ethnic group: Rotuman 

o 

Proposed state: Rotuma 

France 

 

French Polynesia 

o 

Political party: Tavini Huiraatira 

 

Moorea 

o Proposed state: Republic of Hau Pakumoto [6] 

 

New Caledonia 

o 

o 

Political party: Kanak Socialist National Liberation Front (Caledonian 

Union, Party of Kanak Liberation), Kanak Socialist Liberation, Labour 

Party, Union of Pro-Independence Co-operation Committees, Renewed 

Caledonian Union 

Proposed state: Kanaky 

Federated States of Micronesia 

Chuuk 

 

Proposed state: Republic of Chuuk 

Indonesia 

Aceh 

 

Proposed state: Republic of Aceh 

o 

Militant organization: Free Aceh Movement (negotiated peace with the 

Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the 

separatism still has supporters) 

Kalimantan 

 

Proposed state: Kalimantan Borneo or Malaysia 

Page 121 of 278

South Moluccas 

 

Proposed state: South Moluccas 

o Government-in-exile: Republik Maluku Selatan (member of 


o 

Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front 

Minahasa 

 

Proposed state: Gerakan Kemerdekaan Minahasa 

West Papua 

 

 

Proposed state: Republic of West Papua or unification with Papua New Guinea 

Militant organization: Free Papua Movement 

Riau 

 

Proposed state: Riau 

Flores 

 

 

Movements: Free Flores Movement, Flores Youth Community, Free Flores 

Organization, 

Proposed state: Flores 

West Timor 

 

Proposed state: unification with East Timor 

Kiribati 

 

Banaba Island 

New Zealand 

 

Cook Islands 

o 

o 

Proposed state: Sovereign Kingdom of the Cook Islands 

Initiative by the Cook Islands Ariki which considers both the Cook Islands' 

previous status as a British protectorate and its current status as 

Page 122 of 278

associated state of New Zealand to be illegitimate. Aims to set up the 

Cook Islands as a sovereign state independent of both the United 

Kingdom and New Zealand. 

 

Māori people 

o 

o 

Political parties: Māori Party, Mana Party 

Proposed state: Republic of New Zealand 

 

Ngāi Tūhoe (Māori iwi, northeastern North Island) 

o 

Proposed state: Tūhoe Nation 

 

Otago 

o 

o 

Pressure groups: Otago Separatism Movement 

Proposed state: Otago 

The party and movement below is no longer active, move to historic article if such 

exists. 

 

South Island 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Political parties: South Island Party 

Pressure groups: South Island Independence Movement 

Proposed state: New Munster 

Proposed autonomous region: New Munster Province 

Papua New Guinea 

 

Bougainville (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) 

o 

Political party: Bougainville Revolutionary Army 

 

Bougainville & Twin Kingdom of Papa'ala and Me'ekamui 

o 

Political group: Triune Government of Bougainville 

 

New Ireland 

o 

Proposed autonomous province: New Ireland 

UNITED STATES 

Hawaii 

Page 123 of 278

Ethnic group: Native Hawaiians 

o 

Pressure groups (s): Nation of Hawaiʻi (organization), Office of Hawaiian 

Affairs, Ka Lāhui Hawaiʻi 

(The purpose of these organizations and The Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement is to 

create Native Hawaiian nations within the State of Hawaii equal to Native American 

nations, or to obtain complete independence from the USA). 

Vanuatu 

 

Malekula 

o 

Proposed state: N'Makiaute 

 

Northern islands 

o 

Proposed state: Federation Na Griamel 

SOUTH AMERICA 

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in South America. 

Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an 

autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list 

must meet three criteria: 


2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic 

region. 

3. They are citizens/peoples of the conflict area and not from another country. 


 

 

 









Page 124 of 278

o 

o 

o 

o 



Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations 



Argentina 

 

Proposed State: Patagonia 

o Pressure Group: Movimiento Independentista Patagónico [1] 

o Proposition: Secession of Argentine Patagonia. 

 

Proposed State: es:Wallmapu 

o 

o 

Pressure Group: es:Consejo de Todas las Tierras 

Proposition: Self determination for the Mapuche people. 

Bolivia 

 

Proposed State: República de Santa Cruz 

o 

o 

Pressure Group: es:Nación Camba 

Proposition: Independence of the Santa Cruz Department. 

Brazil 

 

Proposed state: São Paulo 

o 

o 

Pressure Groups: Free São Paulo (São Paulo Livre), Movimento 

República de São Paulo, Movimento São Paulo Independente. 

Proposition: To separate the São Paulo state from Brazil, creating the 

Republic of São Paulo. To organize and promote free debate and studies 

on the degree of autonomy of the State of São Paulo in the Brazilian 

federation and the current model of federalism in Brazil, as well as on the 

implementation of a new model of the Confederate States, and discuss 

foster actions aimed at bringing the public discussion of the federation, to 

foster growth stock elements of the typical culture of São Paulo, to 

organize debates and events on the political representation of the State of 

São Paulo in the current model of federation, among other actions. 

 

Proposed state: Sul 

o 

Pressure Group: The South is My Country (O Sul é o Meu País) 

Page 125 of 278

o 

Proposition: To separate the states of the southern region, Paraná, Santa 

Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul creating a federation between them. 

 

Proposed state: Republic of the People of Amazonia 

o 

o 

Pressure group: Independent Amazonia Movement 

Proposition. It claims the right to Self-determination for the Amazonian 

people to become an independent and sovereign republic before the 

international community. Currently, it intends to join the Organization of 

Nations and Unrepresented Peoples (UNPO). It works by promoting 

Amazonian culture, identity and nationalism, and raising awareness of the 

need for separation. 

Chile 

 

Proposed State: es:Wallmapu 

o 

o 

Pressure Group: es:Consejo de Todas las Tierras 

Proposition: Self determination for the Mapuche people 

Colombia 

 

Proposed state: San Andrés y Providencia 

o 

o 

Pressure groups: Archipielago Movement For Ethnic Native Self 

Determination (AMEN-SD) 

Proposition: Self determination for the Raizal people. 

France 

 

Proposed state: Republic of Amazonia 

o 

o 

Pressure groups: Decolonization and Social Emancipation Movement 

Proposition: Independence of French Guiana from France as Amazonia. 

Netherlands 

 

Proposed state: Republic of Curacao 

o 

Political parties: Movement for the Future of Curaçao 

Venezuela 

 

Proposed state: Zulia 

Page 126 of 278

o 

o 

Pressure groups: es:Rumbo Propio 

Proposition: A high degree of autonomy for the Zulia State. Considered as 

a secessionist group by Venezuelan government. 

Page 127 of 278

Page 128 of 278

VII. Active International 

Rebel Groups 

This is a list of Active Rebel Factions around the world whose domains may be subnational, 

transnational or international. A "rebel group" is defined here as a political 

group that uses armed conflict in opposition to established government or governments 

for reasons such as to seek political change or to establish or maintain or to gain 

independence. 

Groups That Control Territory 

The following rebel groups control a certain amount of land or territory. Such control 

may be contested and might be temporary or fluctuating especially within situations of 

conflict. 

It does not include the governments of stable breakaway states or other states with 

limited recognition. 

Rebel 

Group 

Al-Qaeda 

Donetsk 

People's 

Republic 

Supreme 

Political 

Council - 

(Houthi 

movement) 

Islamic State 

of Iraq and the 

Levant 

Kachin 

Independence 

Army 

Luhansk 

People's 

Republic 

Mai-Mai 

National 

Movement for 

Country 

Somalia 

Syria 

Yemen 

Ukraine 

Yemen 

Syria 

Afghanistan 

Nigeria 

Myanmar 

Ukraine 

Democratic 

Republic of 

the Congo 

Mali 

Conflict 

Somali Civil 

War 

Syrian Civil 

War 

Yemeni 

Civil War 

War in 

Donbass 

Yemeni 

Civil War 

Iraqi Civil 

War 

Syrian Civil 

War 

War in 

Afghanistan 

Boko 

Haram 

insurgency 

Kachin 

conflict 

War in 

Donbass 

Control 

since 

2006 

Territory Controlled 

Parts of southern and eastern Somalia 

Parts of Idlib Governorate, Hama 

Governorate and Aleppo Governorate 

Parts of Hadhramaut Governorate and Abyan 

Governorate. 

2014 Parts of the Donetsk region in Eastern Ukraine. 

2004 

2013 

Kivu conflict 2015 

Northern 

Mali conflict 

Houthi controlled areas in Yemen. Consisting of 

most of former North Yemen, including the 

capital Sana'a, and some minor parts of South 

Yemen. 

A pocket in the Syrian desert 

Limited territorial control in Afghanistan near 

Pakistan border 

Unclear territorial control in northeastern Nigeria, 

perhaps including numerous villages and towns 

2011 Parts of Kachin State in northern Myanmar. 

2014 Parts of the Luhansk region in Eastern Ukraine. 

Parts of north-eastern Democratic Republic of the 

Congo 

Notes 

Declared 

independence on 

7 April 2014 

The Houthi 

movement controls 

the capital of 

Yemen, but is not 

recognized by the 

international 

community. 

Designated a 

terrorist 

organization by 

the United Nations 

Military wing 

of Kachin 

Independence 

Organization 

Declared 


12 May 2014 

Headquarters 

Idlib 

Donetsk 

Sa'dah 

Laiza 

Luhansk 

2012 Parts of northern Mali Kidal 

Page 129 of 278

Rebel 

Group 

Country 

Conflict 

Control 

since 

Territory Controlled 

Notes 

Headquarters 

the Liberation 

of Azawad 

Democratic 

Federation of 

Northern Syria 

Syria 

Syrian Civil 

War 

2011 

Territories in the north and east of Syria, mostly 

north of the Euphrates River. 

Qamishli 

SPLM-IO 

South 

Sudan 

South 

Sudanese 

Civil War 

2013 Territories west of Bentiu, Unity. Pagak 

Southern 

Movement 

Yemen 

Yemeni 

Civil War 

2017 Most of the territory in South Yemen Aden 

Sudan 

Revolutionary 

Front 

Sudan 

Sudan–SRF 

conflict 

2011 Parts of South Kordofan state and Blue Nilestate. 

Syrian 

opposition 

Syria 

Syrian Civil 

War 

2011 See Cities and towns during the Syrian Civil War. 

Various groups not 

necessarily allied, 

but difficult to say 

which group 

controls which 

areas. 

Jarablus 

Naxalites 

India 

Naxalite– 

Maoist 

insurgency 

1967 

Span parts of Andhra 

Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya 

Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana, Uttar 

Pradesh and West Bengal states. 

Aims to destroy 

the Indian union 

and state 

machinery and 

establish several 

independent 

socialist states. 

Red corridor 

Taliban 

Afghanistan 

War in 

Afghanistan 

1996 40% of Afghanistan 

Taliban controlled 

territory is also 

shared with Uzbek 

Islamists. 

Quetta 

United Wa 

State Army 

Myanmar 

Internal 

conflict in 

Myanmar 

1989 

Northeastern Myanmar; Wa Self-Administered 

Division. 

Military wing of 

the United Wa 

State Party 

Pangkham 

Republic of 

Logone 

Central 

African 

Republic 

Central 

African 

Republic 

Civil War 

2015 Northern CAR 

Kaga- 

Bandoro 

Republic of 

West Papua 

Indonesia 

Papua 

conflict 

2017 Parts of Western New Guinea. 

Declared 


1 July 1971 

Rebel 

Zapatista 

Autonomous 

Municipalities 

Mexico 

Chiapas 

conflict 

1994 Parts of northern Chiapas. 

Established 

various de 

factoautonomous 

socialist regions. 

Oventik 

Rebel groups by state 

Rebel groups are listed by the states within which they operate. 

International 

Rebel Group Country Conflict Size 

Allied Democratic 

Forces(ADF) 

Al-Qaeda 

Democratic 

Republic of Congo 

Uganda 

Algeria 

Bangladesh 

Burkina Faso 

Chad 

Egypt 

Indonesia 

Allied Democratic 

Forces insurgency 

Kivu conflict 

War in Afghanistan 

Al-Qaeda 

insurgency in 

Yemen 



1,000– 

2,000 

31,400+– 

57,600+~ 

Establish 

year 

Ideology/ideologies Notes Ref(s) 

1996 Islamist 

1988 

Wahhabism 

Salafist jihadism 

Qutbism 

Pan-Islamism 

Anti-Communism 

Anti-Zionism 

Page 130 of 278

Rebel Group Country Conflict Size 

Islamic State of Iraq 

and the Levant (ISIL) 

Iraq 

Israel 

Kenya 

Lebanon 

Libya 

Malaysia 

Mali 

Mauritania 

Morocco 

Myanmar 

Niger 

Nigeria 

Pakistan 

Russia 

Somalia 

Syria 

Tunisia 

Yemen 

Algeria 

Bangladesh 

Burkina Faso 

Syria 

Iraq 

Libya 

Egypt 

Yemen 

Saudi Arabia 

Pakistan 

Afghanistan 

Russia 

Philippines 

Malaysia 

Jordan 

Lebanon 

Maldives 

Indonesia 

Somalia 

Mali 

Niger 

Iran 

Democratic 


Congo 

India 

Nigeria 

Thailand 

Turkey 

Tunisia 

Chad 

Maghreb 

Northern Mali 

conflict 

Insurgency in 

Balochistan 

War in North-West 

Pakistan 


Syrian Civil War 

Insurgency in 

Egypt 


North Caucasus 

War in Afghanistan 



Maghreb 

Northern Mali 

conflict 

War in North-West 

Pakistan 


Syrian Civil War 

Insurgency in 

Egypt 



Turkey–ISIL 

conflict 

Sinai insurgency 

Moro insurgency in 

the Philippines 

Iraqi insurgency 


Second Libyan 

Civil War 

Boko Haram 

insurgency 



Gaza–Israel 

conflict 

Establish 

year 

Unknown 1999 

Ideology/ideologies Notes Ref(s) 

Anti-semitism 

Salafism 

Salafi jihadism 

 

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Abu Sayyaf (ASG) 

Army of the Islamic State 

Boko Haram 

Free Sunnis of Baalbek Brigade 

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 

Islamic State in Somalia 

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Algeria Province 

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Caucasus Province 

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province 

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Libya Province 

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Sinai Province 

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Yemen Province 

Page 131 of 278

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind 

Mujahidin Indonesia Timur (MIT) 

Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem 

Sons of the Call for Tawhid and Jihad 

City of Monotheism and Monotheists (MTM) 

Maute Group 

Ansar Khalifah Philippines 

 

 

 

Jama'at al-Jihad al-Islami (Islamist) 

Jemaah Islamiyah (Islamist) 

Kurdistan Workers' Party 

o 

o 

People's Defence Forces 

Free Women's Units 

 

 

 

Lord's Resistance Army 

Syrian opposition 

Taliban 

Afghanistan 

 

 

 

 

 

Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (Islamist) 

Taliban 

o Dadullah Front 



Fidai Mahaz (2013–present) (Islamist) 

Haqqani Network 

Algeria 

 

 

Al-Qaeda (Salafi jihadist) 

o Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (also operates Morocco, Mauritania, 

Niger and Mali (sometimes "Al Qaeda in the Sahel") [37][38] 

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (Salafi jihadist) 

o Algeria Province 

Angola 

 

Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (various factions) 

(separatist nationalist) 

Page 132 of 278

Argentina 

 

Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche 

Burkina Faso 

 

 

Al-Qaeda (Salafi jihadist) 

Ansar ul Islam 

Cameroon 

 

Ambazonia 


Séléka 

 

 

 

 

 

Convention of Patriots for Justice and Peace 

Patriotic Convention for Saving the Country 

Democratic Front of the Central African People 

Popular Front for Recovery 

Union of Democratic Forces for Unity 


Chile 

Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco 

China 

East Turkestan Islamic Movement 

Colombia 

 

 

 

 

 

The Black Eagles (right-wing paramilitary) 

Indigenous Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Pacific (Indigenous rights) 

National Liberation Army (ELN) (Marxist) 

Popular Liberation Army (EPL) (Hoxhaist) 

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) (Marxist) 


 

 

 

M27 

Mai-Mai 

National Forces of Liberation 

Page 133 of 278

RUD-Urunana 

Nyatura 

FDLR 

Mai Mai Sheka 

Mai Mai Yakutumba 

Raia Mutomboki 

FNI 

FRPI 

FPJC 

Mai-Mai Simba 

UPC 

Forces for Renewal 

Mai Mai Yakutumba 

Mai Mai Kata Katanga 

Mai Mai Gédéon 

CORAK 

CPK 

ADF 

o NALU 


Kamwina Nsapu militia 

Bundu dia Kongo (BDK) (Kongo nationalism) 


o City of Monotheism and Monotheists (MTM) 

Egypt 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Al Furqan Brigades 

Al-Qaeda 

o Al-Qaeda in Sinai Peninsula 

Ansar al-Sharia 

Egyptian Islamic Jihad 

The Hasm Movement 


o Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem 

o Sinai Province 

Soldiers of Egypt 

Eritrea 

 

 

 

 

Democratic Front for Eritrean Unity 

Democratic Movement for the Liberation of the Eritrean Kunama 

Red Sea Afar Democratic Organisation 

SPDM 

Ethiopia 

Page 134 of 278

Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front 

Ethiopian People's Patriotic Front 

Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia 

Ogaden National Liberation Front 

Oromo Liberation Front 

Sidama Liberation Front 

France 

 

 

Comité Régional d'Action Viticole (Winemaker) 

National Liberation Front of Corsica (Corsican nationalism) 

Greece 

 

 

 

 

 

Black Star (leftist/anarchist) 

Conspiracy of Fire Nuclei (leftist/anarchist) 

Popular Fighters Group (leftist/anarchist) 

Revolutionary Struggle (leftist/anarchist) 

Sect of Revolutionaries (leftist/anarchist) 

India 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Communist Party of India (Maoist) (Communist) 

Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (Islamist) 

Hizbul Mujahideen (Islamist) 

International Sikh Youth Federation (Sikh) 

Jaish-e-Mohammed (Islamist) 

Indian Mujahideen 

Khalistan Commando Force (Sikh) 

Khalistan Zindabad Force (Sikh) 

Lashkar-e-Taiba (also in Pakistan) (Islamist) 

Maoist Communist Party of Manipur 

National Socialist Council of Nagaland – Isaac-Muivah 

Students Islamic Movement of India (Islamist) 

United Jihad Council (Islamist) 

United Liberation Front of Assam (separatist) 

Indonesia 

 

 

 

 

 

Jemaah Islamiyah (also known to operate in other parts of South East Asia such 

as Singapore and the Philippines) (JI) (Islamist) 

Free Aceh Movement (separatist) 

South Moluccas (separatist) 

Free Papua Movement (separatist) 

Mujahidin Indonesia Timur (MIT) (Islamist) 

Page 135 of 278

Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid (JAT) (Islamist) 

Jamaah Ansharusy Syariah (JAS) (Islamist) 

Jamaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD) (Islamist) 

Iran 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz (Arab nationalist) 

Communist Party of Iran (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist) 

Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (Democratic socialist/Kurdish nationalist) 

Iran Liberation Front 

Jaish ul-Adl (Salafi jihadist) 

Jundullah (Salafi jihadist) 

Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan (Kurdish nationalism/Revolutionary socialism) 

Kurdistan Free Life Party (Democratic Confederalism/Kurdish nationalism) 

Kurdistan Freedom Party (Kurdish nationalism) 

People's Mujahedin of Iran (Islamic Marxism) 

Iraq 


 

 

Group 

Strength 

Military 

80,000-100,000 

Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah 

Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 100,000 

Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 5,000 

Islamic Army of Iraq 10,000 

General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 

Ireland 

 

 

Continuity Irish Republican Army: 1994–present (separatist/Irish nationalist) 

Real IRA: 1997–present (separatist/Irish nationalist) 

Italy 

 

Informal Anarchist Federation (leftist/anarchist) 

Lebanon 

 

 

 

 

Hezbollah 

Al-Qaeda 

Al-Nusra Front 


Libya 

 

Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries 

Page 136 of 278

Mali 


Libya Shield 1 

February 17th Martyrs Brigade 

Rafallah al-Sahati Brigade 

New General National Congress 

Libya Shield Force 

Libya Revolutionaries Operations Room 

Islamic State 

ISIL in Libya 

Zintan Brigade 

Brigade 93 

Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya 

Group 

Strength 

National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad 10,000 

Ansar Dine 2,000 

Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa 

al-Qaeda 

 

al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb 


Boko Haram 

Ansar al-Sharia (Mali) 

800 

Mexico 

 

 

Popular Revolutionary Army (Maoism) 

Zapatista Army of National Liberation (anarcho-communist) 

Mozambique 

 

 

Renamo 

Ansar al-Sunna 

Myanmar (Burma) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) 

DKBA-5 

Shan State Army – North (SSA-N) 

Shan State Army – South (SSA-S) 

United Wa State Army (UWSA) 

United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC) 

o 

o 

o 

Kachin Independence Organization (KIO/KIA) (Ethnic/Self determination) 

Arakan Army (AA) 

New Mon State Party (NMSP) 

Page 137 of 278

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Shan State Army-North (SSA-N) (SSPP /SSA) 

Karen National Union (KNU) (ethnic/Democratic) 

Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) 

Chin National Front (CNF) 

Lahu Democratic Union (LDU) 

Arakan National Council (ANC), Arakan Liberation Army (ALA) 

Pa-O National Liberation Organisation (PNLO) 

Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF) 

Wa National Organisation (WNO) 

Nigeria 


West African Province 

Ansaru 

Group 

Strength 

15,000 

Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta 15,000 

Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force 

Niger Delta Liberation Front 2,500 

Niger Delta Avengers 1,800 

Biafra Avengers 200 

Red Egbesu Water Lions 500 

Asawana Deadly Force of Niger Delta (ADFND) 350 

Adaka Biafra Marine Commandos 100 

Utorogun Liberation Movement (ULM) 57 

Joint Niger Delta Liberation Force 150 

Fulani herdsmen 24000 

Joint Revolutionary Council of the Joint Niger Delta Liberation Force (JNDLF) 2000 

Red Scorpion 150 

Ultimate Warriors of Niger Delta 85 

Niger Delta Red Squad 400 

Niger Delta Vigilante 4,000 

Pakistan 

Baloch Republican Army (Baloch nationalism) 

Balochistan Liberation Army (Baloch nationalism) 

Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (Deobandi/Wahabi Islam) 

Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (Deobandi Islam) 

Jamaat-ul-Ahrar 

Fedayeen al-Islam (Deobandi Islam) 


Jundallah (Pakistan) 

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (also operated in Kyrgyzstan) 

(Deobandi/Wahabi Islam) 

Lashkar-e-Islam (Deobandi Islam) 

Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (Deobandi/Wahabi) Sectarian) 

Page 138 of 278

Sipah-e-Sahaba (Deobandi/Wahabi Sectarian) 

Lashkar-e-Omar (Deobandi/Wahabi Islam) 

Palestine 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hamas 

o Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades 

Palestinian Islamic Jihad 

o Al-Quds Squads 

Popular Resistance Committees 

o Abu Samhadana clan 

Army of Islam (Gaza Strip) 

Fatah Revolutionary Council 


Army of the Islamic State 

Paraguay 

 

 

 

Paraguayan People's Army (EPP) 

Armed Peasant Association (ACA) (only remnants still active) 

Army of Marshal López (Ejército del Mariscal López, EML) 

Peru 

Shining Path 

Philippines 

New People's Army 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Moro National Liberation Front 

Moro Islamic Liberation Front 


Abu Sayyaf 

Maute Group 

Rajah Sulaiman movement 

Jemaah Islamiyah 

Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters 

Ansar Khalifa Philippines 

Republic of the Congo 

 

Ninjas 

Page 139 of 278

Russia 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Caucasus Emirate 

Kataib al-Khoul 

Arab Mujahideen in Chechnya 

Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs 

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Caucasus Province 

Vilayat Nokhchicho 

Ingush Jamaat 

Shariat Jamaat 

Yarmuk Jamaat 

Senegal 

 

Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance 

South Sudan 

 

 

 

 

 

Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement-in-Opposition 

South Sudan Liberation Movement 

Nuer White Army 

South Sudan Democratic Movement 


Sudan 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Alliance of Revolutionary Forces of West Sudan 

Beja Congress 

Eastern Front 

Liberation and Justice Movement 

National Movement for Reform and Development 

National Redemption Front 

Rashaida Free Lions 

Sudan Revolutionary Front 

o 

o 

o 

Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North 

Justice and Equality Movement 

Sudan Liberation Movement/Army 

 

Sudanese Awakening Revolutionary Council 

Syria 

Page 140 of 278

Main Coalitions 

 

Syrian Interim Government 

Group 


 

Islamic Front 

 

 

Military 

o 

Jaysh al-Islam 

Ahrar ash-Sham 

Al-Khansaa Brigade 

People's Protection Units 

Women's Protection Units 

show 

Free Syrian Army 

al-Qaeda 

 

 

al-Nusra Front 

Khorasan 

Authenticity and Development Front 

Jaysh Usud al-Sharqiya 

Strength 

50,000 

50,000 

47,000 

40,000 

15,000 

13,000 

Jabhat al-Akrad 7,000 

Levant Front 

Fastaqim Kama Umirt 

Abdullah Azzam Brigade 

Sutoro 

Syriac Military Council 

Shammar 

Asayish 

Thailand 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Barisan Revolusi Nasional 

Gerakan Mujahidin Islam Patani 

Islamic Liberation Front of Patani 

Jemaah Islamiyah 

Patani United Liberation Organisation 

Runda Kumpulan Kecil 

Tunisia 

 

 

 

 


o Wilayat Tarabulus 


Al-Qaeda 

o Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) 

Okba Ibn Nafaa Brigade 

Page 141 of 278

Turkey 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Civil Protection Units 

Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist (Maoist Party Centre) 

Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front 

Islamic Party of Kurdistan 


o Dokumacılar 

Kurdistan Communities Union 

Kurdistan Freedom Hawks 

Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement 

o Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist 

o Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist 

o Devrimci Karargâh 

o Kurdistan Workers' Party 

• People's Defence Forces 

• Free Women's Units 

• YDG-H 

o Maoist Communist Party 

o Marxist–Leninist Communist Party 

o Marxist–Leninist Armed Propaganda Unit 

Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front 

Turkish Hezbollah 

Turkish Islamic Jihad 

Uganda 

 

 

Lord's Resistance Army (operates mainly in northern Uganda, but also in parts 

of Sudan and D.R. of the Congo). 

Allied Democratic Forces (Also active in Democratic Republic of the Congo) 

Ukraine 

Group 

Donetsk People's Republic 

Luhansk People's Republic 

Strength 

10,000–20,000 


 

 

 

 

 

 

Continuity Irish Republican Army: 1994–present (separatist/Irish nationalist) 

Real Irish Republican Army: 1997–present (separatist/Irish nationalist) 

Orange Volunteers: 1998–present (Ulster loyalist/sectarian) 

Real Ulster Freedom Fighters: 2007–present (Ulster loyalist/sectarian) 

Red Hand Defenders: 1998–present (Ulster loyalist/sectarian) 

Irish Republican Liberation Army 2008–present (separatist/Irish nationalist) 

Page 142 of 278

Uzbekistan 

 


Yemen 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen 

Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 

o Ansar al-Sharia 

Aden-Abyan Islamic Army 

Islamic Jihad of Yemen 

Al-Shabaab (militant group) 

Houthis 


Wilayat Sanaa 

Wilayat Aden-Abyan 

Wilayah Lahij 

Wilayah Green Brigade 

Wilayah al-Bayda 

Wilayah Shabwah 

Wilayah Ataq 

Wilayah Hadramawt 

Southern Movement 

Southern Resistance 

Alliance of Yemeni Tribes 

Hadhramaut Tribal Alliance 

Page 143 of 278

Page 144 of 278

VIII. Designated International 

Terrorist Groups 

This is a list of Designated Terrorist Groups by national governments, former 

governments, and inter-governmental organizations, where the proscription has a 

significant effect on the group's activities. Many organizations that are accused of being 

a terrorist organization deny using terrorism as a military tactic to achieve their goals, 

and there is no international consensus on the legal definition of terrorism. Some 

organizations have multiple wings or components, one or more of which may be 

designated as terrorist while others are not. 

This listing does not include unaffiliated individuals accused of terrorism, which are 

considered under lone wolf terrorism. This list also excludes groups which might be 

widely considered terrorist, but who are not officially so designated according to the 

criteria specified above. 

This list is not all inclusive. For more inclusive lists, including people, entities 

(corporations), and specific vehicles, refer to lists under Process of designation. 

There are near about 210 recognized terrorist organizations. 

Organizations Currently Officially Designated 

as Terrorist by Various Governments 

The list includes references to organizations 

associated with Al-Qaeda by the United Nations. 

= officially designated as terrorist 

Organization 

A 

U 

S 

C 

A 

N 

E 

G 

Y 

E 

U 

IN 

D 

IR 

N 

IS 

R 

J 

P 

N 

K 

A 

Z 

N 

Z 

L 

C 

H 

N 

P 

H 

L 

R 

O 

C 

R 

O 

K 

R 

U 

S 

S 

A 

U 

T 

U 

N 

T 

U 

R 

U 

K 

R 

U 

A 

E 

U 

K 

U 

N 

U 

S 

A 

V 

N 

M 

Abdull 

ah 

Azzam 

Brigad 

es 

Abu 

Nidal 

Organi 

zation 

Abu 

Sayyaf 

Aden- 

Abyan 

Islami 

c 

Army 

Ajnad 

Misr 

Akhil 

Bharat 

Nepali 

Ekta 

Samaj 

Page 145 of 278

Page 146 of 278 

al- 

Aqsa 

Found 

ation 

al- 

Aqsa 

Martyr 

s' 

Brigad 

es 

Al- 

Badr 

al- 

Jama' 

a 

al- 

Islami 

yya 

Al 

Ghura 

baa 

al- 

Haram 

ain 

Found 

ation 

Al- 

Itihaad 

al- 

Islami 

ya 

Al- 

Moura 

bitoun 

Al- 

Nusra 

Front 

al- 

Qaeda 

al- 

Qaeda 

in the 

Arabia 

n 

Penins 

ula 

al- 

Qaeda 

in the 

Indian 

Subco 

ntinent 

al- 

Qaeda 

in the 

Islami 

c 

Maghr 

eb 

Al- 

Shaba 

ab 

Takfir 

wal- 

Hijra 

Al- 

Umar- 

Mujahi 

deen 

All 

Tripur 

a 

Tiger 

Force 

Ansar 

al- 

Sharia 

(Libya) 

Ansar 

al- 

Sharia 

(Tunisi 

a) 

Ansar 

al- 

Islam 

Jamaa 

t 

Ansar 

al- 

Sunna

Page 147 of 278 

Ansar 

Bait 

al- 

Maqdi 

s 

Ansar 

Dine 

Ansar 

ul 

Islam 

Ansar 

u 

Armed 

Islami 

c 

Group 

of 

Algeri 

a 

Army 

of 

Islam 

Army 

of the 

Men of 

the 

Naqsh 

bandi 

Order 

Asa'ib 

Ahl al- 

Haq 

Osbat 

al- 

Ansar 

Aum 

Shinrik 

yo 

Badr 

Organi 

zation 

Babba 

r 

Khalsa 

Intern 

ational 

Baloch 

istan 

Liberat 

ion 

Army 

Boko 

Haram 

Cauca 

sus 

Emirat 

e 

Comm 

ittee 

for 

Charit 

y and 

Solida 

rity 

with 

Palesti 

ne 

Comm 

unist 

Party 

of 

India 

(Marxi 

st– 

Lenini 

st) 

Comm 

unist 

Party 

of the 

Philipp 

ines/ 

New 

Peopl 

e's 

Army 

Comm 

unist 

Party 

of 

Turkey 

/Marxi

Page 148 of 278 

st– 

Lenini 

st 

Consp 

iracy 

of Fire 

Nuclei 

Contin 

uity 

Irish 

Repub 

lican 

Army 

Cuma 

nn na 

mBan 

Deend 

ar 

Anjum 

an 

Donet 

sk 

Peopl 

e's 

Repub 

lic 

Dukht 

aran- 

e- 

Millat 

East 

Turkes 

tan 

Inform 

ation 

Center 

East 

Turkes 

tan 

Islami 

c 

Party 

East 

Turkes 

tan 

Liberat 

ion 

Organi 

zation 

Egypti 

an 

Islami 

c 

Jihad 

ETA 

Fianna 

Éirean 

n 

Force 

17 

Great 

Easter 

n 

Islami 

c 

Raider 

s' 

Front 

Grey 

Wolve 

s 

Gülen 

move 

ment 

Hama 

s 

Hama 

s – Al- 

Qassa 

m 

Brigad 

es 

Haqqa 

ni 

networ 

k 

Harak 

at 

Hezbo 

llah al- 

Nujab

Page 149 of 278 

a 

Harkat 

-ul- 

Jihad 

al- 

Islami 

Harkat 

-al- 

Jihad 

al- 

Islami 

in 

Bangl 

adesh 

Harkat 

-ul- 

Mujahi 

deen 

Harak 

at-Ul- 

Mujahi 

deen/ 

Alami 

Harak 

at 

Sham 

al- 

Islam 

Hams 

Move 

ment 

Hezbe 

Islami 

Gulbu 

ddin 

Hezbo 

llah 

Irish 

Repub 

lican 

Army 

Kurdis 

h 

Hezbo 

llah 

Hezbo 

llah 

(Militar 

y 

Wing) 

Hezbo 

llah 

(Exter 

nal 

Securi 

ty 

Organi 

sation) 

Hezbo 

llah Al- 

Hejaz 

Hilafet 

Devleti 

Hizb 

ut- 

Tahrir 

Hizbul 

Mujahi 

deen 

Hofsta 

d 

Netwo 

rk 

Holy 

Land 

Found 

ation 

for 

Relief 

and 

Devel 

opmen 

t 

Houthi 

s 

Indian 

Mujahi 

deen 

Intern 

ational

Page 150 of 278 

Sikh 

Youth 

Feder 

ation 

Irish 

Nation 

al 

Liberat 

ion 

Army 

Irish 

Peopl 

e's 

Liberat 

ion 

Organi 

sation 

Islami 

c 

Jihad 

– 

Jamaa 

t 

Mujahi 

deen 

Islami 

c 

Jihad 

Union 

Islami 

c 

Move 

ment 

of 

Uzbeki 

stan 

Intern 

ational 

Union 

of 

Musli 

m 

Schola 

rs 

Islami 

c 

Revol 

utionar 

y 

Guard 

s 

Corps 

Islami 

c 

State 

of Iraq 

and 

the 

Levant 

Islami 

c 

State 

of Iraq 

and 

the 

Levant 

– 

Cauca 

sus 

Provin 

ce 

Islami 

c 

State 

of Iraq 

and 

the 

Levant 

– 

Khora 

san 

Provin 

ce 

Islami 

c 

State 

of Iraq 

and 

the 

Levant 

– 

Libya

Page 151 of 278 

Provin 

ce 

Islami 

c 

State 

of Iraq 

and 

the 

Levant 

– 

Yeme 

n 

Provin 

ce 

Jaish- 

e- 

Moha 

mmed 

Jaish 

al- 

Muhaji 

reen 

wal- 

Ansar 

Jamaa 

t 

al 

Dawa 

al 

Quran 

Jama' 

at 

Nasr 

al- 

Islam 

wal 

Musli 

min 

Jamaa 

t 

Ul- 

Furqu 

an 

Jamaa 

t-ul- 

Ahrar 

Jamaa 

t-ul- 

Mujahi 

deen 

Bangl 

adesh 

Jamiat 

al- 

Islah 

al- 

Idzhti 

mai 

Jamiat 

ul- 

Ansar 

Jamiat 

-e 

Islami 

Jemaa 

h 

Islami 

yah 

Jamaa 

h 

Ansha 

rut 

Tauhid 

Jund 

al- 

Aqsa 

Jund 

al- 

Khilafa 

h 

Jund 

al- 

Sham 

Jundal 

lah 

Kach 

and 

Kahan 

e Chai 

Kangl 

eipak 

Comm 

unist 

Party

Page 152 of 278 

Katiba 

t 

al- 

Imam 

al- 

Bukha 

ri 

Kangl 

ei 

Yawol 

Kanna 

Lup 

Kata'ib 

Hezbo 

llah 

Khalist 

an 

Comm 

ando 

Force 

Khalist 

an 

Zindab 

ad 

Force 

Khudd 

am ul- 

Islam 

Komal 

a 

Korea 

n 

Peopl 

e's 

Army 

Ku 

Klux 

Klan 

Kurdis 

tan 

Comm 

unities 

Union 

Kurdis 

tan 

Demo 

cratic 

Party/ 

North 

Kurdis 

tan 

Freed 

om 

Hawks 

Kurdis 

tan 

Worke 

rs' 

Party 

Lashk 

ar-e- 

Taiba 

Lashk 

ar-e- 

Jhang 

vi 

Liberat 

ion 

Tigers 

of 

Tamil 

Eelam 

Libyan 

Islami 

c 

Fightin 

g 

Group 

Loyali 

st 

Volunt 

eer 

Force 

Lugan 

sk 

Peopl 

e's 

Repub 

lic 

Majeli 

s 

Mujahi 

din

Page 153 of 278 

Indone 

sia 

Manip 

ur 

Peopl 

e’s 

Liberat 

ion 

Front 

Maoist 

Comm 

unist 

Centre 

of 

India 

Marxis 

t– 

Lenini 

st 

Comm 

unist 

Party 

Moroc 

can 

Islami 

c 

Comb 

atant 

Group 

Move 

ment 

for 

Onene 

ss and 

Jihad 

in 

West 

Africa 

Mujahi 

din 

Indone 

sia 

Timur 

Mujahi 

deen 

Shura 

Counc 

il 

in 

the 

Enviro 

ns 

of 

Jerusa 

lem 

Musli 

m 

Brothe 

rhood 

Nation 

al 

Action 

Nation 

al 

Demo 

cratic 

Front 

of 

Bodol 

and 

Nation 

al 

Liberat 

ion 

Army 

Nation 

al 

Liberat 

ion 

Front 

of 

Tripur 

a 

Orang 

e 

Volunt 

eers 

Palesti 

ne 

Liberat 

ion 

Front 

Palesti 

nian

Islami 

c 

Jihad 

Palesti 

nian 

Relief 

Devel 

opmen 

t Fund 

– 

Interp 

al 

Party 

of 

Free 

Life of 

Kurdis 

tan 

Peopl 

e's 

Congr 

ess of 

Ichkeri 

a and 

Dages 

tan 

Peopl 

e's 

Liberat 

ion 

Army 

of 

Manip 

ur 

Peopl 

e's 

Mujah 

edin of 

Iran 

Peopl 

e's 

Revol 

utionar 

y 

Party 

of 

Kangl 

eipak 

Popul 

ar 

Front 

for the 

Liberat 

ion of 

Palesti 

ne 

Popul 

ar 

Front 

for the 

Liberat 

ion of 

Palesti 

ne – 

Gener 

al 

Comm 

and 

Promi 

sed 

Day 

Brigad 

e 

Provisi 

onal 

Irish 

Repub 

lican 

Army 

Quds 

Force 

Real 

Irish 

Repub 

lican 

Army 

Red 

Hand 

Comm 

ando 

Red 

Hand 

Page 154 of 278

Page 155 of 278 

Defen 

ders 

Revol 

utionar 

y 

Armed 

Forces 

of 

Colom 

bia 

Revol 

utionar 

y 

Organi 

zation 

17 

Nove 

mber 

Revol 

utionar 

y 

Party 

of 

Kurdis 

tan 

Revol 

utionar 

y 

Peopl 

e's 

Liberat 

ion 

Party– 

Front 

Revol 

utionar 

y 

Strugg 

le 

Saor 

Éire 

The 

Saved 

Sect 

Tevhid 

- 

Selam 

(Al- 

Quds 

Army) 

Saray 

a 

al- 

Ashtar 

Saray 

a 

al- 

Mukht 

ar 

Shinin 

g 

Path [13 

0] 

Shura 

Counc 

il 

of 

Bengh 

azi 

Revol 

utionar 

ies [131] 

Sipah- 

e- 

Sahab 

a 

Pakist 

an 

Societ 

y 

of 

the 

Reviva 

l 

of 

Islami 

c 

Herita 

ge 

[17] 

Stichti 

ng 

Al 

Aqsa 

Stude 

nts 

Islami 

c 

Move

Page 156 of 278 

ment 

of 

India 

Supre 

me 

Militar 

y 

Majlis 

ul- 

Shura 

of the 

United 

Mujahi 

deen 

Forces 

of 

Cauca 

sus 

Tahrir 

al- 

Sham 

Taliba 

n 

Tehre 

ek-e- 

Nafaz- 

e- 

Sharia 

t-e- 

Moha 

mmadi 

Tehrik 

-i- 

Taliba 

n 

Pakist 

an 

[9] 

Tamil 

Nadu 

Liberat 

ion 

Army 

Tamil 

Nation 

al 

Retrie 

val 

Troop 

s 

Tanzi 

m 

Third 

Repub 

lic 

of 

Vietna 

m 

Ulster 

Defen 

ce 

Associ 

ation 

Ulster 

Volunt 

eer 

Force 

United 

Liberat 

ion 

Front 

of 

Assam 

United 

Nation 

al 

Liberat 

ion 

Front 

United 

Self- 

Defen 

se 

Forces 

of 

Colom 

bia 

United 

States 

Centra 

l 

Comm 

and

Vangu 

ards of 

Conqu 

est 

Việt 

Tân 

Worke 

rs' 

Party 

of 

Korea 

World 

Tamil 

Move 

ment 

World 

Uygur 

Youth 

Congr 

ess 

Yarmo 

uk 

Martyr 

s 

Brigad 

e 

Organizations Officially Designated as Terrorist In The Past 

Below is the list of organizations that have officially been designated as terrorist in the 

past, by the respective parties, but have since been delisted. 

Organization 

EU RSA UK US IND 

African National 

Congress 

Aum Shinrikyo 

United Self- 

Defense Forces of 

Colombia 

Democratic Front 

for the Liberation of 

Palestine 

Fatah 

Hynniewtrep 

National Liberation 

Council 

Kach and Kahane 

Chai 

Japanese Red 

Army 

Khmer Rouge 

? – 18 July 

2011 

? – 18 July 

2011 

16 December 

1961- 11 

February 1990 

? – 12 July 

2010 

August 1988 – 

2008 

2001-2014 

10 August 1997 

– 10 August 

1999 

16 November 

2000 – 2011 

8 October 1997 

– 8 October 

2001 


– 8 October 

1999 

Page 157 of 278

Organization 

EU RSA UK US IND 

Manuel Rodríguez 

Patriotic Front 


– 8 October 

1999 

People's Mujahedin 

of Iran 

May 2002 – 

26 January 

2009 

28 March 

2001 – 24 

June 2008 

8 July 1997 – 

28 September 

2012 

National Council of 

Resistance of Iran 

15 August 

2003 – 28 

September 

2012 

Palestine 

Liberation Front 

? – 12 July 

2010 

Palestine 

Liberation 

Organization 

1988 – 

1991 

Revolutionary 

Nuclei 


– 18 May 2009 

Túpac Amaru 

Revolutionary 

Movement 


– 8 October 

2001 

Red Brigades 

August 1970 

– ? 

Revolutionary 

Armed Forces of 

Colombia 

2001 – 13 

November 

2017 

Unified Communist 

Party of Nepal 

(Maoist) 

? – 6 

September 

2012 

Process of Designation 

Among the countries that publish a list of designated terrorist organizations, some have 

a clear established procedure for listing and delisting, and some are opaque. The 

Berghof Foundation argues that opaque delisting conditions reduce the incentive for the 

organization to abandon terrorism, while fuelling radicalism. 

Australia 

Since 2002, the Australian Government maintains a list of terrorist organizations under 

the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Act 2002. Listing, de-listing and relisting 

follows a protocol that mainly involves the Australian Security Intelligence 

Organization and the Attorney-General's Department. 

Page 158 of 278

Canada 

Since December 18, 2001, section 83.05 of the Canadian Criminal Code allows 

the Governor in Council to maintain a list of entities that are engaged in terrorism, 

facilitating it, or acting on behalf of such an entity. 

Entities are reviewed by the Minister and the Chief Justice of the Federal Court, and 

finally published in the Canada Gazette. The list is also published on the website 

of Public Safety Canada. 

European Union 

The European Union has two lists of designated terrorist organizations that provide for 

different sanctions for the two groups. The first list is copied from the United Nations, 

and the second is an autonomous list. 

Autonomous List 

All other designated organizations 

 

 

the freezing of all funds, other financial assets and economic resources. 

ban on directly or indirectly making funds, other financial assets and economic 

resources available. 

It is important to note that sanctions are only applicable to EU-external groups 

regardless of designation. For example, 47 groups are listed as terrorist organizations in 

the EU but sanctions are only applied to 27 of these. Member States do have an 

obligation to assist each other in preventing and combating terrorist acts but this is the 

only action that follows from the designation of an EU-internal organization. 

European Union list of terrorist groups and individuals, 25 June 2012. 

Listing Process 

New organizations are added to the autonomous list following this process: 

1. "Designation": Member states and third party states tips about an organization. 

This state must have solid evidence and must the tip must be sent by the 

national authority. 

2. Scrutiny: The Presidency, or a delegation, gathers basic information, and might 

require more information from the tipping state. 

Page 159 of 278

3. Consultations: Information is shared with other member states for discussion. 

Everything is still confidential. 15 days after, delegates of the states meet as the 

CP 931 Working Party, Europol is sometimes invited too. 

4. Recommendation: The CP 931 Working Party prepares the listing decision. 

5. Decision by EU Council: The council adopts the list. The decision must be 

unanimous, which means that every state has a veto right. 

6. Official Publishing: In the EU Official Journal 

7. Notification and Statement of Reason: The council secretariat notifies each 

designated organization via mail, together with instructions on how to get the 

decision to be reconsidered. 

Delisting Process 

The EU has similar process to review the list, and to remove organizations for the list. 

India 

Under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, the Ministry of Home Affairs maintains a 

list of banned organizations: List of organisations banned by the Government of India. 

Korea 

 

 

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea outlawed the Aum Shinrikyo as a 

terrorist group. 

The Republic of Korea, however, has not yet listed a number of designated 

terrorist groups. Such groups banned under the National Security Act include, for 

example, the Workers' Party of Korea (the ruling party of North Korea) and al- 

Qaeda. 

Myanmar 

In Myanmar (formerly Burma), the Anti-Terrorism Central Committee is responsible for 

designating terrorist organizations in accordance with the country's counter-terrorism 

law. Designations must be approved by the union government before being official. The 

only group on Myanmar's terror list is the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army, declared on 

25 August 2017 in accordance with the counter-terrorism law. 

New Zealand 

The New Zealand Police are responsible for coordinating any requests to the Prime 

Minister for designation as a terrorist entity. The designation of terrorist organizations is 

Page 160 of 278

also guided by the Terrorism Suppression Act 2002. New Zealand also abides by 

several United Nations resolutions dealing with counter-terrorism including UN 

Resolutions 1267, 1989, 2253, 1988, and 1373. 

People's Republic of China 

The Ministry of Public Security maintains a list of terrorist organizations on its 

website mps.gov.cn. This list has been translated to English by the Embassy of the 

People's Republic of China in the US. 

Philippines 

The first group to be officially listed as a terrorist organization under the Human Security 

Act of 2007 is the Abu Sayyaf on September 10, 2015 by the Basilan provincial court. 

In December 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte reportedly issued a proclamation 

declaring the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) and its armed wing, the New 

People's Army(NPA), as terrorist organizations. The proclamation was made in 

accordance with the Human Security Act and the Terrorism Financing Prevention and 

Suppression Act. 

Historically the CPP-NPA has been considered as an "organized conspiracy" by the 

Philippines Government. The label was placed on the CPP's predecessor, the Partido 

Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 and its armed group the Hukbalahap in 20 June 1957 

through the Anti Subversion Act or Republic Act No. 1700. The law covered any 

succeeding organizations of the PKP-1930 and the Hukbalahap which includes the 

CPP-NPA. Being a member of groups covered by the law is considered illegal. On 

October 1992, Fidel Ramos signed a law repealing the Anti-Subversion law. 

Russia 

A single federal list of organizations recognized as terrorist is used by the Supreme 

Court of the Russian Federation. The National Anti-Terrorism Committee maintains a 

list of terrorist organizations on its website nac.gov.ru, named "Federal United list of 

Terrorist Organizations". 

Serbia 

Serbian authorities and their Yugoslav predecessors regard the Kosovo Liberation 

Army (KLA) as a terrorist group. 

Tajikistan 

In 2015, the Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan was banned in Tajikistan as a 

terrorist organization. 

Page 161 of 278

Ukraine 

In Ukraine, the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics are designated as terrorist 

organizations. Ukrainian authorities claim that the two organizations are made up of a 

rigid hierarchy, financing channels and supply of weapons with the purpose of 

deliberately propagating violence, seizing hostages, carrying out subversive activity, 

assassinations, and the intimidation of citizens. 

United Nations 

The United Nations does not have a general list of all terrorist organizations. Instead, it 

has several lists focusing on a particular context. 

UN 1267 Regime List 

The UN 1267 regime list is focused on Al-Qaeda, the Taliban and their associates 

 

 

 

 

prohibition of sale or transfer of arms and related materiel. 

the freezing of funds and other financial assets or resources. 

the prevention of entry onto or transit through the territories of member states. 

a prohibition on provision of technical assistance or training in military matters or 

in the manufacture or maintenance of arms and related materiel. 

The EU provides exceptions to the implementation of relevant asset-freezing sanctions 

per UN resolution 1452 (2002). Upon request, a competent national authority may 

determine to release funds on the following grounds if, within the time limit provided for, 

there has been no objection made, or a release has been explicitly approved, by the UN 

Sanctions Committee. 

 

 

necessary to cover basic expenses, intended for the payment of professional 

fees for legal services or for the payment of fees or services in relation to the 

maintenance of frozen funds or assets 

necessary for extraordinary expenses 


 

 

United Kingdom Government's Proscribed terrorist groups 

Text of the Terrorism Act 2000 as in force today (including any amendments) 

within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. . 

United States 

 

 

United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations 

Terror Exclusion List (TEL) 

Page 162 of 278

Executive Order 13224 blocking Terrorist Property and a summary of the 

Terrorism Sanctions Regulations (Title 31 Part 595 of the U.S. Code of Federal 

Regulations), Terrorism List Governments Sanctions Regulations (Title 31 Part 

596 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations), and Foreign Terrorist 

Organizations Sanctions Regulations (Title 31 Part 597 of the U.S. Code of 

Federal Regulations) 

US Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control, 'What you 

need to know about U.S. Sanctions' 

US Department of State Terrorist Designation Lists 

US Department of State Country Reports on Terrorism 2008 

United States Department of State. "Individuals and Entities Designated by the 

State Department Under E.O. 13224". Retrieved 17 July 2011. 

U.S. Department of Homeland Security – Terrorist Organization Reference Guide 

January 2004 

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IX. Current Travel Advisories 

Advisory Level Date Updated 

North Macedonia Travel Level 1: Exercise Normal 

Advisory 

Precautions 

December 26, 2018 

Nauru Travel Advisory 

Level 1: Exercise Normal 

Precautions 

April 2, 2019 

Palau Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Burma (Myanmar) Travel Level 2: Exercise Increased 

Advisory 

Caution 

March 26, 2019 

Worldwide Caution Caution January 15, 2019 

Afghanistan Travel Advisory Level 4: Do Not Travel April 9, 2019 

Albania Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

June 18, 2018 

Algeria Travel Advisory 

Level 2: Exercise Increased 

Caution 

April 9, 2019 

Andorra Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

August 28, 2018 

Angola Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

April 9, 2019 

Anguilla Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

May 7, 2019 

Antarctica Travel Advisory 


Caution 

January 10, 2019 

Antigua and Barbuda Travel Level 1: Exercise Normal 

Advisory 

Precautions 

February 26, 2019 

Botswana Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Cabo Verde Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Comoros Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

May 2, 2019 

Djibouti Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Equatorial Guinea Travel Level 1: Exercise Normal 

Advisory 

Precautions 


Guinea Travel Advisory 


Caution 


Lesotho Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Namibia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Eswatini Travel Advisory Level 1: Exercise Normal December 14, 2018 

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Precautions 

Australia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Brunei Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

October 17, 2018 

Fiji Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


French Polynesia Travel Level 1: Exercise Normal 

Advisory 

Precautions 

March 25, 2019 

Hong Kong Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Japan Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Kiribati Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Macau Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Mongolia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


New Caledonia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

April 1, 2019 

New Zealand Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

November 15, 2018 

Papua New Guinea Travel Level 2: Exercise Increased 

Advisory 

Caution 

April 9, 2019 

Samoa Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Austria Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

November 16, 2018 

Belarus Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

June 18, 2018 

Belgium Travel Advisory 


Caution 


Bulgaria Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Croatia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Cyprus Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

June 18, 2018 

Czech Republic Travel Level 1: Exercise Normal 

Advisory 

Precautions 


Denmark Travel Advisory 


Caution 

June 21, 2018 

Estonia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

August 17, 2018 

Finland Travel Advisory Level 1: Exercise Normal September 27, 2018 

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France Travel Advisory 

Germany Travel Advisory 

Greece Travel Advisory 

Hungary Travel Advisory 

Iceland Travel Advisory 

Precautions 


Caution 


Caution 


Precautions 


Precautions 


Precautions 

April 1, 2019 

June 19, 2018 

July 10, 2018 

August 17, 2018 

July 13, 2018 

Ireland Travel Advisory 

Level 1: Exercise Normal November 6, 

Precautions 

2018 

Latvia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

July 30, 2018 

Lithuania Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

June 18, 2018 

Luxembourg Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Malta Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

June 27, 2018 

Montenegro Travel Advisory 

Level 1: Exercise Normal December 31, 

Precautions 

2018 

Netherlands Travel Advisory 

Level 2: Exercise Increased September 28, 

Caution 

2018 

Norway Travel Advisory 

Level 1: Exercise Normal September 13, 

Precautions 

2018 

Poland Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Portugal Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

May 28, 2019 

Romania Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

August 3, 2018 

Serbia Travel Advisory 

Level 2: Exercise Increased December 31, 

Caution 

2018 

Slovakia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Slovenia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Spain Travel Advisory 


Caution 

March 18, 2019 

Sweden Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

March 29, 2019 

Switzerland Travel Advisory Level 1: Exercise Normal September 18, 

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Precautions 2018 

United Kingdom Travel Advisory 


Caution 

April 22, 2019 

Kazakhstan Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

April 3, 2019 

United Arab Emirates Travel Level 1: Exercise Normal 

Advisory 

Precautions 

May 17, 2019 

Aruba Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Barbados Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

March 7, 2019 

Belize Travel Advisory 


Caution 


Bermuda Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba Level 1: Exercise Normal 

Travel Advisory 

Precautions 


Brazil Travel Advisory 

Level 2: Exercise Increased February 6, 

Caution 

2019 

Cayman Islands Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Curacao Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


French West Indies Travel Advisory 

Level 1: Exercise Normal February 25, 

Precautions 

2019 

Montserrat Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2019 

Saint Kitts and Nevis Travel Level 1: Exercise Normal 

Advisory 

Precautions 

May 7, 2019 

Saint Lucia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

April 15, 2019 

Sint Maarten Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Saint Vincent and The Grenadines 



Precautions 

February 26, 

2019 

Trinidad and Tobago Travel Advisory 


Caution 

April 9, 2019 

South Sudan Travel Advisory Level 4: Do Not Travel April 9, 2019 

Turks and Caicos Islands Travel 

Advisory 


Caution 

February 25, 

2019 

Grenada Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2019 

Guatemala Travel Advisory 


Caution 

2019 

Guyana Travel Advisory 


Caution 

May 17, 2018 

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Haiti Travel Advisory Level 4: Do Not Travel April 9, 2019 

Honduras Travel Advisory Level 3: Reconsider Travel 

September 20, 

2018 

India Travel Advisory 


Caution 

March 8, 2019 

Indonesia Travel Advisory 


Caution 


Iran Travel Advisory Level 4: Do Not Travel April 9, 2019 

Iraq Travel Advisory Level 4: Do Not Travel May 15, 2019 

Israel, The West Bank and Gaza 



Caution 

December 28, 

2018 

Italy Travel Advisory 


Caution 

2018 

Jamaica Travel Advisory 


Caution 

April 15, 2019 

Jordan Travel Advisory 


Caution 

2018 

Kenya Travel Advisory 

Level 2: Exercise 

Increased Caution 

April 9, 2019 

North Korea (Democratic People's 

December 19, 

Level 4: Do Not Travel 

Republic of Korea) Travel Advisory 

2018 

South Korea Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Kosovo Travel Advisory 



May 25, 2018 

Kuwait Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

May 17, 2019 

The Kyrgyz Republic Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

April 3, 2019 

Laos Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

July 11, 2018 

Lebanon Travel Advisory 

Level 3: Reconsider 

Travel 

April 9, 2019 

Liberia Travel Advisory 

Level 1: Exercise Normal January 7, 

Precautions 

2019 

Libya Travel Advisory Level 4: Do Not Travel April 9, 2019 

Madagascar Travel Advisory 



July 31, 2018 

Malawi Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Malaysia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

April 9, 2019 

Maldives Travel Advisory 



May 2, 2019 

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Mali Travel Advisory Level 4: Do Not Travel April 9, 2019 

Marshall Islands Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Mauritania Travel Advisory 

Level 3: Reconsider November 29, 

Travel 

2018 

Mauritius Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Mexico Travel Advisory 



April 9, 2019 

Micronesia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Moldova Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

July 10, 2018 

Morocco Travel Advisory 



April 2, 2019 

Mozambique Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2019 

Nepal Travel Advisory 

Level 2: Exercise January 8, 

Increased Caution 2019 

Nicaragua Travel Advisory 


Travel 

April 3, 2019 

Niger Travel Advisory 


Travel 

April 9, 2019 

Nigeria Travel Advisory 


Travel 

April 9, 2019 

Oman Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

May 17, 2019 

Pakistan Travel Advisory 


Travel 

April 9, 2019 

Panama Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

May 3, 2019 

Paraguay Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2019 

Peru Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

July 11, 2018 

Philippines Travel Advisory 



April 9, 2019 

Qatar Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

May 17, 2019 

Russia Travel Advisory 



April 9, 2019 

Rwanda Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2019 

Sao Tome and Principe Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2019 

Saudi Arabia Travel Advisory Level 2: Exercise May 17, 2019 

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Senegal Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

April 25, 2019 

Seychelles Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Sierra Leone Travel Advisory 

Level 2: Exercise December 4, 


Singapore Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Solomon Island Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2019 

Somalia Travel Advisory Level 4: Do Not Travel April 9, 2019 

South Africa Travel Advisory 

Level 2: Exercise October 19, 


Sri Lanka Travel Advisory 


Travel 

April 26, 2019 

Sudan Travel Advisory Level 4: Do Not Travel April 11, 2019 

Suriname Travel Advisory 

Level 1: Exercise Normal October 19, 

Precautions 

2018 

Syria Travel Advisory Level 4: Do Not Travel April 9, 2019 

Taiwan Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2019 

Tajikistan Travel Advisory 


Caution 

August 3, 2018 

Tanzania Travel Advisory 


Caution 

2019 

Thailand Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Timor-Leste Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Togo Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

May 22, 2019 

Tunisia Travel Advisory 


Caution 


Turkey Travel Advisory Level 3: Reconsider Travel April 9, 2019 

Turkmenistan Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

April 15, 2019 

Tuvalu Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2019 

Uganda Travel Advisory 


Caution 

April 9, 2019 

Ukraine Travel Advisory 


Caution 

April 9, 2019 

Uruguay Travel Advisory Level 1: Exercise Normal January 29, 2019 

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Precautions 

Uzbekistan Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Vanuatu Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

March 21, 2019 

Venezuela Travel Advisory Level 4: Do Not Travel April 9, 2019 

Vietnam Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Yemen Travel Advisory Level 4: Do Not Travel April 9, 2019 

Zambia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Zimbabwe Travel Advisory 


Caution 

May 14, 2019 

French Guiana Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


British Virgin Islands Travel Level 1: Exercise Normal 

Advisory 

Precautions 

May 7, 2019 

Tonga Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Argentina Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Armenia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Azerbaijan Travel Advisory 


Caution 

2018 

The Bahamas Travel Advisory 


Caution 

April 15, 2019 

Bahrain Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

May 17, 2019 

Bangladesh Travel Advisory 


Caution 

April 9, 2019 

Benin Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

May 23, 2019 

Bhutan Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Bolivia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

May 8, 2019 

Bosnia and Herzegovina Travel Level 2: Exercise Increased 

Advisory 

Caution 

June 21, 2018 

Burkina Faso Travel Advisory Level 3: Reconsider Travel April 9, 2019 

Burundi Travel Advisory Level 3: Reconsider Travel August 29, 2018 

Cambodia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Cameroon Travel Advisory 


Caution 

April 9, 2019 

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Canada Travel Advisory 


Precautions 


Central African Republic Travel 

Advisory 

Level 4: Do Not Travel April 9, 2019 

Chad Travel Advisory Level 3: Reconsider Travel January 30, 2019 

Chile Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

August 27, 2018 

China Travel Advisory 


Caution 


Colombia Travel Advisory 


Caution 

April 9, 2019 

Costa Rica Travel Advisory 

Level 1: Exercise Normal September 4, 

Precautions 

2018 

Cote d'Ivoire Travel Advisory 


Caution 

2018 

Cuba Travel Advisory 


Caution 

August 23, 2018 

Dominica Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

May 7, 2019 

Dominican Republic Travel Level 2: Exercise Increased 

Advisory 

Caution 

April 15, 2019 

Ecuador Travel Advisory 


Caution 

April 9, 2019 

Egypt Travel Advisory 


Caution 

February 6, 2019 

El Salvador Travel Advisory Level 3: Reconsider Travel January 29, 2019 

Eritrea Travel Advisory 


Caution 

2019 

Ethiopia Travel Advisory 


Caution 

May 13, 2019 

Gabon Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2019 

The Gambia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2018 

Georgia Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

April 9, 2019 

Ghana Travel Advisory 


Precautions 

2019 



Level 3: Reconsider Travel April 9, 2019 

Republic of the Congo Travel Level 2: Exercise Increased 

Advisory 

Caution 

April 18, 2019 

Guinea-Bissau Travel Advisory Level 3: Reconsider Travel April 25, 2019 

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X. References 

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-go_area 

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Health_Initiatives 

3. https://www.thenation.com/article/children-warzone-conflict/ 

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-fly_zone 

5. https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html/ 

6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts 

7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Africa 

8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Asia 

9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Europe 

10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_North_America 

11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Oceania 

12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_South_America 

13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_rebel_groups 

14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups 

15. https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/socstud/global_issues/peace.pdf 

16. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/574b/d695bce3d8a207caf58db1fd97b97895103b.pdf 

17. 

http://cdn.peaceopstraining.org/course_promos/picr/peacekeeping_and_international_conflict 

_resolution_english.pdf 

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Attachment A 

Peace and Conflict 

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Attachment B 

Understanding International Conflict 

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Attachment C 

Peacekeeping 

and International Conflict Resolution 

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Page 253 of 278


The e-Advocate Quarterly 

Page 254 of 278

Issue Title Quarterly 

Vol. I 2015 The Fundamentals 

I 

The ComeUnity ReEngineering 

Project Initiative 

Q-1 2015 

II The Adolescent Law Group Q-2 2015 

III 

Landmark Cases in US 

Juvenile Justice (PA) 

Q-3 2015 

IV The First Amendment Project Q-4 2015 

Vol. II 2016 Strategic Development 

V The Fourth Amendment Project Q-1 2016 

VI 


Juvenile Justice (NJ) 

Q-2 2016 

VII Youth Court Q-3 2016 

VIII 

The Economic Consequences of Legal 

Decision-Making 

Q-4 2016 

Vol. III 2017 Sustainability 

IX The Sixth Amendment Project Q-1 2017 

X 

The Theological Foundations of 

US Law & Government 

Q-2 2017 

XI The Eighth Amendment Project Q-3 2017 

XII 

The EB-5 Investor 

Immigration Project* 

Q-4 2017 

Vol. IV 2018 Collaboration 

XIII Strategic Planning Q-1 2018 

XIV 

The Juvenile Justice 

Legislative Reform Initiative 

Q-2 2018 

XV The Advocacy Foundation Coalition Q-3 2018 

Page 255 of 278

XVI 

for Drug-Free Communities 


Juvenile Justice (GA) 

Q-4 2018 

Page 256 of 278


Vol. V 2019 Organizational Development 

XVII The Board of Directors Q-1 2019 

XVIII The Inner Circle Q-2 2019 

XIX Staff & Management Q-3 2019 

XX Succession Planning Q-4 2019 

XXI The Budget* Bonus #1 

XXII Data-Driven Resource Allocation* Bonus #2 

Vol. VI 2020 Missions 

XXIII Critical Thinking Q-1 2020 

XXIV 

The Advocacy Foundation 

Endowments Initiative Project 

Q-2 2020 

XXV International Labor Relations Q-3 2020 

XXVI Immigration Q-4 2020 

Vol. VII 2021 Community Engagement 

XXVII 

The 21 st Century Charter Schools 

Initiative 

Q-1 2021 

XXVIII The All-Sports Ministry @ ... Q-2 2021 

XXIX Lobbying for Nonprofits Q-3 2021 

XXX 

XXXI 

Advocacy Foundation Missions - 

Domestic 

Advocacy Foundation Missions - 

International 

Q-4 2021 

Bonus 

Page 257 of 278

Vol. VIII 

2022 ComeUnity ReEngineering 

XXXII 

The Creative & Fine Arts Ministry 

@ The Foundation 

Q-1 2022 

XXXIII The Advisory Council & Committees Q-2 2022 

XXXIV 

The Theological Origins 

of Contemporary Judicial Process 

Q-3 2022 

XXXV The Second Chance Ministry @ ... Q-4 2022 

Vol. IX 2023 Legal Reformation 

XXXVI The Fifth Amendment Project Q-1 2023 

XXXVII The Judicial Re-Engineering Initiative Q-2 2023 

XXXVIII 

The Inner-Cities Strategic 

Revitalization Initiative 

Q-3 2023 

XXXVIX Habeas Corpus Q-4 2023 

Vol. X 2024 ComeUnity Development 

XXXVX 

The Inner-City Strategic 

Revitalization Plan 

Q-1 2024 

XXXVXI The Mentoring Initiative Q-2 2024 

XXXVXII The Violence Prevention Framework Q-3 2024 

XXXVXIII The Fatherhood Initiative Q-4 2024 

Vol. XI 2025 Public Interest 

XXXVXIV Public Interest Law Q-1 2025 

L (50) Spiritual Resource Development Q-2 2025 

Page 258 of 278

LI 

Nonprofit Confidentiality 

In The Age of Big Data 

Q-3 2025 

LII Interpreting The Facts Q-4 2025 

Vol. XII 2026 Poverty In America 

LIII 

American Poverty 

In The New Millennium 

Q-1 2026 

LIV Outcome-Based Thinking Q-2 2026 

LV Transformational Social Leadership Q-3 2026 

LVI The Cycle of Poverty Q-4 2026 

Vol. XIII 2027 Raising Awareness 

LVII ReEngineering Juvenile Justice Q-1 2027 

LVIII Corporations Q-2 2027 

LVIX The Prison Industrial Complex Q-3 2027 

LX Restoration of Rights Q-4 2027 

Vol. XIV 2028 Culturally Relevant Programming 

LXI Community Culture Q-1 2028 

LXII Corporate Culture Q-2 2028 

LXIII Strategic Cultural Planning Q-3 2028 

LXIV 

The Cross-Sector/ Coordinated 

Service Approach to Delinquency 

Prevention 

Q-4 2028 

Page 259 of 278

Vol. XV 2029 Inner-Cities Revitalization 

LXIV 

LXV 

LXVI 

Part I – Strategic Housing 

Revitalization 

(The Twenty Percent Profit Margin) 

Part II – Jobs Training, Educational 

Redevelopment 

and Economic Empowerment 

Part III - Financial Literacy 

and Sustainability 

Q-1 2029 

Q-2 2029 

Q-3 2029 

LXVII Part IV – Solutions for Homelessness Q-4 2029 

LXVIII 

The Strategic Home Mortgage 

Initiative 

Bonus 

Vol. XVI 2030 Sustainability 

LXVIII Social Program Sustainability Q-1 2030 

LXIX 

The Advocacy Foundation 

Endowments Initiative 

Q-2 2030 

LXX Capital Gains Q-3 2030 

LXXI Sustainability Investments Q-4 2030 

Vol. XVII 2031 The Justice Series 

LXXII Distributive Justice Q-1 2031 

LXXIII Retributive Justice Q-2 2031 

LXXIV Procedural Justice Q-3 2031 

LXXV (75) Restorative Justice Q-4 2031 

LXXVI Unjust Legal Reasoning Bonus 

Page 260 of 278

Vol. XVIII 2032 Public Policy 

LXXVII Public Interest Law Q-1 2032 

LXXVIII Reforming Public Policy Q-2 2032 

LXXVIX ... Q-3 2032 

LXXVX ... Q-4 2032 

Page 261 of 278

The e-Advocate Monthly Review 

2018 

Transformational Problem Solving January 2018 

The Advocacy Foundation February 2018 

Opioid Initiative 

Native-American Youth March 2018 

In the Juvenile Justice System 

Barriers to Reducing Confinement April 2018 

Latino and Hispanic Youth May 2018 


Social Entrepreneurship June 2018 

The Economic Consequences of 

Homelessness in America S.Ed – June 2018 

African-American Youth July 2018 


Gang Deconstruction August 2018 

Social Impact Investing September 2018 

Opportunity Youth: October 2018 

Disenfranchised Young People 

The Economic Impact of Social November 2018 

of Social Programs Development 

Gun Control December 2018 

2019 

The U.S. Stock Market January 2019 

Prison-Based Gerrymandering February 2019 

Literacy-Based Prison Construction March 2019 

Children of Incarcerated Parents April 2019 

Page 262 of 278

African-American Youth in The May 2019 

Juvenile Justice System 

Racial Profiling June 2019 

Mass Collaboration July 2019 

Concentrated Poverty August 2019 

De-Industrialization September 2019 

Overcoming Dyslexia October 2019 

Overcoming Attention Deficit November 2019 

The Gift of Adversity December 2019 

2020 

The Gift of Hypersensitivity January 2020 

The Gift of Introspection February 2020 

The Gift of Introversion March 2020 

The Gift of Spirituality April 2020 

The Gift of Transformation May 2020 

Property Acquisition for 

Organizational Sustainability June 2020 

Investing for Organizational 

Sustainability July 2020 

Biblical Law & Justice TLFA August 2020 

Gentrification AF September 2020 

Environmental Racism NpA October 2020 

Law for The Poor AF November 2020 

… 

Page 263 of 278

2021 

Biblically Responsible Investing TLFA – January 2021 

International Criminal Procedure LMI – February 2021 

Spiritual Rights TLFA – March 2021 

The Theology of Missions TLFA – April 2021 

Legal Evangelism, Intelligence, 

Reconnaissance & Missions LMI – May 2021 

The Law of War LMI – June 2021 

Generational Progression AF – July 2021 

Predatory Lending AF – August 2021 

The Community Assessment Process NpA – September 2021 

Accountability NpA – October 2021 

Nonprofit Transparency NpA – November 2021 

Redefining Unemployment AF – December 2021 

2022 

21 st Century Slavery AF – January 2022 

Acquiesce to Righteousness TLFA – February 2022 

ComeUnity Capacity-Building NpA – March 2022 

Nonprofit Organizational Assessment NpA – April 2022 

Debt Reduction AF – May 2022 

Case Law, Statutory Law, 

Municipal Ordinances and Policy ALG – June 2022 

Organizational Dysfunction NpA - July 2022 

Institutional Racism Collab US – August 2022 

Page 264 of 278

The Ripple Effects of Ministry TLFA - September 2022 

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 NpA – October 2022 

Organized Crime (In The New Millennium) ALG – May 2022 

Nonprofit Marketing NpA – June 2022 

The Uniform Code of Military Justice AF – July 2022 

Community Policing NpA – August 2022 

Wills, Trusts & Estates AF – September 2022 


I. Ten Conflicts to Watch In 

The New Millennium LMI – October 2022 

II. International Hotspots LMI – November 2022 

III. International Cyber Terrorism LMI – December 2022 

2023 

IV. International Sex Trafficking LMI – January 2023 

V. Brexit LMI – February 2023 

VI. Global Jihad LMI – March 2023 

VII. The Global Economy LMI – April 2023 

… 

Page 265 of 278

The e-Advocate Quarterly 

Special Editions 

Crowdfunding Winter-Spring 2017 

Social Media for Nonprofits October 2017 

Mass Media for Nonprofits November 2017 

The Opioid Crisis in America: January 2018 

Issues in Pain Management 

The Opioid Crisis in America: February 2018 

The Drug Culture in the U.S. 

The Opioid Crisis in America: March 2018 

Drug Abuse Among Veterans 

The Opioid Crisis in America: April 2018 

Drug Abuse Among America’s 

Teens 

The Opioid Crisis in America: May 2018 

Alcoholism 

The Economic Consequences of June 2018 

Homelessness in The US 

The Economic Consequences of July 2018 

Opioid Addiction in America 

Page 266 of 278

The e-Advocate Journal 

of Theological Jurisprudence 

Vol. I - 2017 

The Theological Origins of Contemporary Judicial Process 

Scriptural Application to The Model Criminal Code 

Scriptural Application for Tort Reform 

Scriptural Application to Juvenile Justice Reformation 

Vol. II - 2018 

Scriptural Application for The Canons of Ethics 

Scriptural Application to Contracts Reform 

& The Uniform Commercial Code 

Scriptural Application to The Law of Property 

Scriptural Application to The Law of Evidence 

Page 267 of 278

Legal Missions International 

Page 268 of 278


Vol. I 2015 

I 

II 

God’s Will and The 21 st Century 

Democratic Process 

The Community 

Engagement Strategy 

Q-1 2015 

Q-2 2015 

III Foreign Policy Q-3 2015 

IV 

Public Interest Law 

in The New Millennium 

Q-4 2015 

Vol. II 2016 

V Ethiopia Q-1 2016 

VI Zimbabwe Q-2 2016 

VII Jamaica Q-3 2016 

VIII Brazil Q-4 2016 

Vol. III 2017 

IX India Q-1 2017 

X Suriname Q-2 2017 

XI The Caribbean Q-3 2017 

XII United States/ Estados Unidos Q-4 2017 

Vol. IV 2018 

XIII Cuba Q-1 2018 

XIV Guinea Q-2 2018 

XV Indonesia Q-3 2018 

XVI Sri Lanka Q-4 2018 

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Vol. V 2019 

XVII Russia Q-1 2019 

XVIII Australia Q-2 2019 

XIV South Korea Q-3 2019 

XV Puerto Rico Q-4 2019 


Vol. VI 2020 

XVI Trinidad & Tobago Q-1 2020 

XVII Egypt Q-2 2020 

XVIII Sierra Leone Q-3 2020 

XIX South Africa Q-4 2020 

XX Israel Bonus 

Vol. VII 2021 

XXI Haiti Q-1 2021 

XXII Peru Q-2 2021 

XXIII Costa Rica Q-3 2021 

XXIV China Q-4 2021 

XXV Japan Bonus 

Vol VIII 2022 

XXVI Chile Q-1 2022 

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The e-Advocate Juvenile Justice Report 

______ 

Vol. I – Juvenile Delinquency in The US 

Vol. II. – The Prison Industrial Complex 

Vol. III – Restorative/ Transformative Justice 

Vol. IV – The Sixth Amendment Right to The Effective Assistance of Counsel 

Vol. V – The Theological Foundations of Juvenile Justice 

Vol. VI – Collaborating to Eradicate Juvenile Delinquency 

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The e-Advocate Newsletter 

Genesis of The Problem 

Family Structure 

Societal Influences 

Evidence-Based Programming 

Strengthening Assets v. Eliminating Deficits 

2012 - Juvenile Delinquency in The US 

Introduction/Ideology/Key Values 

Philosophy/Application & Practice 

Expungement & Pardons 

Pardons & Clemency 

Examples/Best Practices 

2013 - Restorative Justice in The US 

2014 - The Prison Industrial Complex 

25% of the World's Inmates Are In the US 

The Economics of Prison Enterprise 

The Federal Bureau of Prisons 

The After-Effects of Incarceration/Individual/Societal 

The Fourth Amendment Project 

The Sixth Amendment Project 

The Eighth Amendment Project 

The Adolescent Law Group 

2015 - US Constitutional Issues In The New Millennium 

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2018 - The Theological Law Firm Academy 

The Theological Foundations of US Law & Government 

The Economic Consequences of Legal Decision-Making 

The Juvenile Justice Legislative Reform Initiative 

The EB-5 International Investors Initiative 

2017 - Organizational Development 

The Board of Directors 

The Inner Circle 

Staff & Management 

Succession Planning 

Bonus #1 The Budget 

Bonus #2 Data-Driven Resource Allocation 

2018 - Sustainability 

The Data-Driven Resource Allocation Process 

The Quality Assurance Initiative 

The Advocacy Foundation Endowments Initiative 

The Community Engagement Strategy 

2019 - Collaboration 

Critical Thinking for Transformative Justice 

International Labor Relations 

Immigration 

God's Will & The 21st Century Democratic Process 

The Community Engagement Strategy 

The 21st Century Charter Schools Initiative 

2020 - Community Engagement 

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Extras 

The Nonprofit Advisors Group Newsletters 

The 501(c)(3) Acquisition Process 

The Board of Directors 

The Gladiator Mentality 

Strategic Planning 

Fundraising 

501(c)(3) Reinstatements 

The Collaborative US/ International Newsletters 

How You Think Is Everything 

The Reciprocal Nature of Business Relationships 

Accelerate Your Professional Development 

The Competitive Nature of Grant Writing 

Assessing The Risks 

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About The Author 

John C (Jack) Johnson III 

Founder & CEO – The Advocacy Foundation, Inc. 

________ 

Jack was educated at Temple University, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Rutgers 

Law School, in Camden, New Jersey. In 1999, he moved to Atlanta, Georgia to pursue 

greater opportunities to provide Advocacy and Preventive Programmatic services for atrisk/ 

at-promise young persons, their families, and Justice Professionals embedded in the 

Juvenile Justice process in order to help facilitate its transcendence into the 21 st Century. 

There, along with a small group of community and faith-based professionals, “The Advocacy Foundation, Inc." was conceived 

and developed over roughly a thirteen year period, originally chartered as a Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Educational 

Support Services organization consisting of Mentoring, Tutoring, Counseling, Character Development, Community Change 

Management, Practitioner Re-Education & Training, and a host of related components. 

The Foundation’s Overarching Mission is “To help Individuals, Organizations, & Communities Achieve Their Full Potential”, by 

implementing a wide array of evidence-based proactive multi-disciplinary "Restorative & Transformative Justice" programs & 

projects currently throughout the northeast, southeast, and western international-waters regions, providing prevention and support 

services to at-risk/ at-promise youth, to young adults, to their families, and to Social Service, Justice and Mental 

Health professionals” in each jurisdiction served. The Foundation has since relocated its headquarters to Philadelphia, 

Pennsylvania, and been expanded to include a three-tier mission. 

In addition to his work with the Foundation, Jack also served as an Adjunct Professor of Law & Business at National-Louis 

University of Atlanta (where he taught Political Science, Business & Legal Ethics, Labor & Employment Relations, and Critical 

Thinking courses to undergraduate and graduate level students). Jack has also served as Board President for a host of wellestablished 

and up & coming nonprofit organizations throughout the region, including “Visions Unlimited Community 

Development Systems, Inc.”, a multi-million dollar, award-winning, Violence Prevention and Gang Intervention Social Service 

organization in Atlanta, as well as Vice-Chair of the Georgia/ Metropolitan Atlanta Violence Prevention Partnership, a state-wide 

300 organizational member violence prevention group led by the Morehouse School of Medicine, Emory University and The 

Original, Atlanta-Based, Martin Luther King Center. 

Attorney Johnson’s prior accomplishments include a wide-array of Professional Legal practice areas, including Private Firm, 

Corporate and Government postings, just about all of which yielded significant professional awards & accolades, the history and 

chronology of which are available for review online at LinkedIn.com. Throughout his career, Jack has served a wide variety of 

for-profit corporations, law firms, and nonprofit organizations as Board Chairman, Secretary, Associate, and General Counsel 

since 1990. 


Clayton County Youth Services Partnership, Inc. – Chair; Georgia Violence Prevention Partnership, Inc – Vice Chair; Fayette 

County NAACP - Legal Redress Committee Chairman; Clayton County Fatherhood Initiative Partnership – Principal 

Investigator; Morehouse School of Medicine School of Community Health Feasibility Study Steering Committee; Atlanta 

Violence Prevention Capacity Building Project Partner; Clayton County Minister’s Conference, President 2006-2007; Liberty In 

Life Ministries, Inc. Board Secretary; Young Adults Talk, Inc. Board of Directors; ROYAL, Inc Board of Directors; Temple 

University Alumni Association; Rutgers Law School Alumni Association; Sertoma International; Our Common Welfare Board of 

Directors President 2003-2005; River’s Edge Elementary School PTA (Co-President); Summerhill Community Ministries 

(Winter Sports Athletic Director); Outstanding Young Men of America; Employee of the Year; Academic All-American - 

Basketball; Church Trustee; Church Diaconate Ministry (Walking Deacon); Pennsylvania Commission on Crime & Delinquency 

(Nominee). 

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